Lingua Inglese 1 LIN Catenaccio a.a.

2009-2010
THE SEVEN STANDARDS ! TE"T#ALIT$
%A TE"T &ill 'e (e)ine( as a C**#NICATIVE CC#RRENCE &+ic+ ,eets se-en stan(a.(s o) TE"T#ALIT$. ....
1. T+e )i.st stan(a.( &ill 'e calle( CHESIN an( conce.ns t+e &a/ in &+ic+ t+e co,0onents o) t+e S#R!ACE TE"T1
i.e. t+e actual &o.(s &e +ea. o. see1 a.e mutually connected within a sequence. T+e su.)ace co,0onents (e0en(
u0on eac+ ot+e. acco.(ing to g.a,,atical )o.,s an( con-entions1 suc+ t+at co+esion .ests u0on 2RA**ATICAL
DE3ENDENCIES. ...
2. T+e secon( stan(a.( &ill 'e calle( CHERENCE an( conce.ns t+e &a/s in &+ic+ t+e co,0onents o) t+e TE"T#AL
4RLD1 i.e. t+e con)igu.ation o) CNCE3TS an( RELATINS &+ic+ underlie t+e su.)ace te5t a.e ,utuall/
accessible an( relevant. ... Co+esion an( co+e.ence a.e te5t-cent.e( notions1 (esignating o0e.ations (i.ecte( at
t+e te5t ,ate.ials.
CHESIN AND CHERENCE ARE TE"T-CENTRED NTINS.
THE THER STANDARDS ! TE"T#ALIT$ ARE #SER-CENTRED NTINS.
6. In a((ition1 &e s+all .e7ui.e use.-cent.e( notions &+ic+ a.e '.oug+t to 'ea. on t+e acti-it/ o) te5tual
co,,unication at la.ge1 'ot+ '/ 0.o(uce.s an( '/ .ecei-e.s. T+e t+i.( stan(a.( o) te5tualit/ coul( t+en 'e calle(
INTENTINALIT$ 1 conce.ning t+e te5t 0.o(uce.8s attitu(e t+at t+e set o) occu..ences s+oul( constitute a co+esi-e
an( co+e.ent te5t inst.u,ental in )ull)illing t+e 0.o(uce.8s intentions1 e.g. to (ist.i'ute 9no&le(ge o. to attain a
2AL s0eci)ie( in a 3LAN. ...
:. T+e )ou.t+ stan(a.( o) te5tualit/ &oul( 'e ACCE3TA;ILIT$ 1 conce.ning t+e te5t .ecei-e.8s attitu(e t+at t+e set o)
occu..ences s+oul( constitute a co+esi-e an( co+e.ent te5t +a-ing so,e use o. .ele-ance )o. t+e .ecei-e.1 e.g. to
ac7ui.e 9no&le(ge o. 0.o-i(e co-o0e.ation in a 0lan. ...
<. T+e )i)t+ stan(a.( o) te5tualit/ is calle( IN!R*ATIVIT$ an( conce.ns t+e e5tent to &+ic+ t+e occu..ences o) t+e
0.esente( te5t a.e e50ecte( -s. une50ecte( o. 9no&n -s. un9no&n=ce.tain .
>. T+e si5t+ stan(a.( o) te5tualit/ can 'e (esignate( SIT#ATINALIT$ an( conce.ns t+e )acto.s &+ic+ ,a9e a te5t
RELEVANT to a SIT#ATIN o) occu..ence. ...
?. T+e se-ent+ stan(a.( is to 'e calle( INTERTE"T#ALIT$ an( conce.ns t+e )acto.s &+ic+ ,a9e t+e utili@ation o) one
te5t (e0en(ent u0on 9no&le(ge o) one o. ,o.e 0.e-iousl/ encounte.e( te5ts.A
R. (e ;eaug.an(e1 4. D.essle.1 An Introduction to Text Linguistics1 Lon(on1 Long,an1 19B1 C:B))D
Lingua Inglese 1 LIN Catenaccio a.a. 2009-2010
CHERENCE
CHERENCE conce.ns t+e &a/s in &+ic+ t+e co,0onents o) t+e TE"T#AL 4RLD1 i.e. t+e con)igu.ation o) CNCE3TS
an( RELATINS &+ic+ underlie t+e su.)ace te5t a.e ,utuall/ accessible an( relevant. ... Co+esion an( co+e.ence a.e
te5t-cent.e( notions1 (esignating o0e.ations (i.ecte( at t+e te5t ,ate.ials.
Anot+e. (e)inition CT. A. -an DiE9 19?9F 96DF
co+e.ence is a se,antic 0.o0e.t/ o) (iscou.se )o.,e( t+.oug+ t+e inte.0.etation o) eac+ in(i-i(ual sentence .elati-e to
t+e inte.0.etation o) ot+e. sentences1 &it+ Ginte.0.etationG i,0l/ing inte.action 'et&een t+e te5t an( t+e .ea(e.. ne
,et+o( )o. e-aluating a te5tHs co+e.ence is to0ical st.uctu.e anal/sis.
CoherenceF su'-su.)ace )eatu.e
conce.ns t+e &a/s in &+ic+ t+e ,eanings &it+in a te5t Cconce0ts1 .elations a,ong t+e, an( t+ei. .elations to t+e
e5te.nal &o.l(D a.e esta'lis+e( an( (e-elo0e(.
So,e o) t+e ,aEo. .elations o) co+e.ence a.e logical se7uences1 e.g. cause-conse7uence (and soD1 con(ition-
conse7uence (ifD1 inst.u,ent-ac+ie-e,ent (byD1 cont.ast (howeverD1 co,0ati'ilit/ (andD1 etc.
Inclu(esF to0ic (e-elo0,ent 0.o-i(ing a te5t &it+ necessa./ integ.it/I e-en in t+e a'sence o) o-e.t lin9s Cas in -a.ious
lists1 c+a.ts1 ti,eta'les1 ,enusD.
CHESINF A TE"T-LIN2#ISTIC 3ERS3ECTIVE
t+e &a/ in &+ic+ t+e co,0onents o) t+e S#R!ACE TE"T1 i.e. t+e actual &o.(s &e +ea. o. see1 a.e mutually connected
within a sequence. T+e su.)ace co,0onents (e0en( u0on eac+ ot+e. acco.(ing to g.a,,atical )o.,s an( con-entions1
suc+ t+at co+esion .ests u0on 2RA**ATICAL DE3ENDENCIES. ...
In t+ei. (iscussion o) &a/s '/ &+ic+ te5tual co+esion is c.eate(1 (e ;eaug.an(e-D.essle. inclu(e t+e (e-ices (esc.i'e(
'/ Halli(a/ Csee 'elo&D1 'ut a(( a nu,'e. o) ot+e. )eatu.esI +e.e is t+ei. co,0lete listF
grammar dependency network1 at 0+.ase1 clause an( sentence le-el
recurrenceF st.aig+t)o.&a.( .e0etition o) ele,ents o. 0atte.ns
partial recurrence: shifting of already used elements to diferent classes (e.g. from noun to
verb)
parallelismF .e0eating a st.uctu.e 'ut )illing it in &it+ ne& ele,ents
paraphraseF .e0eating content 'ut con-e/ing it &it+ (i))e.ent e50.essions
use of proformsF .e0lacing content-ca../ing ele,ents &it+ s+o.t 0lace-+ol(e.s &it+ no in(e0en(ent content Jinclu(es
0e.sonal an( (e,onst.ati-e .e)e.enceK
ellipsisF .e0eating a st.uctu.e an( its content 'ut o,itting so,e o) t+e su.)ace e50.essions
tense! aspect an( "unctionF signals )o. t+e .elations+i0s a,ong e-ents o. situations in t+e te5tual &o.l(
functional sentence perspectiveF t+e,e-.+e,eI gi-en-ne&
intonationF in s0o9en language
R. (e ;eaug.an(e1 4. D.essle.1 An Introduction to Text Linguistics1 Lon(on1 Long,an1 19B1 C?6))D
So,e e5a,0lesF
#ecurrence! partial recurrence
JLK 4+en ou. )oun(e.s 'ol(l/ (ecla.e( A,e.ica8s in(e0en(ence to t+e &o.l( an( ou. 0u.0oses to t+e Al,ig+t/1 t+e/
9ne& t+at A,e.ica1 to en(u.e1 &oul( +a-e to c+ange.
Not c+ange )o. c+ange8s sa9e1 'ut c+ange to 0.ese.-e A,e.ica8s i(eals M li)e1 li'e.t/1 t+e 0u.suit o) +a00iness. T+oug+
&e ,a.c+ to t+e ,usic o) ou. ti,e1 ou. ,ission is ti,eless.
Eac+ gene.ation o) A,e.icans ,ust (e)ine &+at it ,eans to 'e an A,e.ican. JLK
C;. ClintonHs !i.st Inaugu.al A((.ess1 21.1.1996D
Lingua Inglese 1 LIN Catenaccio a.a. 2009-2010
#ecurrence! parallelism
In t+e .eal &o.l(1 i) /ou sa/ /ou8.e going to (o so,et+ing1 /ou (o it. An( i) /ou sc.e& u01 /ou can
lose /ou. Eo'.
It8s calle( accounta'ilit/. Re,e,'e. t+at &o.( - accounta'ilit/.
;ut 0oliticians see, to li-e in a (i))e.ent &o.l(.
A &o.l( &+e.e 0.o,ises a.e (.o00e( Eust as casuall/ as t+e/8.e ,a(e.
A &o.l( &+e.e t+e )igu.es a.e )i((le(.
A &o.l( &+e.e t+e.e a.e no 0enalties )o. )ailu.e.
4+at 0eo0le &ant ).o, t+ei. 0oliticians isF Accounta'ilit/. Res0onsi'ilit/. An( a little +u,ilit/.
C*ic+ael Ho&a.(1 $peech to Conservative %arty Conference &'':1 (ournemouth! cto'e. <1 200:D
%araphrase
A S#SCE3TI;ILIT$ gene )o. C.o+nHs (isease +as 'een i(enti)ie( )o. t+e )i.st ti,e '/ se0a.ate tea,s o) A,e.ican an(
Eu.o0ean scientists1 it &as (isclose( /este.(a/.
T+e (e'ilitating in)la,,ato./ 'o&el con(ition is cause( '/ t+e 'o(/Hs o&n i,,une s/ste, attac9ing t+e gut lining.
CResea.c+e.s )in( C.o+nHs (isease geneI The )ailyTelegraph! &&*'+*&'',-
CHESINF A S$STE*IC-!#NCTINAL 3ERS3ECTIVE
Co+esion acco.(ing to Halli(a/ Hasan C19?>F :-<DF
%T+e conce0t o) co+esion is a se,antic oneF it .e)e.s to .elations o) ,eaning t+at e5ist &it+in t+e te5t1 an( t+at (e)ine
it as a te5t.
Co+esion occu.s &+en t+e INTER3RETATIN o) so,e ele,ent in t+e (iscou.se is (e0en(ent on t+at o) anot+e.. T+e one
3RES#33SES t+e ot+e.1 in t+e sense t+at it cannot 'e e))ecti-el/ (eco(e( e5ce0t '/ .ecou.se to it. 4+en t+is +a00ens1
a .elation is set u01 an( t+e t&o ele,ents1 t+e 0.esu00osing an( t+e 0.esu00ose(1 a.e t+e.e'/ at least 0otentiall/
integ.ate( into a te5t. JLK
Co+esion is 0a.t o) t+e s/ste, o) a language. T+e 0otential )o. co+esion lies in t+e s/ste,atic .esou.ces o) .e)e.ence1
elli0sis an( so on t+at a.e 'uilt into t+e language itsel).A
*.A.N. Halli(a/ (esc.i'es )ou. %&a/s '/ &+ic+ co+esion is c.eate( in Englis+AF
referenceF
0e.sonal .e)e.ence C0e.sonal 0.onouns1 0ossessi-e a(Eecti-es1 0ossessi-e 0.onouns J(ou'l/ co+esi-eKDI
(e,onst.ati-e .e)e.ence Ct+at1 t+is1 t+e1 +e.e1 t+e.e etc.DI
co,0a.ati-e .e)e.enceI
co,0a.ati-e .e)e.ence ite,sF a(Eecti-es o) i(entit/ Csame! identical! equal! identically! equallyD1 o) si,ila.it/ Csimilar!
additional! similarly! likewise! so! suchD1 o) (i))e.ence Cother! different! else! differently! otherwiseD1 co,0a.ati-e
nu,e.ati-es Cmore! fewer! less! further! additional. so! as! equally / quantifier Je.g. so manyKD1 co,0a.ati-e a(Eecti-es
an( a(-e.'s Cbetter! more interesting! less easy etc.D
all t+e ite,s a'o-e can 'e ana0+o.ic1 cata0+o.ic an( e5o0+o.icI
0LLI%$I$ A1) $2($TIT2TI31F
in ellipsis %&e 0.esu00ose so,et+ing '/ ,eans o) &+at is le)t outA... elli0sis sets u0 a .elations+i0 t+at is not
se,antic 'ut le5icog.a,,atical a .elations+i0 in t+e &o.(ing .at+e. t+an (i.ectl/ in t+e ,eaningI
in substitution t+e su'stitute se.-es as a 0lace-+ol(ing (e-ice1 s+o&ing &+e.e so,et+ing +as 'een o,itte( an(
&+at its g.a,,atical )unction &oul( 'e
0LLI%$I$
nominal ellipsis4 one o) t+e 0.e-,o(i)ie.s o) t+e Hea( is u0g.a(e( to Hea(.
5erbal ellipsisF ).o, t+e .ig+t CGA.e /ou laug+ingOG G$es1 I a,GD o. ).o, t+e le)t CGA.e /ou eating (inne.OG
GNo1 &as+ing u0GD
Clausal ellipsis
$es=no ans&e.s1 ans&e. to &+- 7uestions onl/ &it+ &+at t+e 7uestion inte..ogates a'out C4+/ a.e /ou going
a&a/OG G;ecause itHs lateGD1 onl/ &+-ele,ent in 7uestions CGLea-e t+ose aloneG G4+/OGD
$2($TIT2TI31
nominal substitutes4
Lingua Inglese 1 LIN Catenaccio a.a. 2009-2010
oneF can 'e use( as Hea( o) a noun 0+.ase to .e0lace a noun &+ic+ is count an( not a 0.o0e. na,e. #suall/ t+e
su'stitution is not 0ossi'le i) t+e Hea( is 0.ece(e '/ a classi)ie. Ce.g. a noun o. a(Eecti-e in(icating a 0a.ticula.
su'class o) t+e t+ing in 7uestionD
some * any *much * many
The same Ce.g. 4inte. is o)ten so (a,0. The same is t.ue )o. t+e su,,e.GD
5erbal substitutes
(o=(o not1 au5ilia.ies
t+e no,inal g.ou0F so,e=an/I one
Clausal substitutes
$o! not
Con"unction
aD te5t conEuncti-es Cinte.-sentenceDI 'D 0a.atactic conEuncti-esI cD +/0otactic conEuncti-es
: 'asic t/0es o) conEuncti-e .elationsI e5a,0les
Te5t conEuncti-es 3a.atactic
conEuncti-es
+/0otactic
conEuncti-es
Additive Also1 an(
No.1 an( L not1
neit+e.
An( ;esi(es
Adversative +o&e-e. $et1 'ut Alt+oug+
Causal conse7uentl/ So1 t+us1 +ence ;ecause
Temporal su'se7uentl/ T+en a)te.
L06ICAL C370$I31
reiteration inclu(esF
.e0etition
s/non/,/F use o) su0e.o.(inates Cgene.alsD1 +/0on/,s1 o00osites Ca'solute o00osites1 anton/,s1 con-e.sesD.
collocationF it (e0en(s on a 0a.ticula. association 'et&een t+e ite,s in 7uestion a ten(enc/ to co-occu.I o)ten
)ai.l/ s0eci)icall/ associate( &it+ on o. anot+e. 0a.ticula. .egiste.1 o. )unctional -a.iet/ o) t+e language.
Toget+e. &it+ t&o ,ost i,0o.tant st.uctu.al )eatu.es1 thematic structure CT+e,e an( R+e,eD an( information structure
and focus C2i-en an( Ne&D t+ese co+esi-e )eatu.es a.e t+e .esou.ces t+at gi-e te5tu.e to a 0iece o) (iscou.se1 &it+out
&+ic+ it &oul( not 'e (iscou.se.
C*.A.N. Halli(a/ 1 R. Hasan1 Cohesion in Englis+1 Lon(on1 Long,an1 19?PI
*.A.N. Halli(a/1 An Introduction to 8unctional 9rammar1 $econd 0dition1 Lon(on1 E(&a.( A.nol(1 199:D