Tissues

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function that combine with other
tissues to form membrane or organs.
Histology branch of science that deals with the microscopic structure of Tissues.
Basic Types:
Ephithelial Tissues
Cells that tightly packed together to form continuous sheets. Avascular ( no blood
supply of their own ) and depends for food and oxygen in underlying connective
tissues.
Shape Based Classification:
SQUAMOS contains flat cells like fis scales, protective layer & lining of skin,
throat anus & blood.
CUBOIDAL Cube shaped lining of gland ducts, ovary and renal tubule. for
protection and secretion.
COLUMNAR column like/ hair like projection, lining of digestive track,
protection, absorption, and secretion.
Based on no. of cell layers:
SIMPLE single layered cell, lining of blood capillaries and kidney tubules.
STRATIFIED consist of two or more cells
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED/ FALSE STRATIFICATION- appear to be stratified but not
all cells reach the free surface.
TRANSITIONAL stratified cells that change shape when compressed or stretch.
FUNCTIONS
Protection - prevents crossing of bacteria to body surfaces
Glandular secretion and excretion
Endoctrine (ductless) glands secretes substances hormones that diffuses into the
blood
Exocrene Glands secretes substances into ducts
II. CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Cells widely separated, bind other tissues, stores nutritional materials, and
manufactures blood cells. Contains more matrix.
Classification Based on the Nature of matrix
FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUES matrix contains fibers,categorized as:
dense Fibrous ( w/ collagen )
regular dense fibrous roughly parallel; tendon & ligaments
irregular dense fibrous swirling or random,vascular layer of digestive tract.
Loose Fibrous contains fibers loosely interwoven, softer and have more cells.
ADIPOSE TISSUE called as FAT, formed prenatally during early year of life,
concentrated in surface of heart and kidneys.
CARTILAGE specialize dense connective tissues:

TYPES
Hyaline most abundant cartilage in the body, homogenous, forms bulk of fetal
skeleton.
Fibro Hig concentrated Collagen, Knee joint, invertebral disc.
ELASTIC provides flexibility, external ear and Eustachian tube.
BONE (OSSEOUS )TISSUE calcified connective tissues,found in the skeletons of
vertebrates. Supports and protect body organs.
Periosteum outermost covering of bones
Endosteum inner membrane surrounds marrow
Osteocytes mature bone cells
Osteoblasts bone forming cells
Osteoclasts giant bone destroying cells
Lacuna cavities containing osteocytes
TYPES BONE MARROW
Red bone marrow produces blood cells
Yellow bone marrow fat storage
TYPES OF BONE BASE ON POROSITY
Compact bone hard outer part of bone
SPONGY BONE inner part of bone
BLOOD ( VACULAR ) TISSUE composed blood cells,transport and distribute
food materials, gases, hormones, and waste products.
III MUSCLE TISSUES - Compose of cylindriacal cells ( muscle fibers ).
TYPES
SKELETAL or STRIATED VOLUNTARY MUSCLE can be controlled by mind,
attached to skeleton.
SMOOTH or NON STRIATED INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE under the control
of automatic nervous system, found in walls of hollow organs.
CARDIAC or STRIATED INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE subconscious mechanisms,
found in walls of heart.
IV NERVOUS SYSTEM - consists of specialized cells, receive stimuli and sends impulses.
Makes up brain, spinal cord and other nerves.
TYPES
Neurons impulse conducting cells
Neuroglia supports and nourishes neurons
PLANT TISSUES
MERISTEMATIC TISSUES undifferentiated embryonic tissues, site of active cell
division.
TYPES:
Apical Meristem located on tip of roots, gives length increase
Lateral Meristem around shoots and roots, increases of girth of plants
Intercallary Meristem form nodes and grass stems, regenerating parts
TRANSISTIONAL MERISTEM
Protoderm forms the epidermis
Procambium vascular tissues
Ground Meristem produces ground tissue
KINDS BASED ON CELL NOS.
Simple Tissues consists of one type of cell
Complex Tissues contains more than one cell
PLANTS TISSUES SYSTEM
GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM inside epidermis surrounds vascular tissues
Parenchyma for, photosynthesis, gas exchange, short distance transport.
Collenchyma found in periphery of stems or leaves,support growing regions of
shoot.
Sclerenchyma thick, lignified cell walls, support non growing regions of plants.
Fibers - long, tapered cells,abundant in wood
Sclereids short, more or less cuboidal cells
II VASCULAR TISSUES SYSTEM conducts material through plant body, provides
strength and support.
PRINCIPAL CONDUCTING TUBES
Xylem- tracheids and vessel elements, conduct food in solution throughout plants
body.
Phloem conduct water and dissolves mineralssieve tube members conducting cells.
III DERMAL TISSUES SYSTEM provides protective covering over plants.
Epidermis makes outermost layer of plant organs, flat crutinized or suberized outer
cell wall.
Includes:
Stomates microscopic poreswith two guard cells
Secretory Structure cells that secretes compounds
Trichomes outgrowths or plant hairs.