Straigth Line Theory - H

MATHS
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1
un ii
(+ +i=i=i nli-a ~i (+ nti- l-i+ l-+i -in - l-+i. - inli- n ilnl- -in +i iii
--ti- ilnl- + ~- +i inli-i llii = . l-i i--l+ l-zi -i( tn +- +i =nit <i
t ilnl- l-<zii+ iln-i i lzn ii ilnl- +tni-i t ~i t ilnl- +i t ziiii t l=n inli-i
=ni+i +i -in l-< ~i . ii~i ~i +i +i l-l- +- n ti-i t
i4at4 {+ifa 4) fa< zi a i (Rectangular cartesian coordinate systems) :
~ tn l,ln l-<zii+ ilnl- i- <n l=n <i n-- ii( . l-<zii ~-i (x-~-i -ii y-~-i ) +tni-i
t. i (+ =n-n n (+ l-< +i l-il- ai- +- n v +- ti-i t
O n n l-< +tni-i t := =n-n n +i : l-< P (+ ~l,-i +ln- n (x, y) ,ii <lzi - l+i i =+-i t . l-t
-= l-< + l-< zii + +t- t x, x-l-< zii + i i -ii y, y-l-< zii + i +i l +tni-i t <i n-- ii( xox' -ii
yoy' =n-n +i -i iini n li+- +-i t l-t -- iizi +t- t . i l+ l-zii- =i +ni l+- t
< t u i (Distance Formula) :
<i l-< ~i A(x
1
,y
1
) ( B(x
2
,y
2
) + i- +i <i ( ) ( )
2
2 1
2
2 1
y y x x + ti -i t
a<iri # 1 : l< l-< ~i (x, 1) ( (3, 2) + i- +i < i 5 t . -i x +i ni- ai- +il(
rn : ni-i P(x ,1) -ii Q(3, 2) l<( n( l-< t PQ = 5 (l<i t ~i t )
2 2
) 2 1 ( ) 3 x ( +
= 5 (x 3)
2
+ 9 = 25
x = 7 or x = 1
4iu sza
(1) <lzi- +il( l+ -i l-< (0, 1), (6, 7) (2, 3) ( (8, 3) (+ ~i- + ziii t
(2) lzii + l+-< + l-<zii+ ai- +il( l=+ ziii (8, 6), (8, 2) ( (2, 2) t :=+i llzii ii
ai- +il(
Answers : (2) (5, 2), 5
fiia ui (Section Formula) :
l< P(x, y) l-< ~i A(x
1,
y
1
) ( B(x
2,
y
2
) +i lnni- ini ii +i m : n ~- i- n liil- +-i t . -i
x =
n m
x n x m
1 2
+
+
; y =
n m
y n y m
1 2
+
+
.
ai a
(i) l<
m
n
i-in+ t -i lii-. ~--lii- ti ni n l+- l<
m
n
+iin+ t -i t it lii-
ti ni
MATHS
2
(ii) l< P, AB +i m : n ~- i- n ~--liil- -ii Q, AB +i m : n ~- i- n it liil- +-
t -i P ( Q, AB + =i -i (+ < = + ri-+ u 4 t +tni- t
nli-i n
AQ
1
AP
1
AB
2
+ =
~ii - AP, AB ( AQ tin+ c i n t
a<iri # 2 : -= l-< + l-< zii + ai- +il( i l-< ~i (6, 3) ( ( 4, 5) +i lnni- ini ii +i 3 : 2 ~- i-
n (i) ~-- liil- +-i t (ii) it liil- +-i t
rn ni-i l+ t l-< P (x, y) t
(i) ~-- lii- + ln(
x =
2 3
6 2 ) 4 ( 3
+
+
( y =
2 3
3 2 5 3
+
+
or x = 0 ( y =
5
21
~- P + l-< zii + |
.
|
\
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5
21
, 0 t
(ii) it lii- + ln(
x =
2 3
6 2 ) 4 ( 3

( y =
2 3
3 2 5 3

i x = 24 ( y = 9 ~- P + l-< zii + (24, 9) t
a<iri # 3 : -- l-< ~i + l-< zii + ai- +il( i l-< ~i (1, 2) ( (3, 4) +i lnni- in iii +i
=nlziliil- +- t
rn ni-i l<( n( l-< A (1, 2) ( B(3, 4) t
ni-i lzilii- l-< P ( Q t - AP = PQ = QB = (ni-i)
PB = PQ + QB = 2 ( AQ = AP + PQ = 2
AP : PB = : 2 = 1 : 2 ( AQ : QB = 2 : = 2 : 1
~- P, AB +i 1 : 2 ~-i- n ~--liil- +-i t l+ Q := 2 : 1 ~-i- n ~--liil- +-i
t
P + l-< zii +
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\
|
+
+
+
+
2 1
) 2 ( 2 4 1
,
2 1
1 2 ) 3 ( 1
i
|
.
|
\
|
0 ,
3
1
-ii Q + l-< zii +
|
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\
|
+
+
+
+
1 2
) 2 ( 1 4 2
,
1 2
1 1 ) 3 ( 2
i
|
.
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\
|
2 ,
3
5
~- lziliil- +- in l-<~i + l-<zii+ |
.
|
\
|
0 ,
3
1
( |
.
|
\
|
2 ,
3
5
t
4iu +i4
(3) l-< (1, 1) l-< ~i (4, 4) ( (7, 7) +i lnni- ini ii +i l+= ~- i- n liil- +-i t `
(4) l< =ni-- --i + -i- ziii (+ ti +n n +nzi (1, 0), (3, 1) ( (2, 2) ln( i- t -i --i
ziii + l-< zii + ai- +il(
Answers : (3) 5 : 8 it lii- (4) (2, 1)
MATHS
3
+ -< +, -a+ -< y fr+ -< (Centroid, Incentre & Excentre)
l< A (x
1
, y
1
), B(x
2
, y
2
) ( C(x
3
, y
3
) lzii ABC + ziii t l=+i i i~i BC, CA, AB +i n-i: i +nzi
a, b, c t . -i lzii ABC = =-l-i- +z lzii l-<~i + l-<zii+ l--- +i tin
+ -< + G
|
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\
| + + + +
3
y y y
,
3
x x x
3 2 1 3 2 1
~--+ -< I |
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
c b a
cy by ay
,
c b a
cx bx ax
3 2 1 3 2 1
lt+ -< (ziii A+ =i -i) I
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
c b a
cy by ay
,
c b a
cx bx ax
3 2 1 3 2 1
~i :=i +i = ziii B ( C + =i-i ii l+-< + l-<zii+ lni i =+- t
aia (i) ~--+ -< . +i i ~z +i +i (b+c) : a; (c +a) : b ( (a+b) : c ~- i- n liil- +-i t
(ii) ~--+ -< ( lt+ -< l= +ii ~z + l-i- t. -=+ =i-i (+ <= + tin+ =ni ti- t
(iii) n-+ -< . + -< + ( l+ -< =< = ii ti - t -ii n-+-< ( l+-< +i lnni- ini ii +i
+ -< + 2 : 1 ~- i- n liil- +-i t
(iv) =nl,it lzii n G, O, I ( C (+ ti ii l-i- ti- t -ii =nit lzii n =ii -ii l-<
= i-i ti - t
(v) (+ =n+ii lzii n n-+-< =n+iii ziii ti-i t -ii l+-< +i +i n l-< ti-i t
(vi) ~li+ +ii lzii +i l-il- n l+-< -ii n-+-< <i-i lzii + it l-i- ti- t
a<iri # 4 : lzii + (i) +-< + (ii) ~--+ -< + l-< zii+ ai- +il( l=+ ziii (0, 6), (8, 12) ( (8, 0) t
rn (i) tn i-- t l+ lzii + +-<+ + l-<zii+ l=+ +iii l-< (x
1
, y
1
), (x
2
, y
2
) ( (x
3
, y
3
)
t .
|
.
|
\
| + + + +
3
y y y
,
3
x x x
3 2 1 3 2 1
,ii l< i- t
~- lzii + + -< + + l-< zii + l=+ ziii (0, 6), (8, 12) ( (8, 0) t .
|
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\
| + + + +
3
0 12 6
,
3
8 8 0
i
|
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\
|
6 ,
3
16
ti n
(ii) ni-i A(0, 6), B (8, 12) ( C(8, 0) lzii ABC + ziii t
- c = AB =
2 2
) 12 6 ( ) 8 0 ( + = 10, b = CA =
2 2
) 0 6 ( ) 8 0 ( + = 10
( a = BC =
2 2
) 0 12 ( ) 8 8 ( + = 12.
~--+ -< + l-< zii +
|
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\
|
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
c b a
cy by ay
,
c b a
cx bx ax
3 2 1 3 2 1
,ii l< i- t
~-
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
10 10 12
0 10 12 10 6 12
,
10 10 12
8 10 8 10 0 12
i
|
.
|
\
|
32
192
,
32
160
or (5, 6)
4iu +i4
(5) lzii + <i ziii (3, 5) ( (7, 4) t . l< +-<+ (2, 1) t . -i -i=i ziii ai- +il(
(6) lzii + ~-< -i n( (+ -i + + -< + l-< zii + ai- +il( l=+ ziii (36, 7), (20, 7)
( (0, 8) t
Answers : (5) (10, 2) (6) (1, 0)
MATHS
4
fi +i +i i+n (Area of a Triangle)
l< A(x
1
, y
1
), B(x
2
, y
2
) ( C(x
3
, y
3
) lzii ABC + ziii ti. -i
A ABC +i -izi+n =
1 y x
1 y x
1 y x
2
1
3 3
2 2
1 1
,ii l<i i-i t l+ lzii + ziii ini- +n n ln n t ti
=zi. ziiii +i <l-iii- +n n n- +iin+ -izi+n <-i t
aia : ziiii (x
1
, y
1
) ; (x
2
, y
2
); ........(x
n
, y
n
) = - n- ii~i in t i +i -i zi+n
=
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\
|
+ + +
1 n
1 n
n 1 n
n 1 n
3 2
3 2
2 1
2 1
y y
x x
y y
x x
..... ..........
y y
x x
y y
x x
2
1
ti -i t
a<iri # 5 : l< <i l-<~i A-ii B + l-< zii+ +nzi (3, 4) ( (5, 2) t . -i l+=i l-< P + l-< zii+ ai- +il(
l+ PA= PB ( APAB +i -i zi+n 10 n :+i: t
rn : ni-i l+ P + l-< zii + (x, y) t . -i
PA = PB PA
2
= PB
2
(x 3)
2
+ (y 4)
2
= (x 5)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
x 3y 1 = 0
~, APAB +i -izi+n = 10
2
1
1 2 5
1 4 3
1 y x
= 10 6x + 2y 26 = 20
6x + 2y 46 = 0 i 6x + 2y 6 = 0
3x + y 23 = 0 i 3x + y 3 = 0
x 3 y 1 = 0 ~i 3x + y 23 = 0 +i tn +- x = 7, y = 2 lnn-i t :=i +i x 3y 1 = 0 ~i
3x + y 3 = 0 +i tn +- x = 1, y = 0 lnn-i t ~- P + l-< zii + (7, 2) i (1, 0) t
4iu +i4 :
(7) l< l+=i lzii +i -i zi+n 5 n :+i: t :=+ <i ziii (2, 1) -ii (3, 2) t -i=i ziii y = x +
3 l-i- t -i=i ziii ai- +il(
(8) l< (+ --i + ziii (6, 3), (3, 5), (4, 2) ( (x, 3x) t -ii :-t +nzi A, B, C ( D = <lzi-
+- t x + ni- ai- +il( l-+ ln( lzii ABC +i -izi+n. lzii DBC + -izi+n +i < n-i t
Answers : (7)
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2
13
,
2
7
or
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2
3
,
2
3
(8) x =
8
11
or
8
3
s iai u i (Slope Formula) :
l< (+ =n ii x~-i +i i-in+ l<zii = u +ii n+i t: t -ii 0 s u < 180, u = 90 ti. -i ii
+i i-i +i m ,ii <lzi - l+i i-i t -ii m = tanu ,ii liili- t l< u +i ni- 90 t . -i m lni-
-ti ti ni -- ii y~-i + =ni-- ti ni l< u = 0 ti . -i m = 0 -ii ii x~-i + =ni-- ti ni
l< A (x
1
, y
1
) ( B (x
2
, y
2
), x
1
= x
2
, l-< =n ii t . -i ii +i i-i m =
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\
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2 1
2 1
x x
y y
,ii <i i-i
t
MATHS
5
a<iri # 6 : -= =n ii +i i-i ai- +il( l-+ x-~-i +i i-in+ l<zii = n +i l---lnli- t :
(i) 0 (ii) 90 (iii) 120 (iv) 150
tn : (i) ti u = 0
i-i = tan u = tan 0 = 0
(ii) ti u = 90
ii +i i-i liili- -ti t
(iii) ti u = 120
i-i = tan u = tan 120 = tan (180 60) = tan 30 =
3
(iv) ti u = 150
i-i = tan u = tan 150 = tan (180 30) = tan 30 =
3
1
a<iri # 7 : l---lnli- l-< ~i = n - ini ii +i i-i ai- +il( :
(i) (1, 6) -ii ( 4, 2) (ii) (5, 9) -ii (2, 9)
rn (i) ni-i A = (1, 6) ( B = ( 4, 2)
AB +i i-i =
1 4
6 2

=
5
4
=
5
4
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\
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= }kjk izo.krk
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
(ii) ni-i A = (5, 9), B = (2, 9)
AB +i i-i =
5 2
9 9
=
3
0
= 0
4iu +i4 :
(9) l< (1, 5) -ii (x, 7) +i lnni- ini ii +i i-i 4 t. -i x +i ni- ai- +il(
(10) ii +i n +i ai- +il( l-+i i-i( l---lnli- t
(i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 1/ 3
Answers : (9) 2 (10) (i) 0, (ii) 45, (iii) 135, (iv) 150
ata f-< i + u it4 ri a +i s fa-ri (Condition of collinearity of three points) :
l-< A(x
1
, y
1
), B(x
2
, y
2
), C(x
3
, y
3
) = ii ti n l<
(i) m
AB
= m
BC
= m
CA
~ii -
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2 1
2 1
x x
y y
=
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\
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3 2
3 2
x x
y y
(ii) A ABC = 0 ~ii -
1 y x
1 y x
1 y x
3 3
2 2
1 1
= 0
(iii) AC = AB + BC i AB ~ BC
(iv) iii BC +i l-< A l+=i ~- i- n liil- +-i ti
a<iri # 8 : <lzi - +il( l+ l-< (1, 1), (2, 3) ( (3, 5) = ii t
rn : ni-i (1, 1) (2, 3) ( (3, 5) +nzi A, B -ii C l-< ~i + l-< zii + t
AB +i i-i =
1 2
1 3
= 2 -ii BC +i i-i =
2 3
3 5
= 2
MATHS
6
AB +i i-i = BC +i i-i
AB ( BC =ni-- t
A, B, C = ii t +i l+ B, AB -ii BC <i -i ii~i l-i- t
4iu +i4 :
(11) l=z +il( l+ l-< (a, 0), (0, b) ( (1, 1) = ii t l<
a
1
+
b
1
= 1.
ffi-a =si ii +i ut+i (Equation of a Straight Line in various forms) :
~ tn t =nn- t l+ l+= +i (+ inii =ni+i +i =ti-i = (+ ii +i <ziii i =+-i t
ii (+ - l-< (l-< l=+ l-< zii+ - t ) ni-- t ~i + z i-n +i =ti-i = :=+ l-< zii+i +
i- (+ =, -iil- +- t i-n l-i +- in ii + lli-- t
(i) f-< s iai =s (point-slope form) : y y
1
= m (x x
1
) -= =n ii +i =ni+i t l=+i
i-i m t -ii i l-< (x
1
, y
1
) = n -i ti
a<iri # 9 : l-< (2, 3) = n- ini ( x-~-i +i i-in+ l<zii = 135 + +ii n+i t: ii +i =ni+i
ai- +il(
rn : ti m = ii +i i-i = tan 135 = tan (90 + 45) = cot 45 = 1, x
1
= 2, y
1
= 3
~- ii +i =ni+i y y
1
= m (x x
1
) =
~ii - y (3) = 1 (x 2) i y + 3 = x + 2 i x + y + 1 = 0
4iu +i4 :
(12) l-< A(2, 3) -ii B (6, 5) +i lnni- in ii i + n- =nlzii+ +i =ni+i ai- +il(
Ans. x 2 y 6 = 0
(ii) s iai-ai =s (slope-intercept form) : y = mx + c -= =n ii +i =ni+i t
l=+i i-i m t -ii t y~-i c ~--i -i-i ti
a<iri # 10 : 1 i-i ini ( y-~-i +i +iin+ l<zii 4 :+i: +i ~--i +i- ini =n ii +i =ni+i
ai- +il(
rn : ti m = 1 -ii c = 4,~- ii +i =ni+i y = mx +c ~ii - y = x 4 i x + y + 4 = 0 ti ni
4iu +i4 :
(13) -= =n ii +i =ni+i ai- +il( i y-~-i 3 :+i: n-i: +i ~--i +i-i t -ii l-<
(3, 2) -ii (1, 4) +i lnni- ini ii + =ni-- t
Answer : 3x + y 3 = 0
(iii) <i f-< =s (Two point form): y y
1
=
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
(x x
1
) -= =n ii +i =ni+i t i l-<
(x
1
, y
1
) ( (x
2
, y
2
) = n -i t
MATHS
7
a<iri # 11 : l-< ( 1, 3) ( (4, 2) +i lnni- ini ii +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn ti <i l-< (x
1
, y
1
) = (1, 3) ( (x
2
, y
2
) = (4, 2) t
~- <i l-< = ii +i =ni+i
y 3 =
4 1
) 2 ( 3

(x + 1) y 3 = x 1
x + y 2 = 0
4iu +i4
(14) -= lzii +i i i~i + =ni+i ai- +il( l=+ ziii (1, 8), (4, 2) ( (5, 3) t l-<
(1, 8) = n - ini nil+i +i =ni+i ii ai- +il(
Ans. 2x + y 6 = 0, x 9y 22 = 0, 11x 4y + 43 = 0, 21x + y + 13 = 0
(iv) uifi+ =s (Determinant form): l-< ~i (x
1
, y
1
) ( (x
2
, y
2
) = n - ini ii +i =ni+i
0
1 y x
1 y x
1 y x
2 2
1 1
= t
a<iri # 12 : (2, 4) ( ( 1, 3) = n - ini ii +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn
1 3 1
1 4 2
1 y x
= 0 x 3y + 10 = 0
4iu +i4
(15) ( 2, 3) ( ( 1, 1) = n - ini ii +i =ni+i ai- +il(
Answer : 4x + y + 5 = 0
(v) -ai =s (Intercept form):
b
y
a
x
+
= 1 -= =n ii +i =ni+i t i OX ( OY ~-ii
+nzi a ( b n-i: + ~--i -i-i t
a<iri # 13 : -= ii +i =ni+i ai- +il( i l-< (3, 4) = n-i t -ii :=+ ,ii ~-ii +i n( ~--ii
+i i n 14 t
rn ni-i ii +i =ni+i
a
x
+
b
y
= 1 t ....(i)
t l-< (3, 4) = n -i t . ~-
a
3
+
b
4
= 1 ....(ii)
t l<i ni t l+ a + b = 14
b = 14 a =ni+i (ii) n b = 14 a i-
a
3
+
a 14
4
= 1
a
2
13a + 42 = 0
(a 7) (a 6) = 0 a = 7, 6
a = 7 + ln( b = 14 7 = 7 -ii a = 6 + ln( b = 14 6 = 8.
=ni+i (i) n a -ii b + ni- i- ii~i + =ni+i
MATHS
8
7
x
+
7
y
= 1 -ii
6
y
+
8
y
= 1 t
i x + y = 7 -ii 4x + 3y = 24
4iu +i4
(16) l-< (2, 3) = n- ini ii +i =ni+i ai- +il( -il+ ~-ii + n ii +i ~--i := l-<
=nl,iil- ti
Answer : 3x + 2y = 12.
(vi) n/fin =s (Perpendicular/normal form): xcos o + ysin o = p
(ti p > 0, 0 s o < 2t) =n ii +i =ni+i t l+ n n l-< O = ii n- +i n-i: p
t -ii t n- x-~-i +i i-in+ l<zii = o+ii -i-i t
a<iri # 14 : -= ii +i =ni+i ai- +il( i nn l-< = 3 :+i: <i t -ii nn l-< = ii n- x-
~-i +i i-in+ l<zii = 30 +i +ii -i-i t
rn ti p = 3, o = 30
~lin- n ii +i =ni+i
x cos 30 + y sin 30 = 3 i x
2
3
+
2
y
= 3 i 3 x + y = 6
4iu +i4
(17) n n l-< = l+=i ii in n n- +i n-i: 7 :+i: t -ii ii x~-i +i i-in+ l<zii = 150
+i +ii -i-i t ii +i =ni+i ai- +il(
Answer : 3 x + y 14 = 0
(vii) s ifn+ =s (Parametric form): P (r) = (x, y) = (x
1
+ r cos u, y
1
+ r sin u) i
u
=
u
sin
y y
cos
x x
1 1
=
r ii +i i-ln+ n =ni+i t. l+ r i-n t l=+i iii ni- ii l-i- l-< (x
1
,
y
1
) = ii l+=i l-< (x, y) +i < i + i ti -i t
fasit -i +- +i (+ l-< cin = ai- l+i i-i t y y
1
= m(x x
1
) l+ m = tanu
y y
1
=
u
u
cos
sin
(x x
1
)
a<iri # 15 : l-< A(2, 3) = n- ini -ii x~-i = 45 +i +ii -i- ini ii +i =ni+i ai- +il( :=
=n ii ,ii l-< A(2, 3) ( =n ii x + y + 1 = 0 + n +i n ~-- i +i n-i: ii ai-
+i
rn A = n - ini -ii x~-i = 45 +i +i i -i- ini ii +i =ni+i
45 cos
2 x
=
45 sin
3 y
2
1
2 x
=
2
1
3 y
i x y + 1 = 0
ni-i t ii. =n ii x + y + 1 = 0 +i l-< P := +i lnn-i t l+ AP = r, -i P + l-< zii+
MATHS
9
2
1
2 x
=
2
1
3 y
= r ,ii l<( i- t
~- l-< P + l-< zii +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
2
r
3 ,
2
r
2
t
- l+ l-< P ii x + y + 1 = 0 l-i- t ~- 2 +
2
r
+ 3 +
2
r
+ 1 = 0
2 r = 6 r = 3 2 AP +i n-i: = | r | = 3 2
~- ~--i +i n-i: = 3 2
4iu +i4
(18) (+ =n ii i l-< A ( ) 2 , 3 = n-i t -ii x-~-i +i i-in+ l<zii = t/6 +ii -i-i t l<
t ii (+ ~- =n ii x 3 4y + 8 = 0 +i l-< B lnn-i t . -i A ( B + n < i ai-
+il(
Answer : 6 :+i:
(viii) -4is+ =s (General form): ii +i i+ n =ni+i ax + by + c = 0 ti -i t := l-il-
n ii +i i-i =
b
a
x - ~--i =
a
c
, y - ~--i=
b
c
a<iri # 16 : ii 2x 3y + 5 = 0 +i i-i. -ii :=+ ,ii x ( y ~-ii +i n ~--i ai- +il(
rn ti a = 2, b = 3, c = 5
i-i =
b
a
=
3
2
x-~--i =
a
c
=
2
5
y-~--i =
3
5
4iu +i4 :
(19) ii 3x 5y 8 = 0 +i i-i. x-~--i ( y-~--i ai- +il(
Answer :
5
3
,
3
8
,
5
8
siaii + =s <i iii + r4 +ii
(Angle between two straight lines in terms of their slopes) :
l< m
1
( m
2
 m
2
> m
3
ti . -i :-
=n ii~i ,ii -i n lzii ABC + ~--+i i l--- +i l< i- t
tan A =
2 1
2 1
m m 1
m m
+

; tan B =
3 2
3 2
m m 1
m m
+

( tan C =
1 3
1 3
m m 1
m m
+

(ii) l-< (x
1
, y
1
) = n - ini -ii =n ii y = mx + c = o +i i -i- ini ii~i + =ni+i
(y y
1
) = tan (u o) (x x
1
) (
(y y
1
) = tan (u + o) (x x
1
) t ti tan u = m.
a<iri # 17 : <i ii~i + n -- +i i t/4 t -ii :-n = (+ +i i-i 1/2 t <=i ii +i i-i ai- +il(
rn : l< m
1
( m
2
i-i~i ini ii~i + n - - +i i u ti . -i tan u =
2 1
2 1
m m 1
m m
+

ni-i u =
4
t
( m
1
=
2
1
tan
4
t
=
2
2
m
2
1
1
m
2
1
+
1 =
2
2
m 2
m 2 1
+
2
2
m 2
m 2 1
+
= + 1 or 1
~
2
2
m 2
m 2 1
+
= 1 m
2
=
3
1
(
2
2
m 2
m 2 1
+
= 1 m
2
= 3.
< =i ii +i i-i i -i 1/3 i 3 t
a<iri # 18 : n n l-< = n - ini -ii ii x + 3 y + 3 3 = 0 + =ii 60 +i +i i -i- ini ii +i
=ni+i ai- +il(
rn <i n: ii x + 3 y + 3 3 = 0 ...........(1)
y =
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
1
x 3 =ni+i (1) +i i-i =
3
1
.
ni-i ~ii ii +i i-i m t :- <i-i ii~i + n +i i 60 t
tan 60 =
( )
( ) 3 / 1 m 1
3 / 1 m
+

3 =
m 3
1 m 3
m 3
1 m 3
+
= 3
m 3
1 m 3
+
= 3 3 m + 1 = 3 3 m m =
3
1
y = mx + c, ,ii ~ii ii +i =ni+i
y =
3
1
x + 0 ~ii - x 3 y = 0. ( t n n l-< = n -i t ~- c = 0)
MATHS
11
m 3
1 m 3
+
= 3 3 m + 1 = 3 + 3 m
m liili- -ti t
~- ~ii ii -ii ii t t ii nn l-< = n -i t
~ii ii +i =ni+i x = 0 t
4iu +i4
(20) l+=i =nit lzii +i ziii (2, 3) t -ii =-ni i i +i =ni+i x + y = 2 t lzii +i ~- i i~i
+ =ni+i ai- +il(
Answer : (2 3 )x y + 2 3 1 = 0 -ii (2 + 3 ) x y 2 3 1 = 0.
ui-a iiy (Parallel Lines) :
(i) <i ii( =ni-- ti -i t -i --+i i-i( i ti-i t ~- y = mx + c + =ni-- l+=i ii
+i =ni+i y = mx + d n ti -i t . ti d i-in t
(ii) <i ii( ax + by + c = 0 ( a'x + b'y + c' = 0 =ni-- ti -i t l<
a
a
'
=
b
b
'
=
c
c
'
ti
~- ax + by + c = 0 + =ni-- +i : ii ax + by + k = 0 n ti -i t . ti k i-in t
(iii) <i =ni-- ii~i ax + by + c
1
= 0 (
ax + by + c
2
= 0 + n < i
2 2
2 1
b a
c c
+
ti -i t
aia: <i -i =ni+ii n x -ii y + n ii + =ni- ti - -ilt(
(iv) l+=i ii =ni-- --i +i -izi+n =
u sin
p p
2 1
= l<i i-i t. ti p
1
( p
2
+nzi =ni-- i i~i + n <li t -ii u, l+-ti <i ~i=-- i i~i +
n +ii t
aia -i =n ii~i y = m
1
x + c
1,
y = m
1
x + c
2
(
y = m
2
x + d
1
, y = m
2
x + d
2
= lz =ni-- -- i
+i -izi+n
2 1
2 1 2 1
m m
) d d ( ) c c (

+ ,ii l<i i-i t
a<iri # 19 : ii 2x 3y = 7 + =ni-- -= ii +i =ni+i ai- +il( l=+i y-~--i 4 :+i: t
rn <i n: ii 2x 3y = 7 ...........(1)
(1) = 3y = 2x 7 y =
3
2
x
3
7
(1) +i i-i 2/3 t
~ii ii (1) + =ni-- t , ~- :=+i i-i ii 2/3 t ~ii ii +i y-~--i = 4
y = mx + c = . ~ii ii +i =ni+i
y =
3
2
x + 4 i 2x 3y + 12 = 0 t
a<iri # 20 : l+=i n +i <i i i( x + y = 1 -ii x + y + 2 = 0 l-i- t :=+i -i zi+n +i t `
rn : -- n +i ii~i +i n-i:. -=+i =ni-- ii~i + n <i + i ti-i t
x + y 1 = 0 ........(i) -ii x + y + 2 = 0 ........(ii)
(i) n x = 0 i- , y = 1 ~- (0, 1) ii (i) l-i- l-< t
~ =ni-- ii~i + n <i
MATHS
12
= l-< (0, 1) = ii x + y + 2 = 0 n- +i n-i: =
2 2
1 1
| 2 1 0 |
+
+ +
=
2
3
~- n +i ii +i n-i:
2
3
t ~i :=+i -izi+n =
2
2
3
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
9
a<iri # 21 : -= =ni-- -- i +i -i zi+n ai- +il( l=+i i i( x + 2y + 3 = 0, 3x + 4y 5 = 0,
2x + 4y + 5 = 0 ( 3x + 4y 10 = 0 t
rn
ti c
1
=
2
3
, c
2
=
4
5
, d
1
=
4
10
, d
2
=
4
5
, m
1
=
2
1
, m
2
=
4
3
-i zi+n =
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
4
3
2
1
4
5
4
10
4
5
2
3
=
4
5
n :+i:
4iu +i4 :
(21) -= =ni-- -- i +i -i zi+n ai- +il( l=+i i i( 4x 5y + 1 = 0, x 3y 6 = 0,
4x 5y 2 = 0 ( 2x 6y + 5 = 0 t
Answer :
14
51
n :+i:
na iiy (Perpendicular Lines) :
(i) m
1
( m
2
ii-i~i +i <i ii( =n+i i ti -i t . - --+i i-i~i +i n i-+n 1 ti -i
t ~ii - m
1
m
2
= 1 ~- y = mx + c + n-- l+=i ii +i =ni+i
y =
m
1
x + d ti -i t . l+ d +i : i-n t
(ii) <i ii( ax + by + c = 0 ( a'x + b'y + c' = 0 - n-- ti -i t l< aa' + bb' = 0. ~-
ax + by + c = 0 + n-- l+=i ii +i =ni+i bx ay + k = 0 ti -i t . l+ k +i : i-n t
a<iri # 22 : -= =n ii +i =ni+i ai- +il( i l-< (3, 4) = n-i t -ii ii 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 + n--
t
rn ii 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 + n-- ii +i =ni+i l--- t
2x 3y + = 0 ...........(i)
t. l-< (3, 4) = n -i t
3 2 3 4 + = 0 = 6
(i) n = 6 i-
2x 3y + 6 = 0 i l+ ~ii =ni+i t
MATHS
13
vU; fof/k %& <i n: ii +i i-i 3/2 t - l+ ~ii ii <i n: ii + n-- t
~- ~ii ii +i i-i 2/3 t t l-< (3, 4) = n-i t ~- :=+i =ni+i
y 4 =
3
2
(x 3) i 2x 3y + 6 = 0 t
4iu +i4 :
(22) (+ lzii + ziii A(10, 4), B (4, 9) ( C(2, 1) t :=+ ziiii = ii~i in n n-i +i
=ni+i ai- +il( :=+i n-+ -< ii ai- +il(
Answer : x 5y + 10 = 0, 12x + 5y + 3 = 0, 14x 5y + 23 = 0, |
.
|
\
|
5
9
, 1
ii ax +by + c = 0 + uis +i f-< (x
1
, y
1
) +t fifa :
(Position of the point (x
1
, y
1
) relative to the line ax + by + c = 0)
l< ax
1
+ by
1
+ c +i l--t c + l--t + =ni- ti. -i l-< (x
1
, y
1
) ii ax + by + c = 0 + =i-i -= ~i l-i-
ti-i t l= ~i n n l-< l-i- ti-i t nl+- l< ax
1
+ by
1
+ c +i l--t c + l--t + ll- ti. -i l-< (x
1
,
y
1
) ii = n n l-< + < =i -+ ti ni
i+ n <i l-< (x
1,
y
1
) ~i (x
2
, y
2
) ii ax + by + c = 0 + (+ ti ~i l-i- ti n l<
ax
2
+ by
2
+ c -ii ax
1
+ by
1
+ c. =ni- l--t + ti -ii - ii + li- ~i tin l< ax
2
+ by
2
+ c -ii
ax
1
+ by
1
+ c - ll- l--t + ti
a<iri # 23 : <lzi - +il( l+ l-< (1, 4) ( (0, 3) ii x + 3y + 7 = 0 + ll- ~i l-i- t
rn (1, 4) . x + 3y + 7 +i ni- = 1 + 3(4) + 7 = 20 > 0.
(0, 3) . x + 3y + 7 +i ni- = 0 + 3(3) + 7 = 2 < 0
l-< (1, 4) ( (0, 3) ii + ll- ~i l-i- t
4iu +i4
(23) l-< (3, 4) ~i (2, 6) =n ii 3x 4y = 8 + (+ ti ~i l-i- t i li- ?
(24) (1, 1), (1, 2) ( (2, 3) n = +i-=i (+ ii 4x + 3y 5 = 0 + -= -+ l-i- t l= -+ nn l-<
l-i- t `
Answers : (23) li- ~i (24) (1, 2)
asia fu <t nr un ii, f<4 n4 f-<i +i fnia in iii +i fiifa +ai r
(The ratio in which a given line divides the line segment joining two points) :
ni-i <i n: =n ii ax + by + c = 0 l-<~i A(x
1
, y
1
) ( B(x
2
, y
2
) +i lnni- in iii +i m : n ~- i-
n liil- +-i t -i
c y b x a
c y b x a
n
m
2 2
1 1
+ +
+ +
= .
l< l-< A( B <i n: =n ii + (+ ti ~i l-i- ti. -i ~-i- m/n +iin+ ti-i t -ii l-<~i + =n
ii + li- ~i l-i- ti- ~- i- m/n i-in+ ti-i t
a<iri # 24 : =n ii x + y 5 = 0 l-<~i A(1, 2) ( B( 3, 4) +i lnni- = i-- iii +i l= ~- i- n
liil- +-i t t ~-i- ai- +i
rn : ni-i =n ii x + y = 5, iii AB +i l-< P k : 1 + ~- i- n liil- +-i t
l-< P + l-< zii +
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
1 k
2 k 4
,
1 k
1 k 3
- l+ l-< P =n ii x + y 5 = 0 l-i- t
1 k
1 k 3
+
+
+
1 k
2 k 4
+
+
5 = 0 k =
2
1
~- ~iia ~-i- 1 : 2 (it lii-) ti ni
MATHS
14
vU; fof/k % ni-i ~iia ~- i- 1 : 2 t
n
m
=
5 4 1 ) 3 ( 1
) 5 2 1 1 1 (
+
+
=
2
1
~- i- 1 : 2 it lii- ti ni
4iu +i4 :
(25) l< =n ii 2x 3y + = 0, l-< ~i A ( 1, 2) ( B( 3, 3) +i lnni- = i-- iii +i
2 : 3 + ~- i- n ~-- liil- +-i t -i +i ni- ai- +i
Answer : 18/5
f+ut f-< u ii s n +t nir (Length of perpendicular from a point to a
l i ne) :
l-< P(x
1
, y
1
) = =n ax + by + c = 0 n- +i n-i:
a x by c
a b
1 1
2 2
+ +
+
,ii <i i-i t
a<iri # 25 : l-< (2, 1) -ii ii 12x 5y + 9 = 0 + n < i ai- +il(
rn : ~ii < i =
2 2
) 5 ( 12
9 1 5 2 12
+
+
=
13
| 9 5 24 | +
=
13
28
a<iri # 26 : ii x + y = 4 -- =ii l-<~i +i ai- +il( i ii 4x + 3y 10 = 0 = :+i: <i l-i-
t
rn i- t l+ ii x + y = 4 l+=i - l-z+ l-< + l-< zii + x = t (i y = t) i+ ai- l+(
i =+- t -ii l+ ii +i =ni+i = y (i x) ai- +- t . ti t i-n t ii +i <i n:
=ni+i n x = t i+ tn y = 4 t ai- +- t . ~- <i n: ii - -z l-<
+ l-< zii + P(t, 4 t) t ni-i P(t, 4 t) ~ii l-< t - P +i ii 4x + 3y 10 = 0 = < i
:+i: t ~ii -
2 2
3 4
10 ) t 4 ( 3 t 4
+
+
= 1 |t + 2| = 5 t + 2 = 5
t = 7 i t = 3
~- ~ii l-< (7, 11) ( (3, 1) ti n
4iu +i4
(26) lzii + ziiii (1, 1), (5, 2) ( (3, 1) = =-n i i i~i in n n-i +i n-i: i ai-
+il(
Answer :
13
16
,
5
8
,
37
16
MATHS
15
nsi< + fa< zii + aii ii + uis +i f-< +i vfaf
(Foot of perpendicular and image of a point about a line) :
(i) l+=i l-< (x
1,
y
1
) = ii ax + by + c = 0 n- +i i<
2 2
1 1 1 1
b a
c by ax
b
y y
a
x x
+
+ +
=
= l<i i-i
t
(ii) ii ax + by + c = 0 + =i-i l-< (x
1,
y
1
) +i l-l-
2 2
1 1 1 1
b a
c by ax
2
b
y y
a
x x
+
+ +
=
= l<i i-i t
a<iri # 27 : l-< P ( 3, 5) = ii x y + 2 = 0 in n( n- + l-< zii + ai- +il(
rn PM +i i-i = 1
PM +i =ni+i
x + y 2 = 0 .........(i)
=ni+i (i) ( x y + 2 = 0 +i tn +- M + l-< zii + (0, 2) i-- ti - t
vU; fof/k% ti
1
3 x +
=
1
5 y
=
2 2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 2 5 ) 1 ( ) 3 ( 1 (
+
+ +
1
3 x +
=
1
5 y
= 3 x + 3 = 3 x = 0
( y 5 = 3 y = 2
M + l-< zii + (0, 2) t
a<iri # 28 : ii < i 2x 3y + 4 = 0 n l-< P(1, 2) +i l-l- ai- +il(
rn ni-i P +i l-l- Q t
PM = MQ ( PQ AB
ni-i Q + l-< zii + (h, k) t
M + l-< zii +
|
.
|
\
| +
2
2 k
,
2
1 h
t
t ii 2x 3y + 4 = 0 l-i- t
2
|
.
|
\
|
2
1 h
3
|
.
|
\
| +
2
2 k
+ 4 = 0.
i 2h 3k = 0 ...........(i)
PQ +i i-i =
1 h
2 k
+
PQ AB
1 h
2 k
+
3
2
= 1.
3h + 2k 1 = 0. ........(ii)
=ni+i (i) ( (ii) +i tn +- h =
13
3
, k =
13
2
P( 1, 2) +i l-l- Q
|
.
|
\
|
13
2
,
13
3
t
vU; fof/k % l-< P ( 1, 2) +i ii 2x 3y + 4 = 0 + =i -i l-l- t -
MATHS
16
2
1 x +
=
3
2 y
= 2
2 2
) 3 ( 2
] 4 ) 2 ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 [
+
+
2
1 x +
=
3
2 y
=
13
8
13x + 13 = 16 x =
13
3
& 13y 26 = 24 y =
13
2
l-l-
|
.
|
\
|
13
2
,
13
3
4iu +i4
(27) l-< ( 2, 3) = ii 3x 2y 1 = 0 in n( n- + i< + l-< zii + ai- +il(
(28) l-< (1, 2) +i y-~-i + =i -i l-l- ai- +il(
Answers : (27)
|
.
|
\
|
13
41
,
13
23
(28) ( 1, 2)
<i iii + r4 +i ii + ri + (Bisectors of the angles between two lines) :
<i ii~i ax + by + c = 0 -ii a'x + b'y + c' = 0 (ab' = a'b) + n +i ii + =nl,ii+i +i =ni+i
2 2
b a
c y b x a
+
+ +
=
2 2
b a
c y b x a
' + '
' + ' + '
ti -i t
ai a : ii~i a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0 ( a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 = =ni- +i i n +i t : -ii l-< P(x
1
, y
1
) = n - ini
ii~i +i =ni+i ti ti -i t i -- <i -i ii~i + n =nl,ii+i + =ni-- -ii l-< P = n -
ini ii~i +i ti -i t
a<iri # 29 : <i ii~i 3x 4y + 7 = 0 -ii 12 x 5y 8 = 0 + n +i ii + ~i +i + =ni+i ai- +il(
rn ii~i 3x 4y + 7 = 0 ( 12 x 5y 8 = 0 + n +i ii + ~i +i +i =ni+i l--- ti -i t
2 2
) 4 ( 3
7 y 4 x 3
+
+
=
2 2
) 5 ( 12
8 y 5 x 12
+

i
5
7 y 4 x 3 +
=
13
8 y 5 x 12
i 39x 52y + 91 = (60 x 25 y 40)
i-in+ l--t n - (+ ~i + 21 x + 27 y 131 = 0
-ii +iin+ l--t n - (+ ~i + 99 x 77 y + 51 = 0 i-- ti ni
4iu +i4
(29) ii n 3x + 4y + 13 = 0 -ii 12x 5y + 32 = 0 + n +i ii + ~z +i +i =ni+i ai-
+il(
Answer : 21x 77y 9 = 0 ( 99x + 27y + 329 = 0
MATHS
17
-4 a+i i ri + y fri++i i ri + fi < +a +t ffri4i :
(Methods to discriminate between the acute angle bisector & the obtuse angle bisector)
(i) l< 1 ti. -i t ~i+ ~li+ +ii ~i+ ti-i t
(ii) ni-i |q| u
1
~li+ +ii ~i+ t
|p| = |q| ii( L
1
( L
2
- n-- t
(iii) l< aa' + bb' < 0 ti . -i - -+i i ~i + +i =ni+i
a x + by + c
a b
2 2
+
=+
' ' '
' + '
a x + b y + c
a b
2 2
ti-i t
-- l< aa' + bb' > 0 ti. -i ~li+ +i i ~i + +i =ni+i
a x + by + c
a b
2 2
+
= +
' ' '
' + '
a x + b y + c
a b
2 2
ti -i t
a<iri # 30 : ii~i 4x + 3y 6 = 0 ( 5x + 12y + 9 = 0 + ln( l---lnli- =ni+i ai- +il(
(i) :-+ n ~li+ +ii +i ~i+ .
(ii) :-+ n - - +ii +i ~i+
rn : (i) <i n: =n ii~i +i =ni+i
4x + 3y 6 = 0 ........(1)
5x + 12y + 9 = 0 ........(2)
ii (1) ( (2) + n +ii + ~i+ +i =ni+i
2 2
3 4
6 y 3 x 4
+
+
=
2 2
12 5
9 y 12 x 5
+
+ +
i
5
6 y 3 x 4 +
=
13
9 y 12 x 5 + +
i-in+ l--t n -
5
6 y 3 x 4 +
=
13
9 y 12 x 5 + +
i 52x + 39y 78 = 25x + 60y + 45 i 27x 21y 123 = 0
i 9x 7y 41 = 0
+iin+ l--t n -
5
6 y 3 x 4 +
=
13
9 y 12 x 5 + +
i 52x + 39y 78 = 25x 60y 45 i 77x + 99y 33 = 0
i 7x + 9y 3 = 0
~- ~i +i +i =ni+i l--- t
9x 7y 41 = 0 ........(3)
-ii 7x + 9y 3 = 0 ........(4)
ii (1) +i i-i =
3
4
-ii ~i + (3) +i i-i =
7
9
.
l< u, ii (1) ( ~i + (3) + n --+ii ti. -i
tan u =
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
3
4
7
9
1
3
4
7
9
=
36 21
28 27
+
=
15
55
=
3
11
> 1
MATHS
18
u > 45
~- 9x 7y 41 = 0 <i n: ii~i (1) ( (2) + n ~li+ +ii +i ~i+ t
(ii) - l+ 9x 7y 41 = 0 <i n: ii~i + n ~li+ +i i +i ~i + t ~- ~- ~i +
7x + 9y 3 = 0. <i n: ii~i + n - -+i i +i ~i + ti ni
f}rh; fof/k% ii~i + =ni+ii n ~- +i i-in+ -i+ lni-
4x 3y + 6 = 0 .......(1)
( 5x + 12y + 9 = 0 .......(2)
ti a
1
= 4, a
2
= 5, b
1
= 3, b
2
= 12
~ a
1
a
2
+ b
1
b
2
= 20 36 = 56 < 0
nn l-< ii~i (1) ( (2) + n ~li+ +ii +i ~i l-i- -ti t ~- ii~i (1) ( (2) + n
~li+ +ii + ~z+ +i =ni+i
2 2
) 3 ( ) 4 (
6 y 3 x 4
+
+
=
2 2
12 5
9 y 12 x 5
+
+ +
ti ni
or 13(4x 3y + 6) = 5(5x + 12y + 9)
or 27x 21y 123 = 0 i 9x 7y 41 = 0
-ii -- +ii + ~z + +i =ni+i l--- ti ni (n n l-< - -+ii +i ~i l-i- t)
2 2
) 3 ( ) 4 (
6 y 3 x 4
+
+
=
2 2
12 5
9 y 12 x 5
+
+ +
i 77x + 99y 33 = 0 i 7x + 9y 3 = 0
4iu +i4
(30) ii~i x + y 3 = 0 ( 7x y + 5 = 0 + n +i i + ~z +i +i =ni+i ai- +il( -ii -i:(
l+ :-n = +i - ii~i + n -- +ii +i =nlziil- +-i t
Answer : x 3y + 10 = 0 (~li+ +i i ~z +); 6x + 2y 5 = 0 (- - +i i ~z +)
f+ut f-< +i ia 4i art ia in +iii + ri+i fi<a +t ffri :
(To discriminate between the bisector of the angle containing a point)
n n l-< +i i- i nn l-< +i -ti i- in +i ii + ~i+i n li <- t-
=ni+ii ax + by + c = 0 ( a'x + b'y + c' = 0 +i := +i lnii i-i t l+ ~- c, c' <i -i + l--t
i-in+ ti i (=i l-il- n
a x + by + c
a b
2 2
+
= +
' ' '
' + '
a x + b y + c
a b
2 2
( =ni+i
a x + by + c
a b
2 2
+
=
' ' '
' + '
a x + b y + c
a b
2 2
+nzi n n l-< +i i- in ( nn l-< +i -ti i- in +ii +
~i +i + =ni+i +i <lzi - +ni i+ n
l-< (o
,
|) +i i- in +ii + ~i+ +i =ni+i
(i)
a x by c
a b
+ +
+
2 2
=
' + ' + '
' + '
a x b y c
a b
2 2
tini l< + ao+ b | + c ( a'

o+ b'

| + c' + l--t (+ =ni-
ti
(ii)
a x by c
a b
+ +
+
2 2
=
' + ' + '
' + '
a x b y c
a b
2 2
ti ni l< + ao + b | + c ( a'

o+ b'

| + c' - li-
l--t + ti
MATHS
19
a<iri # 31 : =n ii~i 4x + 3y 6 = 0 ( 5x + 12y + 9 = 0 + n -= +i i +i ~i + ai- +il( l=n
n n l-< l-i- t
rn : l-< O(0, 0) + ln( 4x + 3y 6 = 6 < 0 ~i 5x + 12y + 9 = 9 > 0
~- l-< O(0, 0) + ln( 4x + 3y 6 ~i 5x + 12y + 9 - ll- l--t t
~- nn l-< +i i- in +i i + ~z + +i =ni+i (<i n: ii~i + ln() tini
2 2
) 3 ( ) 4 (
6 y 3 x 4
+
+
=
2 2
12 5
9 y 12 x 5
+
+ +
i
5
6 y 3 x 4 +
=
13
9 y 12 x 5 + +
i 52x + 39y 78 = 25x 60y 45.
i 77x + 99y 33 = 0
i 7x + 9y 3 = 0
4iu +i4 :
(31) =ni+i x + 2y 11 = 0 ( 3x 6y 5 = 0 + n -= +ii + ~i+ +i =ni+i ai- +il( l=n
l-< (1, 3) l-i- t
Answer : 3x 19 = 0
ata un iii + unit ri a +i s fa-ri (Condition of Concurrency) :
-i- ii( a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0, a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 ( a
3
x + b
3
y + c
3
= 0 = nini ti -i t l<
a b c
a b c
a b c
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
= 0 ti
+fs+ ffri : l< -i- ~- A, B ( C (=ii zi- -ti t) := +i ai- l+( i =+- t l+
A(a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
) + B(a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
) + C(a
3
x + b
3
y + c
3
) 0 ti . -i -i-i ii( = nini ti -i t
a<iri # 32 : l=z +il( l+ ii( 4x + 7y = 9, 5x 8y + 15 = 0 ( 9x y + 6 = 0 = nini ti -i t
rn <i n: ii(
4x + 7y 9 = 0 ........(1)
5x 8y + 15 = 0 ........(2)
( 9x y + 6 = 0 ........(3)
A =
6 1 9
15 8 5
9 7 4

= 4(48 + 15) 7 (30 135) 9 ( 5 + 72) = 132 + 735 603 = 0
~- ii( (1), (2) ( (3) = nini t
4iu +i4
(32) m +i ni- ai- +il( l-+ ln( ii( 3x + y + 2 = 0, 2x y + 3 = 0 ( x + my 3 = 0 = nini
t
Answer : 4
MATHS
20
ii fa+i4 (Family Of Straight Lines)
ii( L
1
a
1
x +b
1
y+ c
1
= 0 ( L
2
a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 + l--z < l-< = n - ini =n ii~i + l-+i
+i =ni+i L
1
+ k L
2
= 0 ti -i t . ~ii -
(a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
) + k(a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
) = 0, ti k - -z i--l+ = i t
aia : (i) l< u
1
= ax + by + c, u
2
= a'x + b'y + d, u
3
= ax + by + c'
u
4
= a'x + b'y + d' ti . -i
u
1
= 0;u
2
= 0; u
3
= 0 ; u
4
= 0 (+ =ni-- -- i +i l-ni i +- t
l+i BD +i =ni+i u
2
u
3
u
1
u
4
= 0 ti -i t
(ii) l+i AC +i =ni+i u
1
+ u
4
= 0 -ii
u
2
+ u
3
= 0 ti -i t . l< -ii . + + z i--l+ ni-i + ln( <i -i =ni+i (+ =ni- ti
[ ( + ni- ai- +- + ln( x, y + n ii +i ( ~- <i +i - n-i +- t ].
a<iri # 33 : -= ii +i =ni+i ai- +il( i l-< (2, 3) ( ii~i x + y + 4 = 0 -ii 3x y 8 = 0 +
l--z < l-< = n -i t
rn ii~i x + y + 4 = 0 ( 3x y 8 =0 + l--z < l-< = n - ini l+=i ii +i =ni+i
(x + y + 4) + (3x y 8) = 0 .........(i)
t l-< (2, 3) = n ni l< (2 3 + 4) + (6 + 3 8) = 0 or 3 + = 0 = 3.
+i ni- =ni+i (i) n i- ~ii ii +i =ni+i (x + y + 4) + (3) (3x y 8) = 0
i 8x + 4y + 28 = 0 i 2x y 7 = 0
+fs+ ffri =ni+i x + y + 4 = 0 ( 3x y 8 = 0 +i n i- lli ,ii tn +- x = 1, y = 5 i--
ti -i t
~- <i ii( l-< (1, 5) l--z< +-i t ~- ~ii ii (2, 3) ( (1, 5) = n-i t -ii
:=+i =ni+i y + 3 =
2 1
3 5
+
(x 2) i 2x y 7 = 0
a<iri # 34 : ii~i 4x 3y 1 = 0 ( 2x 5y + 3 = 0 + l--z < l-< = n - ini -ii ~-ii = =ni- +i i
-i- ini ii~i +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : <i n: ii~i + l--z < l-< = n - in ii l-+i +i =ni+i l--- +i t
(4x 3y 1) + (2x 5y + 3) = 0
i x (2 + 4) y (5 + 3) + 3 1 = 0 .......(i)
ni-i := ii +i cin m t . - m =
3 5
4 2
+
+
- l+ ii ~-ii = =ni- +ii -i-i t
~- m = tan 45 i m = tan 135 m = 1,
3 5
4 2
+
+
= 1 = 1 i
3
1
, + ni- (i) n i-
2x + 2y 4 = 0 i 14x 14y = 0
~ii - x + y 2 = 0 ( x = y ~ii ii~i + =ni+i t
MATHS
21
4iu +i4 :
(33) ii~i x 3y + 1 = 0 ( 2x + 5y 9 = 0 + l--z< l-< = n- ini -- =n ii~i +i =ni+i
ai- +il( l-+i n n l-< = ab ii( i--l+ -ii li-- tini
(b) h = ab ii( = i-i tini
(c) h < ab ii( +i-l-+ t l-+i l--z < l-< i--l+ tini ~ii- (0, 0)
(ii) l< =ni+i ax + 2hxy + by = 0 ,ii l-l- <i ii( y = m
1
x ( y = m
2
x ti . -i
m
1
+ m
2
=
2h
b
( m
1
m
2
=
a
b
.
(iii) l< =n ii n ax + 2hxy + by = 0 + n - - +i i u ti . -i
tan u =
b a
b a h 2
2
+
.
(iv) ii~i + ln( l--i :
(a) <i -i (+ < = = =n+i i ti ni l< a + b = 0. ~ii - x
2
+i n ii + + y +i n ii + = 0
(b) ii( = i-i ti ni l< h = ab .
(c) x ~-i = =ni- +i i n +i ti ni l< h = 0 ~ii - xy +i n ii + = 0
aia: (+ n ii- +i =nii- =ni+i nn l-< = i- ini n =n ii~i +i <lzi- +-i t
(v) <i =n ii~i ax + 2hxy + by = 0 + n +i i +i =nl,iil- +- in ii n +i
=ni+i
x y
a b
2 2
=
xy
h
t
a<iri # 35 : <lzi- +il( l+ =ni+i 6x
2
5xy + y
2
= 0 li--li-- =n ii~i + n +i <lzi- +-i t -ii
+ ii n n l-< = n -i t :- ii~i +i ~nn~nn =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : 0 h
2
> ab
~- <i n: =ni+i n n l-< = i- ini li-- ii n <lzi- +-i t
~, 6x
2
5xy + y
2
= 0
2
x
y
|
.
|
\
|
5
|
.
|
\
|
x
y
+ 6 = 0
2
x
y
|
.
|
\
|
3
|
.
|
\
|
x
y
2
|
.
|
\
|
x
y
+ 6 = 0
|
.
|
\
|
3
x
y
|
.
|
\
|
2
x
y
= 0
MATHS
22
x
y
3 = 0 or
x
y
2 = 0 y 3x = 0 or y 2x = 0
~- <i n: =ni+i n n l-< = i- ini <i li--li-- ii~i + ii n +i <lzi- +-i t
y 3x = 0 ( y 2x = 0
a<iri # 36 : nn l-< = i- in ii n +i =ni+i ai- +il( i =ni+i 2x
2
7xy + 2y
2
= 0 = l-l-
ii~i + n-- t
rn : 2x
2
7xy + 2y
2
= 0.
2x
2
6xy xy + 3y
2
= 0 2x(x 3y) y (x 3y) = 0
(x 3y) (2x y) = 0 x 3y = 0 or 2x y = 0
~- <i n: =ni+i ii~i x 3y = 0 ( 2x y = 0 +i <lzi- +-i t ~- nn l-< = i- ini
-ii <i n: ii~i + n-- ii( y 0 = 3 (x 0) ( y 0 =
2
1
(x 0)
[ (x 3 y = 0 +i i-i) 1/3 -ii (2x y = 0 +i i-i) 2 t ]
y + 3x = 0 ( 2y + x = 0
a<iri # 37 : ii n 4x
2
+ 24xy + 11y
2
= 0 + n +i i ai- +il(
rn : <i n: =ni+i 4x
2
+ 24xy + 11y
2
= 0
ti a = x
2
+i n ii + = 4, b = y
2
+i n ii + = 11
2h = xy +i n ii + = 24 h = 12
~ tan u =
b a
ab h 2
2
+
=
11 4
44 144 2
+

=
3
4
ti u ii~i + n - - +ii t
ii~i + n -- +ii tan
1
|
.
|
\
|
3
4
( :-+ n ~li+ +ii t tan
1
|
.
|
\
|
3
4
t
a<iri # 38 : ii~i 3x
2
5xy + y
2
= 0 + n +i i + ~z +i +i =ni+i ai- +il(
rn : <i n: =ni+i 3x
2
5xy + y
2
= 0 .......(1)
:=+i - n-i =ni+i ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
= 0 = +- .......(2)
a = 3, 2h = 5; ( b = 4
~ ii n (1) + n +ii + ~z+i +i =ni+i
b a
y x
2 2
=
h
xy
t
i
4 3
y x
2 2
=
2
5
xy
; i
1
y x
2 2
=
5
xy 2
i 5x
2
2xy 5y
2
= 0
4iu +i4 :
(34) ii~i y
2
9xy + 18x
2
= 0 ( y = 9 = - lzii +i -i zi+n ai- +il(
(35) l< ii n x
2
2pxy y
2
= 0 ( x
2
2qxy y
2
= 0 := +i t l+ + n ~- n +
n +i i +i =nl,iil- +-i t . -i l=z +il( l+ pq = 1.
MATHS
23
Answer : (34)
4
27
n :+i:
un ii 4 +i s <fzi a +a ini -4is+ fziia ut+i :
(General equation of second degree representing a pair of Straight lines) :
(i) ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (+ ii n +i <lzi - +-i t l< :
abc + 2fgh af bg ch = 0 ~ii - l<
c f g
f b h
g h a
= 0.
(ii) i+ =ni+i ,ii <lzi - <i =n ii~i + n +i i u ti ti-i t i -=+ =nii- iin ,ii
<lzi - <i =n ii~i + n ti-i t
a<iri # 39 : l=z +il( l+ =ni+i 2x
2
+ 5xy + 3y
2
+ 6x + 7y + 4 = 0 (+ ii n +i <lzi - +-i t :-+
l--z < l-< + l-< zii + ai- +il(
rn : <i n: =ni+i 2x
2
+ 5xy + 2y
2
+ 6x + 7y + 4 = 0 .......(1)
=ni+i (1) +i x n l,ii- =ni+i lni- 2x
2
+ (5y + 6) x + 3y
2
+ 7y + 4 = 0
x =
4
) 4 y 7 y 3 ( 2 . 4 ) 6 y 5 ( ) 6 y 5 (
2 2
+ + + +
=
4
32 y 56 y 24 36 y 60 y 25 ) 6 y 5 (
2 2
+ + +
=
4
4 y 4 y ) 6 y 5 (
2
+ + +
=
4
) 2 y ( ) 6 y 5 ( + +
x =
4
2 y 6 y 5 + +
,
4
2 y 6 y 5
i 4x + 4y + 4 = 0 ( 4x + 6y + 8 = 0
i x + y + 1 = 0 ( 2x + 3y + 4 = 0
~- =ni+i (1) ii~i + n +i <lzi - +-i t l-+i =ni+i x + y + 1 = 0 .....(1)
( 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 .........(2)
:- <i =ni+ii +i tn +- ~ii l--z < l-< (1, 2) t
4iu +i4 :
(36) =ni+i x
2
5xy + 4y
2
+ x + 2y 2 = 0 ,ii l-l- ii~i + =ni-- ( l-< (1,1) = n- ini
=n ii~i +i = +- =ni+i ai- +il( ( :-+ n +i i ii ai- +il(
Answer : x
2
5xy + 4y
2
+ 3x 3y = 0, tan
1
|
.
|
\
|
5
3
uiiat4+i (Homogenization) :
l,ii- + S ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ( =n ii L x + my + n = 0 + l--z < l-< ~i
+i n n l-< = lnni- in =n ii n +i =ni+i
MATHS
24
ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx
2
n
y m x
c
n
y m x
fy 2
n
y m x
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= 0 ti -i t
+ + =ni+i +i =n ii + =ni+i +i =ti-i = =nii- -i+ =ni+i ai- +- t
aia: <i +i C
1
= 0 ( C
2
= 0 + l--z < l-< ~i = n - in l+=i + +i =ni+i C
1
+ C
2
= 0 ti -i
t . ti ( i-n t
a<iri # 40 : l=z +il( l+ n n l-< +i =n ii y = 3x + 2 -ii + x
2
+ 2xy + 3y
2
+ 4x + 8y 11 = 0 +
l--z< l-<~i = lnni- ini =n ii~i + n +i i tan
1
3
2 2
t
rn : l<( n( + +i =ni+i x
2
+ 2xy + 3y
2
+ 4x + 8y 11 = 0 ............. (1)
( <i n: =n ii +i =ni+i y 3x = 2;
2
x 3 y
= 1 ............. (2)
=ni+i (2) +i =ti-i = =ni+i (1) +i x -ii y n =nii- -i-
x
2
+ 2xy + 3y
2
+ 4x
|
.
|
\
|
2
x 3 y
+ 8y
|
.
|
\
|
2
x 3 y
111
2
2
x 3 y
|
.
|
\
|
= 0
i x
2
+ 2xy + 3y
2
+
2
1
(4xy + 8y
2
12x
2
24 xy)
4
11
(y
2
6xy + 9x
2
) = 0
i 4x
2
+ 8xy + 12y
2
+ 2(8y
2
12x
2
20xy) 11 (y
2
6xy + 9x
2
) = 0
i 119x
2
+ 34xy + 17y
2
= 0 or 119x
2
34xy 17y
2
= 0
i 7x
2
2xy y
2
= 0
t =ni+i (1) ( (2) + l--z< l-< ~i +i nn l-< = lnni- ini ii~i +i =ni+i t
=ni+i (3) +i =ni+i ax
2
+ 2hxy + by
2
= 0 = - n-i +-
a = 7, b = 1 ( 2h = 2 ~ii - h = 1
l< ii n (3) + n - - +i i u ti -i
tan u =
b a
ab h 2
2
+
=
1 7
7 1 2
+
=
6
8 2
=
3
2 2
u = tan
1
3
2 2
4iu +i4 :
(37) =n ii 3x + 4y 5 = 0 ( + 2x
2
+ 3y
2
= 5 + l--z< l-<~i +i nn l-< = lnni- ini =n
ii~i +i =+- =ni+i ai- +il(
(38) =n ii lx + my + n = 0 ( + y
2
= 4ax + l--z < l-< ~i +i n n l-< = lnni- ini =n
ii~i +i = +- =ni+i ai- +il( :-+ n-- ti - +i l--i ai- +il(
Answers : (37) x
2
y
2
24xy = 0 (38) 4alx
2
+ 4amxy + ny
2
= 0; 4al + n = 0

Straigth Line Theory - H

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Straigth Line Theory - H

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