Tarlac State University

College of Engineering
Talac city








Microprocessors System
(Comp 513)








Elton Jay G. Bildan
ECE-5F








July 2014


Self-Review 1.1
1.1.1 What are the main parts of a stored program computer?
Answer: CPU, Memory I/O

1.1.2 List the three buses used by the CPU to communicate with its memory and I/O devices
Answer: Address Bus, Control Bus and Date Bus

1.1.3The stored program computer can perform four different types of instruction cycles list
these.
Answer: Memory Read and Write, I/O read and write

Self-Review 1.2
1.2.1 The first and second generation of computers are generally associated with the.
Answer: Vacuum Tube and Transistor

1.2.2 The first computer to use integrated circuit technology was the
Answer: IBM 360

1.2.3 How does a minicomputer differ from a mainframe computer?
Answer: A minicomputer is a scaled-down mainframe It is typically much less costly than a
mainframe

1.2.4 What is the difference between a microcomputer and a microprocessor?
Answer: A microcomputer is a computer system built using a microprocessor as the processor.

1.2.5 Why microcontrollers called hidden computers?
Answer: They are embedded within a product and therefore are not visible as a computer

1.2.6 What is parallel processor?
Answer: Multiple CPUs wired in parallel such processing a portion of the program
simultaneously

1.2.7 Why are RISC processors more efficient than CISC processors?
Answer: A RISC processors has a simpler control unit because all instructions are of the same
length and execute in a single clock cycle. The simplified control logic can operate faster than of
CISC processor and require low space on the chip.

1.2.8 How does a DSP differ from a conventional microprocessor?
Answer: A DSP has separate memories for date and instructions, on board hardware multipliers
and adders optimized for execution rates of one clock cycle, arithmetic pipelines to perform
simultaneous math operations hardware optimized for repetitive operations such as DO loops,
and multiple serial I/O parts for communicating with a host processors.



Section 1.1 Questions and Problems
1.1 Explain the purpose of the address, data and control buses. Which are bio directional?
Answer: Address Bus when the CPU is required to read the contents of a particular memory
cell, it first outputs the proper address on its address bus, The control bus causes switches S1
and S3 to switch to the memory position and switch S2 to the READ position, The date bus
carries the contents of the selected memory cell back to the CPU and into the instruction
register, bio directional is an address bus
1.2 Indicate the source of data for each of the following types of machine cycle.

Instruction type Address Bus Control Bus Data Bus
memory read Memory cell
address
Select memory and
read
Contents of selected memory
cell
memory write Memory cell
address
Select memory and
write
Date to be written
I/O read I/O devices
address
Select I/0 and read Data from selected I/O device
I/O write I/O devices
address
Select I/O and write Data to be written to I/O
Device

1.3 Referring to Fig. 1.1 describe the contents of address, data and control buses from the Cpu
is writing the data word 26 to memory cell 16
Answer: Control bus S1 memory, S
2
write, S
3
memory Address Bus =16 Date Bus = 26

1.4 One problem with all stored-program computers is that when they are first turned on, the
memory unit contains random dat. (The flip-flops that make up the memory cells with power
on in a random fashion because these random data cannot be executed with predictable
results, the computer is not usable can you suggest a different type of memory that could be
used to boot up the computer When power is turned on its first applied, thereby solving this
problem?

Section 1.2
1.5 Number the following events in order of time (1=oldest)
6 (a.) The first minicomputer (the PDP-8) is announced
10 (b.) Inter introduces one of the first 32-bit microprocessors, the 80386
2 (c.) the transistor is invented at Bell laboratories
9 (d.) IBM begins selling a personal computer based on the 8088 microprocessor
5 (e) IBM announces the first IC based computer the model 360
4 (f) The integrated circuit is invented independently at Texas instruments and Fairchild
Semiconductor.
3 (g.) IBM announces its first electronic computer, the vacuum tube-based model 701
7 (h.) The first processor on a chip the 4004, is announced by intel
8 (i.) Cray research announces its first supercomputer, the Cray-1
11 (j.) Apple, IBM and Motorola announce the Power PC RISC
1 (l.) ENIAC, designed and built at the University of Pennsylvania
1.6 The first microprocessor chip was the 4004 it had 4 bit data bus
1.7 A microcontroller is a microprocessors that contains the CPU, memory and I/O all on a
single chip

Section 1.3
1.8 How many different memory locations can a microprocessor with a 32-bit address bus
access?
Answer: There are 5 memory locations

1.9 Most 8-bit processors have 16 address times and can therefore access 64k bytes of
memory. What happens to this memory capacity when one additional memory line is added?
State the general result for adding n additional memory lines.
Answer: It doubles

1.10 Convert the following hex members to binary and decimal
(a.) FEH 1111 1110 = 254
10

(b.) 2 A9H 0010 1010 1001 = 681
10

(c.) CC00H- 1100 1100 0000 0000 = 52224
10

(d.) FE027H 1111 1110 0000 0010 0111 1100 = 16,046780
1.11 Convert the following decimal numbers to binary and to hex
(a.) 19 = 0001 0011 = 13H
(b.) 99 = 0110 0011 = 13H
(c.) 3784 = 1110 1100 1000 =EC8H
(d.) 57629 = 1110 0001 0001 1101 = E11DH

1.12 Perform the following hexadecimal arithmetic problems express your answer in hex and in
decimal
(a.) 24H + 13H = 3DH=61
(b.) CA + 2F = F9H = 249
(c.) 6BH -3CH = 2F = 47
(d.) E2-D7=BB=11

1.13 One way of expressing a negative number in binary is to use the 2s complement. This is
found by complementing all bits and adding 1. Positive numbers are left unchanged. Express
the following decimal numbers in 8 bit 2s complement.
(a.) -23 = 1110 1001 (b) -102 = 1001 1010
(c.) -128 = 1000 0000 (d.) +47 = 0010 1111 (e.) 1000 0000

1.14 With the use of the twos complement a positive number significant bit (MSB) of a signed
number is a 0. If the MSB is a 1, a negative number is indicated (See table 1.5) and its
magnitude complement and converting to decimal. Following these rules convert the following
8-bit signed numbers to decimal.
(a.) 1101 0110 = -42
10
(b.) 1000 1111 = -113
10

(c.) C3H = -61
10
(d.) 66H = 102
10


1.15 When the hexadecimal number 3C AND 92 are added together, the result is CE. Show that
in unsigned binary this problem corresponds to the decimal addition of 60+146=206 Now show
that using signed binary, the same problem corresponds to 60-110=-50
Answer:
3CH+92H=CE and 60+146 = 206(1100 1110)
92H= 110 in signed binary number
60+-110 = -50 =1100 1110 same result

1.16 Determine the ASCII equivalent of the following hexadecimal numbers.
(a.) 26H =& (b.) 66H =f (c.) 07H = BEL (d.) 1BH = ESC

Section 1.4
1.17 What does it mean to hand assemble a machine language computer program
Answer: Strangely Enough, after looking up the program codes on a reference sheet, they are
transferred to a programming sheet.

1.18 When you buy an expensive software program, the manufacturer will always supply the
object code but seldom the source code. What is the reason behind this practice?
Answer: Object code are ready for execution once loaded to memory, Source code is
confidential to avoid piracy from the other programmer and manufacturers.

1.19 Consider a program written in assembly language, in interpreted BASIC and in complied.
BASIC which version will have the shortest execution time? Which one do you think is the
easiest to write? Explain why.
Answer: Assembly language runs faster

1.20 Refer to the keyboard encoder circuit shown in Fig 1.10 keys 1 and 7 are both held down.
What is the binary output code that will be produced?

1.21 Refer to fig 1.10. Suppose the connection between E0 AND EI of the two encoders break
open. What would the symptom of this problem be? (Hint: TTL circuits interpret open pins as
Logic 1)
Answer: When Low, the E1 input enables the chip

1.22 Suppose the key 8 is stuck closed. What would the symptoms of this problem be?
Section 1.5
1.23 How many decimal memory words are there in a 32k-byte memory unit? How many
address lines would be required to access all locations in this memory?
Answer: 32K=32768

1.24 Refer to fig 1.14(a.). What is the hexadecimal address corresponding to decimal page 48,
line 203?
=2610
H
1.25 A certain microcomputer has a 1k byte memory beginning at an address 1000H. What is
the hex address of the last byte in this memory?
13FFH
1.26 Redraw the memory map shown in Fig 1.14(b) using eight 8k-byte blocks. Indicate the
starting address of each block.
FFFF
0000
A000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0000

Section 1.6
1.27 A single step circuit will freeze all data on the buses of a microcomputer system.
Assume that such a circuit is used to test a microprocessor and that the data bus lines are
measured with a voltmeter .The result are as follows:
Bit D0=2.8V
1
Bit D1= 3.5V
Bit D2 = 0.1V, Bit D3=0.3V
ADDRESS OP CODES MNEMONICS COMMENTS
0000 3E32 MVI A, 32H LOAD ACCUMULATOR W/ 32H
0002 D305 OUT 5 OUTPUT THE CONTENTS OF
0004 32FF06 STA 06 FFH STORE THE ACCUMULATOR AT MEMORY
LOCATION 06FFH
0007 76 HLT HALT
What is the data byte on the bus, interpreted in hexadecimal? What character does the data
byte represents as an ASCII code? What operation code does it represent as an 8080
microprocessor instruction?
Answer: -33H 3 1NX5P

1.28 The first machine cycle of every instruction is always
(a.) memory read (b.) memory write (c.) I/O re (d.) I/O write

1.29 The 8080/8085 instruction in 3 requires three machine cycle? What are they?
Answer: M1: memory read (op-codes fresh) M2: memory read (port address)
M3: I/O read

1.30 True or False? One machine cycle requires one T state or clock cycle.
Answer: True

1.31 Refer to Fig 1.20. How many total bytes does the program require?
Answer: 8
1.32 In fig 1.20, memory location 0005 holds the data byte FF. How will the CPU interpret this
byte when the program is run?

1.33 If it is designed to output 26H to I/O port 5, what change should be made to the program
in fig 1.20?
Answer: Change Location 0001 from 32H to 26H

1.34 Draw a machine cycle timing diagram for the program in Fig 1.20. Follow the format shown
in Fig 1.16.

1.35 Calculate the total time required to execute the program in fig 1.20 if the system clock
frequency is 2MHz. Figure 1.17 provide T-state information for each 8080 microprocessor
instruction
Answer: 37J state (185ms)

1.36 The access time of a memory chip is defined as the time from receipt of the memory
address unit valid data is output by the chip. Referring to fig 1.18, Estimate the access time
required of the memory, assuming a 4MHz clock signal.