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To assist in making the plots, from Fig. P6-1, we have the following representative
values of the absorption coefficient:
λ (µ
µ m) αs (cm-1)
.60 4.4×103
.65 2.9×103
.70 2.0×103
.75 1.4×103
.80 0.97×103
.85 630
.90 370
.95 190
1.00 70
w
w ⌠ -αsx
6-2. Ip = qA ⌠
⌡ G(x) dx = qA Φ0 αs ⌡ e dx
0 0
ηq ηqλ
6-3. From Eq. (6-6), R= = hc = 0.8044 ηλ ( in µm)
hν
6-4. (a) Using the fact that Va ≈ VB, rewrite the denominator as
VB - Va + IMRMn
= 1 - 1 -
VB
VB - Va + IMRM
Since VB << 1, we can expand the term in parenthesis:
1
VB - Va + IMRMn n( VB - Va + IMRM)
1 - 1 - ≈ 1 - 1 -
VB VB
n( VB - Va + IMRM) nIMRM
= VB ≈ VB
IM VB VB
Therefore, M0 = I ≈ ≈ nI R
p n( VB - Va + IMRM) M M
IM VB 2 IpVB VB 1/2
(b) M0 = I = nI R implies IM = nR , so that M0 = nI R
p M M M p M
T 2π/ω
2 1⌠ 2 ω ⌠ 2 2
6-5. < > is (t) = T ⌡ is (t)dt = R P (t) dt
2π ⌡ 0
(where T = 2π/ω),
0 0
2π/ω
ω 2 2
= R0 P0 ⌠
⌡ (1 + 2m cos ωt + m2 cos2 ωt) dt
2π
0
Using
2 π/ω
1
∫
t = 2π / ω
cos ωt dt = sin ωt t=0 =0
0 ω
2π
2π/ω
1 ⌠ 1 1 π
and ⌠
⌡ cos2 ωt dt = ω 2 + 2cos 2x dx =
⌡ ω
0 0
2 2 m2
we have < i2s(t)> = R0 P0 1 + 2
6-6. Same problem as Example 6-6: compare Eqs. (6-13), (6-14), and (6-17).
ηqλ
(a) First from Eq. (6-6), I p = P0 = 0.593 µA
hc
2
(b) σ 2DB = 2qID B = 2(1.6 × 10−19 C)(1.0 nA)(150 × 10 6 Hz) = 4.81× 10 −20 A 2
ηqλ
6-7. Using R0 = hc = 0.58 A/W, we have from Eqs. (6-4), (6-11b), (6-15), and (6-
17)
1
S (R0 P0 m) M 2
2
R0P0m2
N = 2 = = 6.565×1012 P0
Q 2qI p BM M
1/ 2 2
4qBM1/2
2
S ( R0P0m) 2
N = = 3.798×1022 P0
DB 4qIDBM1/2
2 2
S ( R0 P 0 m) M 2
N = = 3.798×1026 P0
DS 4qILB
1 2
( R0P0m) M2
S 2 2
N = 4k TB/R = 7.333×1022 P0
T B L
P0
where P0 is given in watts. To convert P0 = 10-n W to dBm, use 10 log -3 =
10
10(3-n) dBm
1 2 2
S 2 ( R0 P 0 m) M
N = 2qB(R0P0 + ID)M5/2 + 2qILB + 4kBTB/RL
1.215 × 10 −16 M 2
=
2.176 × 10−23 M 5/ 2 + 1.656 × 10 −19
The value of M for maximum S/N is found from Eq. (6-19), with x = 0.5:
Moptimum = 62.1.
3
1 2 2
d S d 2 IpM
0 = dM N = dM
+ 2qIL + 4kBT/RL
6-9.
2q(Ip + ID)M2+x
1 2
2 (2+x)M1+x 2q(Ip + ID)2 IpM2
0 = Ip M -
2q(Ip + ID)M2+x + 2qIL + 4kBT/RL
∂ 2 pn 1 -αsw (w-x)/Lp
e 2 -αsx
2 = - 2 pn0 + Be + αs Be
∂x Lp
∂ 2 pn
Substituting pn and into the left side of Eq. (6-23):
∂x2
1 -αsw (w-x)/Lp
e B -αsx -αsx
+ pn0 + Be - e + Φ0 αs e
τp τp
2 1 -αsx
= BDp αs - + Φ0 αs e
τp
2
where the first and third terms cancelled because Lp = Dpτp .
Substituting in for B:
Φ 2 -α x
0 αsLp 2 1
Dp αs - + Φ0 αs e
s
Left side = D 2 2 τ
1 - αs Lp
p
p
4
Φ0 αsLp αs Lp - 1 -α x
2 2
+ Dpαs e
s
=D
p 1-α L2 2 τ
s p p
Φ0 -αsx
= D ( -Dpαs + Dpαs) e =0 Thus Eq. (6-23) is satisfied.
p
∂pn
(b) Jdiff = qDp
∂x x =w
1 -αsw -α w
= qDp L pn0 + Be - αsBe s
p
-αsw
= qDp BL - αs e
1 Dp
+ qpn0 L
p p
αsL2 1 - α L
p s p -αsw Dp
= qΦ0
2 2 Lp e + qp n0 Lp
1 - αs Lp
αsLp -αsw Dp
= qΦ0 e + qpn0 L
1 + αsLp p
-αsw
e -αsw Dp
= qΦ0 1 - e + qpn0 L
1 + αsLp p
-jωtd
J J* 1/2 = qΦ ( S S*) 1/2 where S =
1-e
tot tot 0
jωtd
sc
1/2 1
We want to find the value of ωtd at which ( S S*) = .
2
1/2
Evaluating ( S S*) , we have
5
-jωtd +jωtd1/2
1/2 1 - e 1 - e
( S S*) =
jωtd -jωtd
1/2
+jωtd -jωtd 1/2
1 - e +e + 1 ( 2 - 2 cos ωtd)
= =
ωtd ωtd
1/2 ωtd
[ ( 1 - cos ωtd) /2] sin 2
ωtd
= = = sinc 2
ωtd/2 ωtd
2
1/2 1
We want to find values of ωtd where ( S S*) = .
2
x sinc x x sinc x
0.0 1.000 0.5 0.637
0.1 0.984 0.6 0.505
0.2 0.935 0.7 0.368
0.3 0.858 0.8 0.234
0.4 0.757 0.9 0.109
ωtd
Thus 2 = 0.442 which implies ωtd = 0.884
w 1
(b) From Eq. (6-27) we have td = v = . Then
d αsvd
1
ωtd = 2πf3-dB td = 2πf3-dB = 0.884 or
αsvd
6
w 20 × 10 −6 m
td = v = = 0.45 ns
d 4.4 × 10 4 m / s
1 1
c) = 10-3 cm = 10 µm = 2 w
αs
Thus since most carriers are absorbed in the depletion region, the carrier diffusion
time is not important here. The detector response time is dominated by the RC
time constant.
2 2
k1(1 - k1) k1 - k1 k2 - k1
(1) 1- 1-k =1- 1-k ≈1- 1-k = 1 – keff
2 2 2
2 2
(1 - k1)2 1 - 2k1 + k1 1 - 2k2 + k1
(2) 1 - k2 = 1 - k2 ≈ 1 - k2
2
1 - k2 k2 - k1
=1-k - 1-k = 1 - keff
2 2
'
(b) With k1 ≈ k2 and keff defined in Eq. (6-40), we have
2
k2(1 - k1) k2 - k1 '
(1) 2 ≈ 2 = keff
k1(1 - k2) k1(1 - k2)
2
(1 - k1)2k2 k2 - 2k1k2 + k2k1
(2) 2 = 2
k1(1 - k2) k1(1 - k2)
7
' 1 '
Therefore Eq. (6-35) becomes Eq. (6-39): Fh = keff Mh - 2 - M (keff - 1)
h
6-14. (a) If only electrons cause ionization, then β = 0, so that from Eqs. (6-36) and (6-
37), k1 = k2 = 0 and keff = 0. Then from Eq. (6-38)
1
Fe = 2 - M ≈ 2 for large Me
e