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Index
Abels Test, 133
Abels Theorem, 163, 176
Abel, Niels Henrik, 223
accumulation point of a set, 63, 197
in a metric space, 197
Al-Khwarizmi, Musa, 159
approximation
minimax, 230
uniform, 82
Archimedean Property, 22, 33, 36, 210
Arithmetic and Geometric Means, 25
Arzel`a Theorem, 134
Arzel`aAscoli Theorem, 224, 244
Baires Category Theorem, 204
Banach Contraction Mapping Theorem, 83,
103
Bernstein Polynomials, 230
Bertrand series, 162, 172, 179
Binomial Theorem, 103
BolzanoWeierstrass Theorem, 41, 89
boundary of a set, 200
bounded, 22
above, 23, 42
below, 23
function, 63, 70
sequence, 41
set, 23
above, 22
below, 22
totally, 198
uniformly, 229
Cantor function, 93
Cantor set, 24, 202
compact, 202
disconnected, 203
interior, 202
uncountable, 24
Cantors diagonalization, 17
Cantors Intersection Theorem, 201, 203, 212
CantorBendixson Theorem, 205
CantorBendixton Derivative, 204
cardinality, 3, 6
Cartesian product, 3, 204
Cauchy criterion
for integral, 133
for series, 173
for uniform convergence, 226, 237, 244
Cauchy sequence, 42, 81, 181, 184
in a metric space, 184
subsequence, 43
Cauchy, Augustin Louis, 63
CauchySchwartz Inequality, 25
Cesaro Average, 44
closed ball
in a metric space, 185
closed set, 197
in a metric space, 197
closure of a set, 199201
compact, 197, 201
Cantor set, 202
Cantor-intersection property, 201
closed subset, 201
continuous image of, 202
distance to, 215
in a metric space, 201
sequential, 198
sequentially compact, 201
subsets of space of continuous functions,
224
complement, 3
relative, 3
connected, 198, 203
but not path connected, 204
continuous image of, 204
continuity, 77, 78
and periodic, 81, 82
equicontinuous, 224
everywhere but nowhere dierentiable, 229
251
252 INDEX
Lipschitz, 79
modulus of continuity, 78, 80
nowhere, 80
on a compact set, 202
on a set, 77
on compact sets, 80, 93
pointwise limit, 226
sequential, 79
topological characterization of, 202
uniform, 77, 81
convergence
metric space, 181
not uniform, 225
pointwise, 223
uniform, 225
uniformly, 223, 226
countable, 3, 8, 66, 75, 130, 139, 198, 199
Q is, 8
R is not, 8
Cantor set is not, 24
subsets, 7
unions, 8
De Morgans Laws, 6, 198, 206
Dedekind, Richard, 77
dense, 23, 137
derivative
nth, 100, 101
and tangent line, 97, 98
and uniform convergence, 229
at a point, 97
bounded, 98
does not exist, 107
exists, 99
exists everywhere, 100, 101
Leibnitz formula, 103
nowhere dierentiable, 229
on a set, 97
uniformly continuous, 99
uniformly dierentiable, 99
diameter of a set, 185
Dinis Theorem, 228
Dirichlets function, 65, 79, 87
Dirichlets Rearrangement Theorem
rearrangement, 164
disconnected, 203
Cantor set, 203
discontinuous everywhere, 79
equicontinuous, 224, 228, 229
Euclidean distance, 187
Euler constant, 50
Eulers series, 161, 170
Euler, Leonhard, 41
Fatoo Lemma, 134
Fibonacci numbers, 23
xed point, 81
function
C
1
, 98, 131
C
2
, 98, 131
asymptotic to, 67
bijection, 3
bounded, 182
constant, 101
convex, 77, 82
greatest integer, 52, 80
inverse, 215
Lipschitz, 79
monotone, 63, 66
nonconstant, 82
one-to-one, 3, 7, 101
onto, 3
periodic, 65, 78
square-root, 24
step, 82, 130
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, 128
H older inequality, 25
harmonic series, 161
HeineBorel Theorem, 198, 211, 215
homeomorphism, 202
infA, 22, 24, 32
innite series, 159
absolute convergence, 159
and termwise dierentiation, 224
and termwise integration, 224
Bertrand, 179
conditional convergence, 160
convergence, 159
divergence, 159
Euler, 161
harmonic, 161
partial sum, 159
RaabeDuhamels rule, 165
uniform convergence, 227
with positive terms, 162
INDEX 253
integral
Bertrand, 133
improper, 128, 132, 133
lower, 128, 129, 152
pointwise limit, 226
Riemann, 128130
Riemann sums, 128
upper, 128, 129
Wallis, 45, 59
interchange of limit
and derivative, 226, 227
and integral, 226, 227
interior of a set, 200
interior point of a set, 200
Intermediate Value Theorem, 77, 101, 115,
147
generalized, 204
Interval Intersection Property, 26
irrational, 24, 68, 204
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 127
Legendre polynomials, 104
Leibnitz formula, 103
limit
inferior, 42, 45, 46
is irrational, 57
of a function, 64
of a sequence, 41
of integrals, 131
of rational numbers, 45
one-sided, 64
Riemann sums, 128, 130
sequential characterization, 65, 92
superior, 41, 45, 46
limit point of a set, 199, 201
Littlewood, John, 197
Luxemburg Monotone Convergence Theorem,
133, 153, 154
Mean Value Theorem, 97, 108, 112114, 118
for integrals, 128, 142, 151
generalized, 116
measure of noncompactness, 203
metric, 181, 182
bounded, 183
discrete, 182, 185
Euclidean, 182
Hausdor, 203
p-adic, 184
SNCF, 183
ultrametric, 184, 190
metric space, 181
complete, 181, 185
not complete, 184, 185
of continuous functions, 182, 183
ultrametric space, 184
Minkowski Inequality, 25
Monotone Convergence Theorem, 133
natural numbers, 203
coprime, 25, 36
negation of a statement, 4
neighborhood, 25
nest of intervals, 22
Nested Intersection Property, 26
Newton, Isaac, 97
nowhere dense, 219
open ball
closure of, 199
in a metric space, 185, 199
in Euclidean space, 185
path connected, 198, 204
Picard iteration, 134, 155
power series, 227
uniform convergence of, 227
power set, 23
proof
by contradiction, 2, 27, 219
by induction, 2123, 37
by strong induction, 21, 29
contrapositive, 2
RaabeDuhamels rule, 165
rational number, 22, 23, 203
real number, 23, 24
rearrangement, 176
Riemann sum, 128, 144, 145
RiemannLebesgues lemma, 132
Rolles Theorem, 97, 112, 115
Schr oderBernstein Theorem, 4, 8
sequence, 41
bounded, 41, 184
Cauchy, 42, 43, 49, 219
convergent, 4143, 45
254 INDEX
decreasing, 42
divergent, 41, 43, 44
in a metric space, 184
increasing, 42
not bounded, 54
ratio, 44
series of functions
converge pointwise, 223
converge uniformly, 223
set, 1
both open and closed, 198
closed, 198200
closed and bounded but not compact, 201
compact, 201
countable, 7
disjoint, 15
disjoint open, 198
empty, 7, 25
equal, 1
intersection, 2
open, 198, 200
in R, 197
subset, 1
union, 2
sets
intersection and union of a family, 3
sphere
in a metric space, 185
Squeeze Theorem, 51, 52, 56, 66, 112, 142144
Stirling formula, 45
subsequence, 41, 42, 48, 184
uniformly convergent, 229
supA, 22, 31
Taylors Theorem, 98, 143
Tchebyche polynomials, 135
triangle inequality, 38, 181
generalized, 189, 191
uniformly continuous extension, 82
unit balls in R
2
, 185
Weierstrass Approximation Theorem, 225, 247
Weierstrass M-Test, 224, 227, 238, 241
Weierstrasss example, 229
well-ordering property, 22
Young Inequality, 25