Theory of Psychoanalytic Development: Sigmund Freud

Freud’s theory emphasize the effect of instinctual human drives on behavior.Freud identify the
underlying stimulus for human behavior as sexuality,which he called libido.Libido is a define as
general pleasure-seeking instinct rather than purely genital gratification.

Four major components of Freud’s Theory are:

1.The unconscious mind-contains memories,motives,fantasies,and fears that are not accessible

to recall but that directly affect behavior.
2.The Id-is the part of the mind concern with self-gratification by the easiest and quickest
available means.
3.The Ego-is the conscious part of the mind that serves as a mediator between the desire of Id
and the constraints of reality so that one might live effectively within one’s social,physical and
psychological environment.
4.The Superego-is the part of the mind that represents one’s conscience and develop from the
ego during the first year of life,as the child learns praise versus punishment for action.

Oral Stage(0-18 months)-During the oral stage,the infant use his/her mouth as the major
source of gratification and exploration.
Anal Stage(8 months-4years)-This stage begins with the development of neuromuscular control
to allow control of the anal sphincter.Toilet training is a crucial issue requiring delayed
gratification as the child compromises between enjoyment of bowel function and limits set by
social expectation.
Phallic Stage(3-7years)-The child has increase interest in gender differences,his/her own
gender and conflict and resolution of that conflict with the parents of the same sex(name as
Oedipus complex in boys and Electra complex in girls).
Latency Stage(7-12years)-This stage marks the transition to the genital stage during
adolescence.Increasing sex role identification with the parents of the same sex prepares the
child for adult roles and relationship.
Genital Stage(12-20years)-At this stage,sexual interest can be expressed in overt sexual
relationship.

Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Erikson’s Developmental Theory was based on Freud’s work but was expanded to include cultural
and social influences in addition to biologic process.

Four major organizing concept:

1.Stage of Development
2.Developmental Goals or Task
3.Psychosocial Crises
4.The Process of Coping

Trust vs. Mistrust(Infancy)-The infant learns to relay on caregivers to meet basic needs of
warmth,food and comfort,forming trust in adults.Mistrust is the result of
inconsistent,inadequate or unsafe care.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt(Toddler)-As motor and language skills develop,the toddler
learns from the environment and gains independence through encouragement from caregiver to
feed,dress and toilet self.
Initiative vs.Guilts(Preschooler)-Confidence gained as a toddler allow the preschooler to take
the initiative in learnig,so that the child actively seek out new experience and explore the how
and why of activities
Industry vs. Inferiority(Schoolaged Children)
Identity vs. Role Confusion(Adolescence)
Intimacy vs. Isolation(Young Adult)
Generativity vs. Stagnation(Middle Adult)
Ego Integrity vs. Despair(Late Adulthood)