INTRODUCTION TO TURBO MACHINES

Turbomachine is defined as a device in which ener! "ransfer "a#es $%ace be"ween a

f%owin f%uid and a ro"a"in e%emen" resu%"in in a chane of $ressure and momen"um of
"he f%uid& Ener! is "ransferred in"o or ou" of "he "urbomachine mechanica%%! b! means of
in$u"'ou"$u" shaf"s&
(RINCI(A) (ARTS O* A TURBO MACHINE
+& Ro"a"in e%emen" consis"in of a ro"or on which are moun"ed b%ades&
,& S"a"ionar! e%emen" in "he form of uide b%ades- no..%es- e"c&
/& In$u"'ou"$u" shaf"s&
0& Housin
Schema"ic cross sec"iona% view of a s"eam "urbine showin "he $rinci$a% $ar"s of a "urbo
machine&
*unc"ions1
+& The ro"or func"ions "o absorb ' de%iver ener! "o "he f%owin f%uid&
,& The s"a"or is a s"a"ionar! e%emen" which ma! be of man! "!$es12
a& 3uide b%ades which func"ion "o direc" "he f%owin f%uid in such a wa! "ha"
ener! "ransfer is ma4imi.ed&
b& No..%es which func"ion "o conver" $ressure ener! of "he f%uid "o #ine"ic
ener!
c& Diffusers which func"ion "o conver" #ine"ic ener! "o $ressure ener! of
"he f%uid&
/& The in$u" 'ou"$u" shaf"s func"ion "o de%iver ' receive mechanica% ener! "o or from
"he machine&
0& The housin is a $ro"ec"ive enc%osure which a%so func"ions "o $rovide a $a"h of
f%owin f%uid&
5hi%e a ro"or 6 in$u" 'ou"$u" shaf" are essen"ia% $ar"s of a%% "urbo machines- "he s"a"or
6 "he housin are o$"iona%&
+
C)ASSI*ICATION O* TURBO MACHINES1
+& Accordin "o "he na"ure of ener! "ransfer1
7a8(ower enera"in "urbo machines1
In "his- ener! is "ransferred from "he f%owin f%uid "o "he ro"or& Hence- en"ha%$! of "he
f%owin f%uid decreases as i" f%ows across& There is a need for an ou"$u" shaf"&
E41 H!drau%ic "urbines such as *rancis "urbine- (e%"on whee% "urbine- 9a$%an "urbine-
s"eam "urbine such as De2)ava% "urbine- (arsons Turbine e"c- 3as "urbines e"c-
7b8(ower absorbin Turbo machines1
In "his- ener! is "ransferred from "he ro"or "o "he f%owin f%uid& The en"ha%$! of "he f%uid
increases as i" f%ows "here is a need for an in$u" shaf"&
E41 Cen"rifua% $um$- Com$ressor- b%ower- fan e"c-
7c8(ower "ransmi""in "urbo machines1
In "his ener! is "ransferred from one ro"or "o ano"her b! means of a f%owin f%uid& There
is a need for an in$u" ' ou"$u" shaf"s& The "ransfer of ener! occurs due "o f%uid ac"ion&
E41 H!drau%ic cou$%in- "or:ue conver"er e"c-
Schema"ic re$resen"a"ion of differen" "!$es of "urbo machine based on f%uid f%ow&
7a8 A4ia% f%ow fan& 7b8 Radia% ou"ward f%ow fan&
7c8 Mi4ed f%ow h!drau%ic "urbine&
,
,& Based on "he "!$e of f%uid f%ow1
7a8 Tanen"ia% f%ow in which f%uid f%ows "anen"ia% "o "he ro"or
E41 (e%"on whee% e"c-
7b8A4ia% f%ow in which "he f%uid f%ows more or %ess $ara%%e% "o "he "he a4es of "he shaf"s
'ro"ors&
E41 9a$%an "urbine- A4ia% f%ow com$ressor&
7c8Radia% f%ow in which f%uid f%ows a%on "he radius of "he ro"or "his is aain c%assified as1
Radia%%! inward f%ow& E41 O%d fancies "urbine&
Radia%%! ou"ward f%ow& E41 Cen"rifua% (um$
7d8 Mi4ed f%ow which invo%ves radius en"r! 6 a4ia% e4i" or vise2versa&
E41 Modern francises "urbine 6 Cen"rifua% (um$&
/& Based on "he "!$e of Head1
7a8Hih head 6%ow dischare &E41 (e%"on whee%&
7b8Medium head 6medium dischare& E41 *rancis "urbine&
7c8)ow head 6 hih dischare& E41 9a$%an "urbine&
Differen"ia"e be"ween a "urbo machine 6a $osi"ive dis$%acemen"s machine&
S%&n (ar"icu%ars (osi"ive dis$%acemen"s machine Turbo machine
+& Ac"ion In "his c%ass of machine- ener! "ransfer
"a#es $%ace be"ween a movin surface 6 a
near s"a"ic f%uid& There is $osi"ive
en"ra$men" of "he f%uid invo%vin a chane
in i"s s$ecific vo%ume durin ener!
"ransfer&
In "his c%ass of machine- ener!
"ransfer "a#es $%ace be"ween a
ro"a"in e%emen"s 6f%owin
f%uid&"here is no en"ra$men" of "he
f%uid 6 durin ener! "ransfer "he
f%uid $ressure 6 momen"um
chane&
,&
O$era"ion In "his "!$e- we enera%%! come across-
reci$roca"in mo"ion 6"he ener! "ransfer
ha$$ens in an uns"ead! $rocess& As a resu%"
s"o$$in "he machine a" an! ins"an" wi%%
%eave a cer"ain amoun" of f%uid in a
machine in a s"a"e differen" "o "ha" of "he
surroundins&
No"e1 $osi"ive dis$%acemen"s machine wi"h
ro"ar! ac"ion are a%so $ossib%e&
E41 ear $um$- screw $um$&

In "his "!$e- "here is on%! ro"ar!
mo"ion 6 ener! "ransfer "a#es
$%ace in a s"ead! $rocess& Since
"here is no en"ra$men"- s"o$$in
"he machine a" an! ins"an" wou%d
%ead "o "he f%uid :uic#%! a""ainin
"he s"a"e of "he surroundins&
/
/& Mechanica% This is charac"eri.ed b! com$%e4
mechanica% fea"ures invo%vin "he $resence
of man! mechanica% %in#s $ar"s such as
va%ves- $ush rods- connec"in rods- cran#s
e"c- are common in "his "!$e& Due "o
numerous mechanica% $ar"s "he weih" of
"he machine is more 6 hence "his wou%d
need a heavier founda"ion&
This charac"eri.ed b! a sim$%e
mechanica% desin 6 does no"
invo%ve "oo man! mechanica%
%in#aes& Hence- "his is %ih"er 6
wou%d a%so need a %ih"er
founda"ion&
0 Conversion
efficienc!
Due "o $osi"ive en"ra$men" durin ener!
"ransfer conversion efficienc! is hih&
In "he absence of $osi"ive
en"ra$men"- ener! "ransfer
ha$$ens in a d!namic $rocess
6hence conversion efficienc! is
com$ara"ive%! %ow&
;& Mechanica%
efficienc!
Due "o numerous mechanica% %in#s- %osses
are considerab%e 6 mechanica% efficienc!
is %ow&
In "he absence of "oo man! %in#s-
mechanica% efficienc! is %ow&
<& =o%ume"ric
efficienc!
Since- "he f%uid as "o $ass -"hrouh va%ves
"he ac"ua% vo%ume of "he f%uid $assin
"hrouh "he machine is sinifican"%! %ess
"han "he ma4imum va%ue $ossib%e & Hence
vo%ume"ric efficienc! is %ow&
In "he absence of va%ves
vo%ume"ric efficienc! is ver! hih
6c%ose "o +>>?&
@& (ower "o
weih" ra"io
The $resence of "oo man! mechanica%
e%emen"s 6 a heav! founda"ion resu%"in
$ower "o weih" ra"io bein com$ara"ive%!
%ower for "he same ca$aci"!&
In "he absence of "oo man!
mechanica% $ar"s "he $ower "o
weih" ra"io is sinifican"%! hiher
7a%mos" +>2+; "imes hiher for "he
same ca$aci"!8
A Surin
6Cavi"a"ions
In "he absence of face chane durin "he
ener! "ransfer $rocess cavi"a"ions
$rob%ems are ne%iib%e &surin is no"
encoun"ered since "here is no ro"ar!
mo"ion&
*ace chane durin ener!
"ransfer is a dis"inc" $ossibi%i"! 6
hence cavi"a"ions $ossibi%i"! is a
$rob%em encoun"ered &surin 6
cho#in is a $henomenon
associa"ed wi"h cen"rifua%
com$ressors %eadin "o
ins"abi%i"ies in f%ow 6 hih
vibra"ion which ma! %ead "o
fai%ure of "he machine&
0
S"a"ic 6 S"ana"ion s"a"e1

S"a"ic s"a"e1
*%uid a" res" is said "o be in a s"a"ic s"a"e $ro$er"ies measured of f%uid a" res" are ca%%ed
s"a"ic $ro$er"ies bu" in a "urbo machine we on%! dea% wi"h movin f%uid& Hence s"a"ic
$ro$er"! incase of a movin f%uid wou%d be measured b! an ins"rumen" which is a" res"
re%a"ive "o "he f%uid& In o"her words s"a"ic "em$era"ure of movin f%uid $ar"ic%es wou%d be
measured b! a "hermome"er movin wi"h "he same s$eed as "ha" of "he f%uid $ar"ic%es&
S"ana"ion s"a"e1
S"ana"ion s"a"e is defined as "he end s"a"e of a fi"i"ous- wor# free- isen"ro$ic $rocess
durin "he course of which "he macrosco$ic $o"en"ia% 6 #ine"ic eneries of "he f%uid are
reduced "o .ero&
Even "houh s"ana"ion s"a"e can never be achieved b! an! rea% $rocess- i" is ver!
im$or"an" conce$" in "he ana%!sis of "urbo machine- if due care is "a#en 6 errors are
$ro$er%! accoun"ed for "he ins"rumen"s such as (i"o" "ube- "hermocou$%e e"c- ives
s"ana"ion $ro$er"ies&

+
s"
%aw of Thermod!namics for a s"ead! f%ow machine and de"ermina"ion of s"ana"ion
$ro$er"ies
8 7
,
8 7
8 7
+ ,
,
+
,
,
+ ,
z z g
V V
h h w q +

+
A$$%!in "his for "he ana%!sis of "urbo machine- we arrive a" s"ana"ion s"a"e& 5e ma!
wri"e-
8 7
,
8 7
8 7
>
, ,
>
>
z z g
V V
h h w q +

+
5here "he subscri$" B>C refers "o "he s"ana"ion s"a"e& I" is im$%ici" "ha" Dus" before "he
$rocess "o arrive a" s"ana"ion s"a"e s"ar"s- "he f%uid is in s"a"ic s"a"e& Hence- we have h>-
=>- .> are "he s"ana"ion $ro$er"ies- h- =- and . are "he s"a"ic $ro$er"ies& Bu" we #now "ha"
in "his $rocess
> - > - > - >
> >
gz V w q
gz
V
h h
,
>
,
>


5e have
T C h
T C h
P
P

> >
Subs"i"u"in in e4$ression for s"ana"ion en"ha%$! and rearranin
gz
V
h h + +
,
en"ha%$! s"ana"ion Thus
,
>
;
S"ana"ion en"ro$!
s s
> 7Since "he $rocess is isen"ro$ic8
The "erm
P
C
gz
which ma! be ca%%ed "em$era"ure e:uiva%en" of
heih" is ne%iib%e com$ared "o o"her "erms and ma! be ne%ec"ed&

5e have "he re%a"ion
vdp dh Tds
7*or a c%osed s!s"em8
> ds
There fore-

>
>
p
p
vdp h h
vdp dh
r&h&s&ma! be in"era"ed on%! if "he re%a"ionshi$ be"ween BvC6C$C is #nown&
*or an incom$ressib%e f%uid-
E 8
,
F7
8 7
8 7
8 7
,
>
> >
> >
> >
h gz
V
h p p
h h p p
h h p p
p p v h h
+ + +
+

The "erm
,
,
v
is "he $ressure e:uiva%en" of ve%oci"!& BG.C which is "he $ressure
e:uiva%en" of heih" can be ne%ec"ed since i" is ver! sma%% com$ared "o o"her "erms&
Hence we can wri"e-
Cp
gz
C
V
T T
P
+ +
,
,
>
Cp
V
T T
,
re "em$era"u S"ana"ion
,
>
+
gz
v
p p

+ +
,
,
>
,
$ressure S"ana"ion
,
>
v
p p

+
<
A$$%ica"ion of +
s"
6,
nd
%aw of "hermod!namics of "urbo machines1
In a "urbo machine- "he f%uc"ua"ions in "he $ro$er"ies when observed over a $eriod of "ime
are found "o be ne%iib%e& Hence- a "urbo machine ma! be "rea"ed as a s"ead! f%ow
machine wi"h reasonab%e accurac! 6 hence- we ma! a$$%! "he s"ead! f%ow ener!
e:ua"ion for "he ana%!sis of "urbo machine&
Hence we ma! wri"e
8 7
,
8 7
+ ,
,
+
,
,
+ ,
z z g
V V
h h w q +

+
5here- subscri$" B+C is a" "he $oin" of en"r! 6 subscri$" B,C is a" $oin" of e4i"&
I" is a%so "rue "ha"- "herma% %oses are minima% com$ared "o "he amoun" of wor# "ransferred
6 hence ma! be ne%ec"ed& Hence we ma! wri"e-

8 7
8
,
7 8
,
7
+ ,
> >
+
,
+
+ ,
,
,
,
h h w
gz
V
h gz
V
h w

+ + + +

5here- h>, 6 h>+ are s"ana"ion e4i" 6 en"r! res$ec"ive%!&
2 w H Ih>&
In a $ower enera"in "urbo machine- Ih> is nea"ive 7since h>, Jh>+ 8 6 hence w is
$osi"ive&
On "he same %ine- for a $ower absorbin "urbo machine- Ih> is $osi"ive 7since h>,Kh>+8
6hence w is nea"ive&
*rom "he ,
nd
%aw of Thermod!namics1


+

Tds vdp w
Tds vdp dw
vdp dh Tds
,
+
In "he above re%a"ion- we no"e "ha" vd$ wou%d be a nea"ive :uan"i"! for a $ower
enera"in "urbo machine 6 $osi"ive for $ower absorbin "urbo machine&
Hence Tds which is a%wa!s a $osi"ive :uan"i"! wou%d reduce "he amoun" of wor#
enera"ed in "he former case 6 increase "he wor# absorbed in "he %a"er case&
Efficienc! of a "urbo machine1
3enera%%!- we define , "!$es of "urbo machine &in case of "urbo machine "o accoun" for
various %osses , "!$e of efficienc! is considered1
+& H!drau%ic efficienc!'isen"ro$ic efficienc!
,& Mechanica% efficienc!&
+& H!drau%ic efficienc!'isen"ro$ic efficienc!1
To accoun" for "he ener! %oss be"ween "he f%uid 6 "he ro"or
@
7L
isen
8
$ower enera"in machine H
fluid
rotor
W
W
&
7L
isen
8
$ower absorbin machine H
rotor
fluid
W
W
,& Mechanica% efficienc!1
To accoun" for "he ener! %oss be"ween "he ro"or 6 "he shaf"&
7L
mechanica%
8
$ower enera"in machine H
rotor
shaft
W
W
7L
mechanica%
8
$ower absorbin machine H
shaft
rotor
W
W
5hen we "a%# abou" isen"ro$ic efficienc! in "urbo machine- i" is necessar! "o "a#e in"o
accoun" "he va%ues of ve%oci"! 6 heih"s "o de"ermine b! wha" e4"en" s"ana"ion
$ro$er"ies devia"e from s"a"ic $ro$er"ies&
In "he "urbo machine- deve%o$ed +
s"
"he ve%oci"ies were minima% 6 hence "he s"a"ic 6
s"ana"ion $ro$er"ies were more ' %ess same& Bu" in "he modern da! "urbo machines- "he
ve%oci"ies are a$$reciab%e 6 hence- "he s"a"ic 6 s"ana"ion s"a"es are differen"&
A
(%o""in on "he h2s diaram for "he "urbo machine
Schema"ic re$resen"a"ion of Com$ression 6 E4$ansion $rocess&
7a8 (ower absorbin machine& 7b8 (ower enera"in machine&

+
>, +
>,
+
>+
>,
+
>+
>, >+
8 + 7
h h W
h h W
h h W W
h h W
machine generating power
t s
s t
t t isen
act

+
, +
>, >+
+
>, +
>, >+
+
, >+
>, >+
+
>, >+
>, >+
+
, +
h h
h h
W
W
h h
h h
t Ws
Wact
h h
h h
W
W
h h
h h
W
W
h h W
s s
act
s s
t s
s t
act
s t
t t
act
t t
s s

M
+
+
,
>+
+
,
+
+
>,
>+
+
>,
>+ >,
1 8& , 7
h h W
h h W
h h W
h h W W
h h W
ne turbomachi absorbing power
s s
t s
s t
t t isen
act

>+ >,
+
,
+
>+ >,
>+
,
+
+
, >+
+
>,
+
>+ >,
>+
+
>,
h h
h h
W
W
h h
h h
Wact
t Ws
h h
h h
W
W
h h
h h
Wact
W
s s
act
s s
t s
act
s t
s t
t t
t t

(rob%ems1
+& *or a "urbo machine hand%in wa"er- "he "o"a% N "o"a% efficienc! is >&@ durin f%ow
"hrouh "he "urbo machine- "he s"ana"ion $ressure increases b! /&; bar& De"ermine
b& Idea% ener! in$u"&
c& Ac"ua% mechanica% ener! in$u"& Assumin a mechanica% efficienc! is >&>M
d& Ac"ua% $ower in$u" for a f%ow of /&,; %"s'sec&
e& Rise in a "em$era"ure due "o irreversibi%i"ies& Assume Cv H 0&+A@ #O'#29
Answer1
3iven1

L"2" H >&>@ (>H/&; bar H /;>> #(a LmechH>&M CvH0&+A@ #O'#29
PH/&,; %"s'sec
5isenH2Qvd$H2vI$'G H 2/;>>'+>>> H2>&/; #O'#
5ac" H 5isen' 7L"2"8 H 2>&/;'>&>@ H 2; #O'#
+>
du H5ac" 2 5isen
CvdT H 5ac"25isen
C dT
C
W W
dT
v
isen act
++>; & +
8 7

,& The ini"ia% 6 fina% "o"a% $ressure of a f%uid are + bar 6 +> bar res$ec"ive%!&
The ini"ia% "o"a% "em$era"ure is +> C& 5ha" is "he wor# of com$ression for adiaba"ic
s"ead! f%ow wi"h a "o"a% N"o"a% efficienc! of @>?& Consider "he f%uid as air 6 assume "ha"
i" behaves %i#e an idea% as&
Answer1
3iven1
(>+H+barR (>,H+>barR T>+H,A/9R L"2"H>&@;


>, >, >, >+
v p v p
( ) ( )
Kg
m
W
Kg
m
v
p
p
mRT T T mR W
v
v
p
p
ideal
ideal
/
/
>,
+
>+
>,
>+ >+ >,
>+
>,
+
>,
>+
;@ & ,<0
+;<A & >
+
+ +

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

Kg
Kj W
W
W
W
t t
ideal
act
act
ideal
t t
M0 & /@@
@; & >
;@ & ,<0

++
Dimensiona% ana%!sis1
Mode% ana%!sis of a "urbo machine1
I" is a reu%ar $rocedure ado$"ed "o e4$%ore "he various fac"ors affec"in "he $erformance
of "he "urbo machine& The +
s"
s"e$ wou%d be "o e4amine "he differen" variab%es invo%ved 6
serea"in "hem in"o rou$s&
The +
s"
rou$ invo%ves eome"ric variab%es such as %en"h- wid"h- s$an- and chord %en"h
e"c- of "he "urbo machine&
The ,
nd
rou$ invo%ves #inema"ics variab%es such as %inear ve%oci"! BvC- anu%ar ve%oci"!
BSC- acce%era"ion 7a8- r$m 7N8- mass f%ow ra"e- vo%ume f%ow ra"e 7P8- e"c-
The /
rd
rou$ invo%ves d!namic variab%es which are aain serea"ed in"o , "!$es1
+& *%uid variab%es such as densi"!- s$ecific weih"- viscosi"!- e%as"ici"!- surface "ension
e"c-
,& (erformance variab%es such as $ressure dro$- $ower in$u" 'ou"$u"- "or:ue- shear force-
dra- %if"- e"c-
The choice of "he differen" variab%es warran"s carefu%% considera"ion& Simi%ar variab%es
need "o be avoided&
*or e4am$%e densi"! 6 s$ecific weih" ma! no" be chosen enera%%! Buc#inhamCs
"heorem is ada$"ed "o de"ermine "he various dimension%ess rou$s invo%ved in "he rou$&

(rob%em1
7+8&A $ar"ia%%! submered bod! of %en"h ) is "owed in wa"er of densi"! G 6 viscosi"! T a"
a ve%oci"! B=C&show "ha" "he "o"a% resis"ance R e4$erienced b! "he bod! is iven as
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
, ,
-
V
Lg
LV
f V L R

Ans1
RUG)=T
V+HG
a+
)
b+
=
c+
R
M
>
)
>
T
>
H)
a+
7)T8
b+
7M)
2/
8
c+
7M)T
2,
8
a+H2,R b+H2,R c+H2,
W+ HR'7)
,
=
,
G8
V,HG
a,
)
b,
=
c,
T
M
>
)
>
T
>
H)
a,
7)T
2+
8
b,
7M)
2/
8
c,
7M)
2+
T
2,
8
a,H2+R b,H2+R c,H2+R
+,
W,HT'G)=
V/HG
a/
)
b/
=
c/

M
>
)
>
T
>
H)
a/
7)T
2+
8
b/
7M)
2/
8
c/
7)T
2,
8
a /H +R b/H 2+R c/H >R
W/H)'=
,

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
, ,
, , ,
-
>
V
Lg
LV
f V L R
V
Lg
LV V L
R
f

The o$era"in charac"eris"ics of a as "urbine are $resumed "o de$end on "he fo%%owin
$h!sica% variab%es1
mass f%ow ra"e- ini"ia% "em$era"ure- ini"ia% $ressure- "em$era"ure dro$ across "he "urbine-
"urbine ro"or diame"er 6 s$eed of "he ro"or usin "he / func"iona% dimensions of %en"h-
mass- 6"ime on%!&
*ind "he dimension%ess $arame"ers which wi%% e4$ress "he $erformance of "he as "urbine&
No"e1 Since "he dimension%ess $arame"ers have "o be ob"ained usin on%! "he / func"iona%
dimensions of %en"h- mass 6 "he variab%es ini"ia% "em$era"ure 6 ini"ia% dro$ across "he
"urbine have "o be e4$ressed in "erms of o"her variab%es whose dimensions can be
e4$ressed in "erms of %en"h- mass 6 "ime& This is done as fo%%ows1

Assumin "ha" "he as behaves %i#e a $erfec" as- we ma! wri"e
In"ia% $ressure1
i i
RT P
R
P
T
i
i
i

Since (i has a%read! been "a#en in"o accoun" as one of "he variab%es affec"in "he
$erformance- we ma! e4$ress Ti in "erms of Gi as fo%%ows1
5or# ou"$u" $er uni" mass H 2IhH 2I C$IT

ITH 2 75'mass8'C$
Hence- we ma! o head 6 e4$ress "em$era"ure dro$ in"erms of wor# ou"$u" in"erms of
$er uni" mass& Thus- "he differen" variab%e affec"in "he $erformance 6 "hen M)T form as
fo%%ows1
S%&no =ariab%e Uni"s M)T form
+& Mass f%ow ra"e 7m8 9's MT
2+
,& Ini"ia% "em$era"ure 6 ini"ia%
densi"!7Gi8
9'm
/
M)
2/
/& ini"ia% $ressure7(i8 N'm
,
or 9'm2s
,
M)
2+
T
2,
+/
0& *ina% $ressure7(f8 N'm
,
M)
2+
T
2,
;& Tem$era"ure dro$ N2m'9 of m
,
's
,
)
,
T
2,
<& Ro"or diame"er7D8 m )
@& S$eed7N8 s
2+
T
2+
Dimensiona% ana%!sis in $rac"ica% si"ua"ion1
Considerin a $rac"ica% si"ua"ion such as s"ead! f%ow "hrouh a $i$e- "he $erformance
variab%es wou%d be $ressure dro$ I(&
The variab%es affec"in "he $erformance wou%d be as fo%%ows1
+& 3eome"ric variab%e N$i$e %en"h )- diame"er D
,& 9inema"ic variab%e Nve%oci"! =
/& *%uid variab%e2densi"! G- viscosi"! T- bu%# viscosi"! 9- surface "ension X- we ma! wri"e-
I(Hf 7)- D- =- - G- T- 9-X8
Choosin G- =- D as "he re$ea"in variab%es
g
V
K
V

V
V
V
P

L
,
<
,
;
,
0
/
, ,
+

,
_

,
_

+0
(h!sica% sinificance1
To s"ud! "he $h!sica% sinificance- we need "o ana%!.e "he differen" "!$es of forces "ha"
affec" f%uid f%ow&
+& Iner"ia force1

( )
, ,
, ,
,
0
V !
V
!
"V !
V
t
m
!
ma !
i
i
i
i
i

,& =iscous force *v1

V !

V
"
!

V
V
V

/& (ressure force *$H(A
U (D
,
0& 3ravi"! force1 *Hm
HG
U GD
/

;& E%as"ic force1 *e H 9A

U9D
,
<& Surface "ension force *s"HX)
U XD
+;
DIMENSION)ESS NUMBERS
+& Re!no%ds numbers ReH

C
VL V
V
V
force viscous
force inertia

, ,
In "he above e4$ression- "he area was e4$ressed in "erms of diame"er BDC& If i" is
e4$ressed in "erms of an! o"her %en"h dimension which ma! be ca%%ed as
charac"eris"ic %en"h )c- "hen Re!no%ds number wou%d be iven b! "he e4$ression

C
VL
,& fraudCs number *rH
g
V
force gravit#
force inertia

/& 5eber number 5b H

force tension surface
force inertia
H

V
0& Macchs number MH

K
V
force ilit# compressib
force inertia

;& Eu%ers number H

P
V
force pressure
force inertia

Dimensiona% ana%!sis wi"h s$ecific reference "o "urbo machine1

5hen ana%!sis is made "o $redic" "he $erformance of "urbo machine- "he fo%%owin
observa"ion are enera%%! ob"ained&
+& 3eome"ric =ariab%e N ro"or diame"er D

,& 9inema"ic =ariab%e N ro"or s$eed N

/& D!namic =ariab%es N
a& (erformance =ariab%es
i& *%ow ra"e P
ii& Head H12head in "erms of ener! $er uni" mass wi"h uni"s O' or
head in "erms of ener! $er uni" weih" wi"h uni"s O'N
iii& (ower (
b& *%uid =ariab%es 2 densi"! G- viscosi"! T- bu%# viscosi"! 9-
Choosin G- N- D- as "he re$ea"in variab%es 6 a$$%!in "he Buc#inhamCs "heorem-
we wi%% e" "he fo%%owin dimension%ess "erms1
+<
+&
/
$
%
2 "his is referred "o as "he dimension%ess f%ow ra"e a%so ca%%ed as f%ow
coefficien" or ca$aci"! coefficien" or s$ecific ca$aci"!&
,&
, ,
$
&e
N "his is referred "o as dimension%ess head a%so ca%%ed as head co efficien"&
In "he above e4$ression He is Head in O'9 or #O'#
/&
; /
$
P

N "his is referred "o as "he $ower coefficien" 6 re$resen"s $ower in

dimension%ess form (ower coefficien" is essen"ia%%! e4$ressed as a $roduc"
of f%ow co efficien" 6 head co efficien"&
0&
,
$

N "his is ano"her form of Re!no%ds number& I" ma! be shown "ha" T is

$ro$or"iona% "o =&
;&
, ,
$
K

2 which is ano"her form of Mach Number&

Significance of the dimensionless terms
5hen a $erformance ana%!sis of a "urbo machine is made- "he $erformance charac"eris"ic
curve in "erms of head versus P is "o be $%o""ed& 5e wi%% e" differen" charac"eris"ics
curves for differen" ro"or s$eed as shown in "he fi&
+@
If a $%o"s are made of H vs& P for differen" s$eeds as shown in "he fi- i" is a$$%icab%e for
on%! one "urbo machine& As such if we need "o do a $erformance ana%!sis of o"her
eome"rica%%! simi%ar "urbo machine- "he s"raih" forward a$$roach wou%d be "o $%o" a
ra$h of H vs P for differen" s$eeds for each "urbo machine which is a cumbersome "as#&
However if a $%o" is made for head coefficien" versus f%ow co efficien"- "he
charac"eris"ics wou%d be inde$enden" of N 6 D 6 hence wou%d be a$$%icab%e for a%%
eome"rica%%! simi%ar "urbomachines&
Simplified parameters:
*or a iven "urbo machine of diame"er D hand%in a f%uid of densi"! G
/
+
/
,
+
,
+
+
/
+
wri"e and "erms "he from
i" remove can e :uan"i"! w fi4ed a is diame"er "he since omachine iven "urb a *or
" coefficien f%ow have
$
P
$
&e
$
%
$
%
we

These "erms are referred "o as sim$%ified $arame"ers&

)e" us conduc" a $erformance "es" on "his "urbo machine 6 a $%o" a ra$h of He vs& P for
an! s$eed sa! N+&
+A
Consider a $oin" on "his charac"eris"ics curve for which "he head 6 "he f%ow ra"e are P+
6He+ res$ec"ive%!& 9nowin "he va%ues of He+- P+- N+ we can de"ermine "he va%ues of W+
+
6 W,
+
&
Usin "he same va%ues of W+
+
6 W,
+
- we can de"ermine simi%ar $oin"s for "he s$eeds N,- N/-
e"c-
i&e-
&&& &&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&
/
,
,
,
,
,
,
+
+ +
,
/
/
,
+
+
+ +
+


$
&e
$
&e
$
&e
$
%
$
%
$
%
If "hese simi%ar $oin"s are Doined "he %oci is a $arabo%ic curve which $asses "hrouh "he
oriin& Af"er "his- we can choose one more $oin" on "he charac"eris"ic curve 6 re$ea" "he
who%e e4ercise "o e" one more %ocus of simi%ar $oin"s& On "he same %ine man! such %oci
ma! be drawn& If a%% such $oin"s ob"ained for a s$eed sa! N, are Doined- "hen we e" "he
$erformance charac"eris"ic curve for s$ed N, wi"hou" havin "o conduc" "he $erformance
"es"& On simi%ar %ines i" is $ossib%e "o draw $erformance charac"eris"ic curve for an!
number of s$eeds wi"h ou" havin "o conduc" an! $erformance "es"& This is "he
sinificance 6 benefi" of "he sim$%ified $arame"ers&

S$ecific s$eed1
I" is no"iced "ha" "he dimension%ess $arame"ers defined for "urbo machine con"ain one
eome"ric variab%e BDC& I" wou%d be of some benefi" if we were "o define a dimension%ess
"erm i&e& inde$enden" of "he eome"ric variab%e BDC& Such a "erm wou%d be a$$%icab%e for
a%% eome"rica%%! simi%ar "urbo machines for simi%ar f%ow condi"ions& One me"hod of
e""in such a "erm wou%d be "he a$$%ica"ion of dimensiona% ana%!sis 6buc#inamCs
"heorem & The easier me"hod wou%d be "o $erform a ma"hema"ica% o$era"ion on "he V2
"erms a%read! ob"ained so as "o e%imina"e BDC& (roceedin on "he same %ine- we e" ,
"erms of $rac"ica% sinificance which do no" have "he variab%e D& "he +
s"
"erm wou%d have
variab%e P- N- He& The ,
nd
"erm wou%d have (- N 6 He&
0
/
0
/
, ,
,
+
/
0
/
,
,
+
+
Y
&e
% $
&e
$
$
%
$
'

1
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

This is referred "o as s$ecific s$eed a$$%icab%e for $um$s& Since- s$eed f%ow ra"e 6 head
deve%o$ed are of sinificance in $um$s&
0
;
0
;
, ,
; /
,
+
0
;
,
,
+
/
8 7
Y Y
&e
P $
&e
$
$
P
$
'

+M
The above "erm is defined as s$ecific s$eed for "urbines& Since s$eed $ower ou"$u"
6head avai%ab%e are of im$or"ance "o "urbines&
S$ecific s$eed of a "urbo machine wou%d e4$ress simi%ar va%ues of "he $ro$er"ies
invo%ved i&e& N- P- He- ( which wou%d iven simi%ar f%ow condi"ion in a%%
eome"rica%%! simi%ar "urbo machine& I" can be cons"rued "ha" in "he $%o" He vs& P an!
one of "he %oci of simi%ar $oin"s have "he same va%ue s$eed& Hence- for differen" %oci
we have differen" va%ues of s$ecific s$eed& Therefore- in order "o ma#e "his "erm
sinifican" a condi"ion needs "o be im$osed& This is "a#en as "he condi"ions a" which
"he machine o$era"es a" ma4imum efficienc! condi"ions "he s$ecific s$eed of a%%
eome"rica%%! simi%ar machine fa%%s in a narrow bandwid"h as such we ma! sa! "ha"
"he va%ue of "he s$ecific s$eed ob"ained wou%d define "he "!$e of "urbo machine for
e4am$%e a s$ecific s$eed of $e%"on whee% varies from 02@> me"ric uni"s& *rancis
"urbine from @>20/> uni"s& 9a$%an "urbine ;>>2+>> me"ric uni"s& These va%ues have
rea" $rac"ica% sinificance& I" is #nown "ha" a $e%"on whee% is hih%! sui"ab%e for
condi"ions of hih head 6%ow dischare whi%e a 9a$%an "urbine- has o$"imum
efficienc! whi%e wor#in under %ow head 6 hih head 6hih dischare condi"ion
from "he e4$ression for s$ecific s$eeds for "urbines i&e&
0
;
&e
P $
$s

I" ma! be no"iced "ha" a hih va%ue of head wou%d resu%" in a %ow s$ecific s$eed&
Uni"s1 S$ecific s$eed has iven b! "he e4$ression are dimension%ess&
i&e&- non Ndimensiona% s$ecific s$eed
0
/
&e
% $
n
s

NHrad 'sec-
HeHO'9-
PHm
/
'sec-

0
;
&e
P $
$
'

NHrad'secR (Hwa""H9'm
/
R HeHO'9&
Su$$ose- head is in "erms of me"ers of "he f%owin f%uid- when we have
HeHH
Subs"i"u"in He in ns 6Ns- we have
0
/
8 7g&e
% $
n
s



6
0
;
8 7g&e
P $
$
'

Dimensiona% form of s$ecific s$eed1

0
/
&e
% $
n
s


6
0
;
&e
P $
$
'

Metric S.I.units
,>
N2r$m N2r$m
P2m/'sec P2m/'sec
H2m H2m
(2me"ric H( (295
S$ecific s$eed of a $um$ is defined as "he s$eed of "he eome"rica%%! simi%ar $um$
which wou%d deve%o$ a head of +m a" a f%ow ra"e of +m
/
'sec&

S$ecific s$eed of "urbines is defined as "he s$eed of eome"rica%%! simi%ar "urbines
which wou%d deve%o$ +9w of $ower when wor#in under a head of +m&
(rob%ems1
+& In an a4ia% f%ow $um$ wi"h a ro"or diame"er of /> cm hand%es wa"er a" a ra"e of
,&@m
/
'min& whi%e o$era"in a" +;>> r$m- "he ener! in$u" is +,;O'9- "he "o"a%2"o "o"a%
efficienc! bein @;?& If a second eome"rica%%! simi%ar $um$ wi"h a diame"er of ,>cm
o$era"es a" />>>r$m- wha" are i"s1 7a8f%ow ra"e 7b8chane in "o"a% $ressure and 7c8in$u"
$owerZ
Answer1
D+H&/m D,H&,m P+H,&@m/'min N+H+;>>r$m N,H/>>>r$m
He+H+,;O'9 L"2"H@;?

/
,
,
,
,
,
+
,
+
+
/
/
/
,
/
, ,
,
/
+ +
+
< & +
/ & > Y +;>>
, & > Y />>> Y @ & ,
$
&e
$
&e
(g
m
%
$
%
$
%

He,

H,,,&, O'9 H 2Ih> H=I(>'L"2"
I(> H 2,,,&,YL"2"Y+>>>
I(> H +<<<<; $aH+<<&<; 9$a
(HmH'" H m He H GPHe
( H GP,He, H +>>>Y+&<'<>Y,,,&, H ;M,;&A< 5 H ;&M,< 95
,& The :uan"i"! of wa"er avai%ab%e for a h!dro e%ec"ric $ower is ,<> m
/
'sec under a head
of +&@/ m& Assumin "he s$eed of "he "urbine "o be ;> r$m 6 "here efficienc! "o be
A,&;?& *ind "he number of "urbines re:uired& Assume Ns H AM> 7me"ric uni"s8&
,+
5e have1
0
;
0
;
@/ & +
;>
AM>
P
&
P $
$
'

( H +,0@&,;;MH( H M+@/;<&>;5
(>HLGPH H &A,;Y+>>>Y,<>YM&A+Y+&@/
(>H/<0>/0/&A; 5
Number of "urbines H (>'( H /<0>/0/&A; ' M+@/;<&>; H/&M H0
/& A ma4imum f%ow "urbine wi"h a "o"a% $ressure ra"io of /1+ 6 in%e" "o"a% "em$era"ure of
+>>> 9 hand%es air& The im$e%%er diame"er 6 ro"a"iona% s$eed are /> cm 6+<>>> r$m
wi"h a "o"a% "o "o"a% efficienc! of A/?& *ind "he $ower ou"$u" '9'sec of air f%ow if "he
ro"or diame"er is reduced "o ,> cm 6 "he ro"a"iona% s$eed is ,>>> r$m&

3iven1
(>+'(>, H /'+ T>+ H +>>>9 D+ H &/m N+H+<>>>r$m L"2" H A/?
D, H >&,m N, H ,>>> r$m
He+ H C$ 7T>+ N T>,8


T T P
T T P
T T
P
P
T C
T
T
T C
T T Cp

,
_

,
_

Y +
Y 8 + 7
Y 8 7
+
>+
>,
>+
>+
>,
>+
>, >+

H+>>;Y+>>>Y7+27+'/8&0'+&08Y&A/
,,
, ,
,
,
+
,
+
+
0 & +
0 & >
sec
>0@ & ,,0@,>
A/ & > Y
/
+
+ Y +>>> Y +>>;
$
&e
$
&e
Kg
W

,
_

,
_

He, H +;<>&;; O' #
0& )i:uid wa"er of s"andard densi"! f%ows a" a "em$era"ure of ,> C &A s"a"ic $ressure of +>
a"m 6a ve%oci"! of ,> cm'sec& Eva%ua"e "he "o"a% "em$era"ure 6 "o"a% $ressure of wa"er&
5e have1
atm P
V
P P
K T
C
V
T T
P
M@ & ++
,
,> Y +>>>
+>+/,;>
,
>0@ & ,M/
0+A@ Y ,
,>
,M/
,
,
>
,
>
,
>
[
,
>
+
+
+
+

;& Air as a $erfec" as f%ows in a duc" a" a ve%oci"! of <> m'sec& a s"a"ic $ressure of , a"m&
6 a s"a"ic "em$era"ure of />> 9& Eva%ua"e "he "o"a% "em$era"ure 6 "o"a% $ressure of "he air
a" "his $oin"& Assume \ H+&0&
3iven1 =H<> m'sec& TH />> 9 ( H , a"m& H ,>,<;> (a
(= H RT

(HGRT
I&e& G H (' 7RT8 H,>,<;>' 7,A@Y/>>8 H ,/;/&<; 'm/


,/

atm KPa
V
P P
K
C
V
T T
P
++ & , M; & ,>,
,
0,M & />>
0+A@ Y ,
<>
/>>
,
,
>
, ,
>
+
+ +

<& A" a s"ana"ion "em$era"ure of 0>> 9 6 a" a s"ana"ion $ressure of A a"m& The ou"%e"
"o"a% $ressure is + a"m& If "he e4$ansion $rocess "hrouh "he "urbine is assumed "o be
Adiaba"ic 6 %oss free& Eva%ua"e 7+8&5or# done $er 9 of f%uid& Assumin i" "o be
incom$ressib%e wi"h a s$ecific wi"h a s$ecific weih" of +'cc&7,8 wor# done $er 9 of
f%uid assumin i" "o be air behavin as a $erfec" as wi"h \ H +&0
3iven1

T>+ H 0>> 9 (>+HAa"m& HA+><>>(a& (>, H + a"m& H +>+/,; (a
(g
(j
P
P
T C T T C W
(g
(j p
p v vdp W
P P
isen
>>@A & +A>>@A + 8 7 8 , 7
@>M
+>>>
8 A + 7
8 + 7
+
>+
>,
>+ >, >+

,
_

,
_

,0
@& Air as a $erfec" as underoes an increase in "o"a% $ressure of +A>mm& of wa"er durin
$assae "hrouh a b%ower& The in%e" s"a"ic $ressure is + a"m "em$era"ure is ,; C 6 "he
ve%oci"! is ;> m'sec& Eva%ua"e "he e4i" "o"a% "em$era"ure if "he $rocess is isen"ro$ic&
Eva%ua"e "he ener! added "o "he air b! b%ower $er 9 of air f%ow $er sec& if "he f%ow is
s"ead!& If "he e4i" ve%oci"! is +/; m'sec& find "he e4i" s"a"ic "em$era"ure 6$ressure&
3iven1
'
Kg
W
T T Cp &e W
Pa
V
P P
m
V
K T
m
V
atm P
Pa gh
mm P
T T
//< & +0/ ,0 & ,MM Y
+>,A>;
A & +>0;@>
+ Y +>>; Y 8 7
+>,A>;
,
;> Y +A0 & +
+>+/,;
,
sec
+/;
,MA
sec
;>
+
A & +@<; +A & > Y A+ & M Y +>>>
+A>
0 & +
0 & >
>, >+
, ,
+ +
+ >+
,
+
+
+

1
1
]
1

1
]
1

+ +

K
C
V
T T
)
Kg
RT
P
Pa
V
P P
K T
P
P
T
T
Pa P
P
<,, & ,M+
,
,++@ & +
+A/ & M/;,M
,
<M & />>
+>,A>;
A & +>0;@>
Y ,0 & ,MM
A & +>0;@> A & +@<; +>,A>,;
,
>, ,
/
>,
>,
,
>, ,
0 & +
0 & >
>,
0 & +
0 & >
>+
>,
>+
>,
>,




,
_

,
_

A& The :uan"i"! of wa"er avai%ab%e for a h!dros"a" ion is /+> cumecs wa"er- "he head of
+&Am& Assumin "he s$eed of each "urbine "o be <> r$m 6efficienc! "o be A;?&find "he
,;
number of "urbines re:uired& The $ower $roduced b! each& Ta#e s$ecific s$eed of "urbine
"o be A>>me"rics&
CumecsHcubic me"er $er secondH/+>m
/
'sec&
3iven1
PH/+>cumecs
HH+&Am
NH<>r$m
NsHA>>me"ric
L H&A;
(> H L> GPH
H&A;Y+>>>YM&A+Y/+>Y+&A
H0<;,AA/ 5
W W )&P P
P
&
P $
$
'
0/ & ;<A/A/ ; & @/; Y @AM & @@, @AM & @@,
A & +
<>
A>>
0
;
0
;

Number of "urbines H(>'(H0<;,AA/';<A/A/&0/ HA&+AHM

M& An ou"$u" of +>95 was recorded on a "urbine >&;m diame"er reso%vin a" A>>r$m
under head of ,>m& 5ha" is "he diame"er 6 ou"$u" of ano"her "urbine which wor#s under
head of +A>m a" s$eed ,>>r$m&Assumin "heir efficienc! are "he same &a%so find "he
s$ecific s$eed 6 sues" "he "urbine "ha" can be used&
3iven1
(>H+>95H+>'>&@;// H +/&< MH(
D+H>&;m
N+HA>>r$m
H+H,>m
H,H+A>m
N,H,>>r$m
L+ HL,
5e have1
,<

m

$
&e
$
&e
<
Y ,>>
+A>
;, & > Y A>>
,>
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
+
,
+
+

S$ecific s$eed1
KW )&P P
P
&
P $
$
'
/AA@0 @/;; & > Y AM & ;,A;0 AM & ;,A;0
+A>
Y ,>>
0 & <M
,
0
;
,
0
;
,
, ,

Effec" of Re!no%ds number

Mos" "urbo machines use re%a"ive%! %ow viscous f%uids %i#e air- wa"er- s"eam- %ih"oi%s- e"cR
as such "he f%ow is enera%%! "urbu%en" in na"ure& viscous %osses are minima% com$ared "o
o"her %osses such as shoc# %osses a" en"r!- "urbu%en" %osses- im$ac" %osses - im$ac" %osses6
%ea#ae %osses e"c- Hence- Re!no%ds number is no" an im$or"an" $arame"er when ana%!sis
of "urbo machines are made for a mode% 6 a $ro"o"!$e& If "he surfaces have "he same
re%a"ive rouhness "hen Re!no%ds number ma! no" be a sinifican" fac"or a" a%%& Bu" for
h!drau%ic machines- "he $ro"o"!$e wi%% have a %arer va%ue of rouhness com$ared "o "he
mode% which is enera%%! smoo"h 6 $o%ishedR "he! accoun" for such dis simi%ari"ies& An
e:ua"ion has been sues"ed b! mood! "o com$are efficiencies of a mode% 6 a $ro"o"!$e&
( )
1
1
]
1

,
_

+,
+ +

p
m
m P

Uni" Puan"i"ies
The! are $arame"ers measured under condi"ions of uni" head
7+8Uni" f%ow1
&
%
%
*

I" is defined as "urbo machine wor#in under a head of +m&
7,8Uni" S$eed1
&
$
$
*

I" is defined as s$eed of "urbo machine wor#in under a head of +m&
7/8Uni" (ower1
,
/
&
P
P
*

I" is defined as $ower $roduced b! a "urbo machine wor#in under a head of +m&
,@
(rob%em1
+& A sma%% sca%e mode% of h!drau%ic "urbine- runs a" a s$eed of /;> r$m under a head of
,>m $roduces an ou"$u" of A95&De"ermine
7+8 Uni" dischare- uni" s$eed- uni" $ower&
7,8Assumin a "urbine efficienc! of a "urbine of @M?- de"ermine "he ou"$u" $ower of
$ro"o"!$e which is +, "imes "he si.e of a mode%&
7/8Assumin "heir efficienc! are re%a"ed b! Mood!Cs formu%a- sues" "he "!$e of "urbine
"o be used&
3iven1
NH/;>r$m
HH,>m
(HA95
(>HL>GPH
AY+> /H >&@MYM&A+Y+> /YPY,>
PH>&>;+< m/'sec
+& 7+8
sec
>++; & >
,>
>;+< & >
/
m
&
%
%
*

7,8
KW
&
P
P
*
>AM00 & >
,>
A
,
/
,
/


7/8
rpm
&
$
$
*
,< & @A
,>
/;>


,&
( )
metric
&
P $
$

'
P
m
P
,M & ,@
,>
@/;; & >
A
Y /;>
? , & A@
+,
+
@< & > + +
+,
0
;
0
;
, & >

1
1
]
1

,
_

(e%"on whee% "urbine is sues"ed&

,A
ENER3] TRANS*ER IN TURBO MACHINES
Ana%!sis of Ener! Transfer in "urbo machines1
,M
Ana%!sis of ener! "ransfer in "urbo machines re:uires a considera"ion of "he #inema"ics
and d!namic fac"ors invo%ved& The fac"ors inc%ude chanes in "he f%uid ve%oci"!- ro"or
ve%oci"! and "he forces caused due "o chane in "he ve%oci"!&
5e a$$%! New"onCs second %aw of mo"ion as a$$%icab%e "o ro"ar! movemen"& i&e&- Tor:ue
is $ro$or"iona% "o "he ra"e of chane of anu%ar momen"um&

dt
mVr d
T
8 7

An ano"her im$or"an" considera"ion is "he "rea"men" of a "urbo machine as a s"ead! f%ow

machine&
This invo%ves fo%%owin assum$"ions1
7+8Mass2f%ow ra"e is cons"an"&
7,8S"a"e of f%uid a" an! iven $oin" does no" chane&
7/8Hea" and 5or# "ransfer are cons"an"&
708)ea#ae %osses are ne%iib%e&
7;8Same s"ead! mass of f%uid f%ows "hrouh a%% sec"ion&
=e%oci"! Com$onen"s1
*i& ve%oci"! com$onen"s "hrouh a ro"or
/>
The f%uid en"er "he ro"or wi"h an abso%u"e ve%oci"! sa! =+ and %eaves wi"h an abso%u"e
ve%oci"! sa! =,&&
The abso%u"e ve%oci"! of "he f%uid wi%% have com$onen"s in "he a4ia%- radia% and "anen"ia%
direc"ion which ma! be referred "o as =a-=w and =f res$ec"ive%!&
The a4ia% com$onen"s do no" $ar"ici$a"e in "he ener! "ransfer bu" cause a "hrus" which
is borne b! "he "hrus" bearins& The radia% com$onen"s a%so do no" $ar"ici$a"e in "he
ener! "ransfer bu" cause a "hrus" which are borne b! "he Dourna% bearins& The on%!
com$onen"s which $ar"ici$a"e in "he ener! "ransfer is "he "anen"ia% com$onen" =w&
=a+ and =a, 1A4ia% com$onen"s of =+ and =, res$ec"ive%!&
=f+ and =f, 1 Radia% com$onen"s of =+ and =, res$ec"ive%!&
=w+ and =w, 1 Tanen"ia% com$onen"s of =+ and =, res$ec"ive%! referred "o as whir%
ve%oci"!- f%ow ve%oci"!& )e" "he ro"or move wi"h an anu%ar ve%oci"!

&
=e%oci"! Trian%es1
These are formed a" "he in%e" and e4i" b! "he combina"ion of ro"or ve%oci"! of a f%uid =-
and re%a"ive ve%oci"! =r which is "he vec"oria% difference of = and U&
Deriva"ion of Eu%erCs Turbine e:ua"ion1
B! New"onCs second %aw- Tor:ue on "he "urbo machine
, ,
+ +
, , + +
-
Y
sec
8 7
8 7
u r
u r
+ut
T P
t
W W
r V r V
t
m
T
dt
mVr d
T
w w

/+
Watt u V u V
t
m
P
w w
8 7
, , + +

Is "he Eu%erCs "urbine e:ua"ion&

Head form "he Eu%erCs e:ua"ion1
& 8 7
+
, , + +
fluid of m u V u V
g
&
w w

A%"erna"e form of Eu%erCs "urbine e:ua"ion1
Consider "he ve%oci"! "rian%e- we ma! wri"e-
8E 7 F
,
+
8 7
8 0 7
,
8 / 7
,
8 , 7
8 + 7 ,
8 7
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
+
,
+
,
+
, , + +
,
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
+
,
+
,
+
+ +
,
+
,
+
,
+
+ +
,
+
,
+
,
+
,
+
,
+ +
,
+
,
+
r r
w w
r
w
r
w
w f
w w r f
w r f
V * V V * V
t
m
P
* V * V
t
m
P
V * V
* V
V * V
* V
V V V
V * V * V V
V * V V
+ +


+

+

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

, , ,
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+ r r
actual
V V * * V V
t
m
W
Sinificance of "he "erms1
/,
+&

,
_

,
,
,
,
+
V V
2This re$resen"s "he ener! "ransferred due "o chane in abso%u"e ve%oci"! of
"he f%uid and is referred "o as d!namic head&
,&

,
_

,
,
,
,
+
* *
2This re$resen"s "he ener! "ransferred due "o movemen" of "he f%uid from
one radius "o ano"her which ives rise "o cen"ri$e"a% ' cen"rifua% ac"ion- This is referred
"o as s"a"ic head&
/&

,
_

,
,
,
,
+ r r
V V
2This re$resen"s "he ener! "ransferred due "o chane in re%a"ive ve%oci"!
a%one& This a%so forms "he $ar" of s"a"ic head&
The sum

,
_

,
_

, ,
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+ r r
V V * *
re$resen"s s"a"ic ener! "ransfer&
5hi%e

,
_

,
,
,
,
+
V V
re$resen"s d!namic ener! "ransfer&
Im$u%se and Reac"ion Turbines1
Turbo machines are c%assified as im$u%se and reac"ion machines de$endin on "he
re%a"ive $ro$or"ions of "he s"a"ic and d!namic heads invo%ved in "he ener! "ransfer& To
aid "his- we define a "erm referred "o as deree of reac"ion Rd&
Deree of reac"ion Rd can be defined as "he ra"io of s"a"ic head "o "he "o"a% head in "he
ener! "ransfer&
8 7 8 7 8 7
8 7 8 7
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
r r
r r
d
V V * * V V
V V * *
R
+

Deree of reac"ion can be .ero- $osi"ive or nea"ive&

RdH>- charac"eri.es a c%ose "urbo machine for which a s"a"ic head is e:ua% "o .ero&
In "he mos" enera% case- "his wi%% ha$$en if U+HU, and =r+H=r,&
//
These c%asses of "urbo machines are referred "o as im$u%se machines& In mos" $rac"ica%
si"ua"ions =r, ma! be %ess "han =r+ even "houh r+Hr,&
This is enera%%! due "o fric"iona% %osses& Even "hen a machine is referred "o as an a4ia%
f%ow "urbines and $um$s wou%d have r+Hr, and if =r+H=r,- "hen "he! become e4am$%es of
$ure im$u%se machines&
(e%"on 5hee%- "anen"ia% f%ow h!drau%ic machines is a%so e4am$%e of im$u%se machine&
=e%oci"! Trian%es for im$u%se machine1
*i& =e%oci"! "rian%e for a4ia% f%ow im$u%se machine&
The ve%oci"! of whir% a" e4i" is "o be ca%cu%a"ed b! enera% e4$ression-

, , , ,
cos
r w
V * V
If "he va%ue ob"ained is nea"ive- "hen i" sues"s "ha"
, , ,
cos * V
r
>
If =w, is $osi"ive- "hen O=T wou%d a$$ear as fo%%ows1
/0
If =,H>- "hen "he O=T wou%d %oo# %i#e

(rob%ems1
+& In an a4ia% f%ow "urbine- dischare b%ade an%e are ,> derees each for bo"h "he s"a"or
and "he ro"or s"eam s$eed a" "he e4i" of "he fi4ed b%ade is +0> m'sec&The ra"io of
@ & >
*
V
a
a" "he en"r! and >&@< a" e4i"& *ind "he in%e" ro"or b%ade an%e for a mass f%ow
ra"e of ,&< 9'sec&a%so de"ermine "he deree of reac"ion&
I = T
/;

@< & >
1
sec
/ & @M
8 0 & <A < & +/+ 7 ; & 0@ 8 7
sec
0 & <A
@ & >
; & 0@
@ & >
@ & >
&
sec
< & +/+ ,> cos +0> ,> cos
sec
; & 0@ ,> sin
1
& - sin
@< & >
@ & >
sec
+0>
- ,> ar
- ,> ar
1
,
+
, , ,
+
,
+
,
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
, +
,
,
+
+
,
+

+ +

*
V
,VT
m
V
* V V V
m V
*
*
V
m
V V
m
V V
-VT
* * machines flow a.ial is turbine ce
*
V
*
V
m
V e.it stator at Velocit#
angle e disch rotor
angle e disch stator
/iven
a
r
w a r
a
a
w
a
a
a

O = T (referred1
/<
;M & >
8 +0> / & @M 7 8 A & M> +0> 7
8 +;, / & @M 7
8 7 8 7 8 7
8 7 8 7
< & /< 8 0 & @0 < & +/+ 87 0 & <A 7 < & ,
8 7 8 7
,, & /@
/ & @M
; & 0@
sin
sin
sec
A & M>
sec
0/ & @0 ,> cos +;, 0 & <A
cos
sec
+;,
,> sin
;,
sin
sec
;,
@< & > Y 0 & <A
, , , ,
, ,
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
, + , , + +
+
+
+
+
+
,
,
,
, ,
,
, , , ,
,
,
,
,
,

+


,
_

d
r r
r r
d
w w w w
r
a
w
w
r w
a
r
a
a
R
V V * * V V
V V * *
R
KW P
V V *
t
m
* V * V
t
m
P
V
V
m
V V V
m
V
V * V
m V
V
m
V
V

,& The a4ia% com$onen" of air ve%oci"! a" "he e4i" of "he no..%e of an a4ia% f%ow reac"ion
s"a"e is +A> m'sec&The no..%e inc%ina"ion "o "he direc"ion of ro"a"ion bein ,@ deees&*ind
"he ro"or b%ade an%es a" "he in%e" and ou"%e" if "he derees shou%d be ;>? and "he b%ade
s$eed is A> m'sec&A%so for "he same b%ade s$eed a4ia% ve%oci"! and no..%e an%e& *ind "he
deree of reac"ion if "he abso%u"e ve%oci"! a" "he ro"or ou"%e" shou%d be a4ia% and e:ua% "o
/@
"he a4ia% ve%oci"! a" "he in%e"&
I=T O=T
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
+
+
E F E F ; & > E F ; & >
8 7 8 7 8 7
8 7 8 7
sec
+A>
,@
; & >
sec
+A>
1
r r
r r r r
r r
r r
d
d
a
V V V V
V V V V V V
V V * * V V
V V * *
R
m
*
R
m
V
/iven


+

No"e1 I" ma! be shown "ha" for a ;>? reac"ion "urbine- "he ve%oci"! "rian%es are
s!mme"rica% and a$$ear as shown&
>+A & >
8 ; & ,;0 M & ,0M 7 8 +A> ; & /M< 7
8 M & ,0M ; & ,;0 7
+ & 0<
+A> /;/
+A>
"an
sec
/;/
"an
, , , ,
, ,
+
+
+
+
+
+
, +
, +

,
_

d
w
w
a
r
r
R
m
V
V
V
V V
V V

No"e1 Since "he condi"ion a" "he in%e" i&e- =a+-

+ and U+ have "o remain "he same- "he

I=T does no" chane on%! "he O=T chanes&
/A
Radia% f%ow (um$ and Com$ressors1
3enera% ana%!sis1
I = T

O = T 7$referred8

/M
&
- &8 /
>
&8 ,
& - &
&8 +
, ,
, ,
+
+ +
+ , + ,
+ + , ,
fluid of m
g
* V
&
Watt * V
t
m
P
V
V V entr# ".ial
outward radiall# is flow r r or * * e i
* V * V
w
w
w
a
w w

> >
>
Mos" of "he "urbo machines be%on "o "his c%ass& In enera%- "he! have a res"ric"ed f%ow
area for a iven ro"or diame"er and have %ow "o medium s$ecific s$eed&
Sinifican" as$ec"s1
+&8 *%ow is ou"wards from "he sma%%er "o %arer radius "he Eu%erCs "urbine e:ua"ion&
i&e&-
8 7
, , + +
* V * V
t
m
P
w w

re:uires "ha" + + , ,
* V * V
w w
>
for $um$s and
com$ressors which are $ower absorbin machines& *or "his sa#e radia% f%ow com$ressors
and $um$s enera%%! have f%uid en"erin a" a sma%%er radius and %eavin a" a %arer radius&
,&8 The abso%u"e ve%oci"! a" in%e" is orien"ed $ara%%e% "o "he a4es of "he shaf" i&e&- =a+H=+
and hence "here is no whir% com$onen" a" in%e" i&e&-=w+H>&
/&8 Since =w+H>- "he ener! "ransferred is $ure%! a func"ion of e4i" condi"ion i&e&
&
-
, ,
, ,
fluid of m
g
* V
&
Watt * V
t
m
P
w
w

The ve%oci"! "rian%es a$$ear as shown1

Head2ca$aci"! re%a"ionshi$1
0>
[ ]
g
*
K
speed given a for operating rotor g considerin % K K &
%
" g
*
g
*
&
"
%
*
g
*
%
V " %
V *
g
*
&
g
* V
&
f
f
w
,
,
+
, +
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, , ,
, , ,
,
, ,
&8 7
co"
co"
co"

,
_

,
_

1
]
1

vane
vane curved !orward vane Radial curved +ac(ward

M> M> M> > <
*rom "he ve%oci"! "rian%es for "he / "!$es of vanes i" ma! be no"iced "ha" "he whir%
com$onen" a" e4i" is %eas" for bac#ward curved vane 7

M> <
8 and mos" for a forward
curved vane& 5hen o$era"in under simi%ar condi"ion of s$eed and cross sec"ion area& Bu"
from a $rac"ica% view $oin" a hih va%ue of e4i" ve%oci"! =, is no" desirab%e& This is
because i" becomes necessar! "o cons"ruc" a diffuser of unreasonab%! %are dimensions
even for modera"e si.ed ro"ors& Hence bac#ward curved vane wi"h
,
in "he rane of
,>2,; derees is $referred for radia% f%ow $um$s and com$ressors& *orward curved vanes
0+
are no" $referred whi%e radia% vanes 7

M>
8 are used in se%ec" a$$%ica"ions re:uirin
ver! hih $ressure&
A4ia% f%ow $um$s and com$ressors1
In a4ia% f%ow machines- we reconi.e "ha" "he b%ade "i$s s$eed is same a" "he in%e" and
e4i"& Hence- U+HU,&
In a4ia% f%ow $um$s and com$ressors- "he ener! "ransfer is achieved in "he number of
s"aes invo%vin s"a"ors and ro"ors& The firs" s"ae enera%%! as a se" of uide b%ades
which func"ions "o ac" as a no..%e and direc"s "he s"eam "o "he ro"or in such a wa! "ha" "he
re%a"ive ve%oci"! is "anen"ia% "o "he b%ade as shown &The subse:uen" s"aes of s"a"or
which func"ion as diffusers& Hence- "he %as" s"ae wou%d end wi"h "he s"a"or& The direc"ion
of f%uid f%ow is $ara%%e% "o "he shaf" a4es in a enera% sense and hence "he "erm a4ia% f%ow-
"here is no radia% com$onen"&
The s"a"ors af"er each subse:uen" s"ae func"ion as diffusers and conver" "he e4i" #ine"ic
ener! "o usefu% $ressure ener!& A reasonab%e assum$"ion is "ha" "he a4ia% ve%oci"!
com$onen" =a is cons"an"& i&e&=a+H=a,H=a&
5hi%e- "his is enera%%! "rue for incom$ressib%e f%uids& I" is a reasonab%e assum$"ion for
com$ressib%e f%uids "oo& Since "he dro$ in "he a4ia% ve%oci"! com$onen" is around ;? in
each s"ae&
Deriva"ion of e4$ression for head deve%o$ed in "erms of ro"or ve%oci"! U and ro"or b%ade
an%es 1
, +
and
0,
*rom "he In%e" =e%oci"! Trian%es- we ma! wri"e
[ ]
[ ]
8 / 7
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8 "an7
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+
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as written be ma# developed head The
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Su$er $osi"ion of =e%oci"! "rian%es1
7+8 Common Base1
0/
7,8Common ver"e41
, w
V
Re$resen"s "he chane in "he whir% com$onen" which direc"%! con"ribu"es "o "he
enera"ion of head $ressure increases in an a4ia% f%ow $um$ or com$ressors ha$$ens due
"o "he fo%%owin reason1
7+8Re%a"ive ve%oci"! is reduced from =r+ "o =r, wi"h a subse:uen" increase in $ressure&
7,8I" ma! be no"iced "ha" abso%u"e ve%oci"! has increased from =+ "o =,& A hih e4i"
ve%oci"! is no" desirab%e in $um$s desirab%e in $um$s and com$ressors& Hence- "he
necessi"! of a s"a"or a" "he e4i" of ever! s"ae "ha" wi%% conver" ve%oci"! ener! "o $ressure
ener!&

00
E4$ression for Deree of reac"ion in "erms of ro"or ve%oci"! and ro"or b%ade an%es1
5e #now "ha"- Deree of reac"ion is iven b!-
( ) ( ) [ ]
,
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as written be ma# which head total the to head suction of ratio the is reaction of egree
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as written be ma# pump a for equation turbine s 1uler that (now we
V V V V
V
R
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as reaction of ree write to acceptable generall# is it pump a !or
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0;
a
a
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w w
r r
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a
d
Turbines1
3enera% ana%!sis1
The! are $ower enera"in "urbo machines- which run on bo"h incom$ressib%e f%uids such
as wa"er as we%% as com$ressib%e f%uids such as ases&
The efficienc! of "urbines ma! be defined as "he ra"io of ac"ua% wor# ou"$u" "o "he f%uid
ener! in$u"&
This invo%ves , "!$es of efficiencies1
7+8H!drau%ic efficienc! 'isen"ro$ic efficienc!&
7,8Mechanica% efficienc!&
The mechanica% efficienc! "a#es care of a%% %osses due "o ener! "ransfer be"ween
mechanica% e%emen"s& In "he "urbines- mechanica% efficienc! is ver! hih and of "he order
of MA "o MM?&
The h!drau%ic efficienc! "a#es care of %osses durin f%ow&
5e rea%i.e "ha"- "urbines mus" have a residua% e4i" ve%oci"! so "ha" f%ow is main"ained&
However- "his residua% ve%oci"! so "ha" f%ow is i" re$resen"s a %o" far as "he ro"or is
concerned& Hence- even if we have idea%i.ed fric"ion free f%ow i" is no" $ossib%e "o
"ransfer a%% "he ener! in "he f%uids due "o "he need "o have "he fina% residua% e4i" ve%oci"!&
Hence- h!drau%ic efficienc! is a $roduc" of , "erms and is iven b!
V &
Y

V

2where is referred "o as vane efficienc! and "a#es care of fric"iona% %oss&
0<
U"i%i.a"ion fac"or1
U"i%i.a"ion fac"or is defined as "he ra"io of "he ac"ua% wor# "ransferred from "he f%uid "o
"he ro"or in an idea% condi"ion "o "he ma4imum $ossib%e wor# "ha" cou%d be "ransferred in
an idea% condi"ion&
[ ]
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8 7 8 7
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ma4
V
* V * V m W
V
t
m
W W
V V * * V
m
W
V V * * V V W
V V * * V
V V * * V V
W
W
w w actual
actual
r r actual
r r actual
r r
r r actual
+
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8 7
8 7
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V
* V * V
* V * V
w w
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+

Re%a"ionshi$ be"ween
1
d
R and
OR
Derive an e4$ression for

in "erms of Rd1
E F
,
+
8E 7 8 F7
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
V V
g
&
V V * *
g
&
d
r r s


0@
d s
s
d
& &
&
R
+

8 + 7
E F
d
d d
s
s d d s d
s s d d
R
& R
&
& & R & R
& & & R

+
+
U"i%i.a"ion fac"or ma! be wri""en as
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
+
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
+
,
+
,
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+
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+
,
+
, ,
,
, ,
,
, +
+
-
,
V R V
V V
g
V R
g
V
& R
g
V V
g
V R
g
V
& R
&
R V V g & R
& R & & R
g
V
R
& R
&
R
& R
have we & for ng substituti
g
V
&
& &
d
d
d
d
d

d d
d d

d
s
s
d s

+ +

,
_

+ +

+
+

+
+

This e4$ression ho%ds ood for Rd va%ues be"ween > and +& This canno" be used for RdH+
7+>>? reac"ion8& Since- "he e4$ression becomes e:ua% "o + sues"in +>>? u"i%i.a"ion
fac"or which cou%d obvious%! %ead "o residua% e4i" ve%oci"! =, becomin .ero&
0A
(rob%ems1
+& A" a s"ae in an im$u%se "urbine- "he mean b%ade diame"er is A>cm& The ro"or s$eed is
/>>>r$m& The abso%u"e ve%oci"! of "he f%uid discharin from no..%e inc%ined a" ,>
derees "o "he $%ane of "he whee% is />> m'sec& If "he u"i%i.a"ion fac"or is >&A; and "he
re%a"ive ve%oci"! a" ro"or e4i" e:ua%s "ha" a" "he in%e"& *ind "he in%e" and e4i" ro"or b%ade
an%es and "he $ower ou"$u" for "he s"ae for a mass f%ow ra"e of + 9'sec&
I=T O=T
& sec ' +
A & >
A; & >
,>
/>>>
1
+
Kg
t
m
m d
rpm $
/iven

0M
watt P
m
V * V
* V * V
t
m
P
*V V * V
,VT
V
V
m
V
* V V V
V V
-VT
m
V V
m d$
*
m
V
V
V
V V
R
V V
* * turbine impulse an -n
r w
w w
r r
r
a
r
w r
a
w
d
r r
/ & /A E < & /@ cos M< & +A< M & ,A+ F Y < & +,; Y +
sec
0 & ,, < & /@ cos M< & +A< << & +,; cos
E F
< & /@
cos M< & +A< Y << & +,; Y , M< & +A< << & +,; , & ++<
cos ,
1
// & //
M< & +A<
< & +>,
sin
sec
M< & +A<
8 << & +,; M & ,A+ 7 />> 8 7
< & +>, ,> sin />> sin
1
sec
M> & ,A+ ,> cos />> cos
sec
<< & +,;
<>
/>>> Y A & > Y
<>
sec
, & ++<
/>>
/>>
A; & >
R >
, , , ,
, , + +
,
,
, , ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
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+
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+
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+ + +
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+
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+
, +
, +

+
+

+ +

,& =e%oci"! of a s"eam ou"f%ow of a no..%e from a De2)ava% "urbine is +,>> m'sec& The
no..%e an%e is ,, derees& If ro"or b%ades are e:uianu%ar and "he ro"or "anen"ia% s$eed
is 0>> m'sec& Com$u"e 7+8&ro"or b%ade an%e
7,8&Tanen"ia% force on "he b%ades&
7/8&(ower ou"$u"& Assume =r+H=r,& A%so de"ermine u"i%i.a"ion fac"or&
;>
A & >
+,>>
A; & ;0@ +,>>
; & +0,;
0>>
+> Y , & ;@>
+> Y , & ;@> E M & /+, < & +++, F Y 0>> Y +
E F
Y
sec
A; & ;0@
, & /, cos Y 0>> Y ; & A0, Y , 0>> ; & A0, cos Y Y ,
sec
M & /+, cos
sec
; & A0,
, & /,
; & A0,
; & 00M
sin
sec
; & A0, 8 0>> < & +++, 7 ; & 00M 8 7
sec
; & 00M ,, sin +,>> sin
sec
< & ++, ,, cos +,>> cos
,,
sec
0>>
sec
+,>>
& & &
1
,
, ,
,
+
,
,
,
+
/
/
, +
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
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, +
, +
+
+
+
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+
,
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
, +
+
+
, +

+ +




+ +

V
V V
$
*
P
!
Watts P
V V *
t
m
P
* ! P
m
V
* V * V V
m
V * V
m
V V
V
V
m
* V V V
m
V V
m
V V
V V
m
*
m
V
* * e i turbine steam flow a.ial an for e.ample an is turbine Laval e
/iven
T
w w
T
r r
r w
r r
r
a
w a r
a
w
r r

/& A" "he no..%e e4i" of "he cer"ain s"ae in a s"eam "urbine- abso%u"e ve%oci"! is />>
m'sec& Ro"or s$eed is +;> m'sec& a" a $oin" where "he no..%e an%e is +A derees& If "he
ro"or ou"%e" b%ade an%e& De"ermine "he $ower ou"$u" from "he s"ae for a s"eam f%ow ra"e
of A&; 9'sec&Assume =r+H=r, and a%so de"ermine "he u"i%i.a"ion fac"or&
;+
I = T
+<0
@ & M,
sin
sec
+<0 8 +;> / & ,A; 7 />> 8 7
sec
@ & M, +A sin />> sin
sec
/ & ,A; +A cos />> cos
1
E F
Z
sec
; & A
; & /
+A
sec
+;>
sec
/>>
1
+
+
+
, , , ,
+
,
+
,
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
, +
+ ,
+
+

+ +

r
a
w r
a
w
w w
V
V
m
* V V V
m
V V
m
V V
T V -
V V *
t
m
P
P
Kg
t
m
m
*
m
V
/iven

0 & /0
+

O = T
;,
M & >
/>>
@ & A0 />>
sec
/;, E , & M / & ,A; F Y +;> Y ; & A E F
sec
@ & A0
cos ,
sec
, & M M & /> cos +<0 +;> cos
sec
+<0
M & /> ; & / 0 & /0
1
,
, ,
,
+
,
,
,
+
, +
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
, , ,
+ ,
,

+



V
V V
m
V V *
t
m
P
m
V
*V V * V
m
V * V
m
V V
,VT
w w
w r
r w
r r

0& In a radia% inward f%ow h!drau%ic "urbine "he deree of reac"ion is >&A<< and u"i%i.a"ion
fac"or for "he runner is >&M<A& The "anen"ia% s$eed a" in%e" and ou"%e" res$ec"ive%! are ++
m'sec and ;&; m'sec& Draw "he I=T and O=T& Assumin "ha" radia% ve%oci"! is "he same
a" a%% $oin"s on "he runner and is e:ua% "o ; m'sec& The abso%u"e ve%oci"! a" "he runner
ou"%e" is $ure%! radia% wi"h "he "anen"ia% com$onen"& De"ermine "he $ower ou"$u" for a
vo%ume f%ow ra"e of +<m
/
'sec&

I = T
;/
O = T
KW * V
t
%
P
* V * V
t
m
P
*
V
V V
V
V
V
V
m
V
V
V
V R V
V V
m
%
m
V V
m
V V
m
*
m
*
R
/iven
w
w w
w
r
f
f
d
f
f f
d
0 & +@< ++ Y >, & <A+> & + Y +>>> E F
E F
, & 0,
; & ;
;
"an "an
>, & +> ; & ,< cos ,M & ++ cos
>A & +>+
sin +A>
; & ,<
;
,M & ++
sin
sec
,M & ++
; Y A<< & >
;
M<A & >
sec
+<
sec
;
sec
;
sec
; & ;
sec
++
M<A & >
A<< & >
1
+ +
, , + +
+
,
, +
,
+ + +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
, ,
+
, ,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
/
, ,
, +
,
+



,
_

,
_

,
_

;0
;& A h!drau%ic reac"ion "urbine of radia% inward f%ow "!$e wor#s under a head of +<> m of
wa"er a" "he $oin" f%uid en"r! "he ro"or b%ade an%e is ++M derees and "he diame"er of "he
runner is /&<; m and a" "he e4i" is ,&0; m& if "he abso%u"e ve%oci"! a" "he whee% ou"%e" is
radia%%! direc"ed wi"h a mani"ude of +;&; m'sec and radia% com$onen" of ve%oci"! a" "he
in%e" is +>&/ m'sec& De"ermine "he $ower deve%o$ed b! "he machine& Assume "ha" AA? of
"he avai%ab%e head is conver"ed in"o wor# and f%ow ra"e is ++> m/'sec& A%so de"ermine "he
deree of reac"ion and "he u"i%i.a"ion fac"or&
I = T O = T
;;
<>
sec
@ & ++
sec
A & /0
+ & 0>
/ & +/A+
sec
0 & /0 -
sec
+ & 0>
@ & ;
/ & +/A+
sec
@ & ;
<> "an
/ & +>
<+ "an
sec
/ & +/A+
E F E F
>
+> Y M & +;+ +<> Y A+ & M Y +> Y +>> Y AA & >
AA & >
sec
/ & +>
sec
++>
sec
; & +;
sec
<; & /
++M
0; & ,
+<>
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
, , ,
<
+
/
,
+
+
,
$ d
*
m
V
m
V
m m
*
*
*
m
V
* V
m
* V
* V
t
%
u V
t
m
P
V then V V -f
W g&
t
%
P
m
V
m
t
%
m
V
m
d
m d
m &
/iven
r
w
f
w
w
w w
w f
T
T
f

;<
M, & >
A@; & ;,@ E ; & +; /< F
,
+
E F
,
+
0M & A;; 8E >0 & /+ @ & ++ 7 8 M & ,< + & 0> F7
,
+
8E 7 8 F7
,
+
sec
>0 & /+ ; & +; M & ,<
sec
M & ,<
<>
,+> Y 0; & , Y
<>
,+>
0; & , Y
<> Y + & 0>
sec
/< cos
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
, , ,
,
,
+
, , , , ,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
, , ,
,
,
, ,
,
,
+ + +

+ +



V R V
V V
m V V &
m V V * * &
m
* V V
m $ d
*
rpm $
m
V V
d
d
r r s
r
w

<& In a radia% f%ow *rancis "urbine "he runner ou"er diame"er 7in%e"8 diame"er is @;cm and
inner 7ou"%e"8 diame"er is ;> cm- "he runner s$eed is 0>>r$m& 5a"er en"ers whee% a" a
s$eed of +; m'sec a" an an%e of +; derees "o "he whee% "anen" a" "he $oin" of en"r!&
Dischare a" "he ou"%e" is radia% and abso%u"e ve%oci"! is ; m'sec&*ind "he runner b%ade
an%e a" "he in%e" and draw ve%oci"! "rian%es& 5ha" is "he $ower ou"$u" $er uni" mass f%ow
ra"e "hrouh "he "urbineZ *ind "he deree of reac"ion- u"i%i.a"ion fac"or and s"a"ic
$ressure a" "he "urbine in%e"& If "he s"a"ic $ressure a" "he e4i" is + a"mos$here&

I = T O = T
;@
;< & >
+>>
,
0 & +,@
,
A & ,;0
8E 7 8 F7
,
+
< & ,,@ E @ & +; Y ; & +0 F Y + E F
sec
< & ++ ; ; & +>
0< & ,;
"an
sec
0 8 ; & +0 @ & +; 7 A & / 8 7
, & +>@
; & +0
>+ & <
"an "an +A>
sec
A & / sin
sec
; & +0 +; cos +; cos
sec
; & +>
<>
0>> Y ; & > Y
<>
sec
@ & +;
<>
0>> Y @; & > Y
<>
1
+
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A4ia% f%ow "urbines1

3enera% ana%!sis1
Mos" "urbines invo%vin com$ressib%e f%ow are a4ia% "urbines& 3enera%%!- s"eam and as
"urbines are a4ia% f%ow machines&
5e #now "ha" in a%% a4ia% "urbine machines- U+HU,HU&
And hence "he a%"erna"ive form of "urbine e:ua"ion reduces "o
[ ] 8 7 8 7
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+ r r
V V V V
t
m
P
Deree of reac"ion-
8 7 8 7
8 7
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
r r
r r
d
V V V V
V V
R

Chane of f%uid $ressure in "he ro"or ha$$ens on%! due "o chane in "he re%a"ive ve%oci"!
com$onen" =r- since- U remains cons"an"&
A4ia% f%ow "urbines are of , "!$es1
7+8 Im$u%se "!$e for which RdH>&since =r+H=r, and hence $ower ou"$u"
[ ]
,
,
,
+
,
+
V V
t
m
P
7,8Reac"ion "!$e1 3enera%%! an! "urbine which is no" $ure%! an im$u%se "urbine is referred
"o as a reac"ion "urbine& I" is no" a +>>? reac"ion "urbine& Bu"- i" is s"i%% referred "o as a
reac"ion "urbine& Mos" reac"ion "urbines are desined for ;>? reac"ion which is found "o
be ver! advan"aeous from $rac"ica% considera"ion& In "he case of s"eam "urbines i" is
im$%ici" "ha" a reac"ion "urbine is ;>? reac"ion "urbine ca%%ed as $arsonCs reac"ion "urbine&
=e%oci"! diarams for differen" va%ues of Rd a$$ear as shown be%ow1
;M
=+K=,- =r+K=r, =r+H=r, =+H=r,R =r+H=,
RdJ>7Rd is nea"ive8 RdH> RdH>&;
=+H=, =,K=+R =r,K=r+
RdH+>>? RdK+>>?
5e #now "ha" for u"i%i.a"ion fac"or

"o be ma4imum- "he e4i" ve%oci"! =, shou%d be

minimum& *or a iven ro"or s$eed U- "he minimum va%ue of =, is ob"ained on%! if =,, is
a4ia% and "he ve%oci"! "rian%es wou%d %oo# as shown1
=e%oci"! "rian%e for ma4imum u"i%i.a"ion fac"or condi"ion&1
<>
+
, ,
+
,
+
+
, ,
+
,
+
ma4
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
+ + ,
sin
sin
sin

V R V
V V
V R V
V V
V V
d
imum
d

+
,
+
,
ma4
sin +
cos

d
imum
R

*orm "he e4$ression- i" is c%ear "ha"

imum ma4

wi%% have "he hihes" va%ue if

+
H>&
Bu"
+
H>- resu%"s in =,H> which is no" a $rac"ica%%! feasib%e condi"ion& The .ero an%e
"urbines which wou%d have
+
H> a$$ears as shown1
Thouh "he .ero an%e "urbines are no" $rac"ica%%! feasib%e i" re$resen"s "he idea%
condi"ion "o be aimed a"& In a (e%"on whee%- we arrive a" a condi"ion wherein "he De" is
def%ec"ed "hrouh an an%e of +<; "o +@> derees& Thouh an an%e of +A> derees wou%d
be "he idea% condi"ion as in case of a .ero an%e "urbine&

Im$u%se "urbine desined for ma4imum u"i%i.a"ion1
<+
+
+
+
+
,
cos
,
cos
V
*
V
*
,"
"C

The ra"io
+
V
*
is referred "o as a b%ade s$eed ra"io

which wi%% have %imi"in va%ue of

>&; for a .ero an%e "urbine& Bu" in $rac"ica% si"ua"ion-
+
is in be"ween ,> "o ,; derees&
Bu"

varies from >&0; "o >&0@& The b%ade s$eed ra"io is ver! usefu% $erformance
$arame"er and i" ma! be no"ed "ha" "he c%oser i"s va%ue is "o >&;- "he be""er i" is&
E4$ression for $ower ou"$u"1
,
+ + +
+
ma4 ,
, , + +
,
, cos -
& >
8 7
* P
* V V but
* V P
condition for V
Kg
Kj
* V * V P
w
w
imum w
w w

Reac"ion "urbine1
5e #now "ha"-
+
,
+
,
ma4
sin +
cos

d
imum
R

*or a fi4ed va%ue of

+
- as Rd increases imum ma4

&
Bu" for RdH+ 7+>>? reac"ion "urbine8- "his e:ua"ion doesnC" ho%ds ood&
)e" us e4amine how imum ma4

is affec"ed b! Rd&
Case 7+81 RdH+-
8 7 8 7
8 7
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
r r
r r
d
V V V V
V V
R

<,
=w+H=w,
Hence b! Eu%erCs "urbine e:ua"ion
8 7
, , + +
* V * V P
w w

E F
, + w w
V V * P
+ +
,
,
+ +
,
,
+ +
+ +
,
+
+ +
+ +
+
, ,
cos 0
+
+
8 cos , 7 ,
+ cos ,
cos ,
,
cos ,
cos ,
cos ,

*V
V
*V
V
*V
*V
V
*V
*V
*V P
V * P
w
+

1
]
1

*or ma4imum u"i%i.a"ion =, needs "o be a4ia%& If =, is "o be a4ia%- "hen =+ a%so shou%d be
a4ia% which means "ha" "he denomina"or of "he e4$ression becomes e:ua% "o infini"!
which reduces "o

"o .ero& This on%! means "ha"

+
shou%d be as %ow as $ossib%e "o e"
meanin fu%% va%ues of imum ma4

& This re$resen"s con"radic"in condi"ion and hence RdH+

is no" $referred&
Case 7,81 RdK+
=,K=+- =r,K=r+

,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
V R V
V V
d

As RdK

"ends "o .ero&

In "his case- =,K=+and hence =, can never be a4ia% and hence "he condi"ion for imum ma4

FAn a4ia% orien"a"ion for =, can never be me"E

</
The u"i%i.a"ion fac"or

is iven b!
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
V R V
V V
d

As Rd increases-

decreases&
This means "ha" "he s"a"or has "o func"ion "o no" on%! diffuse =, "o as %ow a va%ue as
$ossib%e bu" a%so "urn "he f%uid "hrouh a ver! %are an%e& This resu%"s in "he $oor f%ow
efficienc! and hence Rd rea"er "han +>>? is no" $rac"ica%%! $referred&
Case 7/81 RdJ> Fnea"ive RdE
=r+K=r,
8 7 8 7
8 7
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
r r
r r
d
V V V V
V V
R

,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
V R V
V V
d

*or "his condi"ion- i" is no"iced "ha" rd is nea"ive denomina"or increases-

decreases&
=r,J=r+- a%so means "ha" "he $ressure is increasin as f%uid $asses "hrouh "he ro"or&
i&e& "he ro"or is ac"in %i#e a diffuser& This is no" $referred since $ressure a%wa!s has "o
decrease a%on "he f%ow $a"h for ood f%ow efficienc!& Hence- RdJ> is no" $rac"ica%%!
$referred&
Case 7081 RdH>&;-
5e #now "ha" for a ;>? reac"ion "urbine- ve%oci"! "rian%es are simi%ar and for ma4imum
u"i%i.a"ion condi"ion "he "rian%e wou%d a$$ear as shown&
<0
5e no"ice-
+ ,
, +

The an%es are iden"ica% bu" reversed for "he ro"or and "he s"a"or& *rom "he $rac"ica% view
$oin"- manufac"urin of b%ades becomes sim$%e& Since "he same b%ade can be used for
ei"her "he s"a"or or "he ro"or b! mere%! reversin "he direc"ion& I" can a%so be shown "ha" in
a mu%"is"ae "urbines ;>? reac"ion ives ma4imum s"ae efficienc!& Since =r,K=r+-
$ressure reduces a%on "he f%ow $a"h in "he ro"or resu%"in in hih f%ow efficienc!& In
enera%- n Rd va%ue be"ween > and + is $referred due "o $rac"ica% considera"ions&
*rom "he ve%oci"! "rian%e i" can be no"ed "ha" =w+HU
E F
, , + +
* V * V
t
m
P
w w

, w
V
H> 7for ma4imum u"i%i.a"ion fac"or condi"ion8
,
* P
Com$arin "he ener! "ransfer achieved b! ;>? reac"ion "urbine wi"h an im$u%se "urbine
when bo"h are desined for imum ma4

condi"ion and o$era"in wi"h "he same ro"or

ve%oci"ies& 5e no"ice "ha" an im$u%se "urbine "ransfers "wice as much ener! as ;>?
reac"ion "urbine ives "he be""er f%ow efficiencies&
If mu%"i s"ain is a""em$"ed- "he for a iven va%ue of ener! "ransfer- a ;>? reac"ion
"urbine wou%d need "wice "he number of s"aes as "ha" of an im$u%se "urbines& In ac"ua%
$rac"ice- when mu%"is"ae is a""em$"ed- "he ini"ia% s"aes are desined for an im$u%se
"urbine when ma4imum f%uid ve%oci"! is avai%ab%e& The subse:uen" s"aes are ;>?
reac"ion s"aes&
7a85i"h ve%oci"! "rian%e- e4$%ain how deree of reac"ion affec"s u"i%i.a"ion fac"or in a4ia%
f%ow "urbine and show "ha" a ;>? reac"ion "urbine is "he mos" $referred&
7b85i"h ve%oci"! "rian%es- show "ha" a4ia% f%ow "urbines desined for an im$u%se
deve%o$s "wice as much $ower as "ha" of ;>? reac"ion "urbine when o$era"in under
ma4imum u"i%i.a"ion fac"or coordina"ion&
Ans7b8
<;
Im$u%se "urbine
E4$ression for $ower ou"$u"1
,
+ + +
+
ma4 ,
, , + +
,
, cos -
& >
8 7
* P
* V V but
* V P
condition for V
Kg
Kj
* V * V P
w
w
imum w
w w

5e no"ice-
+ ,
, +

;>? Reac"ion "urbine

The an%es are iden"ica% bu" reversed for "he ro"or and "he s"a"or& *rom "he $rac"ica% view
$oin"- manufac"urin of b%ades becomes sim$%e& Since "he same b%ade can be used for
ei"her "he s"a"or or "he ro"or b! mere%! reversin "he direc"ion& I" can a%so be shown "ha" in
a mu%"is"ae "urbines ;>? reac"ion ives ma4imum s"ae efficienc!& Since =r,K=r+-
$ressure reduces a%on "he f%ow $a"h in "he ro"or resu%"in in hih f%ow efficienc!& In
enera%- n Rd va%ue be"ween > and + is $referred due "o $rac"ica% considera"ions&
*rom "he ve%oci"! "rian%e i" can be no"ed "ha" =w+HU
E F
, , + +
* V * V
t
m
P
w w

, w
V
H> 7for ma4imum u"i%i.a"ion fac"or condi"ion8
,
* P
<<
;>? Reac"ion (um$ and com$ressors&
;>? Reac"ion Turbine&
Radia% f%ow "urbines1
The enera% $rinci$%es are simi%ar "o "hose of radia% f%ow $um$s and com$ressors& The
Eu%er "urbine e:ua"ion "a#es "he form
E F
, , + +
* V * V
t
m
P
w w

[ ] 8 7 8 7 8 7
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+
,
,
,
+ r r
V V * * V V P +
*or $osi"ive wor# ou"$u"
, , + +
* V * V
w w
>
&This is achieved $rac"ica%%! b! oin in for
, +
* * > which means r+Kr,& This means "ha" radius a" in%e" needs "o be rea"er "han
radius a" e4i" &i&e&- "he f%ow shou%d be radica%%! inwards&
However- "he ear%ies" h!drau%ic "urbines deve%o$ed were radica%%! ou"ward f%ow "urbines&
The firs" recorded "!$e of such a "urbine HEROCS "urbine deve%o$ed around ,>>> !ears
ao&
<@
In HEROCS "urbine- s"eam is con"ained in "he ro"or i"se%f which is $rovided wi"h no..%es
as shown- when s"eam issues ou" of no..%es - a reac"ion force is e4$erienced b! "he no..%e
due "o which ro"or moves in "he o$$osi"e direc"ion as indica"ed&
Simi%ar%! in $rinci$%e is "he Bar#erCs mi%% which is a h!drau%ic reac"ion "urbine of "he
radia%%! ou"ward f%ow "!$e& This is more $o$u%ar "oda! in "he form of %awn s$rin#%er&
The %awn s$rin#%er wou%d have ne%iib%e in%e" ve%oci"ies com$ared "o e4i" ve%oci"!
"rian%e is a s"raih" %ine wi"h =, and U, in o$$osi"e direc"ion as shown&
I" ma! be shown "ha" %awn s$rin#%er has $oor u"i%i.a"ion fac"or and hence i" is no" an
effec"ive "urbine& However in ac"ua% $rac"ice- radia% f%ow "urbines are inward f%ow "urbine
which ma! invo%ve radia% en"r! and e4i"& E&&1 O%d *rancis "urbine or radia% en"r! and
a4ia% "urbine or radia% en"r! and a4ia% e4i"& FMi4ed f%owE- Modern *rancis "urbine&

*i& Bar#erCs Mi%%
<A
7a8Radia% "!$e 7b8 Mi4ed f%ow "!$e

*i& H!drau%ic Turbine
*i& Ban#i Turbine
YYYYYYENDYYYYYY
<M