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83
4 More about Equations
2. (a) ∵ y = x2
y=x–3
∴ x2 = x – 3
x2 – x + 3 = 0
∴ The quadratic equation that can be solved is
x2 – x + 3 = 0.
(b) ∵ y = 3x2
y = 4x + 1
∴ 3x2 = 4x + 1
1. y = 3x – 5
3x2 – 4x – 1 = 0
∴ The quadratic equation that can be solved is
x 1 2 3
3x2 – 4x – 1 = 0.
y –2 1 4
(c) y = –2x2 + x ……(1)
∵ The two graphs intersect at only one point (2, 1). 2x + y = 1 ……(2)
∴ The solution of the simultaneous equations is (2, 1). By substituting (1) into (2), we have
2x + (–2x2 + x) = 1
2. y = –2x – 2 2x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
∴ The quadratic equation that can be solved is
x –2 –1 0 2x2 – 3x + 1 = 0.
y 2 0 –2
3.
∵ The two graphs do not intersect.
∴ The simultaneous equations have no real solutions.
3. –x + y = 2
x –1 0 1
y 1 2 3
4. x–y–4=0
x 1 2 3
y –3 –2 –1
(a) ∵ x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
x2 – 2x = 3
p. 175 ∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations are
y = x 2 − 2 x
1. (a) ∵ 2
x – 4x = 0 .
x2 = 4x y = 3
∴ The equation of the required straight line is Draw the straight line y = 3 on the graph of
84
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
y = x2 – 2x.
From the graphs, the roots of x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 are –1 2 x 2 + 4 x + y +1 = 0 (1)
and 3. 3.
4 x − y + 7 = 0 ( 2)
(b) ∵ x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 From (2), we have y = 4x + 7……(3)
x2 – 2x + 4x +1 = 0 By substituting (3) into (1), we have
x2 – 2x = –4x –1 2x2 + 4x + 4x + 7 + 1 = 0
∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations are 2x2 + 8x + 8 = 0
y = x 2 − 2 x x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
. (x + 2) 2 = 0
y = −4 x −1 x = –2
Draw the straight line y = –4x –1 on the graph of By substituting x = –2 into (3), we have y = 4(–2) +7 = –1
y = x2 – 2x. ∴ The solution of the simultaneous equations is
From the graphs, the root of x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 is –1. (–2, –1).
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4 More about Equations
–x + y = 4
x4 + x3 − 6 x 2
− 8 x2 − 8x + 4 8
− 8 x2 − 8x + 4 8
y = x + 4 ……(1)
∵ The product of the digits is 32. ∴ x4 + x3 – 14x2 – 8x + 48 = (x – 2)(x + 3)(x2 – 8)
∴ xy = 32 …..(2) ∵ f(x) = 0
By substituting (1) into (2), we have ∴ (x – 2)(x + 3)(x2 – 8) = 0
x(x + 4) = 32 x – 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 or x2 – 8 = 0
x2 + 4 x = 32 x= 2 or x= − 3 or x=
2
x + 4 x – 32 = 0
±2 2
(x – 4)(x + 8) = 0
x = 4 or x = –8 (rejected)
By substituting x = 4 into (1), we have y = 4 + 4 = 8 3. 2x4 + x3 – 3x2 – x + 1 = (2x4 – 3x2 + 1) + (x3 – x)
∴ The number is 48. = [2(x2)2 – 3x2 + 1] + x(x2 – 1)
= (2x2 – 1)(x2 – 1) + x(x2 – 1)
= (x2 – 1)(2x2 – 1 + x)
p.192 = (x + 1)(x – 1)(2x2 + x – 1)
= (x + 1)(x – 1)(2x – 1)(x + 1)
1. (a) The possible factors of f(x) are x ± 1, x ± 2, = (x + 1)2(x – 1)(2x – 1)
x ± 5 and x ± 10. ∵ 2x4 + x3 – 3x2 – x + 1 = 0
∵ f(1) = 13 + 4(1)2 – 7(1) – 10 = –12 ≠ 0 ∴ (x + 1)2(x – 1)(2x – 1) = 0
∴ x – 1 is not a factor of f(x). (x + 1)2 = 0 or x – 1 = 0 or 2x – 1 = 0
∵ f(–1) = (–1)3 + 4(–1)2 – 7(–1) – 10 = 0 1
∴ x + 1 is a factor of f(x). x= − 1 or x = 1 or x =
2
∵ f(2) = 23 + 4(2)2 – 7(2) – 10 = 0
∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x). 4. 8(x + 1)3 – (x + 2)3
∵ f(–2) = (–2)3 + 4(–2)2 – 7(–2) – 10 = 12 ≠ 0 = [2(x + 1)]3 – (x + 2)3
∴ x + 2 is not a factor of f(x). = [2(x + 1) – (x + 2)]{[2(x + 1)]2 + 2(x + 1)(x + 2)
∵ f(5) = 53 + 4(5)2 – 7(5) – 10 = 180 ≠ 0 + (x + 2)2}
∴ x – 5 is not a factor of f(x). = (2x + 2 – x – 2)(4x2 + 8x + 4 + 2x2 + 6x + 4 + x2 + 4x +
∵ f(–5) = (–5)3 + 4(–5)2 – 7(–5) – 10 = 0 4)
∴ x + 5 is a factor of f(x). = x(7x2 + 18x + 12)
∴ The factors of f(x) are x – 2, x +1 and
x + 5. ∵ 8(x + 1)3 – (x + 2)3 = 0
∴ A factor of f(x) is x – 2, x +1 or x + 5.(any one) ∴ x(7x2 + 18x + 12) = 0
∴ x = 0 or 7x2 + 18x + 12 = 0
(b) ∵ The factors of f(x) are (x – 2), (x +1) and
(x + 5). −18 ± 18 2 − 4(7)(12 )
x=0 or x=
∴ f(x) = ( x −2)( x + 1)( x + 5) 2(7)
(c) ∵ f(x) = 0
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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
8. x 2 +2 x +1 =3
Exercise 4A (p.164) 2
2 2
x +2 x +1 =3
Level 1
x2 + 2x + 1 = 9
x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
1. By substituting x2 = u into the equation x4 – 17x2 + 16 = 0, (x + 4)(x – 2) = 0
we have x = –4 or x=2
u2 – 17u + 16 = 0
(u – 1)(u – 16) = 0 Checking:
u = 1 or u = 16
∵ x2 = u When x = –4, x 2 +2 x +1 =
∴ x2 = 1 or x2 = 16 (−4) 2 +2( −4) +1 = 3
x = ± 1 or x = ± 4
∴ The real roots of the equation are –4, –1, 1 and 4. When x = 2, x 2 +2 x +1 = 2 2 +2( 2) +1 = 3
∴ The real roots of the equation are –4 and 2.
2. By substituting x2 = u into the equation x4 – 26x2 + 25 = 0,
we have
9. x– x – 12 = 0
u2 – 26u + 25 = 0
(u – 1)(u – 25) = 0 x – 12 = x
∵ x2 = u
u=1 or u = 25 2
(x – 12) = ( x) 2
∴ x2 = 1 or x2 = 25 x2 – 24x + 144 = x
x = ± 1 or x = ± 5 x2 – 25x + 144 = 0
∴ The real roots of the equation are –5, –1, 1 and 5. (x – 9)(x – 16) = 0
x=9 or x = 16
3. By substituting x2 = u into the equation x4 – 11x2 – 80 = 0,
we have Checking:
u2 – 11u – 80 = 0 When x = 9, x – x – 12 = 9 – 9 – 12 = –6 ≠ 0
(u – 16)(u + 5) = 0 When x = 16, x – x – 12 = 16 – 16 – 12 = 0
u = 16 or u = –5
∵ x2 = u ∴ The real root of the equation is 16.
∴ x2 = 16 or x2 = –5 (rejected)
x=±4 Alternative Solution
∴ The real roots of the equation are –4 and 4. By substituting x = u into the equation x – x – 12 =
0, we have
4. By substituting x2 = u into the equation x4 – 12x2 +27 = 0, u2 – u – 12 = 0
we have (u – 4)(u + 3) = 0
u2 – 12u + 27 = 0 u=4 or u = –3
(u – 3)(u – 9) = 0 ∵ x =u
u = 3 or u = 9
∵ x2 = u ∴ x = 4or x = –3 (rejected)
∴ x2 = 3 or x2 = 9 x = 16
∴ The real root of the equation is 16.
x = ± 3 or x = ± 3
∴ The real roots of the equation are –3, − 3 , 3 10. x–5 x +6=0
and 3.
x+6=5 x
5. x3 – 8x2 + 7x = 0
x(x2 – 8x + 7) = 0 2
(x + 6) = 5 x 2
2
( )
x(x – 1)(x – 7) = 0 x + 12x + 36 = 25x
x=0 or x = 1 or x = 7 x2 – 13x + 36 = 0
∴ The real roots of the equation are 0, 1 and 7. (x – 4)(x – 9) = 0
x=4 or x=9
6. x5 – 6x4 + 5x3 = 0
x3(x2 – 6x + 5) = 0 Checking:
x3(x – 1)(x – 5) = 0 When x = 4, x – 5 x +6=4–5 4 +6=0
x=0 or x = 1 or x = 5 When x = 9, x – 5 x + 6 = 9 – 5 9 + 6 = 0
∴ The real roots of the equation are 0, 1 and 5. ∴ The real roots of the equation are 4 and 9.
7. By substituting x3 = u into the equation x6 + 9x3 + 8 = 0,
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4 More about Equations
88
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
∴
1
x2 = or x2 = –4 (rejected) ( 3 x −3
2
)
= (2x – 5)2
25 3x – 3 = 4x2 – 20x + 25
2
1 4x – 23x + 28 = 0
x=± (4x – 7)(x – 4) = 0
5
7
1 1 x= or x=4
∴ The real roots of the equation are − and . 4
5 5
Checking:
19. By substituting x2 = u into the equation
4x4 – 19x2 + 21 = 0, we have 7 7
When x = , 3 x −3 + 5 = 3 − 3 + 5 =
4u2 – 19u + 21 = 0 4 4
(4u – 7)(u – 3) = 0
7 13
u= or u = 3 2
4
∵ x2 = u 7 7 13
2x = 2 = ≠
7 4 2 2
∴ x2 = or x2 = 3
4 When x = 4, 3 x −3 + 5 = 3(4 ) −3 + 5 = 8
7 2x = 2(4) = 8
x=± or x=± 3 ∴ The real root of the equation is 4.
2
7 23. By substituting x2 – 5x = u into the equation
∴ The real roots of the equation are − 3 , − ,
2 (x2 – 5x)2 + 8(x2 – 5x) + 16 = 0, we have
u2 + 8u + 16 = 0
7 (u + 4)2 = 0
and 3 .
2 ∵ u = –4
∴ x2 – 5x = u
20. By substituting x3 = u into the equation x6 – 5x3 + 4 = 0, x2 – 5x = –4
we have x2 – 5x + 4 = 0
u2 – 5u + 4 = 0 (x – 1)(x – 4) = 0
(u – 1)(u – 4) = 0 x = 1 or x = 4
u = 1 or u = 4 ∴ The real roots of the equation are 1 and 4.
∵ x3 = u
∴ x3 = 1 or x3 = 4 24. (a) 3x2 + 15x + 2 x 2 +5 x +1
x=1 or x = 3 4 = 3x2 + 15x + 3 – 3 + 2 x 2 +5 x +1
∴ The real roots of the equation are 1 and 3
4 . = 3(x2 + 5x + 1) + 2 x 2 +5 x +1 – 3
By substituting x 2 +5 x +1 = u into the
21. 3 x +3 + 2 = 3x – 1
expression
3 x +3 = 3x – 3
3x2 + 15x + 2 x 2 +5 x +1 , we have
( 2
)
3 x +3 = (3x – 3)
2
3x2 + 15x + 2 x 2 +5 x +1
3x + 3 = 9x2 – 18x + 9 2
9x2 – 21x + 6 = 0 = 3(x + 5x + 1) + 2 x 2 +5 x +1 – 3
3x2 – 7x + 2 = 0 = 3u2 + 2u – 3
(3x – 1)(x – 2) = 0
1 (b) By substituting x 2 +5 x +1 = u into the
x= or x=2
3 equation
3x2 + 15x + 2 x 2 +5 x +1 = 2, we have
Checking: 3u2 + 2u – 3 = 2 (By (a))
1 1 3u2 + 2u – 5 = 0
When x = , 3 x +3 + 2 = 3 + 3 + 2 = 4 (u – 1)(3u + 5) = 0
3 3
5
u=1 or u=−
1 3
3x – 1 = 3 – 1 = 0 ≠ 4
3 ∵ x 2 +5 x +1 = u
When x = 2, 3 x +3 + 2 = 3( 2) +3 + 2 = 5
∴ x 2 +5 x +1 = 1 or x 2 +5 x +1 =
3x – 1 = 3(2) – 1 = 5
∴ The real root of the equation is 2. 5
− (rejected)
3
22. 3 x −3 + 5 = 2x
3 x −3 = 2x – 5
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4 More about Equations
Level 1
( x 2 + 5 x + 1 ) 2 = 12
x 2 + 5x + 1 = 1 For questions 1 to 3, refer to the graph below:
2
x + 5x = 0
x( x + 5) = 0
x = 0 or x = − 5
Checking:
When x = 0,
3x2 + 15x + 2 x 2 +5 x +1
= 3(0)2 + 15(0) + 2 0 2 +5(0) +1
=2
When x = –5,
3x2 + 15x + 2 x 2 +5 x +1
=
3( −5) 2 +15 ( −5) +2 (−5) 2 +5( −5) +1
=2
∴ The real roots of the equation are –5 and 0.
= x2 + 2 x x +2 + x + 2 – 2 x 1 2 3
2
= x + x + 2x x +2
y 6 6 6
= LHS
∵ The two graphs intersect at (–1, 6) and (3, 6).
∴ x2 + x + 2 x x +2 ≡ x + ( x +2 ) 2
–2 ∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are
(–1, 6) and (3, 6).
(b) x2 + x + 2 x x +2 = 14
2. y=x+3
(x + x +2 )
2
– 2 = 14 (By
x –1 0 1
(a))
y 2 3 4
(x + x +2 )
2
– 16 = 0
( x + x +2 + 4)( x + x +2 – 4) = 0 ∵ The two graphs intersect at (0, 3) and (3, 6).
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are
x + x +2 + 4 = 0 or x + x +2 – 4 = (0, 3) and (3, 6).
0
( x +2 )
2
= (–x – 4)2 or ( x +2 )2
= (–x + 3. y = 2x – 1
4)2 x 0 1 2
x + 2 = x2 + 8x + 16 or x + 2 = x2 – 8x + 16 y –1 1 3
x2 + 7x + 14 = 0 or x2 – 9x + 14 = 0
−7 ± 7 2 −4(1)(14 ) ∵ The two graphs intersect at only one point (2, 3).
x= or (x – 2)(x – ∴ The solution of the simultaneous equations is (2, 3).
2(1)
7) = 0
−7 ± −7
x= (rejected) or x=2 or x For questions 4 to 6, refer to the graph below:
2
=7
Checking:
When x = 2, x2 + x + 2 x x +2 = 22 + 2 +
2( 2) 2 +2
= 14
When x = 7, x2 + x + 2 x x +2 = 72 + 7 +
2(7) 7 +2
= 98
≠ 14
∴ The real root of the equation is 2.
4. y=x–1
x –1 0 1
Exercise 4B (p.176)
y –2 –1 0
90
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
∵ The two graphs intersect at (–3.0, –4.0) and (1.0, 0). Level 2
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are
(–3.0, –4.0) and (1.0, 0). 13. y = x2 + 1
x –2 –1 0 1 2 3
5. y = 3x y 5 2 1 2 5 10
x –1 0 1 y = 4x – 2
y –3 0 3 x 1 2 3
y 2 6 10
∵ The two graphs intersect at (–2.0, –6.0) and (2.0,
6.0).
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are
(–2.0, –6.0) and (2.0, 6.0).
6. y = 2x + 3
x –1 0 1
y 1 3 5
7. ∵ y = x2
y=9
∴ x2 = 9
2
x –9=0
∴ The quadratic equation that can be solved is
x2 – 9 = 0.
10. ∵ x2 – 4x – 4 = 0
x2 = 4x + 4
∴ The equation of the required straight line is
y = 4x + 4.
11. ∵ x2 + 5x + 1 = 0
x2 = –5x – 1
∴ The equation of the required straight line is
y = –5x – 1.
12. ∵ 2x2 + 3x – 4 = 0
2x2 = –3x + 4
3
x2 = − x+2
2
∴ The equation of the required straight line is
3
y=− x + 2. ∵ The two graphs intersect at only one point (1.0, 0).
2 ∴ The solution of the simultaneous equations is (1.0, 0).
15. y = x2
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4 More about Equations
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 17. ∵ 2x2 – 3 = 0
2
2x – 3 + x – 1 = x – 1
4x + y + 5 = 0 2x2 + x – 4 = x – 1
x –3 –2 –1 ∴ The equation of the required straight line is y = x – 1.
Y 7 3 –1
18. ∵ – 2x2 + 5x + 1 = 0
2x2 – 5x – 1 = 0
2x2 – 5x – 1 + 6x – 3 = 6x – 3
2x2 + x – 4 = 6x – 3
∴ The equation of the required straight line is
y = 6x – 3.
19. ∵ 4x2 + 3x – 9 = 0
4x2 + 2x + x – 8 – 1 = 0
4x2 + 2x – 8 = –x + 1
1 1
2x2 + x – 4 = − x+
2 2
∴ The equation of the required straight line is
1 1
y= − x+ .
2 2
20. ∵ x2 + 5x + 4 = 0
2x2 + 10x + 8 = 0
∵ The two graphs do not intersect.
2x2 + x + 9x – 4 + 12 = 0
∴ The simultaneous equations have no real solutions. 2x2 + x – 4 = –9x – 12
∴ The equation of the required straight line is
16. y = x2 – x – 1
y = –9x – 12.
x –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y 5 1 –1 –1 1 5
For questions 21 to 23, refer to the graph below:
2x + 3y = –1
x –2 –0.5 1 y = x2 – 3x – 3
y 1 0 –1 x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 7 1 –3 –5 –5 –3 1 7
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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
21. ∵ x2 – 2x + 1 = 0
2
x – 2x – x – 4 + 1 = – x – 4
x2 – 3x – 3 = –x – 4
∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations are
y = x 2 − 3 x − 3
.
y = −x − 4
Draw the straight line y = –x – 4 on the graph of
y = x2 – 3x – 3.
From the graphs, the root of x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 is 1.0.
22. ∵ x2 – 4x + 5 = 0
x2 – 3x – x + 8 – 3 = 0
x2 – 3x – 3 = x – 8
∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations are
y = x 2 − 3 x − 3
.
y = x − 8
Draw the straight line y = x – 8 on the graph of
y = x2 – 3x – 3.
From the graphs, x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 has no real roots.
23. ∵ 2x2 – 5x – 10 = 0
2
2x – 5x – x – 6 – 4 = – x
2x2 – 6x – 6 = – x + 4 (c) (i) ∵ x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
1 x2 – 4x = –1
x2 – 3x – 3 = − x+2 ∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations
2
y = x 2 − 4x
∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations are are .
y = x 2 − 3x − 3 y = −1
Draw the straight line y = –1 on the graph of
1 .
y = − x + 2 y = x2 – 4x.
2 From the graphs, the roots of x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 are
approximately 0.3 and 3.7.
1
Draw the straight line y = − x + 2 on the graph of
2 (ii) ∵ x2 – 3x – 3 = 0
2
y = x – 3x – 3. x2 – 3x – x + x – 3 = 0
From the graphs, the roots of 2x2 – 5x – 10 = 0 are x2 – 4x = – x + 3
approximately –1.3 and 3.8. ∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations
y = x 2 − 4x
24. (a) y = x2 – 4x are .
x –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 y = −x + 3
y 5 0 –3 –4 –3 0 5 Draw the straight line y = – x + 3 on the graph of
y = x2 – 4x.
(b) From the graphs, the roots of x2 – 3x – 3 = 0 are
approximately –0.8 and 3.8.
(iii) ∵ 2x2 – 7x – 2 = 0
2x2 – 7x – x – 2 = – x
2x2 – 8x = – x + 2
1
x2 – 4x = − x+1
2
∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations
y = x 2 − 4x
are 1 .
y = − x +1
2
1
Draw the straight line y = − x + 1 on the
2
graph of y = x2 – 4x.
From the graphs, the roots of 2x2 – 7x – 2 = 0 are
approximately –0.3 and 3.8.
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4 More about Equations
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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
=
10 ± − 68 (rejected) 10. y = 4 x − 5 (1)
y = x − 6 x + k ( 2)
2
4
∴ The simultaneous equations have no real solutions. By substituting (2) into (1), we have
x2 – 6x + k = 4x – 5
5.
y = 2 x 2 +1 (1) 2
x – 10x + (k + 5) = 0……(3)
∵ The simultaneous equations have only one solution.
y = 2 x ( 2)
∴ (3) has only one real root.
By substituting (1) into (2), we have ∴ ∆ =0
2x2 + 1 = 2x (–10)2 – 4(1)(k + 5) = 0
2x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 100 – 4k – 20 = 0
Consider the discriminant of 2x2 – 2x + 1 = 0. 4k = 80
∆ = (–2)2 – 4(2)(1) = –4 < 0 k = 20
∴ 2x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 has no real roots.
∴ The simultaneous equations have no real solutions.
11. 7 = 6 x − y (1)
y = x − 4 x − k ( 2)
2
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4 More about Equations
96
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
y2 + y – 6 = 0 3
(y + 3)(y – 2) = 0 From (2), we have x = y +2 ……(3)
y = –3 or y = 2 2
By substituting y = –3 into (3), we have x = 1 + (–3) = –2 By substituting (3) into (1), we have
By substituting y = 2 into (3), we have x = 1 + 2 = 3
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are 2
3 3
(–2, –3) and (3, 2). 2 y + 2 − 3 y + 2 y − 2 y 2 −12 = 0
2 2
2
19. x + y = 25
2
(1) 9 2 9
y +12 y + 8 − y 2 − 6 y − 2 y 2 −12 = 0
3 x − 4 y + 25 = 0 ( 2) 2 2
2y2 – 6y + 4 = 0
3 x + 25 y2 – 3y + 2 = 0
From (2), we have y = ……(3)
4 (y – 1)(y – 2) = 0
By substituting (3) into (1), we have y = 1 or y = 2
2 By substituting y = 1 into (3), we have x =
3 x + 25
x 2 + = 25 3 7
4 (1) + 2 =
2 2
16x2 + 9x2 +150x + 625 = 400
25x2 + 150x + 225 = 0 3
By substituting y = 2 into (3), we have x = ( 2) + 2 =
x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 2
(x + 3)2 = 0 5
x = –3 ∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are
By substituting x = –3 into (3), we have
7
3( −3) + 25 , 1 and (5, 2).
y= =4 2
4
∴ The solution of the simultaneous equations is (–3, 4).
22. (a) y = mx (1)
y = x − 2 x + 4 ( 2)
2
20. x + y + 3 x + 2 y = −2
2 2
(1)
2 x − 3 y = 2 ( 2) By substituting (2) into (1), we have
x2 – 2x + 4 = mx
3 x2 – (2 + m)x + 4 = 0 ……(3)
From (2), we have x = y +1 ……(3)
∵ The simultaneous equations have only one
2
By substituting (3) into (1), we have solution.
∴ (3) has only one real root.
2
3 2 3 ∴ ∆ =0
y +1 + y + 3 y +1 + 2 y = −2 [– (2 + m)]2 – 4(1)(4) = 0
2 2 4 + 4m + m2 – 16 = 0
9 2 9 m2 + 4m – 12 = 0
y + 3 y +1 + y 2 + y + 3 + 2 y = −2 (m + 6)(m – 2) = 0
4 2
m= − 6 or m = 2
13 2 19
y + y +6 = 0
4 2 (b) When m = –6, (3) becomes
13y2 + 38y + 24 = 0 x2 – [2 + (–6)] x + 4 = 0
(y + 2)(13y + 12) = 0 x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
y = –2 or y = (x + 2)2 = 0
12 x = –2
− By substituting m = –6 and x = –2 into (1), we have
13 y = –6(–2) = 12
By substituting y = –2 into (3), we have ∴ The coordinates of P are (–2, 12).
3 When m = 2, (3) becomes
x= ( −2) +1 = –2 x2 – (2 + 2)x + 4 = 0
2 x2 – 4x + 4 = 0
12 (x – 2)2 = 0
By substituting y = − into (3), we have x=2
13
By substituting m = 2 and x = 2 into (1), we have
3 12 5 y = 2(2) = 4
x = − +1 = −
2 13 13 ∴ The coordinates of P are (2, 4).
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are
5 12 23. y + k = 2 x (1)
(–2,–2) and − ,− .
y = x − 8 x + 9 ( 2)
2
13 13
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
21. 2 x − 3 xy − 2 y −12 = 0 (1)
2 2
x2 – 8x + 9 + k = 2x
x2 – 10x + (9 + k) = 0……(3)
− 2 x + 3 y + 4 = 0 ( 2)
∵ The simultaneous equations have real solutions.
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4 More about Equations
∴ (3) has real roots. 27. (a) ∵ The area of the rhombus is 15 cm2.
∴ ∆ ≥ 0 1
(–10)2 – 4(1)(9 + k) ≥ 0 ∴ xy = 15
100 – 36 – 4k ≥ 0 2
4k ≤ 64 xy = 30
k ≤ 16 ∵ The sum of the lengths of its diagonals is 11 cm.
∴ The maximum value of k is 16. ∴ x + y = 11
∴ The required simultaneous equations are
xy = 30
24. (a) y = x + 4 (1) (1)
.
y = kx + 3 x + 2 ( 2)
2
x + y =11 ( 2)
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
kx2 + 3x + 2 = x + 4 (b) From (2), we have
kx2 + 2x – 2 = 0 ……(3) x + y = 11
∵ The simultaneous equations have real solutions. y = 11 – x……(3)
∴ (3) has real roots. By substituting (3) into (1), we have
x(11 – x) = 30
∴ ∆ ≥ 0
11x – x2 = 30
22 – 4(k)(–2) ≥ 0
x2 – 11x + 30 = 0
4 + 8k ≥ 0
(x – 5)(x – 6) = 0
8k ≥ –4
x = 5 or x = 6
1 By substituting x = 5 into (3), we have
k≥ −
2 y = 11 – 5 = 6 (rejected ∵ AC > BD)
By substituting x = 6 into (3), we have
1
(b) By substituting the minimum value of k, i.e. − , y = 11 – 6 = 5
2 ∴ x=6 ,y=5
into (3), we have
1 2
− x + 2x – 2 = 0
Exercise 4D (p.193)
2
2
– x + 4x – 4 = 0
x2 – 4x + 4 = 0 Level 1
(x – 2)2 = 0
x=2 1. (a) ∵ f(1) = 13 + 2(1)2 – 1 – 2
By substituting x = 2 into (1), we have y = 2 + 4 = 6 =1+2–1–2
∴ The solution of the simultaneous equations is =0
(2, 6). ∴ x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
4 x + y − 3 = 0
3x 2 − 3 x
( 2)
2x − 2
2x − 2
26. Let x cm and y cm be the lengths of the sides of the 2. (a) ∵ f(–1) = (–1)3 – (–1)2 – 10(–1) – 8
squares ABCD and DEFG respectively. = –1 – 1 + 10 – 8
∵ EC = 4 cm =0
∴ x–y=4 ∴ x + 1 is a factor of f(x).
y = x – 4……(1)
∵ The sum of their areas is 400 cm2. (b) By long division,
∴ x2 + y2 = 400……(2)
x 2 − 2x − 8
x + 1 x 3 − x 2 − 10 x − 8
x 3 + x2
− 2 x 2 − 10 x
− 2x 2 − 2x
− 8x − 8
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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
= 16 + 24 – 8 – 24 – 8
3. (a) ∵ f(2) = 23 – 22 – 4(2) + 4 =0
=8–4–8+4 ∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
=0
∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x). (b) ∵ x – 1 and x + 2 are factors of f(x).
∴ (x – 1)(x + 2) is also a factor of f(x).
(b) By long division,
x2 + x − 2
Divide f(x) by (x – 1)(x + 2), i.e. x2 + x – 2.
x 2 − 4x + 4
x − 2 x 3 − x 2 − 4x + 4 x 2 + x − 2 x 4 − 3 x3 − 2 x 2 + 1 2x − 8
3 2
x − 2x x 4 + x 3 − 2x 2
2
x −4x − 4x
3
+ 12x
x2 − 2x 3
− 4x − 4x + 8x
2
− 2x + 4 4x 2 + 4x − 8
− 2x + 4 4x 2 + 4x − 8
=0
∴ x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6 = (x + 3)(x2 – x – 2) ∴ x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
∵ f (–2) = (–2)4 + 5(–2)3 + 5(–2)2 – 5(–2) – 6
=( x +3)( x +1)( x −2) = 16 – 40 + 20 + 10 – 6
=0
(c) ∵ f (x) = 0 ∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
∴ (x + 3)(x + 1)(x – 2) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or x–2=0 (b) ∵ x – 1 and x + 2 are factors of f(x).
x= − 3 or x= − 1 or x = ∴ (x – 1)(x + 2) is also a factor of f(x).
Divide f(x) by (x – 1)(x + 2), i.e. x2 + x – 2.
2 x 2 + 4x + 3
x 2 + x − 2 x 4 + 5 x3 + 5x 2 − 5x − 6
x 4 + x3 − 2 x 2
4x 3 + 7x 2 − 5x
4x 3 + 4x 2 − 8x
3x 2 + 3x − 6
3x 2 + 3x − 6
5. (a) ∵ 3 2
f (1) = 3(1) + 4(1) – 5(1) – 2
∴ x4 + 5x3 + 5x2 – 5x – 6
=3+4–5–2
= (x – 1)(x + 2)(x2 + 4x + 3)
=0 =( x −1)( x +2)( x +1)( x +3)
∴ x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
∵ f (–2) = 3(–2)3 + 4(–2)2 – 5(–2) – 2
= –24 + 16 + 10 – 2 (c) ∵ f(x) = 0
=0 ∴ (x – 1)(x + 2)(x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x). x – 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x = 1 or x= − 2 or x = −1 or x =
(b) ∵ x – 1 and x + 2 are factors of f(x). −3
∴ (x – 1)(x + 2) is also a factor of f(x).
Divide f(x) by (x – 1)(x + 2), i.e. x2 + x – 2.
3x + 1
x2 + x − 2 3x 3 + 4 x 2 − 5 x − 2
3x 3 + 3 x2 − 6 x
8. (a) ∵ f(1) = 2(1)4 + 13 – 2(1)2 + 5(1) – 6
x2 + x − 2
x2 + x − 2
=2+1–2+5–6
=0
∴ 3x3 + 4x2 – 5x – 2 ∴ x – 1 is a factor of f(x).
=(3 x +1)( x −1)( x +2) ∵ f(–2) = 2(–2)4 + (–2)3 – 2(–2)2 + 5(–2) – 6
= 32 – 8 – 8 – 10 – 6
(c) ∵ f (x) = 0 =0
∴ (3x + 1)(x – 1)(x + 2) = 0 ∴ x + 2 is a factor of f(x).
3x + 1 = 0 or x–1=0 or x+2=0
1 (b) ∵ x – 1 and x + 2 are factors of f(x).
x=− or x =1 or x ∴ (x – 1)(x + 2) is also a factor of f(x).
3
Divide f(x) by (x – 1)(x + 2), i.e. x2 + x – 2.
=−
2 x2 − x + 3
2
x 2 + x − 2 2 x 4 + x3 − 2 x2 + 5x − 6
2 x 4 + 2 x3 − 4 x2
− x3 + 2x 2 + 5x
− x3 − x2 + 2 x
3 x2 + 3x − 6
3 x2 + 3x − 6
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4 More about Equations
x – 1 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or 2x2 – x + 3 = 0 ∴ 3x + 1 = 0 or 3x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
x = 1 or x = –2 or x = 1
x=− or x=
−( −1) ± ( −1) 2 −4( 2)( 3) 3
2( 2) −3 ± 3 2 −4(3)(1)
=
1 ± − 23 (rejected) 2(3)
4 − 3 ± −3
= (rejected)
∴ x = 1 or x= −2 6
1
∴ x=−
9. (x + 2)3 – 1 = 0 3
[(x + 2) – 1][ (x + 2)2 + (x + 2) + 1] = 0
(x + 1)(x2 + 4x + 4 + x + 2 + 1) = 0
(x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 7) = 0
∴ x+1=0 or x2 + 5x + 7 = 0 Level 2
x = –1 or x=
13. (a) ∵ f(2) = 23 – 3(2)2 – 4(2) + 12
−5 ± 5 2 −4(1)( 7) = 8 – 12 – 8 + 12
2(1) =0
∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x).
−5 ± −3
=
2 By long division,
x2 − x − 6
x − 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 − 4 x + 12
(rejected)
x3 − 2 x2
− x2 − 4 x
− x2 + 2 x
− 6 x + 12
− 6 x + 12
∴ x= −1
∴ x3 – 3x2 – 4x + 12 = (x – 2)(x2 – x – 6)
3
10. 8(x – 3) – 27 = 0
[2(x – 3)]3 – 33 = 0 =( x −2)( x −3)( x +2)
[2(x – 3) – 3][4(x – 3)2 + 2(x – 3)(3) + 32] = 0
(2x – 9)(4x2 – 24x + 36 + 6x – 18 + 9) = 0 (b) ∵ f(x) = 0
(2x – 9)(4x2 – 18x + 27) = 0 ∴ (x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 2) = 0
∴ 2x – 9 = 0 or 4x2 – 18x + 27 = 0 x – 2 = 0 or x – 3 = 0 or x+2=0
9 x = 2 or x = 3 or x= −2
x= or x=
2
14. (a) ∵ f(3) = 33 – 32 – 41(3) + 105
−( −18 ) ± ( −18 ) 2 −4( 4)( 27 ) = 27 – 9 – 123 + 105
2( 4) =0
∴ x – 3 is a factor of f(x).
18 ± −108
= (rejected)
8
By long division,
9 x 2 + 2x − 35
x − 3 x 3 − x 2 − 41x + 105
∴ x=
x 3 − 3x 2
2 x 2 − 41x
2
2 x 2 − 6x
− 35 x + 105
− 35 x + 105
(3x + 1)(3x2 + 3x + 1) = 0 − 6 x2 − 6 x + 1 2 0
− 6 x2 − 6 x + 1 2 0
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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
4
− 2x 3 − 8 x 2 + 4 2x
− x 2 − 4x + 2 1
− x 2 − 4x + 2 1
(b) ∵ f(x) = 0
− 6 ± − 5292
=
∴ (x – 3)(x + 7)(x2 – 2x – 1) = 0 8
x – 3 = 0 or x + 7 = 0 or x2 – 2x – 1 = 0 (rejected)
x = 3 or x = − 7 or 3
∴ x=−
x= 4
−( −2) ± ( −2) 2 −4(1)( −1)
20. 4(x – 3)3 – 256(3x + 1)3 = 0
2(1) (x – 3)3 – 64(3x + 1)3 = 0
=1± 2 (x – 3)3 – [4(3x + 1)]3 = 0
[(x – 3) – 4(3x + 1)][(x – 3)2 + 4(x – 3)(3x + 1) +
17. 64(x – 1)3 – (x – 5)3 = 0 16(3x + 1)2] = 0
[4(x – 1)]3 – (x – 5)3 = 0 (–11x – 7)(x2 – 6x + 9 + 12x2 – 32x – 12 + 144x2 + 96x +
[4(x – 1) – (x – 5)][16(x – 1)2 + 4(x – 1)(x – 5) + (x – 5)2] 16) = 0
=0 (–11x – 7)(157x2 + 58x + 13) = 0
(3x + 1)(16x2 – 32x + 16 + 4x2 – 24x + 20 + x2 – 10x + 25) ∴ –11x – 7 = 0 or 157x2 + 58x + 13 = 0
=0 7
(3x + 1)(21x2 – 66x + 61) = 0 x=− or x=
11
∴ 3x + 1 = 0 or 21x2 – 66x + 61 = 0
1 −58 ± 58 2 −4(157 )(13 )
x=− or
3 2(157 )
x= − 58 ± − 4800
=
−( −66 ) ± ( −66 ) 2 −4( 21 )( 61 ) 314
2( 21 ) (rejected)
7
=
66 ± − 768 (rejected) ∴ x=−
11
42
1 21. x4 + x3 – 6x2 – 4x + 8 = 0
∴ x=−
3 (x – 6x2 + 8) + (x3 – 4x) = 0
4
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4 More about Equations
x2 – 16x + 64 = 3x + 4
x2 – 19x + 60 = 0
Revision Exercise 4 (p.196) (x – 4)(x – 15) = 0
x = 4 or x = 15
Level 1
Checking:
1. By substituting x2 = u into the equation x4 – 9x2 + 20 = 0, When x = 4, 3 x +4 + x = 3( 4) +4 + 4= 8
we have
When x = 15, 3 x +4 + x = 3(15 ) +4 + 15 = 22
u2 – 9u + 20 = 0
(u – 4)(u – 5) = 0 ≠ 8
u = 4 or u = 5 ∴ The real root of the equation is 4.
∵ x2 = u
∴ x2 = 4 or x2 = 5 For questions 5 to 6, refer to the graph below:
x = ± 2 or x = ± 5
∴ The real roots of the equation are − 5 , –2, 2 and
5 .
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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
11. y = 2 x − x +1 (1)
2
6. y = –3x + 1
2 x − y = 3 ( 2)
x –1 0 1 From (2), we have y = 2x – 3 ……(3)
y 4 1 –2 By substituting (1) into (3), we have
2x2 – x + 1 = 2x – 3
∵ The two graphs intersect at (–2, 7) and (3, –8). 2x2 – 3x + 4 = 0
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are Consider the discriminant of 2x2 – 3x + 4 = 0.
(–2, 7) and (3, –8). ∆ = (–3)2 – 4(2)(4) = –23 < 0
∴ 2x2 – 3x + 4 = 0 has no real roots.
7. ∵ x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 ∴ The simultaneous equations have no real solutions.
2
x + 3x + 2x – 1 + 3 = 0
x2 + 3x – 1 = –2x – 3
2
12. x + y = 4
2
(1)
∴ The equation of the required straight line is x − y − k = 0 ( 2)
y = –2x – 3.
From (2), we have y = x – k……(3)
By substituting (3) into (1), we have
8. ∵ 2x2 – 7x + 6 = 0 x2 + (x – k)2 = 4
2x2 + 6x – 13x – 2 + 8 = 0 x2 + x2 – 2kx + k2 = 4
2x2 + 6x – 2 = 13x– 8 2x2 – 2kx + (k2 – 4) = 0……(4)
13 ∵ The simultaneous equations have only one solution.
x2 + 3x – 1 = x −4 ∴ (4) has only one real root.
2
∴ The equation of the required straight line is ∴ ∆ =0
(–2k)2 – 4(2)(k2 – 4) = 0
13 4k2 – 8k2 + 32 = 0
y= x −4 .
2 4k2 = 32
k = ±2 2
9.
y = x 2 − 2 x + 3 (1)
2
13. x − 4 y + 20 = 0 (1)
2
y = 3 x −1 ( 2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have x + 3 y − k = 0 ( 2)
x2 – 2x + 3 = 3x – 1 From (2), we have x = k – 3y……(3)
x2 – 5x + 4 = 0 By substituting (3) into (1), we have
(x – 1)(x – 4) = 0 (k – 3y) 2 – 4y2 + 20 = 0
x–1=0 or x – 4 = 0 k2 – 6ky + 9y2 – 4y2 + 20 = 0
x=1 or x=4 5y2 – 6ky + (20 + k2) = 0……(4)
By substituting x = 1 into (2), we have y = 3(1) – 1 = 2 ∵ The simultaneous equations have only one solution.
By substituting x = 4 into (2), we have y = 3(4) – 1 = 11
∴ (4) has only one real root.
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are
∴ ∆ =0
(1, 2) and (4, 11).
(–6k)2 – 4(5)(20 + k2) = 0
36k2 – 400 – 20k2 = 0
2
10. x + y =1 (1)
2
16k2 = 400
k= ± 5
y = 2 x +1 ( 2)
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
14. Let x be the tens digit and y be the units digit of the
x2 + (2x + 1)2 = 1
original number.
x2 + 4x2 + 4x + 1 = 1
5x2 + 4x = 0 ∴ The original number is 10x + y,
x(5x + 4) = 0 and the reversed number is 10y + x.
x=0 or 5x + 4 = 0 ∵ The number is increased by 18 when the digits are
reversed.
4 ∴ (10y + x) – (10x + y) = 18
x=−
5 –9x + 9y = 18
By substituting x = 0 into (2), we have y = 2(0) + 1 = 1 –x + y = 2
4 y=x+2 ……(1)
By substituting x = − into (2), we have y = ∵ The product of the two numbers is 1855.
5 ∴ (10x + y)(10y + x) = 1855
4 10x2 + 101xy + 10y2 = 1855 .…..(2)
2 − +1 By substituting (1) into (2), we have
5 10x2 + 101x(x + 2) + 10(x + 2)2 = 1855
3 10x + 101x2 + 202x + 10x2 + 40x + 40 = 1855
2
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4 More about Equations
15. Let x be the present age of the younger brother and y be ∴ x + 1 is a factor of x4 – 3x3 – x2 + 5x + 2.
the present age of the older brother. ∵ f(2) = 24 – 3(2)3 – 22 + 5(2) + 2
∵ The older brother is twice as old as the younger = 16 – 24 – 4 + 10 + 2
brother. =0
∴ 2x = y……(1) ∴ x – 2 is a factor of x4 – 3x3 – x2 + 5x + 2.
∵ After four years, the sum of the squares of their ages
is 277. (b) ∵ x + 1 and x – 2 are factors of f(x).
∴ (x + 4)2 + (y + 4)2 = 277 ∴ (x + 1)(x – 2) is also a factor of f(x).
x2 + 8x + 16 + y2 + 8y + 16 = 277
x2 + y2 + 8x + 8y – 245 = 0 …..(2) Divide f(x) by (x + 1)(x – 2), i.e. x2 – x – 2.
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
x2 − 2 x − 1
2 4 3 2
x − x − 2 x − 3x − x + 5x + 2
4 3 2
x − x − 2x
− 2 x3 + x 2 + 5 x
− 2 x3 + 2 x 2 + 4 x
(x2 – 1)(x2 + 1) = 0
− 5 x + 15
(x + 1)(x – 1)(x2 + 1) = 0
x3 – 14x + 15 =( x −3)( x +3 x −5)
2
∴
∴ x + 1 = 0 or x – 1 = 0 or x2 + 1 = 0
x = –1 or x = 1 or x2 = –1(rejected)
(c) ∵ x3 – 14x + 15 = 0 ∴ The equation has only two real roots.
∴ (x – 3)(x2 + 3x – 5) = 0
x–3=0 or x2 + 3x – 5 = 0 Let a = 1, b = –2.
x= 3 or x = The equation x4 + ax2 + b = 0 becomes x4 + x2 –2 = 0.
x4 + x2 –2 = 0
−3 ± 3 2 −4(1)( −5) (x – 1)(x2 + 2) = 0
2
2(1) x2 = 1 or x2 = –2 (rejected)
x = –1 or x = 1
−3 ± 29 ∴ The equation has only two real roots.
=
2
∴ a = 0, b = –1 or a = 1, b = –2 (or any other reasonable
18. (a) Let f(x) = x – 3x – x + 5x + 2. 4 3 2 answers)
∵ f(–1) = (–1)4 – 3(–1)3 – (–1)2 + 5(–1) + 2
=1+3–1–5+2
=0
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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
(u – 1)2 = 0
21. y = c (1)
u=1
y = x + 4 x + 2 ( 2)
2
∵ x2 – 3x = u
By substituting (2) into (1), we have ∴ x2 – 3x = 1
2
x2 + 4x + 2 = c x – 3x – 1 = 0
x2 + 4x + (2 – c) = 0……(3) x=
Let the two solutions of the simultaneous equations be h −( −3) ± ( −3) 2 −4(1)( −1)
and k.
Then x – h and x – k are the factors of (3). 2(1)
∴ x2 + 4x + (2 – c) = (x – h)(x – k) 3 ± 13
= x2 – (h + k)x + hk =
By comparing constant terms, we have 2
2 – c = hk 3 − 13 and
∵ Both solutions are negative. ∴ The real roots of the equation are
∴ hk > 0 2
∴ 2–c>0 3 + 13 .
c<2
∵ The simultaneous equations have two solutions.
2
∴ (3) has two real roots.
∴ ∆ >0 25. 3x – 2 x +1 = 9
42 – 4(1)(2 – c) > 0 3x – 9 = 2 x +1
16 – 8 + 4c > 0
c > –2 (3x – 9)2 = (
2 x +1 ) 2
1 9x2 – 54x + 81 = 2x + 1
∴ A possible value of c is –1 or . (or any other 9x2 – 56x + 80 = 0
4 (9x – 20)(x – 4) = 0
reasonable answers) 20
x= or x=4
22. By substituting x = u into the equation x + 2 x = k,
9
we have Checking:
u2 + 2u = k 20 20
u2 + 2u – k = 0 …..(1) When x = , 3x – 2 x +1 = 3 –
∵ The equation x + 2 x = k has no real roots. 9 9
∴ The equation u2 + 2u – k = 0 also has no real roots. 20 13
∴ The discriminant of u2 + 2u – k = 0 is negative. 2 +1 =
∆ <0 9 3
22 – 4(1)( –k) < 0 ≠ 9
4 + 4k < 0 When x = 4, 3x – 2 x +1 = 3(4) – 2( 4) +1 = 9
4k < –4
∴ The real root of the equation is 4.
k < –1
∴ A possible value of k is –2 or –3. (or any other
reasonable answers) 26. 5x – 5 x +6 = 6
5x – 6 = 5 x +6
(
(5x – 6)2 = 5 x +6 ) 2
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4 More about Equations
2x – 3y = 1
x –1 0.5 2
y –1 0 1
106
Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
28. y = x2 – 4x + 3
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 3 0 –1 0 3
x y
+ =1
2 3
x 0 2 4
y 3 0 –3
29. ∵ 2x2 – 5x + 2 = 0
2x2 – 4x + 2 = x
x
x2 – 2x + 1 =
2
∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations are
y = x2 − 2x +1
x .
∵ The two graphs intersect at (0, 3.0) and (2.5, –0.8). y=
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are 2
approximately (0, 3.0) and (2.5, –0.8). x
Draw the straight line y = on the graph of
2
For questions 29 to 30, refer to the graph below: y = x2 – 2x + 1.
From the graphs, the roots of 2x2 – 5x + 2 = 0 are
y = x2 – 2x + 1 approximately 0.5 and 2.0.
x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 30. ∵ 2x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 2x2 + 4x – 8x + 1 + 1 = 1 – 8x
2x2 – 4x + 2 = 1 – 8x
1
x2 – 2x + 1 = −4x
2
∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations are
y = x 2 − 2 x +1
1 .
y = − 4x
2
1
Draw the straight line y = − 4 x on the graph of
2
y = x2 – 2x + 1.
From the graphs, the roots of 2x2 + 4x + 1 = 0 are
approximately –1.7 and –0.3.
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4 More about Equations
x2 + 2x – 3x – 1 = 0
x2 + 2x = 3x + 1
∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations are
31. (a) y = x2 + 2x y = x 2 + 2 x
x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 .
y 0 –1 0 3 8 15 24 35 y = 3 x +1
Draw the straight line y = 3x + 1 on the graph of y =
(b) x2 + 2x.
From the graphs, the roots of x2 – x – 1 = 0 are
approximately –0.6 and 1.6.
(iii) ∵ 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0
2
2x + 4x – x – 2 = 0
2x2 + 4x = x + 2
x
x2 + 2x = +1
2
∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations are
y = x 2 + 2x
x .
y = 2 + 1
x
Draw the straight line y = +1 on the graph of
2
y = x2 + 2x.
From the graphs, the roots of 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 are
approximately –2.0 and 0.5.
4 8
(b) By substituting a = − ,b=− and c = 4
3 3
into y = ax2 + bx + c, we have
4 2 8
y=− x − x +4
3 3
We are going to solve the following simultaneous
equations:
(c) (i) ∵ 2
x – 3x + 1 = 0
x2 + 2x – 5x + 1 = 0 4 8
x2 + 2x = 5x – 1
y = − x2 − x + 4 (5)
3 3
∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations are
x − 2 y + 8 = 0 (6)
y = x 2 + 2 x
. By substituting (5) into (6), we have
y = 5 x −1 4 8
Draw the straight line y = 5x – 1 on the graph of y = x − 2 − x2 − x + 4 +8 = 0
x2 + 2x. 3 3
From the graphs, the roots of x2 – 3x + 1 = 0 are 8 2 19
approximately 0.4 and 2.6. x + x =0
3 3
(ii) ∵ x2 – x – 1 = 0 8x2 + 19x = 0
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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
x(8x + 19) = 0 −4 − 2 10
19 By substituting x = into (3), we have
x = 0 (rejected) or x=− 3
8
−4 − 2 10 14 −2 10
19 y= +6= = 2.56(cor. to 2
By substituting x = − into (6), we have 3 3
8 d.p.)
19 − 4 + 2 10
− – 2y + 8 = 0 By substituting x = into (3), we have
8 3
45 − 4 + 2 10 14 + 2 10
y= y= +6= = 6.77(cor. to 2
16 3 3
19 45 d.p.)
∴ The coordinates of P are ( − , ).
8 16
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are
(–3.44, 2.56) and (0.77, 6.77).
33. x + y − x =1 (1)
2
35. (a) ∵
2 x + 3 y =1 ( 2) The length of the wire is 70 cm.
∴ x + y + 29 = 70
1 −2x x + y = 41
From (2), we have y = ……(3)
3 AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2 (Pyth. theorem)
By substituting (3) into (1), we have x2 + y2 = 292
x2 + y2 = 841
1 −2 x ∴ The required simultaneous equations are
x2 + –x=1
3 x + y = 41 (1)
3x2 + 1 – 2x – 3x = 3 2 .
x + y = 841
2
3x2 – 5x – 2 = 0 ( 2)
(3x + 1)(x – 2) = 0
1 (b) From (1), we have
x=− or x=2 x + y = 41
3 y = 41 – x ……(3)
1 By substituting (3) into (2), we have
By substituting x = − into (3), we have x2 + (41 – x)2 = 841
3
x2 + 1681 – 82x + x2 = 841
1 2x2 – 82x + 840 = 0
1 − 2 − x2 – 41x + 420 = 0
y= 3 = 5 (x – 20)(x – 21) = 0
3 9 x = 20 or x = 21
1 −2( 2) By substituting x = 20 into (3), we have
By substituting x = 2 into (3), we have y = = –1 y = 41 – 20 = 21
3 By substituting x = 21 into (3), we have
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are y = 41 – 21 = 20
1 5 x = 20 x = 21
− , and (2, –1). ∴ The solutions are or .
3 9 y = 21 y = 20
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4 More about Equations
6x 2 + 15 x
6x 2 + 6 x
9x + 9
9x + 9
39 −5( 4.8)
y= = 2.5 ∴ x3 + 7x2 + 15x + 9 = (x + 1)(x2 + 6x + 9)
6
=( x +1)( x +3) 2
∴ The dimensions of each rectangle are 3 cm × 4 cm or
4.8 cm × 2.5 cm.
(b) ∵ f(x) = 0
39. (a) Consider △AHE. Let AH = x cm and AE = y cm. ∴ (x + 1)(x + 3)2 = 0
∴ The length of the side of ABCD is (x + y) cm. x + 1 = 0 or (x + 3)2 = 0
∵ ∠ A is a right angle. x= − 1 or x = −3
∴ AH 2 + AE 2 = EH 2 (Pyth. theorem)
(x cm)2 + (y cm)2 = EH 2 42. (a) ∵ f(2) = 23 – 3(2)2 –10(2) + 24
EH = x 2 + y 2 cm ……(1) = 8 – 12 – 20 + 24
=0
∴ The length of the side of EFGH is x 2 + y 2 cm. ∴ x – 2 is a factor of f(x).
∵ The area of EFGH is 18 cm2.
2
2 By long division,
∴ 2
x +y = 18 x 2 − x − 12
x − 2 x 3 − 3x 2 − 10 x + 24
x3 − 2 x2
− x 2 − 10x
− x 2 + 2x
− 12x + 24
2 2
x + y = 18 ……(2)
− 12x + 24
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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
x – 2 = 0 or x – 4 = 0 or x+3=0
−1 ± 12 −4(1)( −4)
x = 2 or x = 4 or x= −3
2(1)
43. (a) ∵ f(3) = 33 – 2(3)2 –23(3) + 60 −1 ± 17
= 27 – 18 – 69 + 60 =
2
=0
∴ x – 3 is a factor of f(x).
By long division,
x 2 + x − 20
Multiple Choice Questions (p.200)
x − 3 x 3 − 2x 2 − 2 3x + 6 0
3 2
x − 3x
2
x − 2 3x
x 2 − 3x
− 20 x + 60
1. Answer: A
− 20 x + 60
u2 + u – 2 = 0
∴ x4 – 2x3 – 7x2 + 8x + 12 (u – 1)(u + 2) = 0
= (x + 1)(x – 2)(x2 – x – 6) u = 1 or u = –2
=( x +1)( x −2)( x +2)( x −3)
∵ x =u
∴ x = 1or x = –2 (rejected)
(b) ∵ f(x) = 0
∴ (x + 1)(x – 2)(x + 2)(x – 3) = 0 x =1
x + 1 = 0 or x – 2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
x= − 1 or x = 2 or x = −2 or 4. Answer: C
∵ ax2 + (b – m)x + (c – d) = 0
x=3
ax2 + bx – mx + c – d = 0
ax2 + bx + c = mx + d
45. x4 + 6x3 – 7x2 – 36x + 6 = 0 ∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations are
(x – 7x2 + 6) + (6x3 – 36x) = 0
4
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4 More about Equations
8. Answer: D
∵ 2x2 + x – 3 = 0 ∴ x3 – 3x + 2 = (x – 1)(x2 + x – 2)
2x2 = – x + 3 = (x – 1)(x – 1)(x + 2)
= (x – 1)2(x + 2)
−x + 3
x2 = ∵ f(x) = 0
2 ∴ (x – 1)2(x + 2) = 0
∴ The corresponding simultaneous equations are (x – 1)2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
y = x2 x = 1 or x= − 2
− x+3 .
y=
2 HKMO (p. 201)
∴ The equation of the required straight line is
Let f(x) = 2x3 + 7x2 – 29x – 70.
−x +3 ∵ f(–2) = 2(–2)3 + 7(–2)2 – 29(–2) – 70
y= .
2 = –16 + 28 + 58 – 70
=0
9. Answer: C ∴ x + 2 is a factor of 2x3 + 7x2 – 29x – 70.
By long division,
y = 4 x (1) 2 x2 + 3 x − 3 5
x + 2 2 x3 + 7 x 2 − 2 9x − 70
2 x3 + 4 x 2
3x 2 − 29x
3x 2 + 6 x
y = x + k ( 2)
2
− 35 x − 70
− 35 x − 70
By substituting (2) into (1), we have ∴ 2x3 + 7x2 – 29x – 70 = (x + 2)(2x2 + 3x – 35)
x2 + k = 4x = (x + 2)(x + 5)(2x – 7)
2
x – 4x + k = 0 ……(3) ∵ f(x) = 0
∵ The simultaneous equations have only one solution. ∴ (x + 2)(x + 5)(2x – 7) = 0
∴ (3) has only one real root. ∴ x+2=0 or x + 5 = 0 or 2x – 7 = 0
∴ ∆ =0 7
(–4)2 – 4(1)k = 0 x = –2 or x = –5 or x=
16 – 4k = 0 2
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Certificate Mathematics in Action Full Solutions 4A
Let’s Discuss
p. 170
Both methods are correct.
p. 180
Ken’s method is more tedious as it involves squaring of the
expression y + 1.
113