1

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
PROJECT WORK 1/2014



NAME: ANDY YANTO
SCHOOL: SMK SAINT COLUMBA MIRI
CLASS: 5 BENEVOLENCE
I.C. NUMBER: 970930-13-5970
ANGKA GILIRAN:
TEACHER`S NAME: MDM.PUI HUI FOUNG





2






TITLE:



3



CONTENT



4


NUM
BER
ELEMENT PAGE
1. CONTENT 3-4
2. INTRODUCTION 5-6
3. APPRECIATION 7-8
4. BRIEF HISTORY OF DATA ANALYSIS 9-11
5. PART 1 12-19
6. PART 2 20-27
7. PART 3 28-32
8. PART 4 33-40
9. FURTHER EXPLORATION 41-
10. CONCLUSION
11. REFLECTION



5




INTRODUCTION





6

Student who taking Additional Mathematics subject in SPM are required to
carry out a project work while they are in Form 5 . The Curriculum
Management Sector,Sarawak Education Department has prepared the task for
us . We are expected to submit the project work within three weeks from the
first day the task is being administrated to us . This project must be done
individually . Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work,I
am able to gain valuable experiences and able to :
Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine
and non-routine problems.
Experience classroom environments which are challenging,interesting and
meaningful.
Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are
applied in meaningful ways in solving real-life problems.
Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical
thinking, reasoning and communication are highly encourage and
expected.
Experience classroom environments that stimulate and enhance effective
learning.
Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral , writing and
use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly
and precisely.
Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through
problem solving in ways that increase interest and confidence.
Prepare myself for the demand of my future undertakings and in
workplace.
Realize that additional mathematics is an important and powerful tool in
solving real-life problems and hence develop positive attitude towards
additional mathematics.
Train myself not only to be independent learner but also to
collaborate,cooperate and share knowledge in an engaging and healthy
environment.
Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively.
Train myself to appreciate the intrinsic values of additional mathematics
and to become more creative and innovative.



7




APPRECIATION













8

First and foremost, I would like to thank my Additional Mathematics
teacher,Mdm. Pui Hui Foung as she had gave me important guidance
and commitment during this project work . She had try her best to
teach me patiently until I had finished this project work when I faced
some difficulties on doing task.

I would also like to give thanks to all my friends for helping me and
always supporting me to complete this project work. They had shared
their ideas and provided me some help on solving problems . We
helped each other until we had finished this project work. This project
work would never have its conclusion without their help.

Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved
parents who provided everything needed in this project work such as
money. They contribute their time and spirit on sharing their
experience with me. Their support may raise the spirit in me to do this
project work smoothly. They had also always been my side and I hoped
they would still be there in the future.

In a nutshell, I would like to thank God for giving me energy,
strength and healthy to carry out this project work.












9





BRIEF HISTORY OF
DATA ANALYSIS





10

Data analysis is a practice in which raw data is ordered and organized so that useful information can
be extracted from it. The process of organizing and thinking about data is key to understanding what the
data does and does not contain. There are a variety of ways in which people can approach data analysis,
and it is notoriously easy to manipulate data during the analysis phase to push certain conclusions or
agendas. For this reason, it is important to pay attention when data analysis is presented, and to think
critically about the data and the conclusions which were drawn.
Raw data can take a variety of forms, including measurements, survey responses, and observations.
In its raw form, this information can be incredibly useful, but also overwhelming. Over the course of the
data analysis process, the raw data is ordered in a way which will be useful. For example, survey results
may be tallied, so that people can see at a glance how many people answered the survey, and how
people responded to specific questions.
In the course of organizing the data, trends often emerge, and these trends can be highlighted in the
write-up of the data to ensure that readers take note. In a casual survey of ice cream preferences, for
example, more women than men might express a fondness for chocolate, and this could be a point of
interest for the researcher. Modeling the data with the use of mathematics and other tools can
sometimes exaggerate such points of interest in the data, making them easier for the researcher to see.
Charts, graphs, and textual write-ups of data are all forms of data analysis. These methods are
designed to refine and distill the data so that readers can glean interesting information without needing
to sort through all of the data on their own. Summarizing data is often critical to supporting arguments
made with that data, as is presenting the data in a clear and understandable way. The raw data may also
be included in the form of an appendix so that people can look up specifics for themselves.
When people encounter summarized data and conclusions, they should view them critically. Asking
where the data is from is important, as is asking about the sampling method used to collect the data,
and the size of the sample. If the source of the data appears to have a conflict of interest with the type
of data being gathered, this can call the results into question. Likewise, data gathered from a small
sample or a sample which is not truly random may be of questionable utility. Reputable researchers will
always provide information about the data gathering techniques used, the source of funding, and the
point of the data collection in the beginning of the analysis so that readers can think about this
information while they review the analysis.
Bar graph
11







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12




PART 1












13

Data analysis is important to businesses will be an understatement.In fact,no business can survive
without analyzing available data.There are many benefits of data analysis.However,the most important
ones are data analysis helps in structuring the findings from different sources of data collection like
survey research.It is again very helpful in breaking a macro problem into micro parts.Data analysis acts
like a filter when it comes to acquiring meaningful insights out of huge data-set.Every researcher has
sort out huge pile of data that he or she has collected,before reaching to a conclusion of the research
question.Mere data collection is of no use to the researcher.Data analysis proves to be crucial in this
process.It provides a meaningful base to critical decisions.It helps to create a complete dissertation
proposal.One of the most important uses of data analysis is that it helps in keeping human bias away
from research conclusion with the help of proper statistical treatment.With the help of data analysis,a
researcher can filter both qualitative and quantitative data for an assignment writing projects.Thus,it
can be said that data analysis is of utmost important for both the research and the researcher. In
another words ,data analysis is important for a doctor to diagnose the problem of the patient before
giving him any treatment. For example, if we can analyze the previous weather data, we can predict
future temperature. On the other hand, many considerations will be made for those who invested much
money in the Stock Market in Hong Kong. And these considerations also included the prediction of the
future trend by analyzing the previous data. In this project, a software package will be developed for
time series data prediction, based on Fuzzy system algorithms to data mining. This system predicts the
future trend of a set of data, based on the previous data. Two kinds of fuzzy models, Nearest
Neighborhood Clustering and Table Look up Scheme, are used to develop this system. Other
components of this system included inference engine, fuzzifier and defuzzifier. Our system accepts
multiple inputs and has single output (MISO). This software is developed by Visual Basic, which is a kind
of computer programming language. A graphical user interface (GUI) is designed with functions on
graphical plotting. The accuracy of prediction is represented by Mean Square Error (MSE) and Mean
Absolute Performance Error (MAPE).










14

Collecting data can be easy and fun. But sometimes it can be hard to tell other people about
what you have found. Thats why we use statistics. Two kinds of statistics are frequently used to
describe data. They are measures of central tendency and dispersion.

Mean,median and mode are measures of central tendency. They help summarize a bunch of
scores with a single number. Suppose you want to describe a bunch of data that you collected to a
friend for a particular variable like height of students in your class. One way would be to read each
height you recorded to your friend. Your friend would listen to all of the heights and then come to a
conclusion about how tall students generally are in your class But this would take too much time.
Especially if you are in a class of 200 or 300 students! Another way to communicate with your
friend would be to use measures of central tendency like the mean, median and mode. They help
you summarize bunches of numbers with one or just a few numbers. They make telling people
about your data easy.

Range, variance and standard deviation are measures of dispersion. These help you to know
the spread of scores within a bunch of scores. For example, if you were describing the heights of
students in your class to a friend, they might want to know how much the heights vary. Are all the
men about 5 feet 11 inches within a few centimeters or so? Or is there a lot of variation where some
men are 5 feet and others are 6 foot 5 inches? Measures of dispersion like the range, variance and
standard deviation tell you about the spread of scores in a data set. Like central tendency, they help
you summarize a bunch of numbers with one or just a few numbers.



Types of measures of central tendency
A. MEAN
- commonly referred to as the average or arithmetic mean.
- most widely used measure of central location.
-mean can measure by group or ungroup method.

Ungroup :

23,20,17,18,15,17,16,20
Mean=

=18.25
15

Group :

Mean ,

= 22.56 km

B. MEDIAN
- the value of the middle item in a set of observations which has been arranged in
an ascending or descending order of magnitude.

- is the centermost value in a disribution.

-median can measure by group or ungroup method.

Ungroup :
23,20,17,18,15,17,16,20
Rearrange the values in ascending order :
15,16,17,17,18,20,20,23

Median
Median = Mean of 4
th
and 5
th
values
=

=17.5
Distance (km) 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34
Frequency 8 17 24 20 11
Distance (km) Midpoint , x Frequency , f fx
10-14 12 8 96
15-19 17 17 289
20-24 22 24 528
25-29 27 20 540
30-34 32 11 352


16


Group :
Mass (kg) 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60
Number of students 3 8 10 18 9 2

Median ,m = L+(

=45.5 +(

= 46.6 kg


C. MODE
- is the value in the data set that occurs most frequently.
-mode can measure by group or ungroup method.

Ungroup :
2,5,7,6,10,7,9,8,4 2,8,11,9,4,5,13,9
Mode = 7 , Mode = 9

Group :


Mass (kg) Frequency Cumulative frequency Upper boundary
31-35 3 3 35.5
36-40 8 11 40.5
41-45 10 21 45.5
46-50 18 39 50.5
51-55 9 48 55.5
56-60 2 50 60.5
Mass (kg) 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79
Frequency 8 11 14 7 5
17

Modal class = 50-59 kg

Mode = 52.5 kg

Types of measures of dispersion
A. RANGE
-the difference between lowest and highest values
42 , 40 , 45 , 32 ,28
Range = 45 28
=17
B. VARIANCE
-the average of the squared differences from the mean.
- can measure by group or ungroup method
Ungroup :

5 , 6 , 7 , 2 , 3
Variance =

= 3.44
18

Group :

-


Pocket money (RM) 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of students 12 16 15 14 12 11

x f fx

2 12 24 48
3 16 48 144
4 15 60 240
5 14 70 350
6 12 72 432
7 11 77 539

Variance ,

-


=

= 2.658

C . STANDARD DEVIATION
-the Standard Deviation is a measure of how spread out numbers are.
- can measure by group or ungroup method

Ungroup :
5 , 6 , 7 , 2 , 3
Variance,

= 3.44
Standard deviaton , Q =
= 1.855
19

Group :
Pocket money (RM) 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of students 12 16 15 14 12 11

x f fx

2 12 24 48
3 16 48 144
4 15 60 240
5 14 70 350
6 12 72 432
7 11 77 539

Variance ,

-


=

= 2.658
Standard deviation , Q =
= 1.63










20










PART 2











21

Additional mathematics first test score for 5 Benevolence
















Marks Number of students
1-5 2
6-10 3
11-15 5
16-20 6
21-25 5
26-30 3
31-35 3
36-40 3
41-45 1
46-50 1
51-55 1
56-60 0
61-65 0
66-70 1
71-75 3
76-80 0
81-85 1

Marks Frequency ,
f
Midpoint ,
x
fx Cumulative
frequency
Upper
boundary
1-5 2 3 6 2 5.5
6-10 3 8 24 5 10.5
11-15 5 13 65 10 15.5
16-20 6 18 108 16 20.5
21-25 5 23 115 21 25.5
26-30 3 28 84 24 30.5
31-35 3 33 99 27 35.5
36-40 3 38 114 30 40.5
41-45 1 43 43 31 45.5
46-50 1 48 48 32 50.5
51-55 1 53 53 33 55.5
56-60 0 58 0 33 60.5
61-65 0 63 0 33 65.5
66-70 1 68 68 34 70.5
71-75 3 73 219 37 75.5
76-80 0 78 0 37 80.5
81-85 1 83 83 38 85.5

22


(a) Instead , the table is set up , calculate
(i) the mean
(ii) the mode
(iii) the median
(b) From your results , what kind of measure of central
tendency best to represent your class additional
mathematics performance scores and explain why .










23


ANSWER :
Method 1 : ( Calculate by using formula)
(a)(i) Mean , =

= 29.71 marks
(ii) Mode = 16-20 marks
(iii)
Marks Frequency , f Cumulative
frequency
Upper boundary
1-5 2 2 5.5
6-10 3 5 10.5
11-15 5 10 15.5
16-20 6 16 20.5
21-25 5 21 25.5
26-30 3 24 30.5
31-35 3 27 35.5
36-40 3 30 40.5
41-45 1 31 45.5
46-50 1 32 50.5
51-55 1 33 55.5
56-60 0 33 60.5
61-65 0 33 65.5
66-70 1 34 70.5
71-75 3 37 75.5
76-80 0 37 80.5
81-85 1 38 85.5



24

Median,m = L+(

=20.5 +(

= 24 marks












25

Method 2 : (Calculate by using graph)

(ii) Mode = Modal class = 16-20 marks


Mode = 18.5 marks







26


(iii) Median =

= 19.5
Thus , median = 24 marks









27

(b) Type of measure central tendency have mode , mean and median.
Median is best to represent my class additional mathematics
performance scores.This is because the data of 5 Benevolence
additional mathematics first test score are very skew and there
are a huge number of outliers. It is more widely known than
the trimmed mean, it may be good when your audience is not
statistically sophisticated. The classic example is income. In
most populations, incomes will be highly right skewed. That
is, there will be some people whose incomes are much, much
higher than all the others. When the data are right skewed,
the mean will be higher than the median. When they are left
skewed (much less common) the mean will be lower than the
median.













28














PART 3







29

Measure of dispersion of data is the
method to show the deviation from the
mean of data. From the table that has been
built, calculate
(i)The inter-quartile range
(ii)The standard deviation

Explain the advantages of using standard
deviation as compared with interquartile
range in representing the data.









30

(i)the interquartile range



















Q1= L1+(

= 10.5 +(

= 15 marks

Q3 = L3+(

=35.5 +(

= 38 marks

Interquartile range = Q3 Q1
= 38 - 15
= 23 marks

Marks Frequency ,
f
Cumulative
frequency
Upper
boundary
1-5 2 2 5.5
6-10 3 5 10.5
11-15 5 10 15.5
16-20 6 16 20.5
21-25 5 21 25.5
26-30 3 24 30.5
31-35 3 27 35.5
36-40 3 30 40.5
41-45 1 31 45.5
46-50 1 32 50.5
51-55 1 33 55.5
56-60 0 33 60.5
61-65 0 33 65.5
66-70 1 34 70.5
71-75 3 37 75.5
76-80 0 37 80.5
81-85 1 38 85.5
31

(ii) standard deviation










Mean , =

= 29.71 marks
Variance ,

= 434.61 marks
Standard deviation , Q =
= 20.85 marks
Marks Frequency , f Midpoint , x fx

1-5 2 3 6 18
6-10 3 8 24 192
11-15 5 13 65 845
16-20 6 18 108 1944
21-25 5 23 115 2645
26-30 3 28 84 2352
31-35 3 33 99 3267
36-40 3 38 114 4332
41-45 1 43 43 1849
46-50 1 48 48 2304
51-55 1 53 53 2809
56-60 0 58 0 0
61-65 0 63 0 0
66-70 1 68 68 4624
71-75 3 73 219 15987
76-80 0 78 0 0
81-85 1 83 83 6889

= 50057
32


Standard deviation makes use of all data to calculate
the spread of data from average while range only uses two
data , that is the largest value data and the smallest value
data, so standard deviation is a more accurate measure. If a
single value changes , then the standard deviation will also
change. Hence the standard deviation is a more powerful
summary measure as it makes more comprehensive use of
the entire dataset. However,situations when the mean might
not be an appropriate measure of centre were
discussed previously. If the mean is not a meaningful
summary of the centre of the data, then it follows that the
standard deviation, which is calculated from distances
around the mean, will not be a useful summary of the spread
of the values. Therefore, if distributional assumptions can be
made and there are adequate numbers in the sample to
check those assumptions , then the mean and standard
deviation should be used to quantify the centre and spread
of the measurements.






33



PART 4



34

Additional mathematics first trial score for 5 Benevolence

















Marks Number of students
15-19 1
20-24 1
25-29 2
30-34 2
35-39 2
40-44 9
45-49 6
50-54 6
55-59 2
60-64 2
65-69 2
70-74 0
75-79 1
80-84 0
85-89 1
90-94 1

Marks Frequency ,
f
Midpoint ,
x
fx Cumulative
frequency
Upper
boundary
15-19 1 17 17 1 19.5
20-24 1 22 22 2 24.5
25-29 2 27 54 4 29.5
30-34 2 32 64 6 34.5
35-39 2 37 74 8 39.5
40-44 9 42 378 17 44.5
45-49 6 47 282 23 49.5
50-54 6 52 312 29 54.5
55-59 2 57 114 31 59.5
60-64 2 62 124 33 64.5
65-69 2 67 134 35 69.5
70-74 0 72 0 35 74.5
75-79 1 77 77 36 79.5
80-84 0 82 0 36 84.5
85-89 1 87 87 37 89.5
90-94 1 92 92 38 94.5

35

(a) From the information obtained, calculate
(i) the mean
(ii) the mode
(iii) the median
(iv) the interquartile range
(v) the standard deviation

Make a comparison of the data analysis for First Test and First
Trial Examination.










36

ANSWER :
(a)(i) Mean , =

= 48.18 marks
(ii) Mode class = 40-44 marks

Mode = 42.5 marks


37

(iii)







Median,m = L+(

=44.5 +(

= 46.58 marks




Marks Frequency , f Cumulative
frequency
Upper boundary
15-19 1 1 19.5
20-24 1 2 24.5
25-29 2 4 29.5
30-34 2 6 34.5
35-39 2 8 39.5
40-44 9 17 44.5
45-49 6 23 49.5
50-54 6 29 54.5
55-59 2 31 59.5
60-64 2 33 64.5
65-69 2 35 69.5
70-74 0 35 74.5
75-79 1 36 79.5
80-84 0 36 84.5
85-89 1 37 89.5
90-94 1 38 94.5



38

(iv) the interquartile range


















Q1= L1+(

= 39.5 +(

= 40.33 marks

Q3 = L3+(

=49.5 +(

= 54.08 marks

Interquartile range = Q3 Q1
= 54.08 40.33
= 13.75 marks

Marks Frequency , f Cumulative
frequency
Upper boundary
15-19 1 1 19.5
20-24 1 2 24.5
25-29 2 4 29.5
30-34 2 6 34.5
35-39 2 8 39.5
40-44 9 17 44.5
45-49 6 23 49.5
50-54 6 29 54.5
55-59 2 31 59.5
60-64 2 33 64.5
65-69 2 35 69.5
70-74 0 35 74.5
75-79 1 36 79.5
80-84 0 36 84.5
85-89 1 37 89.5
90-94 1 38 94.5



39

(v) standard deviation











Mean , =

= 48.18 marks
Variance ,

= 244.4 marks
Standard deviation , Q =
= 15.63 marks

Marks Frequency , f Midpoint , x fx

15-19 1 17 17 289
20-24 1 22 22 484
25-29 2 27 54 1458
30-34 2 32 64 2048
35-39 2 37 74 2738
40-44 9 42 378 15876
45-49 6 47 282 13254
50-54 6 52 312 16224
55-59 2 57 114 6498
60-64 2 62 124 7688
65-69 2 67 134 8978
70-74 0 72 0 0
75-79 1 77 77 5929
80-84 0 82 0 0
85-89 1 87 87 7569
90-94 1 92 92 8464

= 97497
40























41









FURTHER
EXPLORATION


42


























43



CONCLUSION



44

In the process of conducting this project, I have
learnt that perseverance pays off, especially when I
obtain just a small reward for all my hard work. For
me, succeeding in completing this project work has
been reward enough. I have also learnt that additional
mathematics is used everywhere in our real life from
the most simple things. Besides, I have also learnt
many moral values from this project work. This
project work had taught me to be more confident
when doing something especially the homework given
by teachers. I also learnt to become a more disciplined
student who is punctual and independent after
completed my project work.








45



REFLECTION






46























47



THE END