What is judicial precedent?

Judicial precedent is a
legal case law establishing a principle or rule that
a court or other judicial body may apply while
deciding subsequent cases involving similar issues
or facts.What is the duty of the US Supreme
Court? the Court is the highest tribunal in the
Nation for all cases and controversies arising
under the Constitution or the laws of the United
States. As the final arbiter of the law, the Court is
charged with ensuring the American people the
promise of equal justice under law and, thereby,
also functions as guardian and interpreter of the
Constitution.Which crimes are included into
crimes against a person? Crimes against the
person include homicide, assault, battery, and
rape. Homicidethe killing of one human being
by anotheris classified as criminal or
noncriminal. Murder is the most serious form of
criminal homicide. Suicide Suicide is the
deliberate taking of one's own life. Assault and
Battery The law often treats assault and battery
as very similar crimes. Assault is an attempt or
threat to carry out a physical attack upon another
person. Battery is any unlawful physical contact
inflicted by one person upon another person
without consentWhat is the difference between
prisons and jails? What does the defense of
duress means? the difference is that a jail is
used by local jurisdictions such as counties and
cities to confine people for short periods of time.
A prison, or penitentiary, is administered by the
state, and is used to house convicted criminals for
periods of much longer duration. Both are part of
a larger penal system which includes other
aspects of criminal justice such as courts, law
enforcement, and crime labs. refers to a situation
whereby a person performs an act as a result of
violence, threat or other pressure against the
person.Number at least five types of torts? 1.1
Intentional torts;1.2 Property torts;1.3 Dignitary
torts;1.4 Economic torts;1.5 Nuisance;1.6
NegligenceWhich are the two divisions of English
courts? Her Majesty's Courts of Justice of England
and Wales are the civil and criminal courts
responsible for the administration of justice in
England and Wales; they apply English law, the
law of England and Wales, and are established
under Acts of the Parliament of the United
Kingdom.What is the difference between civil and
criminal procedure? Some systems, including the
English and French, allow governmental persons
to bring a criminal prosecution against another
person, prosecutions are nearly always started by
the state, in order to punish the accused. Civil
actions, on the other hand, are started by private
individuals, companies or organizations, for their
own benefit.Which is the deference between a
barrister and a solicitor in England? solicitors are
attorneys, which means that they can act in the
place of their client for legal purposes (as in
signing contracts) and may conduct litigation on
their behalf by making applications to the court,
writing letters in litigation to the client's
opponent, and so on. A barrister is not an
attorney and is usually forbidden, either by law or
professional rules or both, from "conducting"
litigation.Which are the main categories of English
civil law? Two most important subcategories:Law
of Contract;Law of Torts What are the essential
elements of a contract?
Offer,acceptance,intention of legal
consequences,consideration. Which crimes belong
to the category crimes against property? The
category of crimes against property includes two
groupscrimes in which property is destroyed
and crimes in which property is stolen or taken
against the owner's will. Arson and vandalism are
examples of crimes involving the destruction of
property. Which are traditional remedies for a
breach of contract? There are several remedies
for breach of contract, such as award of damages,
specific performance, rescission, andrestitution.
Which are aggravating and mitigating
circumstances of a crime? Aggravating Factors are
any relevant circumstances, supported by the
evidence presented during the trial, that makes
the harshest penalty appropriate, in the judgment
of the jurors.Mitigating Factors are any evidence
presented regarding the defendant's character or
the circumstances of the crime, which would
cause a juror to vote for a lesser sentence. Which
are the defenses that are based on the
defendants lack of responsibility? Defense of Lack
of Criminal Responsibility Because of Mental
Disease or Defect.Who are the members of a jury?
A body of persons sworn to judge and give a
verdict on a given matter, especially a body of
persons summoned by law and sworn to hear and
hand down a verdict upon a case presented in
court. What is the difference between public and
civil law?Civil law concerns disputes among
citizens of a country and public law concerns
disputes between citizens and the state or
between one state. What are the duties of
courts?Courts are institutions for creating,
modifying, abolishing and applying the law.What
is recovery of damages in contract law?
Recovery of damages is subject to the legal
principle that damages must be proximately
caused by the wrongful conduct of the defendant.
Which are the two divisions of English courts?
Her Majesty's Courts of Justice of England and
Wales are the civil and criminal courts responsible
for the administration of justice in England and
Wales; they apply English law, the law of England
and Wales, and are established under Acts of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom.


Jurisdiction is the practical authority granted to
a formally constituted legal body or to a political
leader to deal with and make pronouncements on
legal matters and, to administer justice within a
defined area of responsibility. Death row - a
person convicted to death, awaiting execution
Parliamentary Sovereignty - is a concept in the
constitutional law of some parliamentary
democracies Hung jury - is a jury that cannot, by
the required voting threshold, agree upon a
verdict after an extended period of deliberation
and is unable to change its votes Barrister
lawyer in the higher courts6. Tort - a civil offence,
a legal wrong committed against a person or
property7. Leaseholder - a person having the
right to hold or use property for a fixed period of
time at a given price, without transfer of
ownership, on the basis of a lease contract8.
Slander a legal term that refers to a lie which
could harm the reputation of a person 9.
Litigation- a controversy, an action brought in
court to enforce a particular right 10. Disbarred
lawyer stopped from practicing of law11.
Plaintiff = also known as a claimant or
complainant, is the term used in some
jurisdictions for the party who initiates a lawsuit
before a court12. Defendant = an individual,
company, or institution sued or accused in a court
of law13. defamation = the action of damaging the
good reputation of someone
14. Grand jury = a jury, normally of twenty-three
jurors, selected to examine the validity of an
accusation before trial.15. Indictment = a formal
charge or accusation of a serious crime.
16. Judicial precedent = In common law legal
systems, a precedent or authority is a legal case
establishing a principle or rule that a court or
other judicial body may utilize when deciding
subsequent cases with similar issues or facts.17.
Embezzlement = theft or misappropriation of
funds placed in one's trust or belonging to one's
employer.Translate these words in Macedonian-
probation -parole
, -
misdemeanor ,
felony - Incarcerate
()-Principal (in a crime)
, -Real property
-defamation , -false
imprisonment -title deeds
(in real property law) -Trustee ,
-extortion , -first
attorney -
-attorney principal -
-tortfeasor -
-legal malpractive case -
-strict liability offence -
- principal law -
- Torts


- Barrister (
)- Defamation ,
betraying your country to a foreign power-
TREASON; entering a building illegally and stealing
things- BURGLARY ; taking money from people
threatening to publicize facts BLACKMAIL ;
offering money to sb illegally to do something to
help you BRIBERY; setting fire to a building
ARSON; stealing sth by using force ROBBERY;
stealing THEFT; taking goods illegally into or out of
a country SMUGGLING; trying to find out secrets
by illegal means ESPIONAGE; willful destruction
of, or damage of property to another Vandalism

acting in such a way as to make sb believe he/she
will be hurt
copying patented inventions or copyrighted
works
obtaining money, information etc. by violence or
threats
criminal deception
killing a public figure illegally and intentionally
killing sb unintentionally or in mitigating
circumstances
making an illegal copy of a banknote or document
taking goods illegally in or out of a country
saying sth that damages someones reputation
writing, publishing or broadcasting a statement
which damages someones character
Match each word to its correct synonym or
definition ( 1-10 -)1.d - deter; d)discourage
2.c - detain; c)prevent from leaving 3, j - exempt;
j)free from sth
4,a - aggravate; a)make worse5 .b - mitigate;
b)make less severe
6.e - abolish; e)end officially 7.h - convey;
h)transfer
8.i - frisk; i)put down 9 .g - entrap; g)trick or
deceive
10.f - arbitrate f)settle a dispute by a third party
Use the correct form of one of these words to
complete the sentences
a)dismiss; b)biased; c)convict; d)evict; e)arbitrate;
f) withold; g)grant; h)blackmail; i)commit;
j)embezzle ()
1.The policeman warned him that was illegal to ---
------ evidence. F
2.The evidence is hearsay and I call upon the court
to ---------------- it. A
3.The management and the union could not agree
and they called in an industrial tribunal ----------- E
4.You will never win the case with this judge-he is
completely ------------ against you. B
5.We discovered that his secretary was ------------
him with certain details about his private life. H
6.She was ------------- of and sent
to prison for ten years. C
7.He was sent to prison for six months for -----------
-- his clients money. J
8.The gang ;--------- _six robberies before they
were caught. I
9.The government -------------- an animosity to all
political prisoners. G
10.The new landlord has started proceedings to ---
------- all the tenants. D
Match these words into pairs with opposites
1____accidental = \\\8____deliberate =
2____acquit = \\ 10____imprison =
3____bring forward =
7____defendant = \\\12____plaintiff =
8____deliberate =
14____release\\13____convict
15____confirm)\\\ 9____deny =
b. Complete these sentences using one word
from each pair of opposites
1. There was insufficient evidence for the court to
________ her
6. He brought a _______ action against the
company, claiming that the accident had been
caused by a manufacturing fault in the
automobile.
7. He has served 12 years in prison and they will --
------ him tomorrow.
8. The_________ case is that the accused could
not have committed this crime as he was in
Glasgow on the day in question.
9. Im afraid Ill have to ______ our meeting on
the 16th . - I have to go to Berlin on that day to
see a client.
10. When he left the gun in the room was it a
__________ plan or a moment of.....?



1. It means that all legislative power is vested in
Parliament, or is derived from the authority of
Parliament and it means that there is no legal limit
to the power of Parliament.2. The parties of a
criminal case are PROSECUTOR (People/Regina)
and DEFENDANT, and the parties of a civil case are
PLAINTIFF and DEFENDANT.3. Civil courts decide
disputes between persons and their private
capacity, whether they be individuals, partnership,
or corporations. Sometimes they decide disputes
between private persons and governments or
between branches of the government.4. To have
passed the Law Society Final examination.5. No. In
civil cases jury may be requested. In criminal
cases, the defendant decides whether there will
be a jury.6. It is something given in return for a
promise.7. Arson, vandalism, larceny, robbery,
extortion, burglary, forgery8. It is a reasonable
belief that a person has committed a crime.9. A
person acts under duress when he/she does
something as a result of coercion or a threat of
immediate danger to life or personal safety.10. A
crime is when someone commits a wrong in
criminal law. Torts are civil wrongs committed by
one person against another.TORT- a civil offence,
a legal wrong committed against a person or
propertyTRUST legal title to property given to a
person (trustee) who is directed to administer the
trust for the benefit of another party
(beneficiary)ACCESORY BEFORE THE FACT
person who orders the crime or helps the
principle to commit the crime, but is not usually
presentPAROLE the release of a convicted
person from prison, his/her sentence has been
servedINTOXICATION it is a defense that they
claim that at the time of a crime, they were so
drunk on alcohol or high on drugs that they didnt
know what they were doingREAL PROPERTY land
and everything growing or built on it THE BAR
association of barristersGRAND JURY the jury of
inquiry which is summoned to receive complaints
and accusations in criminal cases and decide of
sufficient evidence exist for
indictmentLEASEHOLDER a person having the
right to hold or use property for a fixed period of
time at a given price, without transfer of
ownership, on the basis of a lease
contractSUSPENDED SENTENCE a prison
sentence of less than 2 yearsProbate

Magistrates Court Felony
Court of Original
Jurisdiction / Litigation
Indictment
Attorney General / /
Larceny
Strict liability offence
Land registry


V MATCH 1. void C 2. voidable D 3. extort A
4. detain E 5. mortgage I 6. coercion F 7.
nuisance B 8. injunction G 9. provision H/J
10. embezzle H/J