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http://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-diabetic-foot-lesions?topicKey=SURG%2F8175&elapsedTimeMs=3&source=search_result&searchTer 1/23
Official reprint from UpToDate
www.uptodate.com 2014 UpToDate
Authors
David K McCulloch, MD
Richard J de Asla, MD
Section Editors
John F Eidt, MD
Joseph L Mills, Sr, MD
David M Nathan, MD
Deputy Editor
Kathryn A Collins, MD, PhD, FACS
Management of diabetic foot lesions
All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete.
Literature review current through: Jun 2014. | This topic last updated: Mar 27, 2013.
INTRODUCTION The lifetime risk of a foot ulcer for patients with diabetes (type 1 or 2) may be as high as 25
percent [1-3]. Diabetic foot ulcers are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for approximately
two-thirds of all nontraumatic amputations performed in the United States [4,5]. This observation illustrates the
importance of prompt treatment of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. The management of diabetic foot lesions
is provided here. Evaluation and prevention of foot ulcers and the treatment of diabetes-related foot infections
(cellulitis and osteomyelitis) are discussed separately. (See "Evaluation of the diabetic foot" and "Clinical
manifestations, diagnosis, and management of diabetic infections of the lower extremities".)
WOUND CLASSIFICATION The first step in managing diabetic foot ulcers is classifying the wound.
Classification is based upon clinical evaluation of the extent of the lesion and, in some classification systems,
an assessment of the vascular status of the foot. The intensity and duration of treatment can be determined
after clinical evaluation of the ulcer. (See "Evaluation of the diabetic foot", section on 'Wound evaluation'.)
A widely used classification of diabetic foot ulcers is that proposed by Wagner [6]:
Grade 0 No ulcer in a high-risk foot
Grade 1 Superficial ulcer involving the full skin thickness but not underlying tissues (picture 1)
Grade 2 Deep ulcer, penetrating down to ligaments and muscle, but no bone involvement or abscess
formation (picture 2)
Grade 3 Deep ulcer with cellulitis or abscess formation, often with osteomyelitis (picture 3)
Grade 4 Localized gangrene (picture 4)
Grade 5 Extensive gangrene involving the whole foot
The Wagner classification is based upon clinical evaluation (depth of ulcer and presence of necrosis) alone and
does not account for the vascular status of the foot. A modified system that is frequently used by orthopedic
surgeons individually scores the components of wound depth and ischemia [7]. Other ulcer classification
systems have also been published [8-11]. The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot proposed
classifying all ulcers according to the following categories: perfusion, extent, depth, infection, and sensation
(PEDIS) [12]. The PEDIS system is primarily used for research purposes.
The usual approach to the management of lesions of each Wagner grade is given below, followed by a
discussion of some newer approaches.
GRADE 0 LESIONS Counseling regarding preventive foot care should be given to any patient whose feet are
at risk for ulcer development, particularly patients with existing neuropathy. There are several measures that can
markedly diminish ulcer formation, such as avoiding poorly fitting shoes, walking barefoot, and smoking. This
topic is reviewed separately. (See "Evaluation of the diabetic foot", section on 'Risk factors' and "Evaluation of
the diabetic foot", section on 'Preventive foot care'.) [1]
GRADE 1 AND 2 LESIONS Extensive debridement, good local wound care, relief of pressure on the ulcer,
and control of infection (when present) are believed to be important components of therapy for grade 1 and 2 foot
ulcers [9,13,14]. There are limited data evaluating the efficacy of this standard approach, particularly the benefits
of debridement and local wound care. In a meta-analysis of the control groups from 10 trials (622 patients)