Volcanic Eruptions: a material science

Lecture 2:
The Earth as a living planet:
Volcanoes on Earth: magnitudes and landforms
Prof. Dr. Donald Bruce Dingwell

Prof. Dr. Cristina P. De Campos (editing and graphics)
Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Yellowstone (2 Ma)
Toba (74 ka)
Long Valley (760 ka)
Tambora (1815)
Krakatoa (1883)
Mount Pinatubo (1991) Mount St. Helens (1980)
Magnitudes
redrawn after Miller and Wark 2008
Large igneous provinces (LIPs) on Earth
Columbia
River
Caribbean
Colombian
Ontang
Java
Hikurangi
Manihiki
Magellan
Antartic
Plate
Pacific
Plate
Shatsky
Hess
American
Plate
North
Atlantic
Rio Grande
Sierra Leone
Walvis
Conrad
Kerguelen
Madagascar
Eurasian
Plate
Deccan
African
Plate
Afar
Karoo
Indian
Plate
Siberian
N
i
n
e
t
y
e
a
s
t

Broken
Maud
mod. after Saunders et al. 1992 and Mahoney and Coffin 2009
Volcanic Edifices:
different forms at the same scale
Yellowstone Caldera,USA ~ 70 km major axis
Shield volcano Mauna Loa, Hawaii
vent
sea level
0
10 km
Composite or stratovolcano
Lascar, Chile
Dome,
Chaitn, Chile
Cinder Cone,
Craters of the Moon,
USA
mod. and redrawn after Winter 2001
after an image of the
Lascar Volcano
Andesitic viscous lava
flow - (~ 20 m high)
on pyroclastic
deposits
(ignimbrite)
andesite and
dacite
Schematic drawing of a stratovolcano
Craters of the Moon, USA. Photo: C. De Campos, 2006.
Cinder Cone
~
1
.
5

m

Teide
Tenerife Island, in the
Canary Island archipelago,
ca. 80 km long and 54 km
at its widest point.

Pico de Teide 3,718 m
above the sea.
August 1991
go to

http://earth.jsc.nasa.gov/
Volcanic Eruptions: a material science
Lecture 2:
The Earth as a living planet:
Volcanoes on Earth: explosive and effusive volcanism.
Videos of Merapi and Etna volcanoes.
ash
fallout
pyroclast from Greek pyros (fire)
and klasto (fragment)
Mayon, The Philippines 1984
hup://volcanoes.usgs.gov
eruption column
velocity up to 600 km/h
pyroclastic flow = ash + gas +
rock fragments
Explosive Volcanism: pyroclasts
pyroclastic flow
Volcanic Eruptions: a material science
Lecture 2:
The Earth as a living planet:
Volcanic materials
Microscopic photos of a thin section: Croscat scoria cone, Spain

vold spaces/
gas bubbles
microcrystalline
groundmass
crysLal
melt
inclusions
phoLomlcrographs: C. Clmarelll
2 mm
2 mm
glass
melt
inclusions in
a pyroxene
crystal
photomicrograph: C. De Campos
~ 0.2 mm
from Campl
llegrel,
naples, lLaly
Magma is multiphase:
! liquid (may be mingled, mixed)
! crystals
! bubbles
volcanic ash, Fuego
3 crystalline phases
from C. Clmarelll
Volcanic Eruptions: a material science
Lecture 2:
The Earth as a living planet:
Volcanic materials: mineralogy and fragment classification
Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Biotite
Muscovite Quartz

Ca-Plagioclase
Na-Plagioclase
Orthoclase
high T
low T
volcanoes: Mlneralogy
1 m 5 m
Complexly zoned plagioclase
crystal (phenocryst) from an
andesite (Poros, Greece).
Photomicrographs under
cross-polarized light.
photomicrographs: C. De Campos
Classification of Pyroclasts: type of fragment
redrawn aer euL[ohn 1973
Lapilli
Choose your own image
Bomb
Ash
Tephra:

Ash < 2 mm
Lapilli 2 64 mm
Bomb > 64 mm
http://www.vulkane.net/
http://www.vulkane.net/
Krakatoa 2010
Krakatoa 2010
Volcanic Eruptions: a material science
Lecture 2:
The Earth as a living planet:
Volcanic materials: chemical and mineralogical classification
Chemical
Classification
77 73 69 65
63
57 53
52
49 45
45
41 37
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
61
SiO wt%
2
ultrabasic basic
intermediate acid
Na O+K 0 wt%
2 2
basanite
(ol>10%)
phono-
tephrite
tephri-
phonolite
phonolite
rhyolite
dacite
andesite
basaltic
andesite
basaltic
trachy-
andesite trachy-
basalt
basalt
picro-
basalt
trachy-
andesite
trachyte
q<20%
trachydacite
q>20%
tephrite
(ol<10%)
modified and redrawn
after Le Matre 1989
Mineralogical
Classification of
Volcanic Products
The Q(quartz)-
A(alkali-feldspar)-
P(plagioclase) -
Diagram
simplified after Le Matre 1989
Le Maitre RW (ed) 1989 A Classification of Igneous Rocks and Glossary of ....Blackwell, Australia.
Mahoney JJ, Coffin MF (eds) 2009 Large Igneous Provinces: ...IUGG Geophysical Mon. 100 AGU.
Miller CF, Wark DA 2008 Supervolcanos ... ELEMENTS 4: 11-16.
Petitjohn FJ 1975 Sedimentary Rocks, 3
rd
edition, New York: Harper and Row.
Saunders AD, Storey M, Kent RW, Norry MJ 1992 Consequences of plume-lithosphere interactions. In: Storey
BC, Alabaster T, Pankhurst RL (eds) Magmatism and the Causes of Continental Break-up. Geol. Soc. London,
Special Publ. 68:41:60.
Schmincke H-U 1998 Volcanism, Springer.
Winter JD 2001 An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

NASA
http://earth.jsc.nasa.gov/
http://www.volcano.si.edu/education/

USGS
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/
http://www.nps.gov/crmo/naturescience/

Smithsonian Institute: Global Volcanism Program
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/find_regions.cfm


www.vulkane.net
Source of illustrations and references:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/