Vedic Maths Formulee

Vedic Maths Formulae - About the 16 Magical "Sutras"
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S$%&A M'A()(*
1 Ekadhikina Purvena +y one more than the pre#ious one
,-&-..A&/: Anurupyena
0 Nikhilam Navatashcaramam Dashatah All 1rom 2 and the last 1rom 13
,-&-..A&/: Sisyate Sesasam4nah
5 Urdhva-Tiryagbyham Vertically and crossise
,-&: Adyamadyenantyamantyena
6 Paraavartya Yojayet %ranspose and ad4ust
,-&: 7e#alaih Sapta!am *unyat
8 Shunyam Saamyasamuccaye 9hen the sum is the same that sum is :ero.
,-&-..A&/: Vestanam
6 (nuru!ye" Shunyamanyat )1 one is in ratio; the other is :ero
,-&-..A&/: /a#adunam %a#adunam
< Sankalana-vyavakalanabhyam +y addition and by subtraction
,-&: /a#adunam %a#aduni!ritya Varga /o4ayet
= Purana!uranabyham +y the completion or non-completion
,-&-..A&/: Antyayordasha!e>pi
2 #halana-$alanabyham ?i11erences and Similarities
,-&-..A&/: Antyayore#a
13 /aa#adunam 9hate#er the e"tent o1 its de1iciency
,-&-..A&/: Samuccayagunitah
11 Vyashtisamanstih @art and 9hole
,-&-..A&/: .opanasthapanabhyam
10 Shesanyan!ena ,haramena %he remainders by the last digit
,-&-..A&/: Vilo!anam
15 Sopaantyad#ayamantyam %he ultimate and tice the penultimate
,-&: *unitasamuccayah Samuccayagunitah
16 Ekanyunena Purvena +y one less than the pre#ious one
,-&-..A&/: ?h#a4an!a
18 *unitasamuchyah %he product o1 the sum is eAual to the sum o1
the product
,-&-..A&/: ?anda /oga
16 *una!asamuchyah %he 1actors o1 the sum is eAual to the sum o1
the 1actors
,-&-..A&/: Adyam Antyam Madhyam
'7B?C)7'(A @D&V'EA
%he Sutra F1ormulaG '!Hdhi!ena @Ir#ena means: J+y one more than the pre#ious oneK.
iG SAuares o1 numbers ending in 8 :
(o e relate the sutra to the LsAuaring o1 numbers ending in 8M. ,onsider the e"ample 08
0
.
Cere the number is 08. 9e ha#e to 1ind out the sAuare o1 the number. For the number 08; the last digit is
8 and the >pre#ious> digit is 0. Cence; >one more than the pre#ious one>; that is; 0N1O5. %he Sutra; in this
conte"t; gi#es the procedure >to multiply the pre#ious digit 0 by one more than itsel1; that is; by 5>. )t
becomes the ..C.S Fle1t hand sideG o1 the result; that is; 0 P 5 O 6. %he &.C.S Fright hand sideG o1 the
result is 8
0
; that is; 08.
%hus 08
0
O 0 P 5 / 08 O 608.
)n the same ay;
58
0
O 5 P F5N1G /08 O 5 P 6/ 08 O 1008Q
68
0
O 6 P < / 08 O 6008Q
138
0
O 13 P 11/08 O 11308Q
158
0
O 15 P 16/08 O 1=008Q
Apply the 1ormula to 1ind the sAuares o1 the numbers 18; 68; =8; 108; 1<8 R #eri1y the ansers.
Algebraic proo1:
aG ,onsider Fa" N bG
0
S a
0
. "
0
N 0ab" N b
0
.
%his identity 1or " O 13 and b O 8 becomes
F13a N 8G
0
O a
0
. 13
0
N 0. 13a . 8 N 8
0
O a
0
. 13
0
N a. 13
0
N 8
0
O Fa
0
N a G . 13
0
N 8
0
O a Fa N 1G . 13
0
N 08.
,learly 13a N 8 represents to-digit numbers 18; 08; 58; -------;28 1or the #alues a O 1; 0; 5; -------;2
respecti#ely. )n such a case the number F13a N 8G
0
is o1 the 1orm hose ..C.S is a Fa N 1G and &.C.S is 08;
that is; a Fa N 1G / 08.
%hus any such to digit number gi#es the result in the same 1ashion.
'"ample: 68 O F63 N 8G
0
; )t is o1 the 1orm Fa"NbG
0
1or a O 6; "O13
and b O 8. gi#ing the anser a FaN1G / 08
that is; 6 F6N1G / 08 N 6 P 8 / 08 O 0308.
bG Any three digit number is o1 the 1orm a"
0
Nb"Nc 1or " O 13; a 3; a; b; c T 9.
(o Fa"
0
Nb"N cG
0
O a
0
"
6
N b
0
"
0
N c
0
N 0ab"
5
N 0bc" N 0ca"
0
O a
0
"
6
N0ab.

"
5
N Fb
0
N 0caG"
0
N0bc . "N c
0
.
%his identity 1or " O 13; c O 8 becomes Fa . 13
0
N b .13 N 8G
0
O a
0
.13
6
N 0.a.b.13
5
N Fb
0
N 0.8.aG13
0
N 0.b.8.13 N 8
0
O a
0
.13
6
N 0.a.b.13
5
N Fb
0
N 13 aG13
0
N b.13
0
N 8
0

O a
0
.13
6
N 0ab.13
5
N b
0
.13
0
N a . 13
5
N b 13
0
N 8
0
O a
0
.13
6
N F0ab N aG.13
5
N Fb
0
N bG13
0
N8
0
O U a
0
.13
0
N 0ab.13 N a.13 N b
0
N bV 13
0
N 8
0
O F13a N bG F 13aNbN1G.13
0
N 08
O @ F@N1G 13
0
N 08; here @ O 13aNb.
Cence any three digit number hose last digit is 8 gi#es the same result as in FaG 1or @O13a N b; the
Lpre#iousM o1 8.
'"ample : 168
0
O F1 . 13
0
N 6 . 13 N 8G
0
.
)t is o1 the 1orm Fa"
0
Nb"NcG
0
1or a O 1; b O 6; c O 8 and " O 13. )t gi#es the anser @F@N1G / 08; here @ O
13a N b O 13 P 1 N 6 O 16; the Lpre#iousM. %he anser is 16 F16N1G / 08 O 16 P 1< / 08 O 0<008.
Apply Ekadhikena purvena to 1ind sAuares o1 numbers 28; 008; 5<8; 658; <68; 218; 1138; 0868.
iiG Vulgar 1ractions hose denominators are numbers ending in ()(' :
9e no ta!e e"amples o1 1 / a2; here a O 1; 0; -----; 2. )n the con#ersion o1 such #ulgar 1ractions into
recurring decimals; '!adhi!a process can be e11ecti#ely used both in di#ision and multiplication.
aG ?i#ision Method : Value o1 1 / 12.
%he numbers o1 decimal places be1ore repetition is the di11erence o1 numerator and denominator; i.e.;; 12
-1O1= places.
For the denominator 12; the purva Fpre#iousG is 1.
Cence Ekadhikena purva Fone more than the pre#iousG is 1 N 1 O 0.
%he sutra is applied in a di11erent conte"t. (o the method o1 di#ision is as 1ollos:
Step. 1 : ?i#ide numerator 1 by 03.
i.e.;; 1 / 03 O 3.1 / 0 O .13 F 3 times; 1 remainderG
Step. 2 : ?i#ide 13 by 0
i.e.;; 3.338F 8 times; 3 remainder G
i.e.;; 3.3810 F 0 times; 1 remainder G
Step. 4 : ?i#ide 10

i.e.;; 10 by 0
i.e.;; 3.3806 F 6 times; (o remainder G
i.e.;; 3.38065 F 5 times; (o remainder G
i.e.;; 3.3806511F1 time; 1 remainder G
Step. 7 : ?i#ide 11 i.e.;; 11 by 0
i.e.;; 3.38065118 F8 times; 1 remainder G
Step. 8 : ?i#ide 18 i.e.;; 18 by 0
i.e.;; 3.38065181< F < times; 1 remainder G
Step. 9 : ?i#ide 1< i.e.;; 1< by 0
i.e.;; 3.3806518< 1= F= times; 1 remainder G
Step. 10 : ?i#ide 1=

i.e.;; 1= by 0
i.e.;; 3.3806518<=2 F2 times; (o remainder G
i.e.;; 3.3806518<=2 16 F6 times; 1 remainder G
Step. 12 : ?i#ide 16 i.e.;; 16 by 0
i.e.;; 3.3806518<=26< F < times; (o remainder G
Step. 13 : ?i#ide < by 0
i.e.;; 3.3806518<=26<15 F 5 times; 1 remainder G
Step. 14 : ?i#ide 15 i.e.;; 15 by 0
i.e.;; 3.3806518<=26<516 F 6 times; 1 remainder G
Step. 15 : ?i#ide 16 i.e.;; 16 by 0
i.e.;; 3.3806518<=26<56= F= times; (o remainder G
Step. 16 : ?i#ide = by 0
i.e.;; 3.3806518<=26<56=6 F 6 times; (o remainder G
i.e.;; 3.3806518<=26<56=60 F 0 times; (o remainder G
i.e.;; 3.3806518<=26<56=601 F 1 time; (o remainder G
(o 1rom step 12; i.e.;; di#iding 1 by 0; Step 0 to Step. 1= repeats thus gi#ing
3 WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW . .
1 / 12 O 3.3806518<=26<56=601 or 3.3806518<=26<56=601
(ote that e ha#e completed the process o1 di#ision only by using L0M. (ohere the di#ision by 12 occurs.
bG Multiplication Method: Value o1 1 / 12
First e recogni:e the last digit o1 the denominator o1 the type 1 / a2. Cere the last digit is 2.
For a 1raction o1 the 1orm in hose denominator 2 is the last digit; e ta!e the case o1 1 / 12 as 1ollos:
For 1 / 12; >pre#ious> o1 12 is 1. And one more than o1 it is 1 N 1 O 0.
%here1ore 0 is the multiplier 1or the con#ersion. 9e rite the last digit in the numerator as 1 and 1ollo the
steps le1tards.
Step. 1 : 1
Step. 2 : 01Fmultiply 1 by 0; put to le1tG
Step. 3 : 601Fmultiply 0 by 0; put to le1tG
Step. 4 : =601Fmultiply 6 by 0; put to le1tG
Step. 5 : 16=601

Fmultiply = by 0 O16;
1 carried o#er; 6 put to le1tG
Step. 6 : 156=601

F 6 P 0 O10;N1 Ucarry o#erV
O 15; 1 carried o#er; 5 put to le1t G
Step. 7 : <56=601 F 5 P 0; O 6 N1 U,arryo#erV
O <; put to le1tG
Step. 8 : 16<56=601 Fas in the same processG
Step. 9 : 26<56=601 F ?o X continue to step 1=G
Step. 10 : 1=26<56=601
Step. 11 : 1<=26<56=601
Step. 12 : 18<=26<56=601
Step. 13 : 118<=26<56=601
Step. 14 : 518<=26<56=601
Step. 15 : 6518<=26<56=601
Step. 16 : 106518<=26<56=601
Step. 17 : 806518<=26<56=601
Step. 18 : 13806518<=26<56=601
(o 1rom step 1= onards the same numbers and order toards le1t continue.
%hus 1 / 12 O 3.3806518<=26<56=601
)t is interesting to note that e ha#e
iG not at all used di#ision process
iiG instead o1 di#iding 1 by 12 continuously; 4ust multiplied 1 by 0 and continued to multiply the resultant
successi#ely by 0.
-bser#ations :
aG For any 1raction o1 the 1orm 1 / a2

i.e.;; in hose denominator 2 is the digit in the units place and a is
the set o1 remaining digits; the #alue o1 the 1raction is in recurring decimal 1orm and the repeating bloc!Ms
right most digit is 1.
bG 9hate#er may be a2; and the numerator; it is enough to 1ollo the said process ith FaN1G either in
di#ision or in multiplication.
cG Starting 1rom right most digit and counting 1rom the right; e see F in the gi#en e"ample 1 / 12G
Sum o1 1
st
digit N 13
th
digit O 1 N = O 2
Sum o1 0
nd
digit N 11
th
digit O 0 N < O 2
- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sum o1 2th digit N 1=th digit O 2N 3 O 2
From the abo#e obser#ations; e conclude that i1 e 1ind 1irst 2 digits; 1urther digits can be deri#ed as
complements o1 2.
iG %hus at the step = in di#ision process e ha#e 3.38065181< and ne"t step. 2 gi#es 3.3806518<=
(o the complements o1 the numbers
3; 8; 0; 6; 5; 1; 8; <; = 1rom 2
2; 6; <; 5; 6; =; 6; 0; 1 1ollo the right order
i.e.;; 3.3806518<=26<56=601
(o ta!ing the multiplication process e ha#e
Step. 8 : 16<56=601
Step. 9 : 26<56=601
(o the complements o1 1; 0; 6; =; 6; 5; <; 6; 2 1rom 2
i.e.;; =; <; 8; 1; 5; 6; 0; 8; 3 precede in successi#e steps; gi#ing the anser.
0.052631578947368421.
dG 9hen e get F?enominator X (umeratorG as the product in the multiplicati#e process; hal1 the or! is
done. 9e stop the multiplication there and mechanically rite the remaining hal1 o1 the anser by merely
ta!ing don complements 1rom 2.
eG 'ither di#ision or multiplication process o1 gi#ing the anser can be put in a single line 1orm.
Algebrai pr!!" :
Any #ulgar 1raction o1 the 1orm 1 / a2 can be ritten as
1 / a2 O 1 / F Fa N 1 G " - 1 G here " O 13
1
O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
F a N 1 G " U1 - 1/FaN1G" V
1
O WWWWWWWWWWW
U1 - 1/FaN1G"V
-1

F a N 1 G "
1
O WWWWWWWWWW U1 N 1/FaN1G" N 1/FaN1G"
0
N ----------V
F a N 1 G "
O 1/FaN1G" N 1/FaN1G
0
"
0
N1/FaN1G
5
"
5
N ---- ad in"initu#
O 13
-1
F1/FaN1GGN13
-0
F1/FaN1G
0
GN13
-5
F1/FaN1G
5
G N ---ad in"initu#
%his series e"plains the process o1 ekadhik.
(o consider the problem o1 1 / 12. From abo#e e get
1 / 12 O 13
-1
F1/F1N1GG N 13
-0
F1/F1N1G
0
G N 13
-5
F1/F1N1G
5
G N ----
F since aO1G
O 13
-1
F1/0G N 13
-0
F1/0G
0
N 13
-5
F1/5G
5
N ----------
O 13
-1
F3.8G N 13
-0
F3.08G N 13
-5
F3.108GN ----------
O 3.38 N 3.3308 N 3.333108 N 3.33333608N - - - - - - -
O 3.380651 - - - - - - -
'"ample1 :
1. Find 1 / 62 by ekadhikena process.
(o Lpre#iousM is 6. L-ne more than the pre#iousM is 6 N 1 O 8.
(o by di#ision right ard 1rom the le1t by L8M.
1 / 62 O .13 - - - - - - - - - - - -Fdi#ide 1 by 83G
O .30 - - - - - - - - - Fdi#ide 0 by 8; 3 times; 0 remainder G
O .3003 - - - - - - --Fdi#ide 03 by 8; 6 timesG
O .3036 - - - - - - -F di#ide 6 by 8; 3 times; 6 remainder G
O .303663 -- - -- - F di#ide 63 by 8; = times G
O .30363= - - - - - Fdi#ide = by 8; 1 time; 5 remainder G
O .30363=51 - - - -Fdi#ide 51 by 8; 6 times; 1 remainder G
O .30363=11 6 - - - - - - - continue
O .30363=161550061853611100006666= - -- - - - -
-n completing 01 digits; e get 6=
i.e.;;?enominator - (umerator O 62 X 1 O 6= stands.
i.e; hal1 o1 the process stops here. %he remaining hal1 can be obtained as complements 1rom 2.
%hus 1 / 62 O 3.30363=16506853610066=
2<2821=56<56625=<<881
(o 1inding 1 / 62 by process o1 multiplication le1t ard 1rom right by 8; e get
1 / 62 O ----------------------------------------------1
O ---------------------------------------------81
O -------------------------------------------0881
O ------------------------------------------0<881
O ---- 6=526<02682611=55561<0556662655=5<0<881
i.e.;;?enominator X (umerator O 62 X 1 O 6= is obtained as 8P2N5
F ,arry o#er G O 68 N 5 O 6=. Cence hal1 o1 the process is o#er. %he remaining hal1 is automatically
obtained as complements o1 2.
%hus 1 / 62 O ---------------2<2821=56<56625=<<881
O 3.30363=16506853610066=
2<2821=56<56625=<<881
'"ample 0: Find 1 / 52 by '!adhi!a process.
(o by multiplication method; '!adhi!ena pur#a is 5 N 1 O 6
1 / 52 O -------------------------------------1
O -------------------------------------61
O ----------------------------------1661
O ---------------------------------08661
O --------------------------------008661
O -------------------------------1308661
Cere the repeating bloc! happens to be bloc! o1 6 digits. (o the rule predicting the completion o1 hal1 o1
the computation does not hold. %he complete bloc! has to be computed by ekadhika process.
(o continue and obtain the result. Find reasons 1or the nonXapplicability o1 the said LruleM.
Find the recurring decimal 1orm o1 the 1ractions 1 / 02; 1 / 82;
1 / 62; 1 / <2; 1 / =2 using '!adhi!a process i1 possible. Yudge hether the rule o1 completion o1 hal1 the
computation holds good in such cases.
(ote : %he '!adhi!ena @ur#ena sutra can also be used 1or con#ersion o1 #ulgar 1ractions ending in 1; 5; <
such as 1 / 11; 1 / 01; 1 / 51 - - -- ;1 / 15; 1 / 05; - - - -; 1 / <; 1 / 1<; - - - - - by riting them in the 1olloing
ay and sol#ing them.
$@A-S$%&A O %NU&'PYEN
%he upa-Sutra >anurupyena> means >proportionality>. %his Sutra is highly use1ul to 1ind products o1 to
numbers hen both o1 them are near the ,ommon bases i.e poers o1 base 13 . )t is #ery clear that in
such cases the e"pected >Simplicity > in doing problems is absent.
E(am!le )* +, - +.
As per the pre#ious methods; i1 e select 133 as base e get
66 -86 %his is much more di11icult and o1 no use.
65 -8<
ZZZZZZZZ
(o by LanurupyenaM e consider a or!ing base )n three ays. 9e can sol#e the problem.
/ethod )* %a!e the nearest higher multiple o1 13. )n this case it is 83.
%reat it as 133 / 0 O 83. (o the steps are as 1ollos:
iG ,hoose the or!ing base near to the numbers under consideration.
i.e.; or!ing base is 133 / 0 O 83
iiG 9rite the numbers one belo the other
i.e. 6 6
6 5
ZZZZZZZ
iiiG 9rite the di11erences o1 the to numbers respecti#ely 1rom 83 against each number on right side
i.e. 66 -36
65 -3<
ZZZZZZZZZ
i#G 9rite cross-subtraction or cross- addition as the case may be under the line dran.

#G Multiply the di11erences and rite the product in the le1t side o1 the anser.
66 -36
65 -3<
WWWWWWWWWWWW
52 / -6 " X< O 0=
#iG Since base is 133 / 0 O 83 ; 52 in the anser represents 52P83.
Cence di#ide 52 by 0 because 83 O 133 / 0
%hus 52 [ 0 gi#es 12\ here 12 is Auotient and 1 is remainder . %his 1 as &eminder gi#es one 83
ma!ing the ..C.S o1 the anser 0= N 83 O <=For &emainder \ " 133 N 0= G
i.e. &.C.S 12 and ..C.S <= together gi#e the anser 12<= 9e represent it as
66 -36
65 -3<
ZZZZZZZZZ
0G 52 / 0=
ZZZZZZZZZ
12\ / 0=
O 12 / <= O 12<=
E(am!le 0* 60 P 6=.
9ith 133 / 0 O 83 as or!ing base; the problem is as 1ollos:
60 -3=
6= -30
ZZZZZZZZZ
0G 63 / 16
ZZZZZZZZZ
03 / 16
60 " 6= O 0316
/ethod 0* For the e(am!le )* 66P65. 9e ta!e the same or!ing base 83. 9e treat it as 83O8P13. i.e.
e operate ith 13 but not ith 133 as in method
no

F128 N 0G / = O 12<=
USince e operate ith 13; the &.C.S portion shall ha#e only unit place .Cence out o1 the product 0=; 0 is
carried o#er to le1t side. %he ..C.S portion o1 the anser shall be multiplied by 8; since e ha#e ta!en 83
O 8 P 13.V
(o in the e(am!le 0* 60 " 6= e can carry as 1ollos by treating 83 O 8 " 13

/ethod .* 9e ta!e the nearest loer multiple o1 13 since the numbers are 66 and 65 as in the 1irst
e"ample; 9e consider 63 as or!ing base and treat it as 6 P 13.

Since 13 is in operation 1 is carried out digit in 1=.
Since 6 P 13 is or!ing base e consider 62 P 6 on ..C.S o1 anser i.e. 126 and 1 carried o#er the le1t
side; gi#ing ..C.S. o1 anser as 12<=. Cence the anser is 12<=.
9e proceed in the same method 1or 60 P 6=

.et us see the all the three methods 1or a problem at a glance
E(am!le .* 06 P 05
/ethod - )* 9or!ing base O 133 / 8 O 03
06 36
05 35
ZZZZZZZZ
8G 0< / 10
ZZZZZZZZ
8 0/8 / 10 O 8 / 80 O 880
USince 0 / 8 o1 133 is 0 / 8 " 133 O 63 and 63 N 10 O 80V
/ethod - 0* 9or!ing base 0 P 13 O 03

(o as 03 itsel1 is nearest loer multiple o1 13 1or the problem under consideration; the case o1 method X
5 shall not arise.
.et us ta!e another e"ample and try all the three methods.
E(am!le +* 620 P 636
/ethod - ) * or!ing base O 1333 / 0 O 833
620 -33=
636 -326
ZZZZZZZZZZZ
0G 526 / <6= since 1333 is in operation
ZZZZZZZZZZZ
12= / <6= O 12=<6=
/ethod 0* or!ing base O 8 " 133 O 833

/ethod - .1
Since 633 can also be ta!en as or!ing base; treat 633 O 6 P 133 as or!ing base.
%hus

(o need to repeat that practice in these methods 1inally ta!es us to or! out all these mentally and
getting the ansers straight aay in a single line.
E(am!le 2* 522= P 622=
9or!ing base O 13333 / 0 O 8333
522= -1330
622= -3330
ZZZZZZZZZZZZ
0G 5226 / 0336 since 13;333 is in operation
122= / 0336 O 122=0336
or ta!ing or!ing base O 8 " 1333 O 8;333 and

9hat happens i1 e ta!e 6333 i.e. 6 P 1333 as or!ing base]
WWWWW
522= 3330
622= 322= Since 1333 is an operation
ZZZZZZZZZZZZ
6226 / 1226
WWW WWW
As 1333 is in operation; 1226 has to be ritten as 1226 and 6333 as base; the ..C.S portion 8333 has
to be multiplied by 6. i. e. the anser is

A simpler e"ample 1or better understanding.
E(am!le ,* 8= " 6=
9or!ing base 83 O 8 " 13 gi#es

Since 13 is in operation.
Use anuru!yena by selecting a!!ro!riate 3orking base and method1
4ind the 5ollo3ing !roduct1
)1 +, ( +, 01 26 ( 26 .1 2+ ( +2
+1 )7 ( )7 21 ,0 ( +7 ,1 008 ( 0.9
61 +6 ( 8, 71 768,2 ( 8888, 81 +8(+88
)91 .78 ( 2)0
()7C).AM (AVA%ASM,A&AMAM ?ASA%AC
%he 1ormula simply means : Jall 1rom 2 and the last 1rom 13K
%he 1ormula can be #ery e11ecti#ely applied in multiplication o1 numbers; hich are nearer to bases li!e
13; 133; 1333 i.e.; to the poers o1 13 . %he procedure o1 multiplication using the (i!hilam in#ol#es
minimum number o1 steps; space; time sa#ing and only mental calculation. %he numbers ta!en can be
either less or more than the base considered.
%he di11erence beteen the number and the base is termed as de#iation. ?e#iation may be positi#e or
negati#e. @ositi#e de#iation is ritten ithout the positi#e sign and the negati#e de#iation; is ritten using
&e!han! Fa bar on the numberG. (o obser#e the 1olloing table.
(umber +ase (umber X +ase ?e#iation
16 13 16 - 13 6
W
= 13 = - 13 -0 or 0
WW
2< 133 2< - 133 -35 or 35
110 133 110 - 133 10
WWW
225 1333 225 - 1333 -33< or 33<
1311 1333 1311 - 1333 311
Some rules o1 the method Fnear to the baseG in Multiplication
aG Since de#iation is obtained by (i!hilam sutra e call the method as (i!hilam multiplication.
'g : 26. (o de#iation can be obtained by Lall 1rom 2 and the last 1rom 13M sutra i.e.; the last digit 6 is 1rom
13 and remaining digit 2 1rom 2 gi#es 36.
bG %he to numbers under consideration are ritten one belo the other. %he de#iations are ritten on
the right hand side.
'g : Multiply < by =.
(o the base is 13. Since it is near to both the numbers;
<
e rite the numbers one belo the other. =
-----
%a!e the de#iations o1 both the numbers 1rom
the base and represent W
< 5
W
&e!han! or the minus sign be1ore the de#iations = 0
------
------
or < -5
= -0
-------
-------
or remainders 5 and 0 implies that the numbers to be multiplied are both less than 13
cG %he product or anser ill ha#e to parts; one on the le1t side and the other on the right. A #ertical or a
slant line i.e.; a slash may be dran 1or the demarcation o1 the to parts i.e.;
ForG
dG %he &.C.S. o1 the anser is the product o1 the de#iations o1 the numbers. )t shall contain the number o1
digits eAual to number o1 :eroes in the base.
W
i.e.; < 5
W
= 0
WWWWWWWWWWWWW
/ F5"0G O 6
Since base is 13; 6 can be ta!en as it is.
eG ..C.S o1 the anser is the sum o1 one number ith the de#iation o1 the other. )t can be arri#ed at in any
one o1 the 1our ays.
iG ,ross-subtract de#iation 0 on the second ro 1rom the original number < in the 1irst ro i.e.; <-0 O 8.
iiG ,rossXsubtract de#iation 5 on the 1irst ro 1rom the original number= in the second ro Fcon#erse ay
o1 FiGG
i.e.; = - 5 O 8
iiiG Subtract the base 13 1rom the sum o1 the gi#en numbers.
i.e.; F< N =G X 13 O 8
i#G Subtract the sum o1 the to de#iations 1rom the base.
i.e.; 13 X F 5 N 0G O 8
Cence 8 is le1t hand side o1 the anser.
W
%hus < 5
W
= 0
ZZZZZZZZZZZZ
8 /
(o FdG and FeG together gi#e the solution
W
< 5 <
W
= 0 i.e.; P =
ZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZ
8 / 6 86
1G )1 &.C.S. contains less number o1 digits than the number o1 :eros in the base; the remaining digits are
1illed up by gi#ing :ero or :eroes on the le1t side o1 the &.C.S. )1 the number o1 digits are more than the
number o1 :eroes in the base; the e"cess digit or digits are to be added to ..C.S o1 the anser.
%he general 1orm o1 the multiplication under (i!hilam can be shon as 1ollos :
.et (1 and (0 be to numbers near to a gi#en base in poers o1 13; and ?1 and ?0 are their respecti#e
de#iations 1rom the base. %hen (1 P (0 can be represented as

,ase FiG : +oth the numbers are loer than the base. 9e ha#e already considered the e"ample < " = ;
ith base 13.
(o let us sol#e some more e"amples by ta!ing bases 133 and 1333 respecti#ely.
'". 1: Find 2< P 26. Cere base is 133. (o 1olloing the rules; the or!ing is as 1ollos:

'". 0: 2= P 2< +ase is 133.

'". 5: <8P28. +ase is 133.

'". 6: 2=6 P 2=2. +ase is 1333.

'". 8: 226P2==. +ase is 1333.

'". 6: <83P228.

,ase F iiG : +oth the numbers are higher than the base.
%he method and rules 1ollo as they are. %he only di11erence is the positi#e de#iation. )nstead o1 cross X
subtract; e 1ollo cross X add.
'". <: 15P10. +ase is 13

'". =: 1=P16. +ase is 13.

'". 2: 136P130. +ase is 133.
136 36
130 30
ZZZZZZZZZZZZ
136 / 6"0 O 1363= F rule - 1 G
ZZZZZZZZZZZZ
'". 13: 10<8P1336. +ase is 1333.
10<8 0<8
1336 336
ZZZZZZZZZZZZ
10<2 / 0<8"6 O 10<2 / 1133 F rule - 1 G
WWWWWWWWWWWW O 10=3133
,ase F iii G: -ne number is more and the other is less than the base.
)n this situation one de#iation is positi#e and the other is negati#e. So the product o1 de#iations becomes
negati#e. So the right hand side o1 the anser obtained ill there1ore ha#e to be subtracted. %o ha#e a
clear representation and understanding a #inculum is used. )t proceeds into normali:ation.
'".11: 15P<. +ase is 13

(ote : ,on#ersion o1 common number into #inculum number and #ice #ersa.
'g :
WW
2 O 13 X 1 O 11
W
2= O 133 X 0 O 130
W
126 O 033 X 6 O 036
W
50 O 53 X 0 O 0=
W
168 O 163 X 8 O 158
W
500 O 533 X 00 O 0<=. etc
%he procedure can be e"plained in detail using (i!hilam (a#atascaram ?asatah; '!adhi!ena pur#ena;
'!anyunena pur#ena in the 1oregoing pages o1 this boo!.V
'". 10: 13= P 26. +ase is 133.

'". 15: 22= P 1308. +ase is 1333.

Algebraic @roo1:
,ase F i G:
.et the to numbers (1 and (0 be less than the selected base say ".
(1 O F"-aG; (0 O F"-bG. Cere a and b are the corresponding de#iations o1 the numbers (1 and (0 1rom the
base ". -bser#e that " is a multiple o1 13.
(o (1 P (0 O F"-aG F"-bG O "." X ".b X a." N ab
O " F" X a X b G N ab. Urule X eFi#G; d V
O " UF" X aG X bV N ab O " F(1XbG N abUruleXeFiG;dV
or O " UF" X bG X aV O " F(0 X aG N ab. Urule Xe FiiG;dV
" F" X a X bG N ab can also be ritten as
"UF" X aG N F" X bG X "V N ab O "U(1N(0 X "V N ab Urule X eFiiiG;dV.
A di11icult can be 1aced; i1 the #ertical multiplication o1 the de1icit digits or de#iations i.e.; a.b yields a
product consisting o1 more than the reAuired digits. %hen rule-1 ill enable us to surmount the di11iculty.
,ase F ii G :
9hen both the numbers e"ceed the selected base; e ha#e (1 O " N a; (0 O " N b; " being the base. (o
the identity F"NaG F"NbG O "F"NaNbG N a.b holds good; o1 course ith rele#ant details mentioned in case FiG.
,ase F iii G :
9hen one number is less and another is more than the base; e can use F"-aGF"NbG O "F"XaN bGXab. and
the procedure is e#ident 1rom the e"amples gi#en.
Find the 1olloing products by (i!hilam 1ormula.
1G < P 6 0G 25 P =8 5G =<8 P 226
6G 1056 P 1330 8G 1335 P 22< 6G 11110 P 222=
<G 1056 P 1330 =G 11= P 138
(i!hilam in ?i#ision
,onsider some to digit numbers Fdi#idendsG and same di#isor 2. -bser#e the 1olloing e"ample.
iG 15 [ 2 %he Auotient F^G is 1; &emainder F&G is 6.
since 2 G 15 F 1
2
WWWW
6
iiG 56 [ 2; ^ is 5; & is <.
iiiG 63 [ 2; ^ is 6; & is 6.
i#G =3 [ 2; ^ is =; & is =.
(o e ha#e another type o1 representation 1or the abo#e e"amples as gi#en hereunder:
iG Split each di#idend into a le1t hand part 1or the ûotient and right - hand part 1or the remainder by a
slant line or slash.
'g. 15 as 1 / 5; 56 as 5 / 6 ; =3 as = / 3.
iiG .ea#e some space belo such representation; dra a hori:ontal line.
'g. 1 / 5 5 / 6 = / 3
WWWWWW ; WWWWWW ; WWWWWW
iiiG @ut the 1irst digit o1 the di#idend as it is under the hori:ontal line. @ut the same digit under the right
hand part 1or the remainder; add the to and place the sum i.e.; sum o1 the digits o1 the numbers as the
remainder.
'g.
1 / 5 5 / 6 = / 3
1 5 =
WWWWWW ; WWWWWW ; WWWWWW
1 / 6 5 / < = / =
(o the problem is o#er. i.e.;
15 [ 2 gi#es ^ O 1; & O 6
56 [ 2 gi#es ^ O 5; & O <
=3 [ 2 gi#es ^ O =; & O =
@roceeding 1or some more o1 the to digit number di#ision by 2; e get
aG 01 [ 2 as
2G 0 / 1 i.e Ô0; &O5
0
ZZZZZZ
0 / 5
bG 65 [ 2 as
2G 6 / 5 i.e ^ O 6; & O <.
6
ZZZZZZ
6 / <
%he e"amples gi#en so 1ar con#ey that in the di#ision o1 to digit numbers by 2; e can mechanically ta!e
the 1irst digit don 1or the Auotient X column and that; by adding the Auotient to the second digit; e can
get the remainder.
(o in the case o1 5 digit numbers; let us proceed as 1ollos.
iG
2 G 136 F 11 2 G 13 / 6
22 1 / 1
ZZZZZZ as ZZZZZZZ
8 11 / 8
iiG
2 G 010 F 05 2 G 01 / 0
03< 0 / 5
ZZZZZ as ZZZZZZZ
8 05 / 8
iiiG
2 G 631 F 66 2 G 63 / 1
526 6 / 6
ZZZZZ as ZZZZZZZZ
8 66 / 8
(ote that the remainder is the sum o1 the digits o1 the di#idend. %he 1irst digit o1 the di#idend 1rom le1t is
added mechanically to the second digit o1 the di#idend to obtain the second digit o1 the Auotient. %his digit
added to the third digit sets the remainder. %he 1irst digit o1 the di#idend remains as the 1irst digit o1 the
Auotient.
,onsider 811 [ 2
Add the 1irst digit 8 to second digit 1 getting 8 N 1 O 6. Cence ûotient is 86. (o second digit o1 86 i.e.; 6
is added to third digit 1 o1 di#idend to get the remainder i.e.; 1 N 6 O <
%hus
2 G 81 / 1
8 / 6
ZZZZZZZ
86 / <
^ is 86; & is <.
'"tending the same principle e#en to bigger numbers o1 still more digits; e can get the results.
'g : 1036 [ 2
iG Add 1irst digit 1 to the second digit 0. 1 N 0 O 5
iiG Add the second digit o1 Auotient 15. i.e.; 5 to third digit L3M and obtain the ûotient. 5 N 3 O 5; 155
iiiG Add the third digit o1 ûotient 155 i.e.;5 to last digit L6M o1 the di#idend and rite the 1inal ûotient and
&emainder. & O 5 N 6 O <; ^ O 155
)n symbolic 1orm 2 G 103 / 6
15 / 5
ZZZZZZZZ
155 / <
Another e"ample.
2 G 15013 / 1 150131 [ 2
gi#es
166< / < ^ O 166<<; & O =
ZZZZZZZZZZ
166<< / =
)n all the cases mentioned abo#e; the remainder is less than the di#isor. 9hat about the case hen the
remainder is eAual or greater than the di#isor]
'g.
2 G 5 / 6 2G 06 / 6
5 0 / 6
ZZZZZZ or ZZZZZZZZ
5 / 2 FeAualG 06 / 10 FgreaterG.
9e proceed by re-di#iding the remainder by 2; carrying o#er this ûotient to the Auotient side and
retaining the 1inal remainder in the remainder side.
2 G 5 / 6 2 G 06 / 6
/ 5 0 / 6
ZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZ
5 / 2 06 / 10
ZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZ
6 / 3 0< / 5
^ O 6; & O 3 ^ O 0<; & O 5.
9hen the remainder is greater than di#isor; it can also be represented as
2 G 06 / 6
0 / 6
ZZZZZZZZ
06 /1 / 0
/ 1
ZZZZZZZZ
1 / 5
ZZZZZZZZ
0< / 5
(o consider the di#isors o1 to or more digits hose last digit is 2;hen di#isor is =2.
9e 7no 115 O 1 P =2 N 06; ^ O1; & O 06
13318 O 110 P =2 N 6<; ^ O 110; & O 6<.
&epresenting in the pre#ious 1orm o1 procedure; e ha#e
=2 G 1 / 15 =2 G 133 / 18
/ 11 10 / 50
ZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZ
1 / 06 110 / 6<
+ut ho to get these] 9hat is the procedure]
(o (i!hilam rule comes to rescue us. %he ni!hilam states Jall 1rom 2 and the last 1rom 13K. (o i1 you
ant to 1ind 115 [ =2; 13318 [ =2; you ha#e to apply ni!hilam 1ormula on =2 and get the complement
11.Further hile carrying the added numbers to the place belo the ne"t digit; e ha#e to multiply by this
11.
=2 G 1 / 15 =2 G 133 / 18
ZZ
/ 11 11 11 / 1irst digit 1 " 11
ZZZZZZZZ
1 / 06 1 / 1 total second is 1"11
00 total o1 5
rd
digit is 0 " 11
ZZZZZZZZZZ
110 / 6<
9hat is 13318 [ 2= ] Apply (i!hilam and get 133 X 2= O 30. Set o11 the 0 digits 1rom the right as the
remainder consists o1 0 digits. 9hile carrying the added numbers to the place belo the ne"t digit;
multiply by 30.
%hus
2= G 133 / 18
ZZ
30 30 / i.e.; 13318 [ 2= gi#es
3 / 3 ^ O 130; & O 12
/ 36
ZZZZZZZZZZ
130 / 12
)n the same ay
=2< G 11 / 600
ZZZ
135 1 / 35
/ 036
ZZZZZZZZZ
10 / 68=
gi#es 11;600 [ =2<; ^ O 10; &O68=.
)n this ay e ha#e to multiply the Auotient by 0 in the case o1 =; by 5 in the case o1 <; by 6 in the case o1
6 and so on. i.e.; multiply the ûotient digit by the di#isors complement 1rom 13. )n case o1 more digited
numbers e apply (i!hilam and proceed. Any ho; this method is highly use1ul and e11ecti#e 1or di#ision
hen the numbers are near to bases o1 13.
_ *uess the logic in the process o1 di#ision by 2.
_ -btain the ûotient and &emainder 1or the 1olloing problems.
1G 511 [ 2 0G 103310 [ 2 5G 1158 [ 2<
6G 0560 [ 2= 8G 115631 [ 22<
6G 111221<1 [ 222<2
-bser#e that by ni!hilam process o1 di#ision; e#en lengthier di#isions in#ol#e no di#ision or no subtraction
but only a 1e multiplications o1 single digits ith small numbers and a simple addition. +ut e !no 1airly
ell that only a special type o1 cases are being dealt and hence many Auestions about #arious other types
o1 problems arise. %he anser lies in Vedic Methods.
'&D:; T<&Y=>:Y%/
$rdh#a X tiryagbhyam is the general 1ormula applicable to all cases o1 multiplication and also in the
di#ision o1 a large number by another large number. )t means JVertically and cross ise.K
(a" /ulti!lication o5 t3o 0 digit numbers1
E(1)* Find the product 16 P 10
iG %he right hand most digit o1 the multiplicand; the 1irst number F16G i.e.; 6 is multiplied by the right hand
most digit o1 the multiplier; the second number F10G i.e.; 0. %he product 6 P 0 O = 1orms the right hand
most part o1 the anser.
iiG (o; diagonally multiply the 1irst digit o1 the multiplicand F16G i.e.; 6 and second digit o1 the multiplier
F10G i.e.; 1 Fanser 6 P 1O6GQ then multiply the second digit o1 the multiplicand i.e.; 1 and 1irst digit o1 the
multiplier i.e.; 0 Fanser 1 P 0 O 0GQ add these to i.e.; 6 N 0 O 6. )t gi#es the ne"t; i.e.; second digit o1 the
anser. Cence second digit o1 the anser is 6.
iiiG (o; multiply the second digit o1 the multiplicand i.e.; 1 and second digit o1 the multiplier i.e.; 1
#ertically; i.e.; 1 P 1 O 1. )t gi#es the le1t hand most part o1 the anser.
%hus the anser is 16 =.
Symbolically e can represent the process as 1ollos :

%he symbols are operated 1rom right to le1t .
Ste! i" *

Ste! ii" *

Ste! iii" *

(o in the same process; anser can be ritten as
05
15
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
0 : 6 N 5 : 2 O 022 F&ecall the 5 stepsG
E(1.
61
P 61
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
16 : 6 N 6 : 1 O 16=1.
9hat happens hen one o1 the results i.e.; either in the last digit or in the middle digit o1 the result;
contains more than 1 digit ] Anser is simple. %he right X hand X most digit there o1 is to be put don
there and the preceding; i.e.; le1t Xhand Xside digit or digits should be carried o#er to the le1t and placed
under the pre#ious digit or digits o1 the upper ro. %he digits carried o#er may be ritten as in '". 6.
E(1+* 50 P 06
Ste! (i" * 0 P 6 O =
Ste! (ii" * 5 P 6 O 10Q 0 P 0 O 6Q 10 N 6 O 16.
Cere 6 is to be retained. 1 is to be carried out to le1t side.
Ste! (iii" * 5 P 0 O 6. (o the carried o#er digit 1 o1 16 is to be added.
i.e.; 6 N 1 O <.
%hus 50 P 06 O <6=
9e can rite it as 1ollos
50
06
ZZZZ
66=
1
ZZZZ
<6=.
(ote that the carried o#er digit 1rom the result F5P6G N F0P0G O 10N6 O 16 i.e.; 1 is placed under the
pre#ious digit 5 P 0 O 6 and added.
A1ter su11icient practice; you 1eel no necessity o1 riting in this ay and simply operate or per1orm
mentally.
E(12 0= P 58.
Ste! (i" * = P 8 O 63. 3 is retained as the 1irst digit o1 the anser and 6 is carried o#er.
Ste! (ii" * 0 P 8 O 13Q = P 5 O 06Q 13 N 06 O 56Q add the carried o#er 6 to 56. (o the result is 56 N 6 O
5=. (o = is retained as the second digit o1 the anser and 5 is carried o#er.
Ste! (iii" * 0 P 5 O 6Q add the carried o#er 5 to 6. %he result 6 N 5 O 2 is the third or 1inal digit 1rom right
to le1t o1 the anser.
%hus 0= P 58 O 2=3.
E(1,
6=
6<
ZZZZZZ
1636
68
ZZZZZZZ
0086
Ste! (i"* = P < O 86Q 8; the carried o#er digit is placed belo the second digit.
Ste! (ii"* F 6 P <G N F= P 6G O 0= N 50 O 63Q 6; the carried o#er digit is placed belo the third digit.
Ste! (iii"* &especti#e digits are added.
lgebraic !roo5 *
aG .et the to 0 digit numbers be Fa"NbG and Fc"NdG. (ote that " O 13. (o consider the product
Fa" N bG Fc" N dG O ac."
0
N ad" N bc" N b.d
O ac."
0
N Fad N bcG" N b.d
?bserve that
iG %he 1irst term i.e.; the coe11icient o1 "
0
Fi.e.; 133; hence the digit in the 133
th
placeG is obtained by #ertical
multiplication o1 a and c i.e.; the digits in 13
th
place Fcoe11icient o1 "G o1 both the numbersQ
iiG %he middle term; i.e.; the coe11icient o1 " Fi.e.; digit in the 13
th
placeG is obtained by cross ise
multiplication o1 a and dQ and o1 b and cQ and the addition o1 the to productsQ
iiiG %he last Findependent o1 "G term is obtained by #ertical multiplication o1 the independent terms b and d.
bG ,onsider the multiplication o1 to 5 digit numbers.
.et the to numbers be Fa"
0
N b" N cG and Fd"
0
N e" N 1G. (ote that "O13
(o the product is
a"
0
N b" N c
" d"
0
N e" N 1
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
ad."
6
Nbd."
5
Ncd."
0
Nae."
5
Nbe."
0
Nce."Na1."
0
Nb1."Nc1
O ad."
6
N Fbd N aeG. "
5
N Fcd N be N a1G."
0
N Fce N b1G" N c1
(ote the 1olloing points :
iG %he coe11icient o1 "
6
; i.e.; ad is obtained by the #ertical multiplication o1 the 1irst coe11icient 1rom the le1t
side :

iiG%he coe11icient o1 "
5
; i.e.; Fae N bdG is obtained by the cross Xise multiplication o1 the 1irst to
coe11icients and by the addition o1 the to productsQ

iiiG %he coe11icient o1 "
0
is obtained by the multiplication o1 the 1irst coe11icient o1 the multiplicand Fa"
0
Nb"
NcG i.e.; aQ by the last coe11icient o1 the multiplier Fd"
0
Ne" N1G i.e.;1 Q o1 the middle one i.e.; b o1 the
multiplicand by the middle one i.e.; e o1 the multiplier and o1 the last one i.e.; c o1 the multiplicand by the
1irst one i.e.; d o1 the multiplier and by the addition o1 all the three products i.e.; a1 N be Ncd :

i#G %he coe11icient o1 " is obtained by the cross ise multiplication o1 the second coe11icient i.e.; b o1 the
multiplicand by the third one i.e.; 1 o1 the multiplier; and con#ersely the third coe11icient i.e.; c o1 the
multiplicand by the second coe11icient i.e.; e o1 the multiplier and by addition o1 the to products; i.e.; b1 N
ce Q

#G And 1inally the last Findependent o1 "G term is obtained by the #ertical multiplication o1 the last
coe11icients c and 1 i.e.; c1

%hus the process can be put symbolically as F1rom le1t to rightG

#onsider the 5ollo3ing e(am!le
106 P 150.
@roceeding 1rom right to le1t
iG 6 P 0 O =. First digit O =
iiG F0 P 0G N F5 P 6G O 6 N 10 O 16. %he digit 6 is retained and 1 is carried o#er to le1t side. Second digit O 6.
iiiG F1 P 0G N F0 P 5G N F1 P 6G O 0 N 6 N 6 O10. %he carried o#er 1 o1 abo#e step is added i.e.; 10 N 1 O 15.
(o 5 is retained and 1 is carried o#er to le1t side. %hus third digit O 5.
i#G F 1P 5 G N F 0 P 1 G O 5 N 0 O 8. the carried o#er 1 o1 abo#e step is added i.e.; 8 N 1 O 6 . )t is retained.
%hus 1ourth digit O 6
#G F 1 P 1 G O 1. As there is no carried o#er number 1rom the pre#ious step it is retained. %hus 1i1th digit O 1
106 P 150 O 1656=.
.et us or! another problem by placing the carried o#er digits under the 1irst ro and proceed.
056
" 516
ZZZZZZZ
61<06
1000
ZZZZZZZ
<5266
iG 6 P 6 O 06 : 0; the carried o#er digit is placed belo the second digit.
iiG F5 P 6G N F6 " 1G O 1= N 6 O 00 Q 0; the carried o#er digit is placed belo third digit.
iiiG F0 P 6G N F5 P 1G N F6 P 5G O 10 N 5 N 10 O 0< Q 0; the carried o#er digit is placed belo 1ourth digit.
i#G F0 P 1G N F 5 P 5G O 0 N 2 O 11Q 1; the carried o#er digit is placed belo 1i1th digit.
#G F 0 P 5 G O 6.
#iG &especti#e digits are added.
Note *
1. 9e can carry out the multiplication in urdh#a - tirya! process 1rom le1t to right or right to le1t.
0. %he same process can be applied e#en 1or numbers ha#ing more digits.
5. urdh#a Xtirya! process o1 multiplication can be e11ecti#ely used in multiplication regarding algebraic
e"pressions.
E(am!le ) * Find the product o1 FaN0bG and F5aNbG.

E(am!le 0 *
5a
0
N 0a N 6
" 0a
0
N 8a N 5
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
iG 6 P 5 O 10
iiG F0 P 5G N F 6 P 8 G O 6 N 03 O 06 i.e.; 06a
iiiG F5 P 5G N F 0 P 8 G N F 6 P 0 G O 2 N 13 N = O 0< i.e.; 0<a
0
i#G F5 P 8G N F 0 P 0 G O 18 N 6 O 12 i.e.; 12 a
5
#G 5 P 0 O 6 i.e.; 6a
6

Cence the product is 6a
6
N 12a
5
N 0<a
0
N 06a N 10
E(am!le . * Find F5"
0
N 6" N <G F8" N6G
(o 5."
0
N 6" N <
3."
0
N 8" N 6
ZZZZZZZZZZZZ
iG < P 6 O 60
iiG F6 P 6G N F< P 8G O 06 N 58 O 82 i.e.; 82"
iiiG F5 P 6G N F6 P 8G N F< P 3G O 1= N 03 N 3 O 5= i.e.; 5="
0

i#G F5 P 8G N F3 P 6G O 18 N 3 O 18 i.e.; 18"
5

#G 5 P 3 O 3
Cence the product is 18"
5
N 5="
0
N 82" N 60
4ind the !roducts using urdhva tiryagbhyam !rocess1
)" 02 - ), 0" .0 - +7 ." 2, - 2,

+" ).6 - 0)+ 2" .0) - 0). ," +20 - .+7
6" (0( @ .y" (+( @ 2y" 7" (2a
0
@ )" (.a
0
@ +"
8" (,(
0
@ 2( @ 0 " (.(
0
@ +( @6" )9" (+(
0
@ ." (2( @ ,"
Urdhva A tiryak in converse 5or division !rocess*
As per the statement it an used as a simple argumentation 1or di#ision process particularly in algebra.
,onsider the di#ision o1 F"
5
N 8"
0
N 5" N <G by F" X 0G process by con#erse o1 urdh#a X tirya! :
iG "
5
di#ided by " gi#es "
0
. "
5
N 8"
0
N 5" N <
)t is the 1irst term o1 the ûotient. WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
" X 0
^ O "
0
N - - - - - - - - - - -
iiG "
0
P X 0 O - 0"
0
. +ut 8"
0
in the di#idend hints <"
0
more since <"
0
X 0"
0
O 8"
0
. %his LmoreM can be
obtained 1rom the multiplication o1 " by <". Cence second term o1 ^ is <".
"
5
N 8"
0
N 5" N <
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ gi#es ^ O "
0
N <" N - - - - - - - -
" X 0
iiiG9e no ha#e X 0 P <" O -16". +ut the 5rd term in the di#idend is 5" 1or hich L1<" moreM is reAuired
since 1<" X 16" O5".
(o multiplication o1 " by 1< gi#es 1<". Cence third term o1 Auotient is 1<
%hus
"
5
N 8"
0
N 5" N <
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW gi#es Ô "
0
N <" N1<
" X 0
i#G (o last term o1 ^; i.e.; 1< multiplied by X0 gi#es 1<PX0 O -56 but the rele#ant term in di#idend is <.
So < N 56 O 61 LmoreM is reAuired. As there no more terms le1t in di#idend; 61 remains as the remainder.
"
5
N 8"
0
N 5" N <
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW gi#es Ô "
0
N <" N1< and & O 61.
" X 0
4ind the B and & in the 5ollo3ing divisions by using the converse !rocess o5 urdhva A
tiryagbhyam method *
)" .(
0
A ( A , 0" ),(
0
@ 0+( @8
CCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCCCCC
.( A 6 +(@.
." (
.
@ 0(
0
@.( @ 2 +" )0(
+
A .(
0
A .( @ )0
CCCCCCCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
( - . (
0
@ )
%DY/%DYEN%NTY - /NTYEN
%he Sutra > adyamadyenantya-mantyena> means >the 1irst by the 1irst and the last by the last>.
Suppose e are as!ed to 1ind out the area o1 a rectangular card board hose length and breadth are
respecti#ely 61t . 6 inches and 8 1t. = inches. *enerally e continue the problem li!e this.
Area O .ength P +reath
O 6M 6" P 8M =" Since 1M O 10"; con#ersion
O F 6 P 10 N 6G F 8 P 10 N =G in to single unit
O <6" 6=" O 816= SA. inches.
Since 1 sA. 1t. O10 P 10 O 166sA.inches e ha#e area
816= O 166G 816= F58
ZZZZ
166 650
ZZZZ
=6=
<03 i.e.; 58 SA. 1t 10= SA. inches
ZZZZZ
10=
+y Vedic principles e proceed in the ay "the 1irst by 1irst and the last by last"
i.e. 6M 6" can be treated as 6" N 6 and 8M =" as 8" N =;
9here "O 11t. O 10 inQ "
0
is sA. 1t.
(o F 6" N 6 GF8" N = G
O 53"
0
N 6.=." N 6.8." N 50
O 53"
0
N 6=" N 03" N 50
O 53"
0
N 6=. " N 50
O 53"
0
N F 8" N = G. " N 50 9riting 6= O 8 " 10 N =
O 58"
0
N =. " N 50
O 58 SA. 1t. N = " 10 SA. in N 50 SA. in
O 58 SA. 1t. N 26 SA. in N 50 SA. in
O 58 SA. 1t. N 10= SA. in
)t is interesting to !no that a mathematically untrained and e#en uneducated carpenter simply or!s in
this ay by mental argumentation. )t goes in his mind li!e this
6M 6"
8M ="
First by 1irst i.e. 6M P 8M O 53 sA. 1t.
.ast by last i.e. 6" P =" O 50 sA. in.
(o cross ise 6 P = N 8 " 6 O 6= N03 O 6=.
Ad4ust as many >10> s as possible toards le1t as >units> i.e. 6= O 8 P 10 N= ; 8 tel#e>s as 8 sAuare 1eet
ma!e the 1irst 53N8 O 58 sA. 1t Q = le1t becomes = " 10 sAuare inches and go toards right i.e. = " 10 O 26
sA. in. toards right i#es 26N50 O 10=sA.in.
%hus he got area in some sort o1 58 sAuints and another sort o1 10= sA. units. i.e. 58 sA. 1t 10= sA. in
nother E(am!le*

(o 10 N 0 O 16; 13 " 10 N 06 O 103 N 06 O 166
%hus 6 6 " 5 6 O 16 SA. 1t. 166 SA. inches.
Since 166 sA. in O 10 P 10 O 1 sA. 1t %he anser is 18 sA. 1t.
9e can e"tend the same principle to 1ind #olumes o1 parallelepiped also.
<1 4ind the area o5 the rectangles in each o5 the 5ollo3ing situations1
)"1 l D .E 7F G b D 0E + F 0"1 l D )0E 2F G b D 2E 6F
."1 l D + yard . 5t1 b D 0 yards 2 5t1()yard D.5t"
+"1 l D , yard , 5t1 b D 2 yards 0 5t1
<<1 4ind the area o5 the tra!eHium in each o5 the 5ollo3ing cases1 &ecall area D I h (a @ b" 3here
aG b are !arallel sides and h is the distance bet3een them1
)"1 a D .E 6FG b D 0E +FG h D )E 2F
0"1 a D 2E ,FG b D +E +FG h D .E 0F
."1 a D 7E +FG b D +E ,FG h D 2E )F1
4actoriHation o5 Juadratics*
%he usual procedure o1 1actori:ing a Auadratic is as 1ollos:
5"
0
N =" N 6
O 5"
0
N 6" N 0" N 6
O 5" F " N 0 G N 0 F " N 0 G
O F " N 0 G F 5" N 0 G
+ut by mental process; e can get the result immediately. %he steps are as 1ollos.
i". Split the middle coe11icient in to to such parts that the ratio o1 the 1irst coe11icient to the 1irst part is the
same as the ratio o1 the second part to the last coe11icient. %hus e split the coe11icient o1 middle term o1
5"
0
N =" N 6 i.e. = in to to such parts 6 and 0 such that the ratio o1 the 1irst coe11icient to the 1irst part o1
the middle coe11icient i.e. 5:6 and the ratio o1 the second pat to the last coe11icient; i.e. 0: 6 are the same.
)t is clear that 5:6 O 0:6. Cence such split is #alid. (o the ratio 5: 6 O 0: 6 O 1:0 gi#es one 1actor "N0.
ii". Second 1actor is obtained by di#iding the 1irst coe11icient o1 the Auadratic by the 1ist coe11icient o1 the
1actor already 1ound and the last coe11icient o1 the Auadratic by the last coe11icient o1 the 1actor.
i.e. the second 1actor is
5"
0
6
WWWW N WWW O 5" N 0
" 0
Cence 5"
0
N =" N 6 O F " N 0 G F 5" N 0 G
Eg1)* 6"
0
N 10" N 8
iG Split 10 into 0 and 13 so that as per rule 6 : 0 O 13 : 8 O 0 : 1 i.e.;; 0" N 1 is 1irst 1actor.
iiG (o
6"
0
8
WWW N WW O 0" N 8 is second 1actor.
0" 1
Eg10* 18"
0
X 16"y X =y
0
iG Split X16 into X03; 6 so that 18 : - 03 O 5 : - 6 and 6 : - = O 5 : - 6. +oth are same. i.e.; F 5" X 6y G is one
1actor.
iiG (o
18"
0
=y
0
WWWW N WWW O 8" N 0y is second 1actor.
5" -6y
%hus 18"
0
X 16"y X =y
0
O F 5" X 6y G F 8" N 0y G.
)t is e#ident that e ha#e applied to sub-sutras Kanuru!yenaE i.e.LproportionalityM and
KadyamadyenantyamantyenaE i.e. Lthe 1irst by the 1irst and the last by the lastM to obtain the abo#e
results.
4actorise the 5ollo3ing Juadratics a!!lying a!!ro!riate vedic maths sutras*
)"1 .(
0
@ )+( @ )2
0"1 ,(
0
A 0.( @ 6
."1 7(
0
A 00( @ 2
+"1 )0(
0
A 0.(y @ )9y
0

@A&BVA&%/A X /-YA/'%
L@ara#artya X /o4ayetM means >transpose and apply>
FiG ,onsider the di#ision by di#isors o1 more than one digit; and hen the di#isors are slightly greater than
poers o1 13.
'"ample 1 : ?i#ide 1008 by 10.
Step 1 : FFrom le1t to right G rite the ?i#isor lea#ing the 1irst digit; rite the other digit or digits using
negati#e F-G sign and place them belo the di#isor as shon.
10
-0
ZZZZ
Step 0 : 9rite don the di#idend to the right. Set apart the last digit 1or the remainder.
i.e.;; 10 100 8
- 0
Step 5 : 9rite the 1st digit belo the hori:ontal line dran under the di#idend. Multiply the digit by X0;
rite the product belo the 0nd digit and add.
i.e.;; 10 100 8
-0 -0
ZZZZZ ZZZZ
13
Since 1 " X0 O -0 and 0 N F-0G O 3
Step 6 : 9e get second digitsM sum as L3M. Multiply the second digitsM sum thus obtained by X0 and rites
the product under 5rd digit and add.
10 100 8
- 0 -03
ZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZ
130 8
Step 8 : ,ontinue the process to the last digit.
i.e.; 10 100 8
- 0 -03 -6
ZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZ
130 1
Step 6: %he sum o1 the last digit is the &emainder and the result to its le1t is ûotient.
%hus ^ O 130 and & O 1
'"ample 0 : ?i#ide 162< by 16.
16 1 6 2 <
- 6 -6X=X6
ZZZZ ZZZZZZZ
1 0 1 5
^ O 101; & O 5.
'"ample 5 : ?i#ide 082= by 105.
(ote that the di#isor has 5 digits. So e ha#e to set up the last to digits o1 the di#idend 1or the
remainder.
1 0 5 08 2= Step F 1 G R Step F 0 G
-0-5
ZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZ
(o proceed the seAuence o1 steps rite X0 and X5 as 1ollos :
1 0 5 0 8 2 =
-0-5 -6 -6
ZZZZZ -0X5
ZZZZZZZZZZ
0 1 1 8
Since 0 P F-0; -5GO -6 ; -6Q 8 X 6 O 1
and F1 P F-0;-5GQ 2 X 6 X 0 O 1Q = X 5 O 8.
Cence ^ O 01 and & O 18.
'"ample 6 : ?i#ide 0526<2 by 11015. %he di#isor has 8 digits. So the last 6 digits o1 the di#idend are to be
set up 1or &emainder.
1 1 0 1 5 0 5 2 6 < 2
-1-0-1-5 -0 -6-0-6 ith 0
ZZZZZZZZ -1-0-1-5 ith 1
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
0 1 6 3 3 6
Cence ^ O 01; & O 6336.
'"ample 8 : ?i#ide 15686 by 1105
1 1 0 5 1 5 6 8 6
-1X0X5 -1-0-5
ZZZZZZZ -0-6 X6
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
1 0 3X0 3
(ote that the remainder portion contains X03; i.e.;; a negati#e Auantity. %o o#er come this situation; ta!e 1
o#er 1rom the Auotient column; i.e.;; 1105 o#er to the right side; subtract the remainder portion 03 to get
the actual remainder.
%hus ^ O 10 X 1 O 11; and & O 1105 - 03 O 1135.
Find the ûotient and &emainder 1or the problems using para#artya X yo4ayet method.
1G 1056 [ 110 0G 11502 [ 1150
5G 10562 [ 155 6G 0526<2 [ 1035
(o let us consider the application o1 para#artya X yo4ayet in algebra.
'"ample 1 : ?i#ide 6"
0
N 8" N 6 by " X 1
P - 1 6"
0
N 8" N 6
ZZZZZZ
1 6 N 11
ZZZZZZZZZZZZ
6" N 11 N 18 %hus ^ O 6"N11; &O18.
'"ample 0 : ?i#ide "
5
X 5"
0
N 13" X 6 by " - 8
P - 8 "
5
X 5"
0
N 13" X 6
ZZZZZ
8 8 N 13 133
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
"
0
N 0" N 03; N 26
%hus Ô "
0
N 0" N 03; & O 26.
%he procedure as a mental e"ercise comes as 1ollos :
iG "
5
/ " gi#es "
0
i.e.;; 1 the 1irst coe11icient in the ûotient.
iiG Multiply 1 by N 8;Fobtained a1ter re#ersing the sign o1 second term in the ûotientG and add to the ne"t
coe11icient in the di#idend. )t gi#es 1 PF N8G O N8; adding to the ne"t coe11icient; i.e.;; X5 N 8 O 0. %his is
ne"t coe11icient in ûotient.
iiiG ,ontinue the process : multiply 0 by N8; i.e.;; 0 P N8 O13; add to the ne"t coe11icient 13 N 13 O 03. %his
is ne"t coe11icient in ûotient. %hus ûotient is "
0
N 0" N 03
i#G (o multiply 03 by N 8 i.e.;; 03 " 8 O 133. Add to the ne"t FlastG term;
133 N F-6G O 26; hich becomes &; i.e.;; & O2.
'"ample 5:
"
6
X 5"
5
N <"
0
N 8" N <
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
" N 6
(o thin!ing the method as in e"ample F 1 G; e proceed as 1ollos.
" N 6 "
6
- 5"
5
N <"
0
N 8" N <
ZZZZZ
-6 - 6 N 0= - 163 N 863
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
"
5
- <"
0
N 58" - 158 86<
%hus ^ O "
5
X <"
0
N 58" X 158 and & O 86<.
or e proceed orally as 1ollos:
"
6
/ " gi#es 1 as 1irst coe11icient.
iG -6 P 1 O - 6 : add to ne"t coe11icient X 6 N F-5G O - < hich gi#es ne"t coe11icient in ^.
iiG X < P - 6 O 0= : then 0= N < O 58; the ne"t coe11icient in ^.
iiiG 58 P - 6 O - 163 : then X 163 N 8 O - 158; the ne"t coe11icient in ^.
i#G - 158 P - 6 O 863 : then 863 N < O 86< becomes &.
%hus ^ O "
5
X <"
0
N 58" X 158 ; & O 86<.
(ote :
1. 9e can 1ollo the same procedure e#en the number o1 terms is more.
0. )1 any term is missing; e ha#e to ta!e the coe11icient o1 the term as :ero and proceed.
(o consider the di#isors o1 second degree or more as in the 1olloing e"ample.
'"ample :6 0"
6
X 5"
5
X 5" N 0 by "
0
N 1.
Cere "
0
term is missing in the di#idend. Cence treat it as 3 . "
0
or 3 . And the " term in di#isor is also
absent e treat it as 3 . ". (o
"
0
N 1 0"
6
- 5"
5
N 3 . "
0
- 5" N 0
"
0
N 3 . " N 1 3 - 0
ZZZZZZZZZZZZ
3 - 1 3 N 5
3 N 0
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
0 - 5 - 0 3 6
%hus ^ O 0"
0
- 5" - 0 and & O 3 . " N 6 O 6.
'"ample 8 : 0"
8
X 8"
6
N 5"
0
X 6" N < by "
5
X 0"
0
N 5.
9e treat the di#idend as 0"
8
X 8"
6
N 3. "
5
N 5"
0
X 6" N < and di#isor as "
5
X 0"
0
N 3 . " N 5 and
proceed as 1ollos :
"
5
X 0"
0
N 3 . " N 5 0"
8
X 8"
6
N 3."
5
N 5"
0
X 6" N <
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
0 3 - 5 6 3 - 6
-0 3 N 5
- 6 3 N 6
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
0 - 1 - 0 - < - 1 N15
%hus ^ O 0"
0
X " X 0; & O - < "
0
X " N 15.
/ou may obser#e a #ery close relation o1 the method para#artya in this aspect ith regard to
&'MA)(?'& %C'-&'M and C-&('& @&-,'SS o1 Synthetic di#ision. And yet para#artya goes much
1arther and is capable o1 numerous applications in other directions also.
Apply para#artya X yo4ayet to 1ind out the ûotient and &emainder in each o1 the 1olloing problems.
1G F6"
0
N 5" N 8G [ F"N1G
0G F"
5
X 6"
0
N <" N 6G [ F" X 0G
5G F"
6
X "
5
N "
0
N 0" N 6G [ F"
0
- " X 1G
6G F0"
8
N "
5
X 5" N <G [ F"
5
N 0" X 5G
8G F<"
6
N 6"
8
X 8"
6
N 6"
5
X 5"
0
N 0" X 1G [ F"-1G
@ara#artya in sol#ing simple eAuations :
&ecall that >para#artya yo4ayet> means >transpose and apply>. %he rule relating to transposition en4oins
in#ariable change o1 sign ith e#ery change o1 side. i.e.; N becomes - and con#ersely Q and P becomes [
and con#ersely. Further it can be e"tended to the transposition o1 terms 1rom le1t to right and con#ersely
and 1rom numerator to denominator and con#ersely in the concerned problems.
%ype F i G :
,onsider the problem <" X 8 O 8" N 1
<" X 8" O 1 N 8
i.e.;; 0" O 6 " O 6 [ 0 O 5.
-bser#e that the problem is o1 the type a" N b O c" N d 1rom hich e get by LtransposeM Fd X bG; Fa X cG
and
d - b.
" O ZZZZZZZZ
a - c
)n this e"ample a O <; b O - 8; c O 8; d O 1
Cence 1 X F- 8G 1N8 6
" O WWWWWWW O WWWW O WW O 5
< X 8 <-8 0
'"ample 0: Sol#e 1or "; 5" N 6 O 0" N 6
d - b 6 - 6 0
" O WWWWW O WWWWW O WW O 0
a - c 5 - 0 1
%ype F ii G : ,onsider problems o1 the type F" N aG F"NbG O F"NcG F"NdG. +y para#artya; e get
cd - ab
" O WWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Fa N bG X Fc N dG
)t is tri#ial 1orm the 1olloing steps
F" N aG F" N bG O F" N cG F" N dG
"
0
N b" N a" N ab O "
0
N d" N c" N cd
b" N a" X d" X c" O cd X ab
"F a N b X c X dG O cd X ab
cd X ab cd - ab
" O WWWWWWWWWWWW " O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
a N b X c X d F a N b G X Fc N d.G
'"ample 1 : F" X 5G F" X 0 G O F" N 1 G F" N 0 G.
+y para#artya
cd X ab 1 F0G X F-5G F-0G
" O WWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWWWWWWWWWW
a N b X c Xd - 5 X 0 X 1 X 0
0 - 6 - 6 1
O WWWWWWW O WWW O WW
- = - = 0
'"ample 0 : F" N <G F" X 6G O F" N5G F" X 6G.
(o cd - ab F5G F-6G X F<G F-6G
" O WWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
a N b X c X d < N F-6G X 5 - F-6G
- 10 N 60 53
O WWWWWWWWWWWW O WWW O 18
< X 6 X 5 N 6 0
(ote that i1 cd - ab O 3 i.e.;; cd O ab; i.e.;; i1 the product o1 the absolute terms be the same on both sides;
the numerator becomes :ero gi#ing " O 3.
For the problem F" N 6G F" N 5G O F" X 0 G F " X 6 G
Solution is " O 3 since 6 P 5 O - 0 P - 6. O 10
%ype F iiiG :
,onsider the problems o1 the type a" N b m
WWWWWW O WW
c" N d n
+y cross X multiplication;
n F a" N bG O m Fc" N dG
na" N nb O mc" N md
na" - mc" O md X nb
"F na X mc G O md X nb
md - nb
" O WWWWWWWW
na - mc.
(o loo! at the problem once again
a" N b m
WWWWW O WW
c" N d n
para#artya gi#es md - nb; na - mc and
md - nb
" O WWWWWWW
na - mc
'"ample 1: 5" N 1 15
WWWWWWW O WWW
6" N 5 12
md - nb 15 F5G - 12F1G 52 - 12 03
" O WWWWWW O WWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWWW O WW
na - mc 12 F5G - 15F6G 8< - 80 8
O 6
'"ample 0: 6" N 8 <
WWWWWWWW O WW
5" N 15/0 =

F<G F15/0G - F=GF8G
" O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
F=G F6G - F<GF5G
F21/0G - 63 F21 - =3G/0 11 1
O WWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWWWWW O WWWWWW O WW
50 X 01 50 X 01 0 P 11 0
%ype Fi#G : ,onsider the problems o1 the type m n
WWWWW N WWWW O 3
" N a " N b
%a!e ..,.M and proceed.
mF"NbG N n F"NaG
WWWWWWWWWWWWWW O 3
F" N aG F" NbG
m" N mb N n" N na
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O 3
F" N aGF" N bG
Fm N nG" N mb N na O 3 Fm N nG" O - mb - na
-mb - na
" O WWWWWWWW
Fm N nG
%hus the problem m n
WWWW N WWWW O 3; by para#artya process
" N a " N b
gi#es directly
-mb - na
" O WWWWWWWW
Fm N nG
'"ample 1 : 5 6
WWWW N WWWW O 3
" N 6 " X 6
gi#es -mb - na
" O WWWWWWWW (ote that m O 5; n O 6; a O 6; b O - 6
Fm N nG
-F5GF-6G X F6G F6G 1= - 16 0
O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWW O WW
F 5 N 6G < <
'"ample 0 :
8 6
WWWW N WWWWW O 3
" N 1 " X 01
gi#es -F8G F-01G - F6G F1G 138 - 6 22
" O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWW O WW O 2
8 N 6 11 11
) . Sol#e the 1olloing problems using the sutra @ara#artya X yo4ayet.
1G 5" N 8 O 8" X 5 6G F" N 1G F " N 0G O F " X 5G F" X 6G
0G F0"/5G N 1 O " - 1 <G F" X <G F" X 2G O F" X 5G F" X 00G

5G <" N 0 8 =G F" N <G F" N 2G O F" N 5 G F" N 01G
WWWWWW O WW
5" - 8 =
6G " N 1 / 5
WWWWWWW O 1
5" - 1
8G 8 0
WWWW N WWWW O 3
" N 5 " X 6
))G
1. Sho that 1or the type o1 eAuations
m n p
WWWW N WWWW N WWWW O 3; the solution is
" N a " N b " N c
- mbc X nca X pab
" O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW ; i1 m N n N p O3.
mFb N cG N nFcNaG N pFa N bG
0. Apply the abo#e 1ormula to set the solution 1or the problem
@roblem 5 0 8
WWWW N WWWW - WWWW O 3
" N 6 " N 6 " N 8
some more simple solutions :
m n m N n
WWWW N WWWW O WWWWW
" N a " N b " N c
(o this can be ritten as;
m n m n
WWWW N WWWW O WWWWW N WWWWW
" N a " N b " N c " N c
m m n n
WWWW - WWWW O WWWWW - WWWWW
" N a " N c " N c " N b
mF" NcG X mF" N aG nF" N bG X nF" N cG
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
F" N aG F" N cG F" N cG F" N bG
m" N mc X m" X ma n" N nb X n" X nc
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
F" N aG F" N cG F" Nc G F" N bG
m Fc X aG n Fb XcG
WWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWWWWWWW
" Na " N b
m Fc - aG." N m Fc - aG.b O n Fb - cG. " N nFb - cG.a
" U mFc - aG - nFb - cG V O naFb - cG X mb Fc - aG
or " U mFc - aG N nFc - bG V O naFb - cG N mb Fa - cG
%hus mbFa - cG N na Fb - cG
" O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
mFc-aG N nFc-bG.
+y para#artya rule e can easily remember the 1ormula.
'"ample 1 : sol#e 5 6 <
WWWW N WWWWW O WWWW
" N 1 " N 0 " N 5
)n the usual procedure; e proceed as 1ollos.
5 6 <
WWWW N WWWW O WWWW
" N 1 " N 0 " N 5
5F" N 0G N 6F" N 1G <
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWW
F" N 1G F" N 0G " N 5
5" N 6 N 6" N 6 <
WWWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWW
"
0
N 0" N " N 0 " N 5
<" N 13 <
WWWWWWWWW O WWWW
"
0
N 5" N 0 " N 5
F<" N 13G F" N 5G O <F"
0
N 5" N 0G
<"
0
N 01" N 13" N 53 O <"
0
N 01" N 16.
51" N 53 O 01" N 16
51 " X 01 " O 16 X 53
i.e.;; 13" O - 16
" O - 16 / 13 O - = / 8
(o by @ara#artya process
5 6 <
WWWW N WWWW O WWWW F ... (1 N (0 O 5N6 O < O (5G
" N 1 " N 0 " N 5
mbF a X c G N na F b X c G
" O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW here (1 O m O 5 ; (0 O n O 6 Q
m F c X a G N n F c X b G a O 1; b O 0; c O 5
5 . 0 F 1 X 5 G N 6 . 1 . F 0 X 5G
O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
5 F 5 X 1 G N 6 F 5 X 0 G
6 F -0GN 6 F-1G - 10 X 6 - 16 - =
O WWWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWWW O WWWW O WWW
5 F0G N 6F1G 6 N 6 13 8
'"ample 0 :
5 8 =
WWWW N WWWW O WWWWW Cere (1 N (0 O 5 N 8 O =.
" - 0 " X 6 " N 5
mb F a X c G N na F b X cG
" O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
m F c X a G N n F c X b G
5 . F -6 G F - 0 - 5 G N 8 .F -0 G F -6 X 5 G
O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
5 F 5 X F -0 G G N 8 F 5 X F - 6 G G
5 F - 6 G F - 8 G N 8 F - 0 G F - 2 G
O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
5F 5 N 0 G N 8 F 5 N 6 G
23 N 23
O WWWWWWW O 1=3 / 63 O 5.
18 N 68
Sol#e the problems using the methods e"plained abo#e.
1G 0 5 8
WWWW N WWWW O WWWW
" N 0 " N 5 " N 8
0G 6 6 13
WWWW N WWWW O WWWW
" N 1 " N 5 " N 6
5G 8 0 5
WWWW N WWW O WWWW
" - 0 5 - " " X 6
6G 6 2 18
WWWWW N WWWWW O WWWWW
0" N 1 5" N 0 5" N 1
(ote : %he problem F 6 G appears to be not in the model said abo#e.
+ut 5 F6G 0 F2G 0F18G
WWWWWWWW N WWWWWWWW O WWWWWWW gi#es
5F0" N 1G 0F 5" N 0G 0F5" N 1G
10 1= 53
WWWWW N WWWWW O WWWWW (o proceed.
6" N 5 6" N 6 6" N 0
Simultaneous simple eAuations:
+y applying @ara#artya sutra e can deri#e the #alues o1 " and y hich are gi#en by to simultaneous
eAuations. %he #alues o1 " and y are gi#en by ration 1orm. %he method to 1ind out the numerator and
denominator o1 the ratio is gi#en belo.
'"ample 1: 0" N 5y O 15; 6" N 8y O 05.
iG %o get "; start ith y coe11icients and the independent terms and cross-multiply 1orard; i.e.;; right ard.
Start 1rom the upper ro and multiply across by the loer one; and con#ersely; the connecting lin!
beteen the to cross-products being a minus. %his becomes numerator.
i.e.;; 0" N 5y O 15
6" N 8y O 05
(umerator o1 the " X #alue is 5 " 05 X 8 " 15 O 62 X 68 O 6
iiG *o 1rom the upper ro across to the loer one; i.e.;; the "- coe11icient but bac!ard; i.e.;; le1tard.
?enominator o1 the " X #alue is 5 " 6 X 0 " 8 O 10 X 13 O 0
Cence #alue o1 " O 6 [ 0 O 0.
iiiG %o get y; 1ollo the cyclic system; i.e.;; start ith the independent term on the upper ro toards the "X
coe11icient on the loer ro. So numerator o1 the yX#alue is
15 " 6 X 05 " 0 O 80 X 66 O 6.
i#G %he denominator is the same as obtained in StepFiiG i.e.;; 0. Cence #alue o1 y is 6[0O5.
%hus the solution to the gi#en eAuation is " O 0 and y O 5.
'"ample 0: 8" X 5y O 11
6" X 8y O 32
(o (r. o1 " is F-5G F2G X F8G F11G O - 0< N 88 O 0=
?r. o1 " is F-5G F6G X F8G F-8G O - 1= N 08 O 3<
" O (r [ ?r O 0= [ < O 6
and 1or y; (r is F11G F6G X F2GF8G O 66 X 68 O 01
?r is <
Cence y O 01 [ < O 5.
'"ample 5: sol#e 5" N y O 8
6" X y O 2
(o e can straight aay rite the #alues as 1ollos:
F1GF2G X F-1GF8G 2 N 8 16
" O WWWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWW O WWW O 0
F1GF6G X F5GF-1G 6 N 5 <
F8GF6G X F2GF5G 03 X 0< -<
y O WWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWWW O WWW O -1
F1GF6G X F5GF-1G 6 N 5 <
Cence " O 0 and y O -1 is the solution.
Algebraic @roo1:
a" N by O m ``` F i G
c" N dy O n ```. F ii G
Multiply F i G by d and F ii G by b; then subtract
ad" N bdy O m.d
cb" N dby O n.b
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
F ad X cb G ." O md X nb
md - nb bn - md
" O WWWWWW O WWWWWW
ad - cb bc - ad
Multiply F i G by c and F ii G by a; then subtract
ac" N bcy O m.c
ca" N day O n.a
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
F bc X ad G . y O mc - na
mc - na
y O WWWWWW
bc - ad
/ou 1eel com1ort in the @ara#artya process because it a#oids the con1usion in multiplication; change o1
sign and such other processes.
Find the #alues o1 " and y in each o1 the 1olloing problems using @ara#artya process.
1. 0" N y O 8 0. 5" X 6y O <
5" X 6y O 0 8" N y O 6
5. 6" N 5y O = 6. " N 5y O <
6" - y O 1 0" N 8y O 11
Sa(/AM SBM/ASAM$,,A/'
%he Sutra >Sunyam Samyasamuccaye> says the >Samuccaya is the same; that Samuccaya is bero.> i.e.; it
should be eAuated to :ero. %he term >Samuccaya> has se#eral meanings under di11erent conte"ts.
iG 9e interpret; >Samuccaya> as a term hich occurs as a common 1actor in all the terms concerned and
proceed as 1ollos.
'"ample 1: %he eAuation <" N 5" O 6" N 8" has the same 1actor L " L in all its terms. Cence by the sutra it
is :ero; i.e.; " O 3.
-therise e ha#e to or! li!e this:
<" N 5" O 6" N 8"
13" O 2"
13" X 2" O 3
" O 3
%his is applicable not only 1or L"M but also any such un!non Auantity as 1ollos.
'"ample 0: 8F"N1G O 5F"N1G
(o need to proceed in the usual procedure li!e
8" N 8 O 5" N 5
8" X 5" O 5 X 8
0" O -0 or " O -0 [ 0 O -1
Simply thin! o1 the conte"tual meaning o1 L Samuccaya L
(o Samuccaya is F " N 1 G
" N 1 O 3 gi#es " O -1
iiG (o e interpret LSamuccaya Las product o1 independent terms in e"pressions li!e F"NaG F"NbG
'"ample 5: F " N 5 G F " N 6G O F " X 0G F " X 6 G
Cere Samuccaya is 5 " 6 O 10 O -0 " -6
Since it is same ; e deri#e " O 3
%his e"ample; e ha#e already dealt in type F ii G o1 @ara#artya in sol#ing simple eAuations.
iiiG 9e interpret L Samuccaya L as the sum o1 the denominators o1 to 1ractions ha#ing the same numerical
numerator.
,onsider the e"ample.
1 1
WWWW N WWWW O 3
5"-0 0"-1
1or this e proceed by ta!ing ..,.M.
F0"-1GNF5"X0G
WWWWWWWWWWWW O 3
F5"X0GF0"X1G
8"X5
WWWWWWWWWW O 3
F5"X0GF0"X1G
8" X 5 O 3 8" O 5
5
" O WW
8
)nstead o1 this; e can directly put the Samuccaya i.e.; sum o1 the denominators
i.e.; 5" X 0 N 0" - 1 O 8" - 5 O 3
gi#ing 8" O 5 " O 5 / 8
)t is true and applicable 1or all problems o1 the type
m m
WWWW N WWWWW O 3
a"Nb c"Nd
Samuccaya is a"NbNc"Nd and solution is F m 3 G
- F b N d G
" O WWWWWWWWW
F a N c G
iiiG 9e no interpret LSamuccayaM as combination or total.
)1 the sum o1 the numerators and the sum o1 the denominators be the same; then that sum O 3.
,onsider e"amples o1 type
a" N b a" N c
WWWWW O WWWWWW
a" N c a" N b
)n this case; Fa"NbG Fa"NbG O Fa"NcG Fa"NcG
a
0
"
0
N 0ab" N b
0
O a
0
"
0
N 0ac" N c
0
0ab" X 0ac" O c
0
X b
0

" F 0ab X 0ac G O c
0
X b
0
c
0
Xb
0
FcNbGFc-bG -FcNbG
" O WWWWWW O WWWWWWWWW O WWWWW
0aFb-cG 0aFb-cG 0a
As per Samuccaya Fa"NbG N Fa"NcG O 3
0a"NbNc O 3
0a" O -b-c
-FcNbG
" O WWWWWW
0a Cence the statement.
'"ample 6:
5" N 6 5" N 8
WWWWWW O WWWWWW
5" N 8 5" N 6
Since (1 N (0 O 5" N 6 N 5" N 8 O 6" N 2 ;
And ?1 N ?0 O 5" N 6 N 5" N 8 O 6" N 2
9e ha#e (1 N (0 O ?1 N ?0 O 6" N 2
Cence 1rom Sunya Samuccaya e get 6" N 2 O 3
6" O -2
-2 -5
" O WW O WW
6 0
'"ample 8:
8" N < 8" N 10
WWWWW O WWWWWWW
8" N10 8" N <
Cence (1 N (0 O 8" N < N 8" N 10 O 13" N 12
And ?1 N ?0 O 8" N 10 N 8" N < O 13" N 12
(1 N (0 O ?1 N ?0 gi#es 13" N 12 O 3
13" O -12
-12
" O WWWW
13
,onsider the e"amples o1 the type; here (1 N (0 O 7 F ?1 N ?0 G; here 7 is a numerical constant; then
also by remo#ing the numerical constant 7; e can proceed as abo#e.
'"ample 6:
0" N 5 " N 1
WWWWW O WWWWWW
6" N 8 0" N 5
Cere (1 N (0 O 0" N 5 N " N 1 O 5" N 6
?1 N ?0 O 6" N 8 N 0" N 5 O 6" N =
O 0 F 5" N 6 G
&emo#ing the numerical 1actor 0; e get 5" N 6 on both sides.
5" N 6 O 3 5" O -6 " O - 6 / 5.
#G LSamuccayaL ith the same meaning as abo#e; i.e.; case Fi#G; e sol#e the problems leading to
Auadratic eAuations. )n this conte"t; e ta!e the problems as 1ollosQ
)1 (1 N (0 O ?1 N ?0 and also the di11erences
(1 c ?1 O (0 c ?0 then both the things are eAuated to :ero; the solution gi#es the to #alues 1or
".
'"ample <:
5" N 0 0" N 8
WWWWW O WWWWWW
0" N 8 5" N 0
)n the con#entional te"t boo! method; e or! as 1ollos :
5" N 0 0" N 8
WWWWW O WWWWWW
0" N 8 5" N 0
F 5" N 0 G F 5" N 0 G O F 0" N 8 G F 0" N 8 G
2"
0
N 10" N 6 O 6"
0
N 03" N 08
2"
0
N 10" N 6 - 6"
0
- 03" X 08 O 3
8"
0
X =" X 01 O 3
8"
0
X 18" N <" X 01 O 3
8" F " X 5 G N < F " X 5 G O 3
F" X 5 G F 8" N < G O 3
" X 5 O 3 or 8" N < O 3
" O 5 or - < / 8
(o LSamuccayaM sutra comes to help us in a beauti1ul ay as 1ollos :
-bser#e (1 N (0 O 5" N 0 N 0" N 8 O 8" N <
?1 N ?0 O 0" N 8 N 5" N 0 O 8" N <
Further (1 c ?1 O F 5" N 0 G X F 0" N 8 G O " X 5
(0 c ?0 O F 0" N 8G X F 5" N 0 G O - " N 5 O - F " X 5 G
Cence 8" N < O 3 ; " X 5 O 3
8" O -< ; " O 5
i.e.; " O -< / 8 ; " O 5
(ote that all these can be easily calculated by mere obser#ation.
'"ample =:
5" N 6 8" N 6
WWWWWW O WWWWW
6" N < 0" N 5
-bser#e that
(1 N (0 O 5" N 6 N 8" N 6 O =" N 13
and ?1 N ?0 O 6" N < N 0" N 5 O =" N 13
Further (1 c ?1 O F5" N 6G X F6" N <G
O 5" N 6 X 6" X <
O -5" X 5 O -5 F " N 1 G
(0 c ?0 O F8" N 6G X F0" N 5G O 5" N 5 O 5F " N 1G
+y LSunyam SamuccayeM e ha#e
=" N 13 O 3 5F " N 1 G O 3
=" O -13 " N 1 O 3
" O - 13 / = " O -1
O - 8 / 6
#iGLSamuccayaM ith the same sense but ith a di11erent conte"t and application .

'"ample 2:
1 1 1 1
WWWW N WWWWW O WWWW N WWWW
" - 6 " X 6 " - 0 " - =
$sually e proceed as 1ollos.
"X6N"-6 "X=N"-0
WWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWWWWWWW
F"X6G F"X6G F"X0G F"-=G
0"-13 0"-13
WWWWWWWWW O WWWWWWWWW
"
0
X13"N06 "
0
X13"N16
F 0" X 13 G F "
0
X 13" N 16 G O F 0" X 13 G F "
0
X 13" N 06G
0"
5
X03"
0
N50"X13"
0
N133"X163 O 0"
5
X03"
0
N6="X13"
0
N133"-063
0"
5
X 53"
0
N 150" X 163 O 0"
5
X 53"
0
N 16=" X 063
150" X 163 O 16=" X 063
150" X 16=" O 163 X 063
X 16" O - =3
" O - =3 / - 16 O 8
(o LSamuccayaM sutra; tell us that; i1 other elements being eAual; the sum-total o1 the denominators on
the ..C.S. and their total on the &.C.S. be the same; that total is :ero.
(o ?1 N ?0 O " X 6 N " X 6 O 0" X 13; and
?5 N ?6 O " X 0 N " X = O 0" X 13
+y Samuccaya; 0" X 13 gi#es 0" O 13
13
" O WW O 8
0
'"ample 13:
1 1 1 1
WWWW N WWWW O WWWW N WWWWW
" - = " X 2 " - 8 " X 10
?1 N ?0 O " X = N " X 2 O 0" X 1<; and
?5 N ?6 O " X 8 N " X10 O 0" X 1<
(o 0" X 1< O 3 gi#es 0" O 1<
1<
" O WW O =\
0
'"ample 11:
1 1 1 1
WWWW - WWWWW O WWWW - WWWWW
" N < " N 13 " N 6 " N 2
%his is not in the e"pected 1orm. +ut a little or! regarding transposition ma!es the abo#e as 1ollos.
1 1 1 1
WWWW N WWWW O WWWW N WWWWW
" N < " N 2 " N 6 " N 13
(o LSamuccayaM sutra applies
?1 N ?0 O " N < N " N 2 O 0" N 16; and
?5 N ?6 O " N 6 N " N 13 O 0" N 16
Solution is gi#en by 0" N 16 O 3 i.e.; 0 " O - 16.
" O - 16 / 0 O - =.
Sol#e the 1olloing problems using Sunyam Samya-Samuccaye process.
1. < F " N 0 G N 5 F " N 0 G O 6 F " N 0 G N 8 F " N 0 G
0. F " N 6 G F " N 5 G O F " X 2 G F " X 0 G
5. F " - 1 G F " N 16 G O F " N 0 G F " X < G
1 1
6. WWWWWW N WWWW O 3
6 " - 5 " X 0
6 6
8. WWWWW N WWWWW O 3
5" N 1 8" N <
0" N 11 0"N8
6. WWWWWW O WWWWW
0"N 8 0"N11
5" N 6 " N 1
<. WWWWWW O WWWWW
6" N < 0" N 5
6" - 5 " N 6
=. WWWWWW O WWWWW
0"N 5 5" - 0

1 1 1 1
2. WWWW N WWWW O WWWW N WWWWW
" - 0 " - 8 " - 5 " - 6
1 1 1 1
13. WWWW - WWWW O WWWWW - WWWWW
" - < " - 6 " - 13 " - 2
Sunyam Samya Samuccaye in ,ertain ,ubes:
,onsider the problem F " X 6 G
5
N F " X 6 G
5
O 0 F " X 8 G
5
. For the solution by the traditional method e
1ollo the steps as gi#en belo:
F " X 6 G
5
N F " X 6 G
5
O 0 F " X 8 G
5
"
5
X 10"
0
N 6=" X 66 N "
5
X 1="
0
N 13=" X 016
O 0 F "
5
X 18"
0
N <8" X 108 G
0"
5
X 53"
0
N 186" X 0=3 O 0"
5
X 53"
0
N 183" X 083
186" X 0=3 O 183" X 083
186" X 183" O 0=3 X 083
6" O 53
" O 53 / 6 O 8
+ut once again obser#e the problem in the #edic sense
9e ha#e F " X 6 G N F " X 6 G O 0" X 13. %a!ing out the numerical 1actor 0; e ha#e F " X 8 G O 3; hich is
the 1actor under the cube on &.C.S. )n such a case JSunyam samya SamuccayeK 1ormula gi#es that " X 8
O 3. Cence " O 8
%hin! o1 sol#ing the problem F"X062G
5
N F"N06<G
5
O 0F"X1G
5
%he traditional method ill be horrible e#en to thin! o1.
+ut F " X 062 G N F " N 06< G O 0" X 0 O 0 F " X 1 G. And " X 1. on &.C.S. cube; it is enough to state that " X
1 O 3 by the LsutraM.
" O 1 is the solution. (o cubing or any other mathematical operations.
Algebraic @roo1 :
,onsider F " X 0a G
5
N F " X 0b G
5
O 0 F " X a X b G
5
it is clear that
" X 0a N " X 0b O 0" X 0a X 0b
O 0 F " X a X b G
(o the e"pression;
"
5
- 6"
0
a N 10"a
0
X =a
5
N "
5
X 6"
0
b N 10"b
0
X =b
5
O
0F"
5
X5"
0
aX5"
0
bN5"a
0
N5"b
0
N6a"bXa
5
X5a
0
bX5ab
0
Xb
5
G
O 0"
5
X6"
0
aX6"
0
bN6"a
0
N6"b
0
N10"abX0a
5
X6a
0
bX6ab
0
X0b
5

cancel the common terms on both sides
10"a
0
N10"b
0
X=a
5
X=b
5
O 6"a
0
N6"b
0
N10"abX0a
5
X6a
0
bX6ab
0
X0b
5
6"a
0
N 6"b
0
X 10"ab O 6a
5
N 6b
5
X 6a
0
b X 6ab
0
6" F a
0
N b
0
X 0ab G O 6 U a
5
N b
5
X ab F a N b GV
" F a X b G
0
O U F a N b G F a
0
N b
0
Xab G X F a N b GabV
O F a N b G F a
0
N b
0
X 0ab G
O F a N b G F a X b G
0

" O a N b
Sol#e the 1olloing using JSunyam SamuccayeK process :
1. F " X 5 G
5
N F " X 2 G
5
O 0 F " X 6 G
5
0. F " N 6 G
5
N F " X 13 G
5
O 0 F " X 5 G
5
5. F " N a N b X c G
5
N F " N b N c X a G
5
O 0 F " N b G
5
'"ample :
F" N 0G
5
" N 1
WWWWWW O WWWWW
F" N 5G
5
" N 6
ith the te"t boo! procedures e proceed as 1ollos
"
5
N 6"
0
N 10" N= " N 1
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWW
"
5
N 2"
0
N 0<" N0< " N 6
(o by cross multiplication;
F " N 6 G F "
5
N 6"
0
N 10" N = G O F " N 1 G F "
5
N 2"
0
N 0<" N 0< G
"
6
N 6"
5
N 10"
0
N =" N 6"
5
N 06"
0
N 6=" N 50 O
"
6
N 2"
5
N 0<"
0
N 0<" N "
5
N 2"
0
N 0<" N 0<
"
6
N 13"
5
N 56"
0
N 86" N 50 O "
6
N 13"
5
N 56"
0
N 86" N 0<
86" N 50 O 86" N 0<
86" X 86" O 0< X 50
0" O - 8
" O - 8 / 0
-bser#e that F (1 N ?1 G ith in the cubes on
..C.S. is " N 0 N " N 5 O 0" N 8 and
(0 N ?0 on the right hand side
is " N 1 N " N 6 O 0" N 8.
+y #edic 1ormula e ha#e 0" N 8 O 3 " O - 8 / 0.
Sol#e the 1olloing by using #edic method :
1.
F" N 5G
5
"N1
WWWWWW O WWWW
F" N 8G
5
"N<
0.
F" - 8G
5
" - 5
WWWWWW O WWWW
F" - <G
5
" - 2
B($&a@/' da(/AMA(/A%
%he Sutra Anurupye Sunyamanyat says : >)1 one is in ratio; the other one is :ero>.
9e use this Sutra in sol#ing a special type o1 simultaneous simple eAuations in hich the coe11icients o1
>one> #ariable are in the same ratio to each other as the independent terms are to each other. )n such a
conte"t the Sutra says the >other> #ariable is :ero 1rom hich e get to simple eAuations in the 1irst
#ariable Falready consideredG and o1 course gi#e the same #alue 1or the #ariable.
'"ample 1:
5" N <y O 0
6" N 01y O 6
-bser#e that the y-coe11icients are in the ratio < : 01 i.e.; 1 : 5; hich is same as the ratio o1 independent
terms i.e.; 0 : 6 i.e.; 1 : 5. Cence the other #ariable " O 3 and <y O 0 or 01y O 6 gi#es y O 0 / <
'"ample 0:
505" N 16<y O 1618
262" N 501y O 6=68
%he #ery appearance o1 the problem is 1rightening. +ut 4ust an obser#ation and anurupye sunyamanyat
gi#e the solution " O 8; because coe11icient o1 " ratio is
505 : 262 O 1 : 5 and constant terms ratio is 1618 : 6=68 O 1 : 5.
y O 3 and 505 " O 1618 or 262 " O 6=68 gi#es " O 8.
Sol#e the 1olloing by anurupye sunyamanyat.
1. 10" N <=y O 10 0. 5" N <y O 06
16" N 26y O 16 10" N 8y O 26
5. 6" X 6y O 06 6. a" N by O bm
<" X 2y O 56 c" N dy O dm
)n sol#ing simultaneous Auadratic eAuations; also e can ta!e the help o1 the LsutraM in the 1olloing ay:
'"ample 5 :
Sol#e 1or " and y
" N 6y O 13
"
0
N 8"y N 6y
0
N 6" - 0y O 03
"
0
N 8"y N 6y
0
N 6" - 0y O 03 can be ritten as
F " N y G F " N 6y G N 6" X 0y O 03
13 F " N y G N 6" X 0y O 03 F Since " N 6y O 13 G
13" N 13y N 6" X 0y O 03
16" N =y O 03
(o " N 6y O 13
16" N =y O 03 and 6 : = :: 13 : 03
1rom the Sutra; " O 3 and 6y O 13; i.e.;; =y O 03 y O 13/6 O 0\
%hus " O 3 and y O 0\ is the solution.
SAe7A.A(A X V/AVA7A.A(B+C/AM
%his Sutra means >by addition and by subtraction>. )t can be applied in sol#ing a special type o1
simultaneous eAuations here the " - coe11icients and the y - coe11icients are 1ound interchanged.
'"ample 1:
68" X 05y O 115
05" X 68y O 21
)n the con#entional method e ha#e to ma!e eAual either the coe11icient o1 " or coe11icient o1 y in both the
eAuations. For that e ha#e to multiply eAuation F 1 G by 68 and eAuation F 0 G by 05 and subtract to get
the #alue o1 " and then substitute the #alue o1 " in one o1 the eAuations to get the #alue o1 y or e ha#e to
multiply eAuation F 1 G by 05 and eAuation F 0 G by 68 and then subtract to get #alue o1 y and then
substitute the #alue o1 y in one o1 the eAuations; to get the #alue o1 ". )t is di11icult process to thin! o1.
From San!alana X #ya#a!alanabhyam
add them;
i.e.; F 68" X 05y G N F 05" X 68y G O 115 N 21
i.e.; 6=" X 6=y O 036 " X y O 5
subtract one 1rom other;
i.e.; F 68" X 05y G X F 05" X 68y G O 115 X 21
i.e.; 00" N 00y O 00 " N y O 1
and repeat the same sutra; e get " O 0 and y O - 1
Very simple addition and subtraction are enough; hoe#er big the coe11icients may be.
'"ample 0:
1288" X 6<6y O 06=0
6<6" X 1288y O -6215
-h f hat a problem f And still
4ust add; 0651F " X y G O - 0651 " X y O -1
subtract; 16<2 F " N y G O <528 " N y O 8
once again add; 0" O 6 " O 0
subtract - 0y O - 6 y O 5
Sol#e the 1olloing problems using San!alana X Vya#a!alanabhyam.
1. 5" N 0y O 1=
0" N 5y O 1<
0. 8" X 01y O 06
01" X 8y O 06
5. 682" N 286y O 61=6
286" N 682y O 5==2
/BVA?a(AM %BVA?a(g7h%/A VA&*Ai,A /-YA/'%
%he meaning o1 the Sutra is >hat e#er the de1iciency subtract that de1icit 1rom the number and rite
along side the sAuare o1 that de1icit>.
%his Sutra can be applicable to obtain sAuares o1 numbers close to bases o1 poers o1 13.
Method-1 : (umbers near and less than the bases o1 poers o1 13.
'g 1: 2
0
Cere base is 13.
%he anser is separated in to to parts by aM/M
(ote that de1icit is 13 - 2 O 1
Multiply the de1icit by itsel1 or sAuare it
1
0
O 1. As the de1iciency is 1; subtract it 1rom the number i.e.; 2X1 O =.
(o put = on the le1t and 1 on the right side o1 the #ertical line or slash i.e.; =/1.
Cence =1 is anser.
'g. 0: 26
0
Cere base is 133.
Since de1icit is 133-26O6 and sAuare o1 it is 16 and the de1iciency subtracted 1rom the number 26
gi#es 26-6 O 20; e get the anser 20 / 16 %hus 26
0
O 2016.
'g. 5: 226
0
+ase is 1333
?e1icit is 1333 - 226 O 6. SAuare o1 it is 56.
?e1iciency subtracted 1rom 226 gi#es 226 - 6 O 2==
Anser is 2== / 356 Usince base is 1333V
'g. 6: 22==
0
+ase is 13;333.
?e1icit O 13333 - 22== O 10.
SAuare o1 de1icit O 10
0
O 166.
?e1iciency subtracted 1rom number O 22== - 10 O 22<6.
Anser is 22<6 / 3166 Usince base is 13;333V.
'g. 8: ==
0
+ase is 133.
?e1icit O 133 - == O 10.
0
O 166.
?e1iciency subtracted 1rom number O == - 10 O <6.
(o anser is <6 / 166 O <<66 Usince base is 133V
Algebraic proo1:
%he numbers near and less than the bases o1 poer o1 13 can be treated as F"-yG; here " is the base
and y; the de1icit.
%hus
F1G 2 O F13 -1G F0G 26 O F 133-6G F5G 226 O F1333-6G
F6G 22== O F13333-10 G F#G == O F133-10G
F " X y G
0
O "
0
X 0"y N y
0
O " F " X 0y G N y
0
O " F " X y X y G N y
0
O +ase F number X de1iciency G N F de1icit G
0
%hus
2=8
0
O F 1333 X 18 G
0
O 1333 F 2=8 X 18 G N F18G
0
O 1333 F 2<3 G N 008
O 2<3333 N 008
O 2<3008.
or e can ta!e the identity a
0
- b
0
O Fa N bG F a - bG and proceed as
a
0
- b
0
O Fa N bG F a - bG.
gi#es a
0
O Fa N bG F a - bG N b
0
%hus 1or a O 2=8 and b O 18Q
a
0
O Fa N bG F a - bG N b
0
2=8
0
O F 2=8 N 18 G F 2=8 - 18 G N F18G
0
O 1333 F 2<3 G N 008
O 2<3008.
Method. 0 : (umbers near and greater than the bases o1 poers o1 13.
'g.F1G: 15
0
.
)nstead o1 subtracting the de1iciency 1rom the number e add and proceed as in Method-1.
1or 15
0
; base is 13; surplus is 5.
Surplus added to the number O 15 N 5 O 16.
SAuare o1 surplus O 5
0
O 2
Anser is 16 / 2 O 162.
'g.F0G: 110
0

+ase O 133; Surplus O 10;
SAuare o1 surplus O 10
0
O 166
add surplus to number O 110 N 10 O 106.
Anser is 106 / 166 O 10866
-r thin! o1 identity a
0
O Fa N bG Fa X bG N b
0
1or a O 110; b O 10:
110
0
O F110 N 10G F110 X 10G N 10
0
O 106 F133G N 166
O 10633 N 166
O 10866.
F" N yG
0
O "
0
N 0"y N y
0
O " F " N 0y G N y
0
O " F " N y N y G N y
0
O +ase F (umber N surplus G N F surplus G
0
gi#es
110
0
O 133 F 110 N 10 G N 10
0
O 133 F 106 G N 166
O 10633 N 166
O 10866.
'g. 5: 13308
0
O F 13308 N 08 G / 08
0
O 13383 / 3608 U since base is 13;333 V
O 133833608.
Method - 5: %his is applicable to numbers hich are near to multiples o1 13; 133; 1333 .... etc. For this e
combine the upa-Sutra >anurupyena> and >ya#adunam ta#aduni!ritya #arganca yo4ayet> together.
'"ample 1: 5==
0
(earest base O 633.
9e treat 633 as 6 " 133. As the number is less than the base e proceed as 1ollos
(umber 5==; de1icit O 633 - 5== O 10
Since it is less than base; deduct the de1icit
i.e. 5== - 10 O 5<6.
multiply this result by 6 since base is 6 P 133 O 633.
5<6 " 6 O 1836
0
O 166.
Cence anser is 1836 / 166 O 183866 Usince e ha#e ta!en multiples o1 133V.
'"ample 0: 6=8
0
(earest base O 833.
%reat 833 as 8 " 133 and proceed

'"ample 5: 6<
0
(earest base O <3

'"ample 6: 616
0
(earest F loer G base O 633
Cere surplus O 16 and 633 O 6 " 133

'"ample 8: 8310
0
(earest loer base is 8333 O 8 " 1333
Surplus O 10

Apply ya#adunam to 1ind the 1olloing sAuares.
1. <
0
0. 2=
0
5. 2=<
0
6. 16
0

8. 116
0
6. 1310
0
<. 12
0
=. 6<8
0

2. <26
0
13. 13=
0
11. 22==
0
10. 6316
0
.
So 1ar e ha#e obser#ed the application o1 ya#adunam in 1inding the sAuares o1 number. (o ith a
slight modi1ication ya#adunam can also be applied 1or 1inding the cubes o1 numbers.
,ubing o1 (umbers:
'"ample : Find the cube o1 the number 136.
9e proceed as 1ollos:
iG For 136; +ase is 133. %he surplus is 6.
Cere e add double o1 the surplus i.e. 136N10 O 11=.
F&ecall in sAuaring; e directly add the surplusG
%his ma!es the le1t-hand -most part o1 the anser.
i.e. anser proceeds li!e 11= / - - - - -
iiG @ut don the ne surplus i.e. 11=-133O1= multiplied by the initial surplus
i.e. 6O13=.
Since base is 133; e rite 13= in carried o#er 1orm 13= i.e. .
As this is middle portion o1 the anser; the anser proceeds li!e 11= / 13= /....
iiiG 9rite don the cube o1 initial surplus i.e. 6
5
O 016 as the last portion
i.e. right hand side last portion o1 the anser.
Since base is 133; rite 016 as 016 as 0 is to be carried o#er.
Anser is 11= / 13= / 016
(o proceeding 1rom right to le1t and ad4usting the carried o#er; e get the anser
112 / 13 / 16 O 1121316.
'g.F1G: 130
5
O F130 N 6G / 6 P 0 / 0
5
O 136 O 10 O 3=
O 136103=.
-bser#e initial surplus O 0; ne"t surplus O6 and base O 133.
'g.F0G: 26
5
-bser#e that the nearest base O 133. Cere it is de1icit contrary to the abo#e e"amples.
iG ?e1icit O -6. %ice o1 it -6 P 0 O -10
add it to the number O 26 -10 O=0.
iiG (e de1icit is -1=.
@roduct o1 ne de1icit " initial de1icit O -1= " -6 O 13=
iiiG de1icit
5
O F-6G
5
O -016.
WW
Cence the anser is =0 / 13= / -016
Since 133 is base 1 and -0 are the carried o#er. Ad4usting the carried o#er in order; e get the anser
F =0 N 1 G / F 3= X 35 G / F 133 X 16 G
O =5 / O 38 / O =6 O =538=6
WW
16 becomes =6 a1ter ta!ing1 1rom middle most portion i.e. 133. F133-16O=6G.
W
(o 3= - 31 O 3< remains in the middle portion; and 0 or 0 carried to it ma!es the middle as 3< - 30
O 38. %hus e get the abo#e result.
'g.F5G:
22=
5
+ase O 1333Q initial de1icit O - 0.
22=
5
O F22= X 0 " 0G / F- 6 " X 0G / F- 0G
5
O 226 / O 310 / O -33=
O 226 / 311 / 1333 - 33=
O 226 / 311 / 220
O 226311220.
Find the cubes o1 the 1olloing numbers using ya#adunam sutra.
1. 138 0. 116 5. 1335 6. 1333< 8. 20
6. 26 <. 225 =. 2221 2. 133333= 13. 222220.
@a&A(B@a&AEB+C/BM
%he Sutra can be ta!en as @urana - Apuranabhyam hich means by the completion or non - completion.
@urana is ell !non in the present system. 9e can see its application in sol#ing the roots 1or general
1orm o1 Auadratic eAuation.
9e ha#e : a"
0
N b" N c O 3
"
0
N Fb/aG" N c/a O 3 F di#iding by a G
"
0
N Fb/aG" O - c/a

completing the sAuare F i.e.;; purana G on the ..C.S.
"
0
N Fb/aG" N Fb
0
/6a
0
G O -c/a N Fb
0
/6a
0
G
U" N Fb/0aGV
0
O Fb
0
- 6acG / 6a
0
WWWWWWWW
- b j b
0
X 6ac
@roceeding in this ay e 1inally get " O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
0a
(o e apply purana to sol#e problems.
'"ample 1. "
5
N 6"
0
N 11 " N 6 O 3.
Since F" N 0 G
5
O "
5
N 6"
0
N 10" N =
Add F " N 0 G to both sides
9e get "
5
N 6"
0
N 11" N 6 N " N 0 O " N 0
i.e.;; "
5
N 6"
0
N 10" N = O " N 0
i.e.;; F " N 0 G
5
O F " N 0 G
this is o1 the 1orm y
5
O y 1or y O " N 0
solution y O 3; y O 1; y O - 1
i.e.;; " N 0 O 3;1;-1
hich gi#es " O -0;-1;-5
'"ample 0: "
5
N ="
0
N 1<" N 13 O 3
9e !no F " N 5 G
5
O "
5
N 2"
0
N 0<" N 0<
So adding on the both sides; the term F "
0
N 13" N 1< G; e get
"
5
N ="
0
N 1<" N "
0
N 13" N 1< O "
0
N 13" N 1<
i.e.;; "
5
N 2"
0
N 0<" N 0< O "
0
N 6" N 2 N 6" N =
i.e.;; F " N 5 G
5
O F " N 5 G
0
N 6 F " N 5 G X 6
y
5
O y
0
N 6y X 6 1or y O " N 5
y O 1; 0; -0.
Cence " O -0; -1; -8
%hus purana is help1ul in 1actori:ation.
Further purana can be applied in sol#ing +iAuadratic eAuations also.
Sol#e the 1olloing using purana X apuranabhyam.
1. "
5
X 6"
0
N 11" X 6 O 3
0. "
5
N 2"
0
N 05" N 18 O 3
5. "
0
N 0" X 5 O 3
6. "
6
N 6"
5
N 6"
0
N 6" X 18 O 3
A(%/A/-& ?AdA7'k@)
%he Sutra signi1ies numbers o1 hich the last digits added up gi#e 13. i.e. the Sutra or!s in multiplication
o1 numbers 1or e"ample: 08 and 08; 6< and 65; 60 and 6=; 116 and 116. (ote that in each case the sum
o1 the last digit o1 1irst number to the last digit o1 second number is 13. Further the portion o1 digits or
numbers le1t ards to the last digits remain the same. At that instant use '!adhi!ena on le1t hand side
digits. Multiplication o1 the last digits gi#es the right hand part o1 the anser.
'"ample 1 : 6< P 65
See the end digits sum < N 5 O 13 Q then by the sutras antyayor dasa!epi and e!adhi!ena e ha#e the
anser.
6< " 65 O F 6 N 1 G " 6 / < " 5
O 03 / 01
O 0301.
'"ample 0: 60 " 6=
0 N = O 13; ..C.S. portion remains the same i.e.;; 6.
'!adhi!ena o1 6 gi#es <
60 " 6= O F 6 " < G / F 0 " = G
O 60 / 16
O 6016.
'"ample 5: 10< " 105
As antyayor dasa!epi or!s; e apply e!adhi!ena
10< " 105 O 10 " 15 / < " 5
O 186 / 01
O 18601.
'"ample 6: 68 " 68
9e ha#e already or!ed on this type. As the present sutra is applicable.
9e ha#e 68 " 68 O 6 " < / 8 " 8
O 6008.
'"ample 8: 528
0
528
0
O 528 " 528
O 52 " 63 / 8 " 8
O 1863 / 08
O 186308.
$se Vedic sutras to 1ind the products
1. 108 " 108 0. 56 " 56 5. 2= " 20
6. 631 " 632 8. 625 " 62< 6. 1636 " 1636
)t is 1urther interesting to note that the same rule or!s hen the sum o1 the last 0; last 5; last 6 - - - digits
added respecti#ely eAual to 133; 1333; 13333 -- - - . %he simple point to remember is to multiply each
product by 13; 133; 1333; - - as the case may be . /our can obser#e that this is more con#enient hile
or!ing ith the product o1 5 digit numbers.
'g. 1: 020 " 03=
Cere 20 N 3= O 133; ..C.S portion is same i.e. 0
020 " 03= O F 0 " 5 G / 20 " =
63 / O<56 F 1or 133 raise the ..C.S. product by 3 G
O 63<56.
'g. 0: =6= P =80
Cere 6= N 80 O 133; ..C.S portion is = and its Le!hadhi!enaM is 2.
(o &.C.S product 6= P 80 can be obtained by LanurupyenaM mentally.
W
6= 0
80 0
WWWWWWW
W
0G 83 6 O 06 / F 133 X 6 G
ZZ
08 O 26
O 0626
and rite =6= " =80 O = " 2 / 6= " 80
<03 O 0626
O <00626.
USince ..C.S product is to be multiplied by 13 and 0 to be carried o#er as the base is 133V.
'g. 5: 625 " 63<
625 " 63< O 6 " < / 25 " <
O 603 / 681
O 603681.
Find the 1olloing products using Lantyayordasa!epiM
1. 51= " 510 0. 608 " 6<8 5. <26 " <66
6. 230 " 22= 8. 52< " 525 6. 881 " 862
,A.A(A - 7A.A(B+C/BM
)n the boo! on Vedic Mathematics Sri +harati 7rishna %irtha4i mentioned the Sutra >,alana -
7alanabhyam> at only to places. %he Sutra means >SeAuential motion>.
iG )n the 1irst instance it is used to 1ind the roots o1 a Auadratic eAuation <"
0
X 11" X < O 3. Sami4i called
the sutra as calculus 1ormula. )ts application at that point is as 1ollos. (o by calculus 1ormula e say:
16"11 O j51<
A (ote 1ollos saying e#ery ûadratic can thus be bro!en don into to binomial 1actors. An e"planation
in terms o1 1irst di11erential; discriminant ith su11icient number o1 e"amples are gi#en under the chapter
Lûadratic 'AuationsM.
iiG At the Second instance under the chapter LFactori:ation and ?i11erential ,alculusM 1or 1actori:ing
e"pressions o1 5
rd
; 6
th
and 8
th
degree; the procedure is mentioned as >Vedic Sutras relating to ,alana X
7alana X ?i11erential ,alculus>.
Further other Sutras 13 to 16 mentioned belo are also used to get the reAuired results. Cence the sutra
and its #arious applications ill be ta!en up at a later stage 1or discussion.
+ut sutra X 16 is discussed immediately a1ter this item.
(o the remaining sutras :
13. /BVA?a(AM F %he de1iciency G
11. V/Alm)SAMAlm)C F 9hole as one and one as hole G
10. d'lB(/Ae 7'(A ,A&AM'EA F &emainder by the last digit G
15. S-@B(%/A?VA/AMA(%/AM F $ltimate and tice the penultimate G
18. *$E)%ASAM$,,A/AC F %he hole product is the same G
16. *$EA7A SAM$,,A/AC F ,ollecti#ity o1 multipliers G
%he Sutras ha#e their applications in sol#ing di11erent problems in di11erent conte"ts. Further they are
used along ith other Sutras. So it is a bit o1 incon#enience to deal each Sutra under a separate heading
e"clusi#ely and also independently. -1 course they ill be mentioned and also be applied in sol#ing the
problems in the 1orth coming chapter here#er necessary. %his decision has been ta!en because up to
no; e ha#e treated each Sutra independently and ha#e not continued ith any other Sutra e#en i1 it is
necessary. 9hen the need 1or combining Sutras 1or 1illing the gaps in the process arises; e may opt 1or
it. (o e shall deal the 1ourteenth Sutra; the Sutra le1t so 1ar untouched.
A(%/A/-&'VA
>Atyayore#a> means >only the last terms>. %his is use1ul in sol#ing simple eAuations o1 the 1olloing type.
%he type o1 eAuations are those hose numerator and denominator on the ..C.S. bearing the
independent terms stand in the same ratio to each other as the entire numerator and the entire
denominator o1 the &.C.S. stand to each other.
.et us ha#e a loo! at the 1olloing e"ample.
'"ample 1:
"
0
N 0" N < " N 0
WWWWWWWWWW O WWWWW
"
0
N 5" N 8 " N 5
)n the con#entional method e proceed as
"
0
N 0" N < " N 0
WWWWWWWWWW O WWWWW
"
0
N 5" N 8 " N 5
F" N 5G F"
0
N 0" N <G O F" N 0G F"
0
N 5" N 8G
"
5
N 0"
0
N <" N 5"
0
N 6" N 01 O "
5
N 5"
0
N 8" N 0"
0
N 6" N 13
"
5
N 8"
0
N 15" N 01 O "
5
N 8"
0
N 11" N 13
,anceling li!e terms on both sides
15" N 01 O 11" N 13
15" X 11" O 13 X 01
0" O -11
" O -11 / 0
(o e sol#e the problem using anatyayore#a.
"
0
N 0" N < " N 0
WWWWWWWWWW O WWWWW
"
0
N 5" N 8 " N 5
,onsider
"
0
N 0" N < " N 0
WWWWWWWWWW O WWWWW
"
0
N 5" N 8 " N 5
-bser#e that
"
0
N 0" " F" N 0G " N 0
WWWWWW O WWWWWWWW O WWWWW
"
0
N 5" " F" N 5G " N 5
%his is according to the condition in the sutra. Cence 1rom the sutra
" N 0 <
WWWWW O WW
" N 5 8
8" N 13 O <" N 01
<" X 8" O -01 N 13
0" O -11
" O -11 / 0
Algebraic @roo1:
,onsider the eAuation
A, N ? A
WWWWWW O WWW ------------- FiG
+, N ' +
%his satis1ies the condition in the sutra since
A, A
WWW O WWW
+, +
(o crossXmultiply the eAuation FiG
+ FA, N ?G O A F+, N 'G
+A, N +? O A+, N A'
+? O A' hich gi#es
A ?
WW O WW --------FiiG
+ '
i.e.; the result obtained in sol#ing eAuation FiG is same as the result obtained in sol#ing eAuation FiiG.
'"ample 0: sol#e
0"
0
N 5" N 13 0" N 5
WWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWW
5"
0
N 6" N 16 5" N 6
Since
0"
0
N 5" " F0" N 5G 0"N5
WWWWWWW O WWWWWWWW O WWWW
5"
0
N 6" " F5" N 6G 5"N6
9e can apply the sutra.
0" N 5 13
WWWWW O WW
5"N6 16
,rossXmultiplying
0=" N 60 O 53" N 63
0=" X 53" O 63 X 60
-0" O -0 " O -0 / -0 O 1.
.et us see the application o1 the sutra in another type o1 problem.
'"ample 5: F" N 1G F" N 0G F" N 2G O F" N 5G F" N 6G F" N 8G
&eXarranging the eAuation; e ha#e
F" N 1G F" N 0G " N 5
WWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWW
F" N 6G F" N 8G " N 2
i.e.;
"
0
N 5" N 0" N 5
O WWWWWWWWWWWWWW
"
0
N 2" N 03" N 2
(o
"
0
N 5" " F" N 5G " N 5
WWWWWW O WWWWWWW O WWWWW gi#es the solution by antyayore#a
"
0
N 2" " F" N 2G " N 2
Solution is obtained 1rom
" N 5 0
WWWW O WW
" N 2 03
03" N 63 O 0" N 1=
03" X 0" O 1= X 63
1=" O -60 " O -60 / 1= O -< / 5.
-nce again loo! into the problem
F" N 1G F" N 0G F" N 2G O F" N 5G F" N 6G F" N 8G

Sum o1 the binomials on each side
" N 1 N " N 0 N " N 2 O 5" N 10
" N 5 N " N 6 N " N 8 O 5" N 10
)t is same. )n such a case the eAuation can be ad4usted into the 1orm suitable 1or application o1
antyayore#a.
'"ample 6: F" N 0G F" N 5G F" N 11G O F" N 6G F" N 8G F" N <G
Sum o1 the binomials on ..C.S. O 5" N 16
Sum o1 the binomials on &.C.S. O 5" N 16
%hey are same. Cence antyayore#a can be applied. Ad4usting e get
F" N 0G F" N 5G " N 8 0 " 5 6
WWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWW O WWWWW O WWW
F" N 6G F" N <G " N 11 6 " < 0=
0=" N 163 O 6" N 66
0=" X 6" O 66 X 163
00" O -<6
-<6 -5<
" O WWW O WWW
00 11
Sol#e the 1olloing problems using Lantyayore#aM
1.
5"
0
N 8" N = 5" N 8
WWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWW
8"
0
N 6" N10 8" N 6
0.
6"
0
N 8" N 5 6" N 8
WWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWW
5"
0
N 0" N 6 5" N 0
5. F" N 5G F" N 6G F" N 6G O F" N 8G F" N 1G F" N <G
6. F" N 1G F" N 6G F" N 2G O F" N 6G F" N 8G F" N <G
8.
0"
0
N 5" N 2 0" N 5
WWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWW
6"
0
N8"N1< 6" N 8
.-@A(AS%CB@A(B+C/BM
.opana sthapanabhyam means >by alternate elimination and retention>.
,onsider the case o1 1actori:ation o1 Auadratic eAuation o1 type a"
0
N by
0
N c:
0
N d"y N ey: N 1:" %his is a
homogeneous eAuation o1 second degree in three #ariables "; y; :. %he sub-sutra remo#es the di11iculty
and ma!es the 1actori:ation simple. %he steps are as 1ollos:
iG 'liminate : by putting : O 3 and retain " and y and 1actori:e thus obtained a Auadratic in " and y by
means o1 LadyamadyenaM sutra.Q
iiG Similarly eliminate y and retain " and : and 1actori:e the Auadratic in " and :.
iiiG 9ith these to sets o1 1actors; 1ill in the gaps caused by the elimination process o1 : and y respecti#ely.
%his gi#es actual 1actors o1 the e"pression.
'"ample 1: 5"
0
N <"y N 0y
0
N 11": N <y: N 6:
0
.
Step FiG: 'liminate : and retain "; yQ 1actori:e
5"
0
N <"y N 0y
0
O F5" N yG F" N 0yG
Step FiiG: 'liminate y and retain "; :Q 1actori:e
5"
0
N 11": N 6:
0
O F5" N 0:G F" N 5:G
Step FiiiG: Fill the gaps; the gi#en e"pression
O F5" N y N 0:G F" N 0y N 5:G
'"ample 0: 10"
0
N 11"y N 0y
0
- 15": - <y: N 5:
0
.
Step FiG: 'liminate : i.e.; : O 3Q 1actori:e
10"
0
N 11"y N 0y
0
O F5" N 0yG F6" N yG
Step FiiG: 'liminate y i.e.; y O 3Q 1actori:e
10"
0
- 15": N 5:
0
O F6" -5:G F5" X :G
Step FiiiG: Fill in the gapsQ the gi#en e"pression
O F6" N y X 5:G F5" N 0y X :G
'"ample 5: 5"
0
N6y
0
N0:
0
N11"yN<y:N6":N12"N00yN15:N03
Step FiG: 'liminate y and :; retain " and independent term
i.e.; y O 3; : O 3 in the e"pression F'G.
%hen ' O 5"
0
N 12" N 03 O F" N 8G F5" N 6G
Step FiiG: 'liminate : and "; retain y and independent term
i.e.; : O 3; " O 3 in the e"pression.
%hen ' O 6y
0
N 00y N 03 O F0y N 6G F5y N 8G
Step FiiiG: 'liminate " and y; retain : and independent term
i.e.; " O 3; y O 3 in the e"pression.
%hen ' O 0:
0
N 15: N 03 O F: N 6G F0: N 8G
Step Fi#G: %he e"pression has the 1actors Fthin! o1 independent termsG
O F5" N 0y N : N 6G F" N 5y N 0: N 8G.
)n this ay either homogeneous eAuations o1 second degree or general eAuations o1 second degree in
three #ariables can be #ery easily sol#ed by applying LadyamadyenaM and LlopanasthapanabhyamM sutras.
Sol#e the 1olloing e"pressions into 1actors by using appropriate sutras:
1. "
0
N 0y
0
N 5"y N 0": N 5y: N :
0
.
0. 5"
0
N y
0
- 6"y - y: - 0:
0
- :".
5. 0p
0
N 0A
0
N 8pA N 0p X 8A - 10.
6. u
0
N #
0
X 6u N 6# X 10.
8. "
0
- 0y
0
N 5"y N 6" - y N 0.
6. 5"
0
N 6y
0
N <"y - 0": - 5y: - :
0
N 1<" N 01y X : N 03.
Cighest common 1actor:
%o 1ind the Cighest ,ommon Factor i.e. C.,.F. o1 algebraic e"pressions; the 1actori:ation method and
process o1 continuous di#ision are in practice in the con#entional system. 9e no apply> .opana -
Sthapana> Sutra; the >San!alana #ya#a!alana!am> process and the >Adyamadya> rule to 1ind out the C.,.F
in a more easy and elegant ay.
'"ample 1: Find the C.,.F. o1 "
0
N 8" N 6 and "
0
N <" N 6.
1. Factori:ation method:
"
0
N 8" N 6 O F" N 6G F" N 1G
"
0
N <" N 6 O F" N 6G F" N 1G
C.,.F. is F " N 1 G.
0. ,ontinuous di#ision process.
"
0
N 8" N 6 G "
0
N <" N 6 F 1
"
0
N 8" N 6
WWWWWWWWWWW
0" N 0 G "
0
N 8" N 6 F \"
"
0
N "
WWWWWWWWWW
6" N 6 G 0" N 0 F \
0" N 0
WWWWWW
3
%hus 6" N 6 i.e.; F " N 1 G is C.,.F.
5. .opana - Sthapana process i.e. elimination and retention or alternate destruction o1 the highest and the
loest poers is as belo:

i.e.;; F" N 1G is C.,.F
'"ample 0: Find C.,.F. o1 0"
0
X " X 5 and 0"
0
N " X 6

'"ample 5: "
5
X <" X 6 and "
5
N ="
0
N 1<" N 13.
(o by .opana - Sthapana and San!alana X Vya#a!alanabhyam

'"ample 6: "
5
N 6"
0
N 8" X 10 and "
5
N ="
0
N 12" N 10.

ForG

'"ample 8: 0"
5
N "
0
X 2 and "
6
N 0"
0
N 2.
+y Vedic sutras:
Add: F0"
5
N "
0
X 2G N F"
6
N 0"
0
N 2G
O "
6
N 0"
5
N 5"
0
.
[ "
0
gi#es "
0
N 0" N 5 ------ FiG
Subtract a1ter multiplying the 1irst by " and the second by 0.
%hus F0"
6
N "
5
X 2"G - F0"
6
N 6"
0
N 1=G
O "
5
- 6"
0
X 2" X 1= ------ F ii G
Multiply FiG by " and subtract 1rom FiiG
"
5
X 6"
0
X 2" X 1= X F"
5
N 0"
0
N 5"G
O - 6"
0
X 10" X 1=
[ - 6 gi#es "
0
N 0" N 5.
%hus F "
0
N 0" N 5 G is the C.,.F. o1 the gi#en e"pressions.
Algebraic @roo1:
.et @ and ^ be to e"pressions and C is their C.,.F. .et A and + the ûotients a1ter their di#ision by
C.,.F.
@ ^
i.e.; WW O A and WW O + hich gi#es @ O A.C and ^ O +.C
C C
@ N ^ O AC N +C and @ X ^ O AC X +C
O FAN+G.C O FAX+G.C
%hus e can rite @ j ^ O FA j +G.C
Similarly M@ O M.AC and (^ O (.+C gi#es M@ j (^ O C FMA j (+G
%his states that the C.,.F. o1 @ and ^ is also the C.,.F. o1 @j^ or MAj(+.
i.e. e ha#e to select M and ( in such a ay that highest poers and loest poers For independent
termsG are remo#ed and C.,.F appears as e ha#e seen in the e"amples.
Find the C.,.F. in each o1 the 1olloing cases using Vedic sutras:
1. "
0
N 0" X =; "
0
X 6" N =
0. "
5
X 5"
0
X 6" N 10; "
5
X <"
0
N 16" - 10
5. "
5
N 6"
0
N 11" N 6; "
5
X "
0
- 13" - =
6. 6"
6
X 11"
5
N 16"
0
X 00" N =;
6"
6
X 11"
5
X ="
0
N 00" X =.
V).-7A(AM
%he Sutra >Vilo!anam> means >-bser#ation>. *enerally e come across problems hich can be sol#ed by
mere obser#ation. +ut e 1ollo the same con#entional procedure and obtain the solution. +ut the hint
behind the Sutra enables us to obser#e the problem completely and 1ind the pattern and 1inally sol#e the
problem by 4ust obser#ation.
.et us ta!e the eAuation " N F 1/" G O 8/0 9ithout noticing the logic in the problem; the con#entional
process tends us to sol#e the problem in the 1olloing ay.
1 8
" N WW O WW
" 0
"
0
N 1 8
WWWWW O WW
" 0
0"
0
N 0 O 8"
0"
0
X 8" N 0 O 3
0"
0
X 6" X " N 0 O 3
0" F" X 0G X F" X 0G O 3
F" X 0G F0" X 1G O 3
" X 0 O 3 gi#es " O 0
0" X 1 O 3 gi#es " O \
+ut by Vilo!anam i.e.;; obser#ation
1 8
" N WW O WW can be #ieed as
" 0
1 1
" N WW O 0 N WW gi#ing " O 0 or \.
" 0
,onsider some e"amples.
'"ample 1 :
" " N 0 56
WWWW N WWWWW O WWW
" N 0 " 18
)n the con#entional process; e ha#e to ta!e ..,.M; cross-multiplication. simpli1ication and 1actori:ation.
+ut Vilo!anam gi#es
56 2 N 08 5 8
WW O WWWWW O WW N WW
18 8 " 5 8 5
" " N 0 5 8
WWWW N WWWWW O WW N WW
" N 0 " 8 5
gi#es
" 5 8
WWWWW O WW or WW
" N 0 8 5
8" O 5" N 6 or 5" O 8" N 13
0" O 6 or -0" O 13
" O 5 or " O -8
'"ample 0 :
" N 8 " N 6 115
WWWW N WWWWW O WWW
" N 6 " N 8 86
(o;
115 62 N 66 < =
WWW O WWWWWWW O WWW N WWW
86 < " = = <
" N 8 < "N8 =
WWWW O WW or WWWW O WW
" N 6 = "N6 <
=" N 63 O <" N 60 <" N 58 O =" N 6=
or
" O 60 - 63 O 0 -" O 6= X 58 O 15
" O 0 or " O -15.
'"ample 5:
8" N 2 8" X 2 =0
WWWWW N WWWWW O 0 WWW
8" - 2 8" N 2 512
At 1irst sight it seems to a di11icult problem.
+ut care1ul obser#ation gi#es
=0 <03 =61 - 101 02 11
0 WWW O WWW O WWWWWWWW O WWW - WW
512 512 11 " 02 11 02
F(ote: 02
0
O =61; 11
0
O 101G
8" N 2 02 -11
WWWWW O WW or WWW
8" - 2 11 02
F(ote: 02 O 03 N 2 O 8 " 6 N 2 Q 11 O 03 X 2 O 8 " 6 X 2 G
i.e.;
" O 6 or
8" N 2 -11
WWWWW O WWW
8" - 2 02
168" N 061 O -88" N 22
168" N 88" O 22 X 061
033" O -160
-160 -=1
" O WWWW O WWWW
033 133
Simultaneous ûadratic 'Auations:
'"ample 1: " N y O 2 and "y O 16.
9e 1ollo in the con#entional ay that
F" X yG
0
O F" N yG
0
X 6"y O 2
0
X 6 F16G O =1 - 86 O 08
" y O 08 O j 8

" N y O 2 gi#es < N y O 2
y O 2 X < O 0.
%hus the solution is " O <; y O 0 or " O 0; y O <.
+ut by Vilo!anam; "y O 16 gi#es " O 0; y O < or " O <; y O 0 and these to sets satis1y " N y O 2 since 0 N <
O 2 or < N 0 O 2. Cence the solution.
'"ample 0: 8" X y O < and "y O 6.
"y O 6 gi#es " O 6; y O 1Q " O 1; y O 6Q
" O 0; y O 5Q " O 5; y O 0 and o1 course negati#es o1 all these.
-bser#e that " O 6; y O 1Q " O 1; y O 6: are not solutions because they do not satis1y the eAuation 8" X y O
<.
+ut 1or " O 0; y O 5Q 8" y O 8 F0G 5 O 13 5 O < e ha#e 8F5G0<.
Cence " O 0; y O 5 is a solution.
For " O 5; y O 0 e get 8 F5G 0 O 18 0 <.
Cence it is not a solution.
(egati#e #alues o1 the abo#e are also not the solutions. %hus one set o1 the solutions i.e.; " O 0; y O 5 can
be 1ound. -1 course the other ill be obtained 1rom sol#ing 8" X y O < and 8" N y O -15.
i.e.; " O -5 / 8; y O -13.
@artial Fractions:
'"ample 1: &esol#e
0" N <
WWWWWWWWWWW into partial 1ractions.
F" N 5G F" N 6G
0" N < A +
9e rite WWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWWW N WWWWWW
F" N 5GF" N 6G F" N 5G F" N 6G
A F" N 6G N + F" N 5G
O WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
F" N 5G F" N 6G
0" N < n A F" N 6G N + F" N 5G.
9e proceed by comparing coe11icients on either side
coe11icient o1 " : A N + O 0 ..........FiG P 5
)ndependent o1 " : 6A N 5+ O < .............FiiG
Sol#ing FiiG X FiG " 5 6A N 5+ O <
5A N 5+ O 6
WWWWWWWWWWW
A O 1
A O 1 in FiG gi#es; 1 N + O 0 i.e.; + O 1
-r e proceed as
0" N < n A F" N 6G N + F" N 5G.
@ut " O -5; 0 F-5G N < n A F-5 N 6G N + F-5 N 5G
1 O A F1G .
.
. A O 1.
" O -6; 0 F- 6G N < O A F-6 N 6G N + F-6 N 5G
-1 O +F-1G .
.
. + O 1.
0" N < 1 1
%hus WWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWW N WWWWW
F" N 5G F" N 6G F" N 5G F" N 6G
0" N <
+ut by Vilo!anam WWWWWWWWWWWW can be resol#ed as
F" N 5G F" N 6G
F" N 5G N F" N 6G O0" N <; directly e rite the anser.
'"ample 0:
5" N 15
WWWWWWWWWWWW
F" N 1G F" N 0G
1rom F" N 1G;F" N 0G e can obser#e that
13 F" N 0G X <F" N 1G O 13" N 03 X <" X < O 5" N 15
5" N 15 13 <
%hus WWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWWW - WWWWW
F" N 1G F" N 0G " N 1 " N 0
'"ample 5:
2
WWWWWWWW
"
0
N " - 0
As "
0
N " X 0 O F" X 1G F" N 0G and
2 O 5 F" N 0G X 5 F" X 1G
F5" N 6 X 5" N 5 O 2G
2 5 5
9e get by Vilo!anam; WWWWWWWWWWWW O WWWW - WWWW
"
0
N " X 0 " - 1 " N 0
). Sol#e the 1olloing by mere obser#ation i.e. #ilo!anam
1. 0.
1 08 1 8
" N WW O WW " - WW O WW
" 10 " 6

5.
" " N 1 1
WWWWW N WWWWW O 2 WW
" N 1 " 2
6.
" N < " N 2 50
WWWW - WWWW O WWW
" N 2 " N < 65
)). Sol#e the 1olloing simultaneous eAuations by #ilo!anam.
1. " X y O 1; "y O 6 0. " N y O <; "y O 13
5. 0" N 5y O 12; "y O 18
6. " N y O 6; "
0
N "y N 6" O 06.
))). &esol#e the 1olloing into partial 1ractions.
1.
0" - 8
WWWWWWWWWWWW
F" X 0G F" X 5G
5.
" X 15
WWWWWWWWWW
"
0
- 0" - 18
0.
2
WWWWWWWWWWWW
F" N 1G F" X 0G
6.
5" N 6
WWWWWWWWWW
5"
0
N 5" N 0
*$(o%A SAM$,,A/AC - SAM$,,A/A *$Eo%AC
)n connection ith 1actori:ation o1 Auadratic e"pressions a sub-Sutra; #i:. >*unita samuccayah-
Samuccaya *unitah> is use1ul. )t is intended 1or the purpose o1 #eri1ying the correctness o1 obtained
ansers in multiplications; di#isions and 1actori:ations. )t means in this conte"t:
>%he product o1 the sum o1 the coe11icients sc in the 1actors is eAual to the sum o1 the coe11icients sc in the
product>
Symbolically e represent as sc o1 the product O product o1 the sc Fin the 1actorsG
'"ample 1: F" N 5G F" N 0G O "0 N 8" N 6
(o F " N 5 G F " N 0 G O 6 " 5 O 10 : %hus #eri1ied.
'"ample 0: F" X 6G F0" N 8G O 0"
0
X 5" X 03
Sc o1 the product 0 X 5 X 03 O - 01
@roduct o1 the Sc O F1 X 6G F0 N 8G O F-5G F<G O - 01. Cence #eri1ied.
)n case o1 cubics; biAuadratics also the same rule applies.
9e ha#e F" N 0G F" N 5G F" N 6G O "
5
N 2"
0
N 06" N 06
Sc o1 the product O 1 N 2 N 06 N 06 O 63
@roduct o1 the Sc O F1 N 0G F1 N 5G F1 N 6G
O 5 " 6 " 8 O 63. Veri1ied.
'"ample 5: F" N 8G F" N <G F" X 0G O "
5
N 13"
0
N 11" X <3
F1 N 8G F1 N <G F1 X 0G O 1 N 13 N 11 X <3
i.e.; 6 " = " X1 O 00 X <3
i.e.; -6= O -6= Veri1ied.
9e apply and interpret So and Sc as sum o1 the coe11icients o1 the odd poers and sum o1 the
coe11icients o1 the e#en poers and deri#e that So O Sc gi#es F" N 1G is a 1actor 1or thee concerned
e"pression in the #ariable ". Sc O 3 gi#es F" - 1G is a 1actor.
Veri1y hether the 1olloing 1actori:ation o1 the e"pressions are correct or not by the Vedic chec!:
i.e. *unita. Samuccayah-Samuccaya *unitah:
1. F0" N 5G F" X 0G O 0"
0
X " - 6
0. 10"
0
X 05"y N 13y
0
O F 5" X 0y G F 6" X 8y G
5. 10"
0
N 15" X 6 O F 5" X 6 G F 6" N 1 G
6. F " N 1 G F " N 0 G F " N 5 G O "
5
N 6"
0
N 11" N 6
8. F " N 0 G F " N 5 G F " N = G O "
5
N 15"
0
N 66" N 6=
So 1ar e ha#e considered a ma4ority o1 the upa-sutras as mentioned in the Vedic mathematics boo!.
-nly a 1e $pa-Sutras are not dealt under a separate heading . %hey are
0G SM)S/A%' SM'SASAMY iAC
6G 7'VA.A)C SA@%A7AM*$(/A%
8G V'S%A(AM
6G /AVA?a(AM %AVA?a(AM and
13G SAM$,,A/A*$()%AC already 1ind place in respecti#e places.

Further in some other boo!s de#eloped on Vedic Mathematics ?VA(?A/-*A; S$?CA; ?CVAYA(7AM
are also gi#en as Sub-Sutras. %hey are mentioned in the Vedic Mathematics te"t also. +ut the list in the
te"t Fby the 'ditorG does not contain them. 9e shall also discuss them at appropriate places; ith these
three included; the total number o1 upa-Sutras comes to si"teen.
9e no proceed to deal the Sutras ith re1erence to their #ariety; applicability; speed; generality etc.
Further e thin! ho >the element o1 choice in the Vedic system; e#en o1 inno#ation; together ith mental
approach; brings a ne dimension to the study and practice o1 Mathematics. %he #ariety and simplicity o1
the methods brings 1un and amusement; the mental practice leads to a more agile; alert and intelligent
mind and inno#ation naturally 1ollo> F@ro1. 7.&.9illiams; .ondonG.
'7A(/aE'(A @a&V'(A
%he Sutra '!anyunena pur#ena comes as a Sub-sutra to (i!hilam hich gi#es the meaning >-ne less
than the pre#ious> or >-ne less than the one be1ore>.
1G %he use o1 this sutra in case o1 multiplication by 2;22;222.. is as 1ollos .
Method :
aG %he le1t hand side digit FdigitsG is F areG obtained by applying the e!anyunena pur#ena i.e. by deduction
1 1rom the le1t side digit FdigitsG .
e.g. F i G < " 2Q < X 1 O 6 F ..C.S. digit G
bG %he right hand side digit is the complement or di11erence beteen the multiplier and the le1t hand side
digit FdigitsG . i.e. < P 2 &.C.S is 2 - 6 O 5.
cG %he to numbers gi#e the anserQ i.e. < P 2 O 65.
'"ample 1: = " 2 Step F a G gi#es = X 1 O < F ..C.S. ?igit G
Step F b G gi#es 2 X < O 0 F &.C.S. ?igit G
Step F c G gi#es the anser <0
'"ample 0: 18 " 22 Step F a G : 18 X 1 O 16
Step F b G : 22 X 16 O =8 F or 133 X 18 G
Step F c G : 18 " 22 O 16=8
'"ample 5: 06 " 22
Anser :

'"ample 6: 586 " 222
Anser :

'"ample 8: =<= " 2222
Anser :

(ote the process : %he multiplicand has to be reduced by 1 to obtain the .CS and the rightside is
mechanically obtained by the subtraction o1 the ..C.S 1rom the multiplier hich is practically a direct
application o1 (i!hilam Sutra.
(o by (i!hilam
06 X 1 O 05 ..C.S.
" 22 X 05 O <6 &.C.S. F133X06G
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
05 / <6 O 05<6
&econsider the '"ample 6:
586 X 1 O 588 ..C.S.
" 222 X 588 O 666 &.C.S.
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
588 / 666 O 588666
and in '"ample 8: =<= " 2222 e rite
3=<= X 1 O =<< ..C.S.
" 2222 X =<< O 2100 &.C.S.
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
=<< / 2100 O =<<2100
Algebraic proo1 :
As any to digit number is o1 the 1orm F 13" N y G; e proceed
F 13" N y G " 22
O F 13" N y G " F 133 X 1 G
O 13" . 13
0
X 13" N 13
0
.y X y
O " . 13
5
N y . 13
0
X F 13" N y G
O " . 13
5
N F y X 1 G . 13
0
N U 13
0
X F 13" N y GV
%hus the anser is a 1our digit number hose 1333
th
place is "; 133
th
place is F y - 1 G and the to digit
number hich ma!es up the 13
th
and unit place is the number obtained by subtracting the multiplicand
1rom 133.For apply ni!hilamG.
%hus in 5< P 22. %he 1333
th
place is " i.e. 5
133
th
place is F y - 1 G i.e. F< - 1 G O 6
(umber in the last to places 133-5<O65.
Cence anser is 5665.
Apply '!anyunena pur#ena to 1ind out the products
1. 66 " 22 0. <05 " 222 5. 5081 " 2222
6. 65 " 222 8. 086 " 2222 6. 1=8< " 22222
9e ha#e dealt the cases
iG 9hen the multiplicand and multiplier both ha#e the same number o1 digits
iiG 9hen the multiplier has more number o1 digits than the multiplicand.
)n both the cases the same rule applies. +ut hat happens hen the multiplier has lesser digits]
i.e. 1or problems li!e 60 P 2; 106 P 2; 06508 P 22 etc.;
For this let us ha#e a re-loo! in to the process 1or proper understanding.
Multiplication table o1 2.
a b
0 " 2 O 1 =
5 " 2 O 0 <
6 " 2 O 5 6
- - - - - - - - - -
= " 2 O < 0
2 " 2 O = 1
13 " 2 O 2 3
-bser#e the le1t hand side o1 the anser is alays one less than the multiplicand Fhere multiplier is 2G as
read 1rom ,olumn FaG and the right hand side o1 the anser is the complement o1 the le1t hand side digit
1rom 2 as read 1rom ,olumn FbG
Multiplication table hen both multiplicand and multiplier are o1 0 digits.
a b
11 " 22 O 13 =2 O F11X1G / 22 X F11X1G O 13=2
10 " 22 O 11 == O F10X1G / 22 X F10X1G O 11==
15 " 22 O 10 =< O F15X1G / 22 X F15X1G O 10=<
-------------------------------------------------
1= " 22 O 1< =0 ----------------------------
12 " 22 O 1= =1
03 " 22 O 12 =3 O F03X1G / 22 X F03X1G O 12=3
%he rule mentioned in the case o1 abo#e table also holds good here
Further e can state that the rule applies to all cases; here the multiplicand and the multiplier ha#e the
same number o1 digits.
,onsider the 1olloing %ables.
FiG
a b
11 " 2 O 2 2
10 " 2 O 13 =
15 " 2 O 11 <
----------------------
1= " 2 O 16 0
12 " 2 O 1< 1
03 " 2 O 1= 3
FiiG
01 " 2 O 1= 2
00 " 2 O 12 =
05 " 2 O 03 <
-----------------------
0= " 2 O 08 0
02 " 2 O 06 1
53 " 2 O 0< 3
FiiiG
58 " 2 O 51 8
66 " 2 O 61 6
85 " 2 O 6< <
6< " 2 O 63 5
-------------------------so on.
From the abo#e tables the 1olloing points can be obser#ed:
1G %able FiG has the multiplicands ith 1 as 1irst digit e"cept the last one. Cere ..C.S o1 products are
uni1ormly 0 less than the multiplicands. So also ith 03 " 2
0G %able FiiG has the same pattern. Cere ..C.S o1 products are uni1ormly 5 less than the multiplicands.
5G %able FiiiG is o1 mi"ed e"ample and yet the same result i.e. i1 5 is 1irst digit o1 the multiplicand then ..C.S
o1 product is 6 less than the multiplicandQ i1 6 is 1irst digit o1 the multiplicand then; ..C.S o1 the product is 8
less than the multiplicand and so on.
6G %he right hand side o1 the product in all the tables and cases is obtained by subtracting the &.C.S. part
o1 the multiplicand by (i!hilam.
7eeping these points in #ie e sol#e the problems:
'"ample1 : 60 P 2
iG ?i#ide the multiplicand F60G o1 by a Vertical line or by the Sign : into a right hand portion consisting o1 as
many digits as the multiplier.
i.e. 60 has to be ritten as 6/0 or 6:0
iiG Subtract 1rom the multiplicand one more than the hole e"cess portion on the le1t. i.e. le1t portion o1
multiplicand is 6.
one more than it 6 N 1 O 8.
9e ha#e to subtract this 1rom multiplicand
i.e. rite it as
6 : 0
:-8
---------------
5 : <
%his gi#es the ..C.S part o1 the product.
%his step can be interpreted as "ta!e the e!anyunena and sub tract 1rom the pre#ious" i.e. the e"cess
portion on the le1t.
iiiG Subtract the &.C.S. part o1 the multiplicand by ni!hilam process.
i.e. &.C.S o1 multiplicand is 0
its ni!hilam is =
)t gi#es the &.C.S o1 the product
i.e. anser is 5 : < : = O 5<=.
%hus 60 P 2 can be represented as
6 : 0
:-8 : =
------------------
5 : < : = O 5<=.
'"ample 0 : 106 P 2
Cere Multiplier has one digit only .
9e rite 10 : 6
(o step FiiG; 10 N 1 O 15
i.e. 10 : 6
-1 : 5
------------
Step F iii G &.C.S. o1 multiplicand is 6. )ts (i!hilam is 6
106 " 2 is 10 : 6
-1 : 5 : 6
-----------------
11 : 1 : 6 O 1116
%he process can also be represented as
106 " 2 O U 106 X F 10 N 1 G V : F 13 X 6 G O F 106 X 15 G : 6 O 1116
'"ample 5: 18652 " 22
Since the multiplier has 0 digits; the anser is
U18652 X F186 N 1GV : F133 X 52G O F18652 X 18<G : 61 O 186=061
Find the products in the 1olloing cases.
1. 8= " 2 0. 60 " 2 5. 60< " 22
6. =50 " 2 8. 06=01 " 222 6. 111311 " 22
'!anyunena Sutra is also use1ul in &ecurring ?ecimals. 9e can ta!e up this under a separate treatment.
%hus e ha#e a glimpse o1 ma4ority o1 the Sutras. At some places some Sutras are mentioned as Sub-
Sutras. Any ho e no proceed into the use o1 Sub-Sutras. As already mentioned the boo! on Vedic
Mathematics enlisted 15 $pa-Sutras.
+ut some approaches in the Vedic Mathematics boo! prompted some serious research or!ers in this
1ield to mention some other $pa-Sutras. 9e can obser#e those approaches and de#elopments also.
%'&MS A(? -@'&A%)-(S
aG '!adhi!a means Lone moreM
e.g: '!adhi!a o1 3 is 1
'!adhi!a o1 1 is 0
-----------------
'!adhi!a o1 = is 2
-------------------
'!adhi!a o1 05 is 06
---------------------
'!adhi!a o1 566 is 568------
bG '!anyuna means Lone lessM
e.g: '!anyuna o1 1 0 5 ..... = ..... 16 .....62 ......
is 3 1 0 ..... < ......15 .... 6= ......
cG @ura! means L complementM
e.g: pura! o1 1 0 5 ..... =.; 2 1rom 13
is 2 = < ..... 0 1
dG &e!han! means La digit ith a bar on its topM. )n other ords it is a negati#e number.
W
e.g: A bar on < is <. )t is called re!han! < or bar <. 9e treat pura! as a &e!han!.
W W
e.g: < is 5 and 5 is <
At some instances e rite negati#e numbers also ith a bar on the top o1 the numbers as
W
-6 can be shon as 6.
WW
-01 can be shon as 01.
eG Addition and subtraction using &e!han!.
Adding a bar-digit i.e. &e!han! to a digit means the digit is subtracted.
W W W
e.g: 5 N 1 O 0; 8 N 0 O 5; 6 N 6 O 3
Subtracting a bar - digit i.e. &e!han! to a digit means the digit is added.
W W W
e.g: 6 - 1 O 8; 6 - 0 O =; 5 - 5 O 6
1. Some more e"amples
e.g: 5 N 6 O <
W W W
F-0G N F-8G O 0 N 8 O < or -<
1G Multiplication and ?i#ision using re!han!.
1. @roduct o1 to positi#e digits or to negati#e digits F &e!han!s G
W W
e.g: 0 P 6 O =Q 6 P 5 O 10 i.e. alays positi#e
0. @roduct o1 one positi#e digit and one &e!han!
W W W WW
e.g: 5 " 0 O 6 or -6Q 8 P 5 O 18 or -18 i.e. alays &e!han! or negati#e.
5. ?i#ision o1 one positi#e by another or di#ision o1 one &e!han! by another &e!han!.
W W
e.g: = [ 0 O 6; 6 [ 5 O 0 i.e. alays positi#e
6. ?i#ision o1 a positi#e by a &e!han! or #ice #ersa.
WW W W W
e.g: 13 [ 8 O 0; 6 [ 0 O 5 i.e. alays negati#e or &e!han!.
gG +ee4an!: %he Sum o1 the digits o1 a number is called +ee4an!. )1 the addition is a to digit number;
%hen these to digits are also to be added up to get a single digit.
e.g: +ee4an! o1 0< is 0 N < O 2.
+ee4an! o1 56= is 5 N 6 N = O 18
Further 1 N 8 O 6. i.e. 6 is +ee4an!.
+ee4an! o1 186< 1 N 8 N 6 N < 12 1 N 2 1
i.e. +ee4an! o1 186< is 1.
iiG 'asy ay o1 1inding +ee4an!:
+ee4an! is una11ected i1 2 is added to or subtracted 1rom the number. %his nature o1 2 helps in 1inding
+ee4an! #ery Auic!ly; by cancelling 2 or the digits adding to 2 1rom the number.
eg 1: Find the +ee4an! o1 6501<6.
As abo#e e ha#e to 1ollo
6501<6 6 N 5 N 0 N 1 N < N 6 05 0 N 5 8
+ut a Auic! loo! gi#es 6 R 5 Q 0 R < are to be ignored because 6N5O2;0N<O2. Cence remaining 1 N 6
8 is the bee4an! o1 6501<6.
eg 0:
+ee4an! o1 1086=6< 1N0N8N6N=N6N< 55 5N5 6.
+ut e can cancel 1R =; 0R <; 8 R 6 because in each case the sum is 2. Cence remaining 6 is the
+ee4an!.
hG ,hec! by +ee4an! method:
%he Vedic sutra - *unita Samuccayah gi#es Lthe hole product is sameM. 9e apply this sutra in this
conte"t as 1ollos. )t means that the operations carried out ith the numbers ha#e same e11ect hen the
same operations are carried out ith their +ee4an!s.
-bser#e the 1olloing e"amples.
iG 60 N 52
+ee4an!s o1 60 and 52 are respecti#ely 6 N 0 O 6 and 5 N 2 O 10 and 1N0O5
(o 6 N 5 O 2 is the +ee4an! o1 the sum o1 the to numbers
Further 60 N 52 O =1. )ts +ee4an! is =N 1 O 2.
e ha#e chec!ed the correctness.
iiG 66 N 108.
66 6 N 6 13 1 N 3 1
108 1 N 0 N 8 =
Sum o1 these +ee4an!s = N 1 O 2
(ote that
66 N 108 O 1=2 1 N = N 2 1= 1 N = 2
e ha#e chec!ed the correctness.
iiiG 156 - 62
156 1 N 5 N 6 =
62 6N2 15 1 N 5 6
?i11erence o1 +ee4an!s = -6 6; note that 156 X 62 O =8
+ee4an!s o1 =8 is = N 8 =8 = N 8 15 1 N 5 6 #eri1ied.
i#G 5<6 - 0=6
5<6 < F 6 N 5 2G
0=6 0 N = N 6 16 1 N 6 8
?i11erence o1 +ee4an!s O < X 8 O 0
5<6 X 0=6 O 20
+ee4an! o1 20 2 N 0 11 1 N 1 0
Cence #eri1ied.
#G 06 P 16 O 5=6
Multiplication o1 +ee4an!s o1
06 and 16 is 6 P < O 60 6 N 0 6
+ee4an! o1 5=6 5 N = N 6 18 1 N 8 6
Cence #eri1ied.
#iG 05< P 1= O 6066
+ee4an! o1 05< 0 N 5 N < 10 1 N 0 5
+ee4an! o1 1= 1 N = 2
@roduct o1 the +ee4an!s O 5 P 2 0< 0 N < 2
+ee4an! o1 6066 6 N 0 N 6 N 6 1= 1 N = 2
Cence #eri1ied.
#iiG 06
0
O 8<6
+ee4an! o1 06 0 N 6 6
sAuare o1 it 6
0
56 2
+ee4an! o1 result O 8<6 8 N < N 6 1= 1 N = 2
Cence #eri1ied.
#iiiG 586
0
O 106<56
+ee4an! o1 586 5 N 8 N 6 8
SAuare o1 it O 8
0
O 08 0 N 8 <
+ee4an! o1 result 106<56 1 N 0 N 6 N < N 5 N 6 1 N 6 <
F < N 0 O 2Q 6 N 5 O 2G hence #eri1ied.
i"G +ee4an! in ?i#ision:
.et @; ?; ^ and & be respecti#ely the di#idend; the di#isor; the Auotient and the remainder.
Further the relationship beteen them is @ O F ^ P ? G N &
eg 1: 1=< [ 8
e !no that 1=< O F 5< P 8 G N 0 no the +ee4an! chec!.
9e !no that 1=< O F5< P 8G N0 no the +ee4an! chec!.
1=< 1 N = N < <F 1 N = O 2G
F5< P 8G N 0 +ee4an! UF5 N <G P 8V N 0
8 N 0 <
Cence #eri1ied.
eg 0: <2=6 [ 165
<=26 O F165 P 88G N 101
+ee4an! o1 <2=6 < N 2 N = N 6 01
F 2 is omittedG 0 N 1 5
+ee4an! o1 165 P 88 F1 N 6 N 5G F8 N 8G
= P 13 =3 F= N 3G =
+ee4an! o1 F165 P 88G N 101 = N F1 N 0 N 1G
= N 6 10 1 N 0 5
hence #eri1ied.
,hec! the 1olloing results by +ee4an! method
1. 6< N 56 N =0 O 1=5 0. 65=1 - 5016 O 1168
5. 65
0
O 5262 6. F1056G
0
O 1800<86
8. F=6P1<G N 56 O 1626 6. 0886 [ 10< gi#es ^ O03; & O 16
iG Vinculum : %he numbers hich by presentation contains both positi#e and negati#e digits are called
#inculum numbers.
iiG ,on#ersion o1 general numbers into #inculum numbers.
9e obtain them by con#erting the digits hich are 8 and abo#e 8 or less than 8 ithout changing the
#alue o1 that number.
,onsider a number say =. F(ote it is greater than 8G. $se it complement Fpura! - re!han!G 1rom 13. )t is 0
in this case and add 1 to the le1t Fi.e. tens placeG o1 =.
W
%hus = O 3= O 10.
%he number 1 contains both positi#e and negati#e digits
W W
i.e. 1 and 0 . Cere 0 is in unit place hence it is -0 and #alue o1 1 at tens place is 13.
W
%hus 10 O 13 - 0 O =
,on#eniently e can thin! and rite in the 1olloing ay
*eneral (umber ,on#ersion Vinculum number
W
6 13 - 6 16
W
2< 133 - 5 135
WW
0=2 533 - 11 511 etc.;;
%he sutras L(i!hilam (a#atascharamam ?asatahM and L'!adhi!ena pur#enaM are use1ul 1or con#ersion.
eg 1: 0=2; 'dadhi!a o1 0 is 5
W
(i!hilam 1rom 2 : = - 2 O -1 or 1
W
,harmam 1rom 13 :2 -13 O -1 or 1
WW
i.e. 0=2 in #inculum 1orm 511
eg 0: 6<<6=
L'!adhi!aM o1 6 is 8
WWW
L(i!hilamM 1rom 2 Fo1 <<6G 005
W
L,harmam 1rom 13 Fo1 =G 0
WWWW
Vinculum o1 6<16= is 8 0050
eg 5: 110<6.
Cere digits 11 are smaller. 9e need not con#ert. (o apply 1or 0<6 the to sutras '!adhi!a o1 0 is 5
WW
L(i!hilam (a#ataM 1or <6 is 06
WW
110<6 O 11506
WW
i.e. 11506 O 11533 - 06 O 110<6.
%he con#ersion can also be done by the sutra san!alana #ya#a!alanabhyam as 1ollos.
eg 6: 518.
san!alanam FadditionG O 518N518 O 653.
W
Vy#a!alanam FsubtractionG O 653 - 518 O 508
9or!ing steps : W
3 - 8 O 8
5 - 1 O 0
6 - 5 O 5
.etMs apply this sutra in the already ta!en e"ample 6<<6=.
Sam!alanam O 6<<6= N 6<<6= O 28856
Vya#a!alanam O 28856 - 6<<6=.

,onsider the con#ertion by san!alana#ya#a!alanabhyam and chec! it by '!adhi!a and (i!hilam.
eg 8: 1065<
1. San!alana ....... gi#es; 1065< N 1065< O 080<6
W W
080<6 X 1065< O F0 X 1G / F8 X 0G / F0 X 6G / F< X 5G / F6 X <G O 15665
0. '!adhi!a and (i!hilam gi#es the 1olloing.
As in the number 1 0 6 5 <; the smaller and bigger digits Fi.e. less than 8 andQ 8; greater than 8G are mi"ed
up; e split up in to groups and con#ersion is made up as gi#en belo.
Split 1 0 6 and 5 <
W W
(o the sutra gi#es 1 0 6 as 156 and 5< as 65
W W
%hus 1065< O 15665
W
(o 1or the number 518 e ha#e already obtained #inculum as 508 by "san!alana ... " (o by
L'!adhi!a and (i!hilam ...M e also get the same anser.
518 Since digits o1 51 are less than 8;
9e apply the sutras on 18 only as
'!adhi!a o1 1 is 0 and ,harman o1 8 is 8 .
,onsider another number hich comes under the split process.
eg 6: 061<5
As both bigger and smaller numbers are mi"ed up e split the number 061<5 as 06 and 1<5 and rite
their #inculums by '!adhi!a and (i!hilam sutras as
W WW
06 O 56 and 1<5 O 00<
W WW
%hus 061<5 O 5600<
,on#ert the 1olloing numbers into #iniculum number by
i. '!adhi!a and (i!hilam sutras ii. San!alana #ya#a!alana sutra. -bser#e hether in any case they
gi#e the same anser or not.
1. 66 0. 0=2 5. <21
6. 0=<2 8. 121=0 6. =056<0
<. 105686<22 =. 685=6<5=
iiG ,on#ersion o1 #inculum number into general numbers.
%he process o1 con#ersion is e"actly re#erse to the already done. &e!han!s are con#erted by (i!hilam
here as other digits by L'!anyunenaM sutra. thus:
W
iG 10 O F1 X 1G / F13 X 0G '!anyunena 1 X 1
W
O 3= O = (i!hilam. 0 O 13 X 0
WW
iiG 506 O F5 X 1G / F2 X 0G / F13 X 6G
O 0<6
W W
iiiG 5566 O F5 X 1G / F13 X 5G / F6 X 1G / F13 X 6G
O 0<56 Fnote the splitG
WW WW
i#G 03563101 O 0/F3X1G/F2X5G/F13X6G/F3X1G/F2X1G/F13X0G/1
W W
O 01661==1
W W
O 01 / 6 / 61 / ==1. once again split
O F0 X 1G / F13 X1G / 6 / F6 X1G / F13 X1G / ==1
O 12682==1
WWW
#G 535010 O 5 / 3501 / 0
O 5 / F3-1G / F2-5G / F2-0G / F13-1G / 0
W
5 / 1 / 6<20
F5 X1G / F13 X1G / 6<20
O 026<20.
iiiG Single to many con#ersions.
)t is interesting to obser#e that the con#ersions can be shon in many ays.
eg 1: =6 can be e"pressed in 1olloing many ays
WW
=6 O 23 - 6 O26
WW
O 133 X 16 O 116
WWW
O 1333 X 216 O 1216
W WW WWW WWWW
%hus =6 O 26 O 116 O 1216 O 12216 O ````.
eg 0 :
W W
3< O -13 N5 O 15
WW W
56 O -133 N 66 O 166
WWW W
2<= O -1333 N 00 O 1300. etc.;
_ ,on#ert by Vedic process the 1olloing numbers into #inculum numbers.
1G 0<6 0G 6=2= 5G 63<08 6G =<6102.
_ ,on#ert the 1olloing #inculum numbers into general 1orm o1 numbers F normali:ed 1ormG
1G 0=5 0G 5612 5G 0<016
6G 566<1= 8G 63521=<6
Fi#G Vedic chec! 1or con#ersion:
%he #edic sutra "*unita Samuctayah" can be applied 1or #eri1ication o1 the con#ersion by +ee4an!
method.
,onsider a number and 1ind its +ee4an!. Find the #inculum number by the con#ersion and 1ind its
+ee4an!. )1 both are same the con#ersion is correct.
eg.
W
126 O 016 . (o +ee4an! o1 126 1 N 6 <
+ee4an! o1 016 0 N F -1 G N 6 <. %hus #eri1ied.
+ut there are instances at hich; i1 bee4an! o1 #inculum number is re!han! i.e. negati#e. %hen it is to be
con#erted to N#e number by adding 2 to &e!han! F already e ha#e practisedG and hence 2 is ta!en as
:ero; or #ice #ersa in 1inding +ee4an!.
eg:
WW
015 O 033 - 15 O 1=<
W
(o +ee4an! o1 015 O 0 N F -1 G N F-5 G O -0
+ee4an! o1 1=< O 1 N = N < O 16 1 N 6 O <
%he #ariation in ansers can be easily understood as
W W
0 O 0 N 2 - 0 N 2 O < Cence #eri1ied.
$se Vedic chec! method o1 the #eri1ication o1 the 1olloing result.
W W W
1. 06 O 56 0. 0<56 O 5566.
WW W W
5. 506 O 0<6 6. 05015 O 1<1=< p/+p pq
Addition and subtraction using #inculum numbers.
eg 1: Add < and 6 i.e.; <N6.
iG ,hange the numbers as #inculum numbers as per rules already discussed.
W W
r < O 15 and 6 O 16 s
iiG ,arry out the addition column by column in the normal process; mo#ing 1rom top to bottom or #ice
#ersa.

iiiG add the digits o1 the ne"t higher le#el i.e.;; 1 N 1 O 0
W
15
W
16
WWWW
W
0<
i#G the obtained anser is to be normali:ed as per rules already e"plained. rules already e"plained.
W
i.e.; 0< O F0 - 1G F13- <G O 15 %hus e get < N 6 O 15.
eg 0 : Add 2<5 and =66.
W W
2<5 O 1 3 5 5 1 3 5 5
W W W W W W
=66 O 1 1 5 6 1 1 5 6
WWWWWW
W W W
0 1 6 1
WWW
+ut 0161 O 0333 - 161 O 1=52.
%hus 2<5N=66 by #inculum method gi#es 1=52 hich is correct.
-bser#e that in this representation the need to carry o#er 1rom the pre#ious digit to the ne"t higher le#el is
almost not reAuired.
eg 5 : Subtract 1=0= 1rom 606<.
i.e.;; 606<
-1=0=
WWWWWW
WWWW
Step FiG : rite X1=0= in +ar 1orm i.e.;; 1=0=
WWWW
FiiG : (o e can add 606< and 1=0= i.e.;;
606<
WWWW
N1=0=
WWWWWWW
W W
5601
W W W W W W
since < N = O 1; 6 N 0 O 0; 0 N = O 6; 6 N 1 O 5
W W
FiiiG ,hanging the anser 5601 into normal 1orm using (i!hilam; e get
W W W W
5601 O 56 / 01 split
O F5 X1G / F13 X 6G / F0 X 1G / F13 X 1G O 0612
606< X 1=0= O 0612
Find the 1olloing results using Vedic methods and chec! them
1G 0=6 N 08< 0G 8006 N 610<
5G 8=0 - 666 6G 5=36 - 0610
A??)%)-( A(? S$+%&A,%)-(
A??)%)-(:
)n the con#ention process e per1orm the process as 1ollos.
056 N 635 N 866 N <01
rite as 056
635
866
<01
Step FiG: 6 N 5 N 6 N 1 O 10 0 retained and 1 is carried o#er to le1t.
Step FiiG: 5 N 3 N 6 N 0 O 11 the carried L1M is added
i.e.; (o 0 retained as digit in the second place F1rom right to le1tG o1 the anser and 1 is carried o#er to
le1t.
step FiiiG: 0 N 6 N 8 N < O 1= carried o#er L1M is added
i.e.; 1= N 1 O 12. As the addition process ends; the same 12 is retained in the le1t had most part o1 the
anser.
thus 056
635
866
N<01
WWWWW
1200 is the anser
e 1ollo sudhi!aran process &ecall LsudhaM i.e.; dot F.G is ta!en as an upa-sutra F(o: 18G
consider the same e"ample

iG ,arry out the addition column by column in the usual 1ashion; mo#ing 1rom bottom to top.
FaG 1 N 6 O 8; 8 N 5 O =; = N 6 O 10 %he 1inal result is more than 2. %he tenth place L1M is dropped once
number in the unit place i.e.; 0 retained. 9e say at this stage sudha and a dot is abo#e the top 6. %hus
column F1G o1 addition Fright to le1tG
.
6
5
6
1
WW
0
bG +e1ore coming to column F0G addition; the number o1 dots are to be counted; %his shall be added to the
bottom number o1 column F0G and e proceed as abo#e.
%hus second column becomes
.
5 dotO1; 1 N 0 O 5
3 5 N 6 O 2
6 2 N 3 O 2
0 2 N 5 O 10
WW
0
0 retained and L.M is placed on top number 5
cG proceed as abo#e 1or column F5G
0 iG dot O 1 iiG 1 N < O =
6 iiiG = N 8 O 15 i#G Sudha is said.
.
8 A dot is placed on 8 and proceed
< ith retained unit place 5.
WW
2 #G 5N6O<;<N0O2 &etain 2 in 5
rd
digit i.e.;in 133
th
place.
dG (o the number o1 dots is counted. Cere it is 1 only and the number is carried out le1t side ie. 1333
th

place
..
%hus 056
635
.
866
N<01
WWWWW
1200 is the anser.
%hough it appears to 1ollo the con#entional procedure; a care1ul obser#ation and practice gi#es its
special use.
eg F1G:
.
65<
. .
606
.
8=6
N160
WWWWWW
1=32
Steps 1:
iG 0 N 6 O =; = N 6 O 10 so a dot on 6 and 0 N < O 2 the anser retained under column FiG
iiG -ne dot 1rom column FiG treated as 1; is carried o#er to column FiiG;
thus 1 N 6 O <; < N = O 18 A> dotMQ is placed on = 1or the 1 in 18 and the 8 in 18 is added to 0 abo#e.
8 N 0 O <; < N 5 O 13 i.e. 3 is ritten under column FiiG and a dot 1or the carried o#er 1 o1 13 is placed on
the top o1 5.
FiiiG %he number o1 dots counted in column FiiiG are 0.
Cence the number 0 is carried o#er to column FiiG (o in column FiiiG
0 N 1 O 5; 5 N 8 O =; = N 6 O 16 A dot 1or 1 on the number 6 and 6 is retained to be added 6 abo#e to gi#e
=. %hus = is placed under column FiiiG.
i#G Finally the number o1 dots in column FiiiG are counted. )t is L1M only. So it carried o#er to 1333th place.
As there is no 1ourth column 1 is the anser 1or 6th column. %hus the anser is 1=32.
'"ample 5:

,hec! the result #eri1y these steps ith the procedure mentioned abo#e.
%he process o1 addition can also be done in the don-ard direction i.e.; addition o1 numbers column
ise 1rom top to bottom
'"ample 1:

Step 1: 6 N 6 O 13; 1 dot Q 3 N = O =Q = N 6 O 10Q
1 dot and 0 anser under 1irst column - total 0 dots.
Step 0: 0N0 F 0 dotsG O 6Q 6N2 O 15: 1 dot and 5N3 O 5Q 5N= O 11Q
1 dot and 1 anser under second column - total 0 dots.
Step 5: 5N0 F 0 dots G O 8Q 8N6 O 11:1 dot and 1N< O =Q =N< O 18Q
1 dot and 8 under third column as anser - total 0 dots.
Step 6: 6 N 0 F 0 dots G O 6Q 6 N 8 O11:
1 dot and 1N5 O 6Q 6N0 O 6. - total 1 dot in the 1ourth 6 column as anser.
Step 8: 1 dot in the 1ourth column carried o#er to 8th column F(o digits in itG as 1
%hus anser is 1rom Step8 to Step1Q 16810
'"ample 0:

Steps
FiG: = N 2 O 1<Q < N 6 O 11Q 1 N 1 O F0G F0dotsG
FiiG: < N 0 O 2Q 2 N 1 O 13Q 3 N = O =; = N 2 O 1<; F<G F0dotsG
FiiiG: 0 N 0 O 6Q 6 N 6 O 13Q 3 N 3 O 3Q 3 N < O F<G F1 dotG
Fi#G: 5 N 1 O 6Q 6 N 6 O =Q = N 5 O 11Q 1 N 1 O F0G F1 dotG
F#G: 1
%hus anser is 10<<0.
Add the 1olloing numbers use LSudhi!aranM heree#er applicable.
1. 0. 5.
6=6 8650 26=<65
528 5621 6<6832
<01 6=3= N8=65<6
N632 N6<=< ZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZ ZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZ
ZZZZZ ZZZZZZ
,hec! up hether LSudh!aranM is done correctly. )1 not rite the correct process. )n either case 1ind the
sums.

S$+%&A,%)-(:
%he LSudhaM Sutra is applicable here the larger digit is to be subtracted 1rom the smaller digit. .et us go
to the process through the e"amples.
@rocedure:
iG )1 the digit to be subtracted is larger; a dot F sudha G is gi#en to its le1t.
iiG %he pura! o1 this loer digit is added to the upper digit or pura!-re!han! o1 this loer digit is
subtracted.
'"ample FiG: 56 - 1=
56
.
-1=
WWWWW
.
Steps: FiG: Since =q6; a dot is put on its le1t i.e. 1
FiiG @ura! o1 = i.e. 0 is added to the upper digit i.e. 6
W
0 N 6 O 6. or @ura!-re!han! o1 = i.e. 0 is
W
Subtracted 1rom i.e. 6 - 0 O6.
(o at the tens place a dot Fmeans1G ma!es the L1M in the number into 1N1O0.%his has to be subtracted
1rom abo#e digit. i.e. 5 - 0 O 1. %hus
56
.
-1=
WWWWW
16
'"ample 0:
65
.
-5<
WWWWW
.
Steps: FiG <q5. Cence a dot on le1t o1 < i.e.; 5
FiiG @ura! o1 < i.e. 5 is added to upper digit 5 i.e. 5N5 O 6.
%his is unit place o1 the anser.
%hus anser is 06.
'"ample F5G :
50<6
..
-1=20
WWWWWWW
Steps:
FiG 0 p 6. (o sudha . 6-0 O 0 1irst digit F1orm right to le1tG
.
FiiG 2 q < sudha reAuired. Cence a dot on le1t o1 2 i.e. =
FiiiG pura! o1 2 i.e. 1; added to upper < gi#es 1 N < O = second digit
.
Fi#G (o means = N 1 O 2.
.
F#G As 2 q 0; once again the same process: dot on le1t o1 i.e.; 1
F#iG pura! o1 2 i.e. 1; added to upper 0 gi#es 1 N 0 O 5; the third digit.
.
F#iiG (o 1 means 1N1 O 0
F#iiiG As 0 p 5; e ha#e 5-0 O 1; the 1ourth digit
%hus anser is 15=0
Vedic ,hec! :
'g FiG in addition : 65< N 606 N 8=6 N 160 O 1=32.
+y bee4an! method; the +ee4an!s are
65< 6 N 5 N < 16 1 N 6 8
606 6 N 0 N 6 10 1 N 0 5
8=6 8 N = N 6 12 1 N 2 13 1 N 3 1
160 1 N 6 N 0 2
(o
65< N 606 N 8=6 N 160 8 N 5 N 1 N 2 1= 1 N = 2
+ee4an! o1 1=32 1 N = N 3 N 2 1= 1 N = 2 #eri1ied
'g.F5G in subtraction :
50<6 X 1=20 O 15=0
no bee4an!s
50<6 5 N 0 N < N 6 5 N 6 <
1=20 1 N = N 2 N 0 0
5020-1=20 <-0 8
15=0 1 N 5 N = N 0 8 Cence #eri1ied.
Mi"ed addition and subtraction using &e!han!s:
'"ample 1 : 605 - 686 N =6< - 106 N 036.
)n the con#entional method e 1irst add all the N#e terms
605 N =6< N 036 O 16<6
(e"t e add all negati#e terms
- 686 - 106 O -<=3
At the end their di11erence is ta!en
16<6 - <=3 O 626
%hus in 5 steps e complete the problem
+ut in Vedic method using &e!han! e rite and directly 1ind the anser.
6 0 5
W W W
6 8 6
= 6 <
W W W
1 0 6
0 3 6
WWWWW
W
< 1 6 %his gi#es F< -1G / F13 - 1G / 6 O 626.
'"ample F0G:
65<1 X 066< N =326 X <5=1 N 1056
WWWW WWWW
O 65<1 N 066< N =326 N <5=1 N 1056
W W W W W W W W
O F6N0N=N<N1G/F5N6N3N5N0G/F<N6N2N=N5G/F1N<N6N1N6G
W
O 6 / 6 / < / 5
O F6 X 1G / F13 X 6G / <5
O 86<5
_ Find the results in the 1olloing cases using Vedic methods.
1G 8< -52 5G 5=6 -10< N 626 -862 N183
0G 10=6 -26= 6G <3=6 N1050 - 623< - 5=80 N 60=6
_ Apply Vedic chec! 1or the abo#e 1our problems and #eri1y the results.
M$.%)@.),A%)-(
9e ha#e already obser#ed the application o1 Vedic sutras in multiplication. .et us recall them.
)t enables us to ha#e a comparati#e study o1 the applicability o1 these methods; to assess ad#antage o1
one method o#er the other method and so-on.
'"ample FiG : Find the sAuare o1 128.
%he ,on#entional method :
128
0
O 128
" 128
WWWWWW
2<8
1<88
128
WWWWWWW
5=308
ZZZZZZZ
FiiG +y '!adhi!ena pur#ena; since the number ends up in 8 e rite the anser split up into to parts.
%he right side part is 8
0
here as the le1t side part 12 P F12N1G F'!hadhi!enaG
%hus 128
0
O 12 P 03/8
0
O 5=3/08 O 5=308
FiiiG +y (i!hilam (a#atascaramam ?asatahQ as the number is 1ar 1rom base 133; e combine the sutra
ith the upa-sutra LanurupyenaM and proceed by ta!ing or!ing base 033.
aG 9or!ing +ase O 033 O 0 P 133.
(o 128
0
O 128 P 128

i#G +y the sutras "ya#adunam ta#aduni!ritya #argamca yo4ayet" and "anurupyena"
128
0
; base 033 treated as 0 P 133 de1icit is 8.

#G +y Lantyayor dasa!epiM and L'!adhi!enaM sutras
Since in 128 " 128; 8 N 8 O 13 gi#es
128
0
O 12 " 03 / 8 " 8 O 5=3 / 08 O 5=308.
#iG (o "urdh#a-tiryagbhyam" gi#es

+y the carryo#ers the anser is 5=308
'"ample 0 : 2= P 20
iG L(i!hilamM sutra
2= -0
" 20 -=
WWWWWWWWWWWWWW
23 / 16 O 2316
iiG LAntyayordasa!epiM and L'!adhi!enaM sutras.
2= P 20 .ast digit sumO =N0 O13 remaining digit FsG O 2 same sutras or!.
2= P 20 O 2 P F 2 N 1 G / =P0 O 23/16 O 2316.
iiiG urdha#a-tirya! sutra
2=
" 20
WWWWWWW
136
=21
WWWWWWW
2316
#iG by #inculum method
W
2= O 133 X 0 O 130
W
20 O 133 X = O 13=
no W
130
W
13=
WWWWWW
W
13336
W
1 1
WWWWWWW
WW
11316 O 2316
'"ample 5: 625 P 62<.
1G L(i!hilamM Method and LAnurupyenaM:
aG 9or!ing base is 833; treated as 8 P 133

bG 9or!ing base is 833; treated as 1333 / 0
625 -<
62< -5
WWWWWWWWW
0G 623 / 301
WWWWWWWWW
068 / 301 O 068301
0G L$rdh#a tirya!M sutra.

5G Since end digits sum is 5N< O 13 and remaining part 62 is same in both the numbers;
Lantyayordasa!epiM is applicable. Further '!adhi!ena Sutra is also applicable.
%hus
625 " 62< O 62 " 83 / 5"<
O 0683 / 01
O 068301
6G 9ith the use o1 #inculum.
W
625 O 833 X 3< O 83<
62< O 833 X 35 O 835.
W W
(o 62< " 62< can be ta!en as 83< " 835
W
83<
W
" 835
WWWWWW
W
83331
W
080
WWWWWWW
WW
088301 O 068301
'"ample 6: 22 P 22
1G (o by urdh#a - tirya! sutra.
22
P 22
WWWWWWW
=101
16=
WWWWWWW
2=31
0G +y #inculum method
W
22 O 133 - 1 O 131
(o 22 P 22 is
W
131
W
" 131
WWWWWW
W
13031 O 2=31
5G +y (i!hilam method
22 -1
22 -1
WWWWWWWWW
2= / 31 O 2=31.
6G L/adunamM sutra : 22
0
+ase O 133
?e1iciency is 1 : )t indicates 22
0
O F22 X 1G / 1
0
O 2= / 31 O 2=31.
)n the abo#e e"amples e ha#e obser#ed ho in more than one ay problems can be sol#ed and also
the #ariety. /ou can ha#e your on choice 1or doing multiplication. (ot only that hich method suits ell
1or easier and Auic!er calculations. %hus the element o1 choice; di#ergent thin!ing; insight into properties
and patterns in numbers; natural ay o1 de#eloping an idea; resource1ulness play ma4or role in Vedic
Mathematics methods.
?)V)S)-(
)n the con#entional procedure 1or di#ision; the process is o1 the 1olloing 1orm.
ûotient
WWWWWWW
?i#isor G ?i#idend or ?i#isor G ?i#idend F ûotient
---------- ----------
---------- ----------
WWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWW
&emainder &emainder
+ut in the Vedic process; the 1ormat is
?i#isor G ?i#idend
--------
--------
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
ûotient / &emainder
%he con#entional method is alays the same irrespecti#e o1 the di#isor. +ut Vedic methods are di11erent
depending on the nature o1 the di#isor.
'"ample 1: ,onsider the di#ision 1058 [ =2.
iG ,on#entional method:
=2 G 1058 F 15
=2
WWWWW
568
06< %hus ^ O 15 and & O <=.
WWWWW
<=
iiG (i!hilam method:
%his method is use1ul hen the di#isor is nearer and less than the base. Since 1or =2; the base is 133 e
can apply the method. .et us recall the ni!hilam di#ision already dealt.
Step FiG:
9rite the di#idend and di#isor as in the con#entional method. -btain the modi1ied di#isor FM.?.G
applying the (i!hilam 1ormula. 9rite M.?. 4ust belo the actual di#isor.
%hus 1or the di#isor =2; the M.?. obtained by using (i!hilam is 11 in the last 1rom 13 and the rest 1rom 2.
(o Step 1 gi#es
=2 G 1058
WW
11
Step FiiG:
+i1urcate the di#idend by by a slash so that &.C.S o1 di#idend contains the number o1 digits eAual to
that o1 M.?. Cere M.?. contains 0 digits hence
=2 G 10 / 58
WW
11
Step FiiiG: Multiply the M.?. ith 1irst column digit o1 the di#idend. Cere it is 1. i.e. 11 " 1 O 11. 9rite this
product place ise under the 0nd and 5rd columns o1 the di#idend.
=2 G 10 / 58
WW
11 1 1
Step Fi#G:
Add the digits in the 0nd column and multiply the M.?. ith that result i.e. 0N1O5 and 11"5O55. 9rite
the digits o1 this result column ise as shon belo; under 5
rd
and 6
th
columns. i.e.
=2 G 10 / 58
WW
11 1 1
55
WWWWWWW
15 / <=
(o the di#ision process is complete; gi#ing ^ O 15 and & O <=.
'"ample 0: Find ^ and & 1or 101156 [ =2==.
Steps F1N0G:
=2== G 10 / 1156
WWWW
1310
Step F5G:
=2== G 10 / 1156
WWWW
1310 1 310
StepF6G:
=2== G 10 / 1156
WWWW
1310 1 310 U 0 N 1 O 5 and 5"1310 O 5356 V
5356
(o 1inal Step
=2== G 10 / 1156
WWWW
1310 1 310
5356F,olumn ise additionG
WWWWWWWWW
15 / 6023
%hus 101156t =2== gi#es ^ O 15 and & O 6023.
iiiG @ara#artya method: &ecall that this method is suitable hen the di#isor is nearer but more than the
base.
'"ample 5: 50=26 [ 130=.
%he di#isor has 6 digits. So the last 5 digits o1 the di#idend are set apart 1or the remainder and the
procedure 1ollos.

(o the remainder contains -12; -10 i.e. negati#e Auantities. -bser#e that 50 is Auotient. %a!e 1 o#er
1rom the Auotient column i.e. 1"130= O 130= o#er to the right side and proceed thus: 50 - 1 O 51 becomes
the ^ and & O 130=N033 - 123 - 10 O130=-0 O1306.
%hus 50=2 [ 130= gi#es ^ O 51 and & O 1306.
%he same problem can be presented or thought o1 in any one o1 the 1olloing 1orms.

W
_,on#erting the di#isor 130= into #inculum number e get 130= O 1350 (o

WW
_,on#erting di#idend into #inculum number 50=26 O 55116 and proceeding e get

(o e ta!e another process o1 di#ision based on the combination o1 Vedic sutras urdh#a-tirya! and
?h#4an!a. %he ord ?h#4an!a means " on the top o1 the 1lag"
'"ample 6: 65=80 [ 86.
Step1: @ut don the 1irst digit F8G o1 the di#isor F86G in the di#isor column as operator and the other digit
F6G as 1lag digit. Separate the di#idend into to parts here the right part has one digit. %his is because
the 1alg digit is single digit. %he representation is as 1ollos.
6 : 6 5 = 8 : 0
8
Step0: iG ?i#ide 65 by the operator 8. (o Ô = and & O 5. 9rite this Ô= as the 1st ûotient - digit and
pre1i" &O5; be1ore the ne"t digit i.e. = o1 the di#idend; as shon belo. (o 5= becomes the gross-
di#idend F *.?. G 1or the ne"t step.
6 : 6 5 = 8 : 0
8 : 5
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
: =
iiG Subtract the product o1 1alg digit F6G and 1irst Auotient digit F=G 1rom the *.?. F5=G i.e. 5=-F6P=GO5=-50O6.
%his is the net - di#idend F(.?G 1or the ne"t step.
Step5: (o (.? -perator gi#es ^ and & as 1ollos. 6 [ 8; ^ O 1; & O 1. So ^ O 1; the second Auotient-
digit and & - 1; the pre1i" 1or the ne"t digit F8G o1 the di#idend.
6 : 6 5 = 8 : 0
8 : 5 1
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
: = 1
Step6: (o *.? O 18Q product o1 1lag-digit F6G and 0nd Auotient - digit F1G is 6P1O6 Cence (.?O18-6O11
di#ide (.? by 8 to get 11 [ 8; ^ O 0; &O 1. %he representation is
6 : 6 5 = 8 : 0
8 : 5 1 :1
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
: = 1 0 :
Step8: (o the &.C.S part has to be considered. %he 1inal remainder is obtained by subtracting the
product o1 1alg-digit F6Gand third Auotient digit F0G 1orm 1
0
i.e.; 10:
Final remainder O 10 - F6 P 0G O 10 - = O 6. %hus the di#ision ends into
6 : 6 5 = 8 : 0
8 : 5 1 :1
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
: = 1 0 : 6
%hus 65=80 [ 86 gi#es ^ O =10 and & O 6.
,onsider the algebraic proo1 1or the abo#e problem. %he di#isor 86 can be represented by 8"N6; here
"O13
%he di#idend 65=80 can be ritten algebraically as 65"
5
N ="
0
N 8" N 0
since "
5
O 13
5
O 1333; "
0
O 13
0
O 133.
(o the di#ision is as 1ollos.
8" N 6 G 65"
5
N ="
0
N 8" N 0 F ="
0
N " N 0
65"
5
N 50"
0
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
5"
5
X 06"
0
O 6"
0
N 8" F 5"
5
O 5 . " . "
0
8"
0
N 6" O 5 . 13"
0
O 53 "
0
G
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
"
0
N "
O 11" N 0 F "
0
O " . " O 13" G
13" N =
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
" X 6
O 13 X 6
O 6.
-bser#e the 1olloing steps:
1. 65"
5
[ 8" gi#es 1irst Auotient term ="
0
; remainder O 5"
5
- 06"
0
hich really mean 53"
0
N ="
0
- 50"
0
O 6"
0
.
%hus in step 0 o1 the problem 65=80 [ 86; e get Ô = and (.? O 6.
0. 6"
0
[ 8" gi#es second Auotient term "; remainder O "
0
N " hich really mean 13" N " O 11".
%hus in step 5 R Step 6; e get Ô1and (.? O11.
5. 11" [ 8" gi#es third Auotient term 0; remainder O " - 6 ; hich really mean the 1inal remainder 13-6O6.
'"ample 8: ?i#ide 05<265 [ 806
Step1: 9e ta!e the di#isor 806 as 8; the operator and 06; the 1lag-digit and proceed as in the abo#e
e"ample. 9e no seperate the di#idend into to parts here the &CS part contains to digits 1or
&emainder.
%hus
06 : 0 5 < 2 : 65
8
Step0:
iG 05[8 gi#es ^ O 6 and & O 5; *.? O 5<.
iiG (.? is obtained as

O 5< X F = N 3G
O 02.
&epresentation
06 : 0 5 < 2 : 65
8 5
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
: 6
Step5:
iG (.? [ -perator O 02 [ 8 gi#es ^ O 8; & O 6 and *.? O 62.
iiG (.? is obtained as

O 62 X F13 N 16G
O 62 X 06
O 05.
i.e.;
06 : 0 5 < 2 : 65
8 : 5 6 :
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
: 6 8 :
Step 6:
iG (.? [ -perator O 05 [ 8 gi#es ^ O 6; & O 5 and *.? O 565.
(ote that e ha#e reached the remainder part thus 565 is total subXremainder.
06 : 0 5 < 2 : 65
8 : 5 6 :5
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
: 6 8 6 :
Step 8: 9e 1ind the 1inal remainder as 1ollos. Subtract the cross-product o1 the to; 1alg-digits and to
last Auotient-digits and then #ertical product o1 last 1lag-digit ith last Auotient-digit 1rom the total sub-
remainder.
i.e.;;

(ote that 0; 6 are to 1alg digits: 8; 6 are to last Auotient digits:

represents the last 1lag - digit and last Auotient digit.
%hus the di#ision 05<265 [ 806 gi#es ^ O 686 and & O 6<.
%hus the Vedic process o1 di#ision hich is also called as Straight di#ision is a simple application o1
urdhva$tir%ak together ith dhva&anka. %his process has many uses along ith the one-line presentation
o1 the anser.
/<S#ELLNE?US <TE/S
)1 Straight SJuaring*
9e ha#e already noticed methods use1ul to 1ind out sAuares o1 numbers. +ut the methods are use1ul
under some situations and conditions only. (o e go to a more general 1ormula.
%he sutra ?anda-yoga F?uple" combination processG is used in to di11erent meanings. %hey are iG by
sAuaring iiG by cross-multiplying.
9e use both the meanings o1 ?anda-yoga in the conte"t o1 1inding sAuares o1 numbers as 1ollos:
9e denote the ?uple" o1 a number by the symbol ?. 9e de1ine 1or a single digit LaM; ? Oa
0
. and 1or a to
digit number o1 the 1orm LabM; ? O0F a " b G. )1 it is a 5 digit number li!e LabcM; ? O0F a " c G N b
0
.
For a 6 digit number LabcdM; ? O 0F a " d G N 0F b " c G and so on. i.e. i1 the digit is single central digit; ?
represents LsAuareM: and 1or the case o1 an e#en number o1 digits eAuidistant 1rom the to ends ?
represent the double o1 the cross- product.
,onsider the e"amples:
Number Du!le(D

5 5
0
O 2
6 6
0
O 56
05 0 F0 " 5G O 10
66 0 F6 " 6G O 6=
10= 0 F1 " =G N 0
0
O 16 N 6 O 03
538 0 F5 " 8G N 3
0
O 53 N 3 O 53
6051 0 F6 " 1G N 0 F0 " 5G O = N 10 O 03
<566 0 F< " 6G N 0 F5 " 6G O =6 N 06 O 13=
Further obser#e that 1or a n- digit number; the sAuare o1 the number contains 0n or 0n-1 digits. %hus in
this process; e ta!e e"tra dots to the le1t one less than the number o1 digits in the gi#en numbers.
E(am!les*) 60
0
Since number o1 digits O 0; e ta!e one e"tra dot to the le1t. %hus
.60 1or 0; ? O 0
0
O 6
WWWW
666 1or 60; ? O 0 " 6 " 0 O 06
50 1or 60; ? O 0F3 " 0G N 6
0
WWWWW
O 56
5=66
60
0
O 5=66.
E(am!les*0 056
0
(umber o1 digits O 5. e"tradots O0 %hus
..056 1or 6; ? O 6
0
O 16
WWWWW
60866 1or 56; ? O 0 " 5 " 6 O 06
1001 1or 056; ? O 0 " 0 " 6 N 5
0
O 08
WWWWW
86<86 1or .056; ? O 0.3.6 N 0.0.5 O 10
1or ..056; ? O 0.3.6 N 0.3.5 N 0
0
O 6
E(am!les*. 1606
0
. (umber o1 digits O 6; e"tra dots O 5
i.e
...1606 6; ? O 56
WWWWWWWW
1=3=066 06; ? O 0.0.6 O 06
00805 606; ? O 0.6.6 N 0
0
O 80
WWWWWWWWW
03556<6 1606; ? O 0.1.6 N 0.6.0 O 0=
.1606; ? O 0.3.6 N 0.1.0 N 6
0
O 03
..1606; ? O 0.3.6 N 0.3.0 N 0.1.6 O =
...1606; ? O 1
0
O 1
%hus 1606
0
O 03556<6.
9ith a little bit o1 practice the results can be obtained mentally as a single line anser.
lgebraic Proo5*
,onsider the 1irst e"ample 60
0
(o 60
0
O F6 " 13 N 0G
0
O F13a N bG
0
here a O 6; b O 0
O 133a
0
N 0.13a.b N b
0
O a
0
F133G N 0ab F13G N b
0
i.e. b
0
in the unit place; 0ab in the 13
th
place and a
0
in the 133
th
place i.e. 0
0
O 6 in units place; 0.6.0 O 06
in the 13
th
place F6 in the 13
th
place and ith carried o#er to 133
th
placeG. 6
0
O56 in the 133
th
place and ith
carried o#er 0 the 133
th
place becomes 56N0O5=.
%hus the anser 5=66.
4ind the sJuares o5 the numbers 2+G )0.G 092)G .)+,1
!!lying the ;edic sutra D3anda yoga1
01#U><N=
%a!e a to digit number say 16.
iG Find the ratio o1 the to digits i.e. 1:6
iiG (o rite the cube o1 the 1irst digit o1 the number i.e. 1
5
iiiG (o rite numbers in a ro o1 6 terms in such a ay that the 1irst one is the cube o1 the 1irst digit and
remaining three are obtained in a geometric progression ith common ratio as the ratio o1 the original to
digits Fi.e. 1:6G i.e. the ro is
1 6 16 66.
i#G 9rite tice the #alues o1 0
nd
and 5
rd
terms under the terms respecti#ely in second ro.
i.e.;
1 6 16 66
= 50 F 0 " 6 O =; 0 " 16 O 50G
#G Add the numbers column ise and 1ollo carry o#er process.
1 6 16 66 Since 16 N 50 N 6 Fcarryo#erG O 86
= 50 6 ritten and 8 Fcarryo#erG N 6 N = O 1<
WWWWWWWWWWWWWW
0 < 6 6 < ritten and 1 Fcarryo#erG N 1 O 0.
%his 0<66 is nothing but the cube o1 the number 16
E(am!le )* Find 1=
5

E(am!le 0* Find 55
5

lgebraic Proo5*
.et a and b be to digits.
,onsider the ro a
5
a
0
b ab
0
b
5

the 1irst is a
5
and the numbers are in the ratio a:b
since a
5
:a
0
bOa
0
b:b
5
Oa:b
(o tice o1 a
0
b; ab
0
are 0a
0
b; 0ab
0
a
5
N a
0
b N ab
0
N b
5
0a
0
b N 0ab
0
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
a
5
N 5a
0
b N 5ab
0
N b
5
O Fa N bG
5
.
%hus cubes o1 to digit numbers can be obtained #ery easily by using the #edic sutra LanurupyenaM. (o
cubing can be done by using the #edic sutra L/a#adunamM.
E(am!le .* ,onsider 136
5
.
iG %he base is 133 and e"cess is 6. )n this conte"t e double the e"cess and then add.
i.e. 136 N 10 O 11=. F 0 P 6 O10 G
%his becomes the le1t - hand - most portion o1 the cube.
i.e. 136
5
O 11= / - - - -
iiG Multiply the ne e"cess by the initial e"cess
i.e. 1= " 6 O 13= Fe"cess o1 11= is 1=G
(o this 1orms the middle portion o1 the product o1 course 1 is carried o#er; 3= in the middle.
i.e. 136
5
O 11= / 3= / - - - - -
1
iiiG %he last portion o1 the product is cube o1 the initial e"cess.
i.e. 6
5
O 016.
16 in the last portion and 0 carried o#er.
i.e. 136
5
O 11= / 3=1 / 16 O 1121316
1 0
E(am!le +* Find 1330
5
.
iG +ase O 1333. '"cess O 0. .e1t-hand-most portion o1 the cube becomes 1330NF0"0GO1336.
iiG (e e"cess " initial e"cess O 6 " 0 O 10.
%hus 310 1orms the middle portion o1 the cube.
iiiG ,ube o1 initial e"cess O 0
5
O =.
So the last portion is 33=.
%hus 1330
5
O 1336 / 310 / 33= O 133631033=.
E(am!le 2* Find 26
5
.
iG +ase O 133; de1icit O -6. .e1t-hand-most portion o1 the cube becomes 26NF0"-6GO26-10O=0.
iiG (e de1icit " initial de1icit O -F133-=0G"F-6GO-1="-6O13=
%hus middle potion o1 the cube O 3= and 1 is carried o#er.
iiiG ,ube o1 initial de1icit O F-6G
5
O -016
WW WW
(o 26
5
O =0 / 3= / 16 O =5 / 36 / 16
W
1 0
O =5 / 38 / F133 X 16G
O =538=6.
4ind the cubes o5 the 5ollo3ing numbers using ;edic sutras1
)9.G ))0G 8)G 78G 887G 8880G )9)+1
.1 EJuation o5 Straight line !assing through t3o given !oints*
%o 1ind the eAuation o1 straight line passing through the points F"1; y1G and F"0; y0G ; e generally consider
one o1 the 1olloing methods.
1. *eneral eAuation y O m" N c.
)t is passing through F"1; y1G then y1 O m"1 N c.
)t is passing through F"0; y0G also; then y0 O m"0 N c.
Sol#ing these to simultaneous eAuations; e get LmM and LcM and so the eAuation.
0. %he 1ormula
Fy0 - y1G
y X y1 O WWWWWWWW F" X "1G and substitution.
F"0 - "1G
Some seAuence o1 steps gi#es the eAuation. +ut the para#artya sutra enables us to arri#e at the
conclusion in a more easy ay and con#enient to or! mentally.
E(am!le)* Find the eAuation o1 the line passing through the points F2;<G and F8;0G.
Ste!)* @ut the di11erence o1 the y - coordinates as the " - coe11icient and #ice - #ersa.
i.e. " coe11icient O < - 0 O 8
y coe11icient O 2 - 8 O 6.
%hus ..C.S o1 eAuation is 8" - 6y.
Ste! 0* %he constant term F&.C.SG is obtained by substituting the co-ordinates o1 either o1 the gi#en points
in
..C.S Fobtained through step-1G
i.e. &.C.S o1 the eAuation is
8F2G - 6F<G O 68 - 0= O 1<
or 8F8G - 6F0G O 08 - = O 1<.
%hus the eAuation is 8" - 6y O 1<.
E(am!le 0* Find the eAuation o1 the line passing through F0; -5G and F6;-<G.
Ste! ) * "U-5-F-<GV XyU0-6V O 6" N 0y.
Ste! 0 * 6F0G N 0F-5G O = X6 O 0.
Ste! . * 'Auation is 6" N 0y O0 or 0" Ny O 1.
E(am!le . * 'Auation o1 the line passing through the points F<;2G and F5;-<G.
Ste! ) * "U2 - F-<GV X yF< - 5G O 16" - 6y.
Ste! 0 * 16F<G - 6F2G O 110 X 56 O <6
Ste! . * 16"- 6y O <6 or 6" X y O 12
4ind the eJuation o5 the line !assing through the !oints using ;edic methods1
)1 ()G 0"G (+G-." 01 (2G-0"G (2G-+"
.1 (-2G -6"G ().G0" +1 (aG o" G (oGb"
V'?), MA%C'MA%),S X A +&)'F)(*
)n the pre#ious chapters e ha#e gone through the Vedic Mathematics Sutras and upa - Sutras: their
application in sol#ing problems. )n this approach e ha#e missed to note some points and merits o1 one
method o#er the other methods at some instances.
(o e ta!e a 1e steps in this direction. /ou may Auestion hy this boo! 1irst gi#es e"amples and
methods and then once again try to proceed as i1 an introduction to the Vedic Mathematics has been 4ust
started. %his is because in this approach the reader 1irst 1eels that it is easy to sol#e problems using Vedic
Mathematics. %his is clear 1rom the e"amples gi#en. +ut the reader may get doubt hy e are doing this
ay or that ay some times #ery close and almost a!in to the con#entional te"tual ayQ and some times
#ery di11erent 1rom these procedures] hy ne representations and di11erent meanings 1or the same
Sutra FfG in di11erent conte"ts] +ut obser#e that it is not uncommon to Mathematics.
ûestion some body shoing the symbol u.
Ma4ority may say it is 00 / < Fis it right]G some may say it is a radian measure. Very 1e may state it is a
1unction or so.
9hat does the representation A P + mean]
A boy thin!ing about numbers may anser that is A multi plied by + and gi#es the product pro#ided A and
+ are !non. A girl thin!ing o1 set notation simply says that it is ,artesian product o1 the sets A and +. (o
sort o1 multiplication at all.
Another may conclude that it is a product o1 to matrices A and + . (o doubt a multiplication but
altogether di11erent 1rom abo#e.
Some other may go deep in to elementary number theory and may ta!e > P > to be the symbol > P > Fdoes
not di#ideG and conclude >A does not di#ide +>
(o the Auestion arises does a student 1ail to understand and apply conte"tual meaning and
representation o1 symbols and such 1orms in mathematical ritings] certainly not. )n the same ay the
conte"tual meanings o1 the Sutras also can not bring any problem to the practitioners o1 Vedic
Mathematics.
Again a care1ul obser#ation brings all o1 us to a conclusion that e#en though the Sutras are not li!e
mathematical 1ormulae so as to 1it in any conte"t under consideration but they are intended to recogni:e
the pattern in the problems and suggest procedures to sol#e. (o recall the terms; rules and methods
once again to 1ill in some gaps that occur in the pre#ious attempt.
)V.,-(,.$S)-(
A1ter going through the content presented in this boo!; you may; perhaps; ha#e noted a number o1
applications o1 methods o1 Vedic Mathematics. 9e are aare that this attempt is only to ma!e you 1amiliar
ith a 1e special methods. %he methods discussed; and organi:ation o1 the content here are intended
1or any reader ith some basic mathematical bac!ground. %hat is hy the serious mathematical issues;
higher le#el mathematical problems are not ta!en up in this #olume; e#en though many aspects li!e 1our
1undamental operations; sAuaring; cubing; linear eAuations; simultaneous eAuations. 1actori:ation; C.,.F;
recurring decimals; etc are dealt ith. Many more concepts and aspects are omitted una#oidably; !eeping
in #ie the scope and limitations o1 the present #olume.
%hus the present #olume ser#es as only an >introduction>. More has to be presented to co#er all the issues
in Sami4i>s >Vedic Mathematics>. Still more steps are needed to touch the latest de#elopments in Vedic
Mathematics. As a result; serious and sincere or! by scholars and research or!ers continues in this
1ield both in our country and abroad. Sri Sathya Sai Veda @ratisthan intends to bring about more #olumes
co#ering the aspects no le1t o#er; and also elaborating the content o1 Vedic Mathematics.
%he present #olume; e#en though introductory; has touched almost all the Sutras and sub-Sutras as
mentioned in Sami4i>s >Vedic Mathematics>. Further it has gi#en rationale and proo1 1or the methods. As
there is a general opinion that the >so called Vedic Mathematics is only rude; rote; non mathematical and
none other than some sort o1 tric!s>; the logic; proo1 and Mathematics behind the >the so called tric!s> has
been e"plained. An impartial reader can easily e"perience the beauty; charm and resource1ulness in
Vedic Mathematics systems. 9e 1eel that the reader can en4oy the di#ersity and simplicity in Vedic
Mathematics hile applying the methods against the con#entional te"tboo! methods. %he reader can also
compare and contrast both the methods.
%he Vedic Methods enable the practitioner impro#e mental abilities to sol#e di11icult problems ith high
speed and accuracy.

Vedic Maths Formulee

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Vedic Maths Formulae - About the 16 Magical "Sutras"

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