Definite Integration Theory - e

MATHS
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1
Newton-Leibnitz formula.
Let
dx
d
(F(x)) = f(x) x e (a, b). Then
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f =

b x
lim
F(x)
+
a x
lim
F(x).
Note : 1. If a > b, then
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f =
+
b x
lim
F(x)

a x
lim
F(x).
2. If F(x) is continuous at a and b, then
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f = F(b) F(a)
Example # 1 Evaluate
}
+ +
2
1
) 2 x )( 1 x (
dx
Solution
) 2 x )( 1 x (
1
+ +
=
1 x
1
+

2 x
1
+
(by partial fractions)
}
+ +
2
1
) 2 x )( 1 x (
dx
= | |
2
1
) 2 x ( n ) 1 x ( n + +
= n3 n4 n2 + n3 =
|
.
|
\
|
8
9
n
Self practice problems :
Evaluate the following
(1)
}
+ +
2
1
2
2
3 x 4 x
x 5
dx
(2) ( )
}
t
+ +
4
0
3 2
2 x x sec 2 dx
(3)
}
t
+
3
0
x sec 1
x
dx
Answers : (1) 5
2
5
|
.
|
\
|

2
3
n
4
5
n 9
(2)
1024
4
t
+
2
t
+ 2
Definite integrals
MATHS
2
(3)
18
2
t
3 3
t
+ 2 n
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
2
Property (1)
}
b
a
) x ( f dx =
}
b
a
) t ( f dt
i.e. definite integral is independent of variable of integration.
Property (2)
}
b
a
) x ( f dx =
}
a
b
) x ( f
dx
Property (3)
}
b
a
) x ( f
dx =
}
c
a
) x ( f dx +
}
b
c
) x ( f dx, where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a, b].
Example # 2 If f(x) =
> +
< +
3 x : 1 x 3
3 x : 3 x
2
, then find
}
5
2
) x ( f dx.
Solution
}
5
2
) x ( f
dx =
}
3
2
) x ( f dx +
}
5
3
) x ( f dx
=
}
+
3
2
) 3 x ( dx +
}
+
5
3
2
) 1 x 3 ( dx =
3
2
2
x 3
2
x
(
(
+
+ | |
5
3
3
x x +
=
2
4 9
+ 3 (3 2) + 5
3
3
3
+ 5 3 =
2
211
}

8
2
| 5 x |
dx.
Solution
}

8
2
| 5 x | dx =
}
+
5
2
) 5 x (
dx +
}
8
5
) 5 x (
dx = 9
Example # 4 Show that
}
+
2
0
) 1 x 2 (
dx =
}
+
5
0
) 1 x 2 (
+
}
+
2
5
) 1 x 2 (
Solution L.H.S. = x
2
+ x ]
2
0
= 4 + 2 = 6
R.H.S. = 25 + 5 0 + (4 + 2) (25 + 5) = 6
L.H.S. = R.H.S
(4)
}
+
2
0
2
| 3 x 2 x |
dx.
MATHS
3
(5)
}
3
0
] x [
dx , where [x] is integral part of x.
(6)
| |
}
9
0
t
dt.
Answers : (4) 4 (5) 3 (6) 13
Property (4)
}
a
a
) x ( f dx =
}
+
a
0
)) x ( f ) x ( f (
dx =
( )
=
=
}
odd is ) x ( f . e . i ) x ( f ) x ( f if , 0
even is ) x ( f . e . i ) x ( f ) x ( f if , dx x f 2
a
0
}
+
+
1
1
x
x x
e 1
e e
dx
Solution
}
+
+
1
1
x
x x
e 1
e e
dx =
} |
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
+

1
0
x
x x
x
x x
e 1
e e
e 1
e e
dx
=
} |
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
+

1
0
x
x x x
x
x x
1 e
) e e ( e
e 1
e e
dx =
}

+
1
0
x x
) e e ( dx = e 1 +
1
) 1 e (
1
=
e
1 e
2
}
t
t
2
2
x cos dx.
Solution
}
t
t
2
2
x cos dx = 2
}
t
2
0
x cos dx = 2 ( cos x is even function)
}
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
1
e
x 2
x 2
log dx.
Solution Let f(x) = log
e
|
.
|
\
|
+
x 2
x 2
f(x) = log
e
|
.
|
\
|
+
x 2
x 2
= log
e
|
.
|
\
|
+
x 2
x 2
= f(x)
i.e. f(x) is odd function
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
1
e
x 2
x 2
log
dx = 0
MATHS
4
(7)
}
1
1
| x | dx.
(8)
}
t
t
2
2
7
x sin dx.
(9)
}
t
t
+
2
2
x
e 1
x cos
dx.
Answers : (7) 1 (8) 0 (9) 1
Property (5)
}
b
a
) x ( f dx =
}
+
b
a
) x b a ( f dx
Further
}
a
0
) x ( f dx =
}

a
0
) x a ( f dx
Example # 8 Prove that
}
t
+
2
0
) x (cos g ) x (sin g
) x (sin g
dx =
}
t
+
2
0
) x (cos g
dx =
4
t
.
Solution Let I =
}
t
+
2
0
) x (sin g
dx
I =
}
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

t
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

t
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

t
2
0
x
2
cos g x
2
sin g
x
2
sin g
=
}
t
+
2
0
) x (sin g ) x (cos g
) x (cos g
dx
on adding, we obtain
2I =
}
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
2
0
) x (sin g ) x (cos g
) x (cos g
) x (sin g
dx =
}
t
2
0
dx I =
4
t
Self practice problems:
(10)
}
t
+
0
x sin 1
x
dx.
MATHS
5
(11)
}
t
+
2
0
x cos x sin
x
dx.
(12)
}
t
+
2
0
4 4
x cos x sin
x cos x sin x
dx.
(13)
}
t
t
+
3
6
x tan 1
dx
Answers : (10) t (11)
2 2
t
log
e
( ) 2 1+ (12)
16
2
t
(13)
12
t
Property (6)
}
a 2
0
) x ( f
dx =
}
+
a
0
)) x a 2 ( f ) x ( f ( dx =
( )
=
=
}
) x ( f ) x a 2 ( f if , 0
) x ( f ) x a 2 ( f if , dx x f 2
a
0
}
t
0
3 3
x cos x sin
dx.
Solution Let f(x) = sin
3
x cos
3
x f(t x) = f(x)
}
t
0
3 3
x cos x sin dx = 0
}
t
+
0
2
x sin 2 1
dx
dx.
Solution Let f(x) =
x sin 2 1
1
2
+
f(t x) = f(x)
}
t
+
0
2
x sin 2 1
dx
= 2
}
t
+
2
0
2
x sin 2 1
dx
= 2
}
t
+ +
2
0
2 2
2
x tan 2 x tan 1
dx x sec
= 2
}
t
+
2
0
2
2
x tan 3 1
dx x sec
=
3
2
( ) | |
2
0
1
x tan 3 tan
t
tan
2
t
is undefined, we take limit
=
3
2
( ) ( )
(
(
(

0 tan 3 tan x tan 3 tan Lt
1 1
2
x
MATHS
6
=
3
2
2
t
=
3
t
Alternatively :
}
t
+
0
2
x sin 2 1
dx
=
}
t
+
0
2
2
2 x ec cos
x ec cos
dx =
}
t
+
0
2
2
3 x cot
dx x ec cos
Observe that we are not converting in terms of tan x as it is not continuous in (0, t)
=
3
1
t
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
1
3
x cot
tan
=
3
1
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

t
+
3
x cot
tan Lt
3
x cot
tan Lt
1
0 x
1
x
=
3
1
(
2 2
=
3
t
Example # 11 Prove that
}
t
2
0
x sin n dx =
}
t
2
0
x cos n dx =
}
t
2
0
) x 2 (sin n dx =
2
t
n 2 .
Solution Let I =
}
t
2
0
x sin n dx ..........(i)
I =
}
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|

t
2
0
x
2
sin n
dx (by property P 5)
I =
}
t
2
0
) x (cos n dx ..........(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii)
2 I =
}
t
2
0
) x cos . x (sin n dx =
}
t
|
.
|
\
|
2
0
2
x 2 sin
n dx
2 I =
}
t
2
0
) x 2 (sin n dx
}
t
2
0
2 n dx
2 I = I
1

2
t
n 2 ..........(iii)
where I
1
=
}
t
2
0
) x 2 (sin n dx
put 2x = t dx =
2
1
dt
L . L : x = 0 t = 0
U . L : x =
2
t
t = t
I
1
=
}
t
0
) t (sin n

2
1
dt
=
2
1
2
}
t
2
0
) t (sin n dt (by using property P 6)
MATHS
7
I
1
= I (iii) gives I =
2
t
n 2
(14)
}
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
0
2
x 1
x
1
x n
dx.
(15)
}

1
0
1
x
x sin
dx.
(16)
}
t
0
x sin n x dx.
Answers : (14) t 2 n (15)
2
t
2 n (16)
2
2
t
2 n
Property (7) If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then
(i)
}
nT
0
) x ( f dx = n
}
T
0
) x ( f dx, n e z
(ii)
}
+nT a
a
) x ( f dx = n
}
T
0
) x ( f dx, n e z, a e R
(iii)
}
nT
mT
) x ( f dx = (n m)
}
T
0
) x ( f dx, m, n e z
(iv)
}
+nT a
nT
) x ( f dx =
}
a
0
) x ( f dx, n e z, a e R
(v)
}
+
+
nT b
nT a
) x ( f dx =
}
b
a
) x ( f dx, n e z, a, b e R
}
2
1
} x {
e dx.
Solution
}
2
1
} x {
e dx =
}
+
3 1
1
} x {
e dx = 3
}
1
0
} x {
e dx = 3
}
1
0
} x {
e dx = 3(e 1)
}
+ t v n
0
| x cos | dx ,
2
t
< v < t and n e z.
MATHS
8
Solution
}
+ t v n
0
| x cos | dx =
}
v
0
| x cos | dx +
}
+ t v n
v
| x cos | dx
=
}
t
2
0
x cos
}
t
v
2 /
x cos
dx + n
}
t
0
| x cos |
dx
= (1 0) (sin v 1) + 2n
}
t
2
0
x cos dx
= 2 sin v + 2n (1 0) = 2n + 2 sin v
(17)
}
2
1
} x 3 {
e
dx.
(18)
}
t
+
2000
0
x sin
e 1
dx
dx.
(19)
}
t
t
+
4
5
4 4
x cos x sin
x 2 sin
dx.
Answers : (17) 3 (e 1) (18) 1000 t (19)
4
t
Property (8) If (x) s f(x) s | (x) for a s x s b, then
}
b
a
) x (
dx s
}
b
a
) x ( f
dx s
}
|
b
a
) x ( dx
Property (9) If m s f(x) s M for a s x s b, then m (b a) s
}
b
a
) x ( f dx s M (b a)
Further if f(x) is monotonically decreasing in (a, b), then f(b) (b a) <
}
b
a
) x ( f dx < f(a) (b a) and if f(x)
is monotonically increasing in (a, b), then f(a) (b a) <
}
b
a
) x ( f dx < f(b) (b a)
Property (10) }
b
a
dx ) x ( f
s
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f
MATHS
9
Property (11) If f(x) > 0 on [a, b], then
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f > 0
Example # 14 For x e (0, 1) arrange f
1
(x) =
2
x 4
1
, f
2
(x) =
2
x 2 4
1
and f
3
(x) =
3 2
x x 4
1

in ascending
order and hence prove that
6
t
<
}

1
0
3 2
x x 4
dx
<
2 4
t
.
Solution 0 < x
3
< x
2
x
2
< x
2
+ x
3
< 2x
2
2x
2
< x
2
x
3
< x
2
4 2x
2
< 4 x
2
x
3
< 4 x
2
2
x 2 4
<
3 2
x x 4
<
2
x 4
f
1
(x) < f
3
(x) < f
2
(x) for x e (0, 1)
}
1
0
1
) x ( f dx <
}
1
0
3
) x ( f dx <
}
1
0
2
) x ( f dx
sin
1
1
0
2
x
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
<
}

1
0
3 2
x x 4
dx
<
2
1
sin
1
1
0
2
x
(
(
6
t
<
}

1
0
3 2
x x 4
dx
<
2 4
t
Example # 15 Estimate the value of
}
t
2
0
x
x sin
dx.
Solution Let f(x) =
x
x sin
f'(x) =
2
x
x sin x cos x
=
2
x
) x tan x )( x (cos
< 0
f(x) is monotonically decreasing function.
f(0) is not defined, so we evaluate
+
0 x
Lt
f(x) = +
0 x
Lt
x
x sin
= 1. Take f(0) = +
0 x
Lt
f(x) = 1
f
|
.
|
\
| t
2
=
t
2
t
2
.
|
.
|
\
|

t
0
2
<
}
t
2
0
x
x sin
dx < 1 .
|
.
|
\
|

t
0
2
1 <
}
t
2
0
x
x sin
dx <
2
t
}
1
0
x
dx e
2
using (i) rectangle, (ii) triangle.
Solution (i) By using rectangle
MATHS
10
Area OAED <
}
1
0
x
dx e
2
< Area OABC
1 <
}
1
0
x
dx e
2
< 1 . e
1 <
}
1
0
x
dx e
2
< e
(ii) By using triangle
Area OAED <
}
1
0
x
dx e
2
< Area OAED + Area of triangle DEB
1 <
}
1
0
x
dx e
2
< 1 +
2
1
. 1. (e 1) 1 <
}
1
0
x
dx e
2
<
2
1 e +
}
1
0
x
dx e
2
by using
}
1
0
x
dx e .
Solution For x
e
(0, 1),
2
x
e < e
x
1 1 <
}
1
0
x
dx e
2
<
}
1
0
x
dx e
1 <
}
1
0
x
dx e
2
< e 1
(20) Prove the following :
}

1
0
2 x
x cos e dx <
}

1
0
2 x
x cos e
2
dx
(21) Prove the following : 0 <
}
t
+
2
0
1 n
x sin dx <
}
t
2
0
2
x sin dx , n > 1
4
1
e
<
}

1
0
x x
2
e dx < 1
MATHS
11
2
1
s
}
+
1
0
2
3
x 2
x cos x
dx <
2
1
}
t
2
0
x sin dx <
2
t
}
+
2
0
3
x 16
dx x
<
6
1
Leibnitz Theorem : If F(x) =
}
) x ( h
) x ( g
dt ) t ( f , then
dx
) x ( dF
= h'(x) f(h(x)) g'(x) f(g(x))
Proof : Let P(t) =
}
dt ) t ( f
F(x) =
}
) x ( h
) x ( g
dt ) t ( f
= P(h(x)) P(g(x))
dx
) x ( dF
= P'(h(x)) h'(x) P'(g(x)) g'(x)
= f(h(x)) h'(x) f (g(x)) g'(x)
Example # 18 If F(x) = dt t sin
2
x
x
}
, then find F'(x).
Solution F'(x) = 2x .
2
x sin 1 .
x sin
Example # 19 If F(x) = dt
t log
t
x 3
x 2
e
e
e
}
, then find first and second derivative of F(x) with respect to n x
at x = n 2.
Solution
( ) x n d
) x ( dF
=
dx
) x ( dF
) x n ( d
dx
=
(
(
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 3
x 3
x 3
e n
e
e . 2
e n
e
. e . 3

x = e
6x
e
4x
.
2
2
) x n ( d
) x ( F d
=
) x n ( d
d
(e
6x
e
4x
) =
dx
d
(e
6x
e
4x
)
dx / nx d
1
= (6 e
6x
4 e
4x
) x
First derivative of F(x) at x = n 2 (i.e. e
x
= 2) is 2
6
2
4
= 48
Second derivative of F(x) at x = n 2 (i.e. e
x
= 2) is (6 . 2
6
4 . 2
4
) . n 2 = 5 . 2
6
. n 2.
MATHS
12
x
Lt
}
} |
|
.
|
\
|
x
0
t 2
2
x
0
t
dt e
dt e
2
2
.
Solution
x
Lt
}
} |
|
.
|
\
|
x
0
t 2
2
x
0
t
dt e
dt e
2
2
|
.
|
\
|
form
Applying L' Hospital rule
=
x
Lt
2
2 2
x 2
x
0
x t
e . 1
e . dt e . 2
}
=
x
Lt
2
2
x
x
0
t
e
dt e . 2
}
=
x
Lt
2
2
x
x
e . x 2
e . 2
= 0
Example # 21 If f(x) = }
+
x
log
x
e
t x
dt
, then find f'(x).
Solution f'(x) =
( )
}
+
x
x n
2
dt
t x
1
+ 1 .
x 2
1
x
1
( ) x n x
1
+
=
x
x n
) t x (
1
(
+
+
x 2
1
( ) x n x x
1
+
=
x 2
1
x n x
1
+
+
x 2
1
( ) x n x x
1
+
=
x
1
( ) x n x x
1 x
+
+
=
( ) x n x x
1 x n
+

Alternatively : f(x) =
x
x n
x
x n
) t x ( n
t x
dt
(
(
(
(
(
+
=
+
}
(treating t as constant)
f(x) = n 2x n (x + n x)
f'(x) =
x
1
( ) x n x
1
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
x
1
1
=
( ) x n x x
1 x n
+

}

1
0
b
nx
1 x
, b being parameter..
Solution Let I(b) =
}

1
0
b
nx
1 x
dx
db
) b ( dI
=
}
1
0
b
nx
nx x
dx + 0 0
MATHS
13
(using modified Leibnitz Theorem)
=
}
1
0
b
dx x =
1
0
1 b
1 b
x
(
(
(
+
+
=
1 b
1
+
I(b) = n (b + 1) + c
b = 0 I(0) = 0
c = 0 I(b) = n (b+1)
}

1
0
2
1
x 1 x
) ax ( tan
dx , a being parameter..
Solution Let I(a) =
}

1
0
2
1
x 1 x
) ax ( tan
dx
da
) a ( dI
=
}
+
1
0
2 2
) x a 1 (
x
2
x 1 x
1
dx =
}
+
1
0
2 2 2
x 1 ) x a 1 (
dx
Put x = sin t dx = cos t dt
L.L. : x = 0 t = 0
U.L. : x = 1 t =
2
t
da
) a ( dI
=
}
t
+
2
0
2 2
t sin a 1
1
t cos
1
cos t dt =
}
t
+
2
0
2 2
t sin a 1
dt
=
}
t
+ +
2
0
2 2
2
t tan ) a 1 ( 1
dt t sec
=
2
a 1
1
+
tan
1
2
0
2
t tan a 1
t
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
a 1
1
+
.
2
t
I(a) =
2
t
n |
.
|
\
|
+ +
2
a 1 a
+ c
But I(0) = 0 c = 0
I(a) =
2
t
n |
.
|
\
|
+ +
2
a 1 a
Self Practice Problems :
(26) If f(x) =
}
3
x
0
t cos dt, find f'(x).
(27) If f(x) = e
g(x)
and g(x) =
}
+
x
2
4
t 1
t
dt, then find the value of f'(2).
(28) If x =
}
+
y
0
2
t 4 1
dt
and
2
2
dx
y d
= Ry, then find R
MATHS
14
(29) If f(x) =
}
2
x
x
2
dt t sin x , then find f'(x).
(30) If |(x) = cos x
}
|
x
0
) t ( ) t x ( dt, then find the value of |''(x) + |(x).
(31) Find the value of the function f(x) = 1 + x + ( )
}
+
x
1
2
t n 2 ) t n ( dt, where f'(x) vanishes.
(32) Evaluate
0 x
Lt
x sin x
dt t cos
2
x
0
2
}
.
(33) Evaluate
}
t
+
0
) x cos b 1 ( n dx, b being parameter..
Answers : (26) 3x
2
3
x cos
(27)
17
2
(28) 4
(29) x
2
(2x sin x
2
sin x) + (cos x cos x
2
) 2x (30) cos x
(31) 1 +
e
2
(32) 1 (33) t n |
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
b 1 1
2
Definite Integral as a limit of sum
Let f(x) be a continuous real valued function defined on the closed interval [a, b] which is divided into n parts
as shown in figure.
The point of division on x-axis are a, a + h, a + 2h ..........a + (n 1)h, a + nh, where
n
a b
= h.
Let S
n
denotes the area of these n rectangles.
Then, S
n
= hf(a) + hf(a + h) + hf(a + 2h) + ........+hf(a + (n 1)h)
Clearly, S
n
is area very close to the area of the region bounded by curve y = f(x), xaxis and the ordinates
MATHS
15
x = a, x = b.
Hence
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f =
n
Lt S
n
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f =
n
Lt

=
+
1 n
0 r
) rh a ( f h
=
n
Lt
=
|
.
|
\
|
1 n
0 r
n
a b
f
|
.
|
\
|
+
n
r ) a b (
a
Note :
1. We can also write
S
n
= hf(a + h) + hf (a + 2h) + .........+ hf(a + nh) and
}
b
a
dx ) x ( f =
n
Lt
=
|
.
|
\
|
n
1 r
n
a b
f
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ r
n
a b
a
2. If a = 0, b = 1,
}
1
0
dx ) x ( f =
n
Lt

=
|
.
|
\
|
1 n
0 r
n
r
f
n
1
Steps to express the limit of sum as definte integral :
Step 1. Replace
n
r
by x,
n
1
by dx and
n
Lt
by }
Step 2. Evaluate
n
Lt
|
.
|
\
|
n
r
by putting least and greatest values of r as lower and upper limits respectively..
For example
n
Lt

=
|
.
|
\
|
pn
1 r
n
r
f
n
1
=
}
p
0
dx ) x ( f
(
1 r
n n
r
Lt
=

|
.
|
\
|
= 0,
np r
n n
r
Lt
=

|
.
|
\
|
= p)
Example # 24 : Evaluate
n
Lt
(
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ n 2
1
.........
n 3
1
n 2
1
n 1
1
Solution
n
Lt
(
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ n 2
1
.........
n 3
1
n 2
1
n 1
1
=
n
Lt

=
+
n
1 r
n r
1
=
n
Lt

=
n
1 r
n
1
1
n
r
1
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
}
+
1
0
1 x
dx
= | |
1
0
) 1 x ( n + = n 2
n
Lt
(
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
n 5
3
.........
3 n
3 n
2 n
2 n
1 n
1 n
2 2 2 2 2 2
.
MATHS
16
Solution
n
Lt

=
+
+
n 2
1 r
2 2
r n
r n
=
n
Lt

=
n 2
1 r
n
1
2
n
r
1
n
r
1
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
n
Lt
|
.
|
\
|
n
r
= 0, when r = 1, lower limit = 0
and
n
Lt
|
.
|
\
|
n
r
=
n
Lt
|
.
|
\
|
n
n 2
= 2, when r = 2n, upper limit = 2
}
+
+
2
0
2
x 1
x 1
dx =
}
+
2
0
2
x 1
1
dx +
2
1
}
+
2
0
2
x 1
x 2
dx
= [ tan
1
x ]
2
0
+
2
0
2
e
) x 1 ( log
2
1
(
+
= tan
1
2 +
2
1
n 5
n
Lt
n
1
n
n
! n
|
.
|
\
|
.
Solution Let y =
n
Lt
n
1
n
n
! n
|
.
|
\
|
n y =
n
Lt
n
1
n
|
.
|
\
|
n
n
! n
=
n
Lt
n
1
n
|
.
|
\
|
n
n
n ........ 3 . 2 . 1
=
n
Lt
n
1
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
n
n
n .....
n
3
n
n
2
n
n
1
n
=
n
Lt
n
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
n
1 r
n
r
n
=
1
0
1
0
x x n x dx nx
(
(
(
=
}

= (0 1)
+
0 x
Lt x n x + 0
= 1 0 = 1
y =
e
1
Self Practice Problems :
Evaluate the following limits
MATHS
17
(34)
n
Lt
(
(
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
2 2 2 2 2
n n
1
....
n 2 n
1
n n
1
n
1
(35)
n
Lt
(
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ n 5
1
.......
n 3
1
n 2
1
n 1
1
(36)
n
Lt
2
n
1
(
t
+ +
t
+
t
+
t
n 4
n
sin n ........
n 4
3
sin 3
n 4
2
sin 2
n 4
sin
3 3 3 3
(37)
n
Lt

=
1 n
0 r
2 2
r n
1
(38)
n
Lt
n
3
(
(
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
) 1 n ( 3 n
n
......
9 n
n
6 n
n
3 n
n
1
Answers : (34) 2
( ) 1 2
(35) n 5 (36)
2
9
2
t
(52 15t)
(37)
2
t
(38) 2
Reduction formulae in definite Integrals:
1. If I
n
=
}
t
2
0
n
x sin dx , then show that I
n
=
|
.
|
\
|
n
1 n
I
n2
Proof : I
n
=
}
t
2
0
n
x sin dx
I
n
=
| |
2
0
1 n
x cos x sin
t
+
}
t
2
0
2 2 n
dx x cos . x sin ) 1 n (
= (n 1)
}
t

2
0
2 2 n
dx ) x sin 1 ( . x sin
= (n 1)
}
t

2
0
2 n
) 1 n ( dx x sin
}
t
2
0
n
dx x sin
I
n
+ (n 1) I
n
= (n 1) I
n2
I
n
=
|
.
|
\
|
n
1 n
I
n2
MATHS
18
Note : 1.
}
t
2
0
n
dx x sin =
}
t
2
0
n
dx x cos
2. I
n
=
|
.
|
\
|
n
1 n
|
.
|
\
|
2 n
3 n
|
.
|
\
|
4 n
5 n
..... I
0
or I
1
according as n is even or odd. I
0
=
2
t
, I
1
= 1
Hence I
n
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
odd is n if , 1 .
3
2
........
4 n
5 n
2 n
3 n
n
1 n
even is n if ,
2
.
2
1
........
4 n
5 n
2 n
3 n
n
1 n
2. If I
n
=
}
t
4
0
n
dx x tan , then show that I
n
+ I
n2
=
1 n
1
Solution I
n
=
}
t
4
0
2 n
) x (tan . tan
2
x dx
=
}
t
4
0
2 n
) x (tan (sec
2
x 1) dx
=
}
t
4
0
2 n
) x (tan sec
2
x dx
}
t
4
0
2 n
) x (tan dx
=
4
0
1 n
1 n
) x (tan
t
(
(
I
n2
I
n
=
1 n
1
I
n2
I
n
+ I
n2
=
1 n
1
3. If I
m,n
=
}
t
2
0
n m
dx x cos . x sin , then show that I
m,n
=
n m
1 m
+
I
m2, n
MATHS
19
Solution I
m,n
=
}
t
2
0
n 1 m
) x cos x (sin x sin dx
=
2
0
1 n 1 m
1 n
x cos . x sin
t
+
(
(
+
}
t
+
+
2
0
1 n
1 n
x cos
(m 1) sin
m2
x cos x dx
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 n
1 m
}
t
2
0
2 n 2 m
x cos . x cos . x sin dx
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 n
1 m
( )
}
t

2
0
n m n 2 m
x cos . x sin x cos . x sin dx
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 n
1 m
I
m2,n

|
.
|
\
|
+
1 n
1 m
I
m,n
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
1 n
1 m
1
I
m,n
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
1 n
1 m
I
m2,n
I
m,n
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
n m
1 m
I
m2,n
Note : 1. I
m,n
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
n m
1 m
|
.
|
\
|
+

2 n m
3 m
|
.
|
\
|
+

4 n m
5 m
........ I
0,n
or I
1,n
according as m is even or odd.
I
0,n
=
}
t
2
0
n
dx x cos and I
1,n
=
}
t
2
0
n
dx x cos . x sin =
1 n
1
+
2. Wallis Formula
I
m,n
=
+ + +

t
+ + +

otherwise
)........ 4 n m ( ) 2 n m ( ) n m (
)....... 5 n ( ) 3 n ( ) 1 n .........( ) 5 m ( ) 3 m ( ) 1 m (
even are n , m both when
2 )........ 4 n m ( ) 2 n m ( ) n m (
)....... 5 n ( ) 3 n ( ) 1 n .........( ) 5 m ( ) 3 m ( ) 1 m (
}
t
t
+
2
2
2 2
dx ) x cos x (sin x cos x sin
.
Solution Given integral =
}
t
t
2
2
2 3
dx x cos x sin +
}
t
t
2
2
3 2
dx x cos x sin
MATHS
20
= 0 + 2
}
t
2
0
3 2
dx x cos x sin ( sin
3
x cos
2
x is odd and sin
2
x cos
3
x is even)
= 2.
1 . 3 . 5
2 . 1
=
15
4
}
t
0
6 5
dx x cos x sin x .
Solution Let I =
}
t
0
6 5
dx x cos x sin x
I =
}
t
t t t
0
6 5
dx ) x ( cos ) x ( sin ) x (
= t
}
t
0
6 5
dx x cos . sin
}
t
0
6 5
dx x cos . x sin x
2I = t . 2
}
t
2
0
6 5
dx x cos . x sin
I = t
1 . 3 . 5 . 7 . 9 . 11
1 . 3 . 5 . 2 . 4
I =
693
8t
}

1
0
5 3
dx ) x 1 ( x
.
Solution Put x = sin
2
u dx = 2 sin u cos u du
L . L : x = 0 u = 0
U.L. : x = 1 u =
2
t
}

1
0
5 3
dx ) x 1 ( x =
}
t
u u
2
0
5 2 6
) (cos sin 2 . sin u . cos u du
= 2 .
}
t
u u u
2
0
11 7
d cos sin
= 2 .
2 . 4 . 6 . 8 . 10 . 12 . 14 . 16 . 18
2 . 4 . 6 . 8 . 10 . 2 . 4 . 6
=
504
1
MATHS
21
Self Practice Problems:
(39)
}
t
2
0
5
dx x sin .
(40)
}
t
2
0
4 5
dx x cos x sin .
(41)
}

1
0
1 6
dx x sin x
.
(42) ( )
}

a
0
2
7
2 2
dx x a x .
(43)
. dx x 2 x
2
0
2 / 3
}

Answers : (39)
15
8
(40)
315
8
(41)
14
t
245
16
(42)
9
a
9
(43)
2
t

Definite Integration Theory - e

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Definite Integration Theory - e

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