Shunt reactors

Ludvika Sweden
Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
World leading supplier

More than 1000 reactors
to all continents
Deliveries cover all commercial
transmission voltages including
800 kV in 50 and 60 Hz
Accumulated operating time
>6000 years
High reliability,
extremely low failure rate
Low sound and vibrations
Testing facilities up to the largest
units in voltage and MVAr


Why shunt reactors?
Reactive power compensation,


Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

ABB Reactors (oil immersed), Types and usage

Shunt reactors
Voltage control
Series reactors
Current control
1. Stability on long line transmissions
2. Voltage control during light load
conditions
Reactor restores voltage to
specified value
Voltage increase from
capacitive generation
X
X
1
U
X
Q
Q
Q
Q
X
Application of shunt reactors

P
2
,
Q
2
U
2
U
1
(R) +X
Q
At no or low load (P
2
), voltage profile, Ferranti effect
U
1
U
2
1,0 pu
Application of shunt reactors
Voltage profile
P
2
,
Q
2
U
2
U
1
(R) +X
Q
At no or low load (P
2
), voltage profile with connected SR
U
1
U
2
1,0 pu
Application of shunt reactors
Voltage profile
P
2
,
Q
2
U
2
U
1
(R) +X
Q
Increased load (P
2
), voltage profile with connected SR
U
1
U
2
1,0 pu
Application of shunt reactors
Voltage profile
Increased load (P
2
), voltage profile with connected VSR
U
1
U
2
1,0 pu
VSR = Variable Shunt Reactor
Application of shunt reactors
Fine tuning of the voltage with a variable shunt reactor
P
2
,
Q
2
U
2
U
1
(R) +X
Q
Reactor power less than
rated power.

ABB Group
May 20, 2013 | Slide 10
AC power cable is never loaded with its natural load
(losses, heating and cooling)


Always more reactive power is produced than what
is absorbed


Need for shunt reactors.
Cables are 20 times more
capacitive compared to over head
lines
Application of shunt reactors

Shunt reactor Design
For High Performance and Reliability

Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
The gapped core








The core segment

Large forces
Noise
Vibrations

ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
The gapped core
Shunt Reactor design concept
1-phase 3-phase three limbs 3-phase five limbs

Forces in a reactor are high
A shunt reactor must withstand the load of 20 cars, applied
100 times per second in 30 years
Without rattling, high noise and vibrations
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
The gapped core

Forces in a three phase reactor
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Overlapping Core Lamination J oints
The gapped core

Low losses Mechanical stability
Magnetic and mechanical joint
between side limb and yoke

Earthed shield
no stress concentration
towards core or winding
Winding centre entry
and ground potential
towards yokes reduces
overall size and losses
Neutral
HV line terminal
Design
Winding arrangement
Cross flux plate
The introduction of the cross flux plate makes
it possible to prevent mechanical resonance
in the core frame
Design
ABB unique flux control
Rigid gapped core limb for low sound level
1. Non-flexible grain oriented steel core sheet
2. Bounded with well proven stiff steatite spacers
3. Spacers are machined to exactly the same height
Precision crafted process ensures:
Small axial movements
Low vibrations & sound
Design
Low sound
Theory Sound generation
Force
-Current +Current
B
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
The gapped core
Optimised Core Eliminates Vibrations
Vibration
amplitude
Field measurement
Seven 3-phase shunt reactors
150 MVAr, 400 kV
5-23 years in operation
Design
Long term stability
Measuring sound levels
Measured sound power level versus manufacturing year
Black column In the factory before delivery
Blue column On site in 2007

Results

No correlation with number years in service!
Robust design, durable materials and precision in manufacturing
process important for long-term stability !

-10
-5
0
5
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
Number of years i n servi ce
D
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y

[
d
B
(
A
)
]
Design
Long term stability
Options for sound reduction Typical sound levels
Internal noise control only:
Sound power level 80 95 dB(A)
Sound pressure level 65 75 dB(A)





With sound panels:
Sound power level 70 85 dB(A)
Sound pressure level 55 65 dB(A)






With sound enclosure:
Sound power level 65 80 dB(A)
Sound pressure level 50 60 dB(A)


Tank vibrations ABB 3-phase reactors

Limit according to IEC and ANSI/IEEE: 100 m peak
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1997-01 1998-01 1999-01 2000-01 2000-12 2001-12 2002-12 2003-12 2004-12 2005-12 2006-12 2007-12 2008-12 2009-12

m

p
e
a
k
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Linearity & Maximum system voltage
Linearity
HQ, China 1.5 pu
Sweden 1.3 pu

Max system voltage
Typically 1.1 pu

Application of shunt reactors
Linearity
Overvoltage Operating voltages
Voltage
Current
Design
Designed for each Customer demand
Linearity
Noise level
Loss level P0 +Pk
Temperature requirements
Type of cooling normally ONAN
Need for current transformers S-C requirements N/A
ETO
Voltage
MVAr rating
Insulation levels

Shunt reactor Design
Auxiliary power
Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

Design
Auxiliary power
Example of single phase shunt reactor
with auxilary power equipment



Powerlink Australia
36 Mvar, 362 kV, 3-phase Shunt Reactor with
auxiliary transformer 0,435 +- 5% kV.
Losses: 85 kW, Sound pressure level : 62 dB
Design
Auxiliary power

ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Three phase reactors provide several
advantages to single phase units
Around 25% lower cost
Smaller foot print
Around 20% lower total losses
Less S/S equipment

Three phase reactors up to
300 Mvar, 400 kV are today available
Full three phase testing up to
300 Mvar, 400 kV is today available

Three phase vs Single phase reactors

Shunt Reactor Testing
What is specific and important
Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
15 pcs of 125 MVAr 400kV 3 ph 50hz
2 pcs of 300 MVAr 400kV 3 ph 50hz
Largest 3 ph reactors ever built and 3 ph tested.
Gulf Grid reactors
17 shunt reactors for the GCC interconnection
HVDC Al Fadhili
6 x 400 kV GIS S/S
Ghunan Control Center

ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
300 Mvar, 400 kV, 50 Hz, GCC - Saudi Arabia 2009

Worlds most powerful 3-ph Shunt Reactor
Cooling : ONAN
Losses: 415 kW
Sound pressure level: 81 dB
Total mass : 275 tons (incl. oil)
Transport mass: 172 tons


ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Data: 780 MVA, 900 kV, 50/60 Hz, 3-ph
Mass: 546 tonnes
LxWxH: 16x7,6x12,8 m

New transformer for test purposes built 2007

ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
New Capacitor bank
27 meters high
300 Mvar
146 / 73 kV
50 / 60 / 240 Hz
Old Capacitor bank
188 Mvar

Test Hall extension new capacitor bank


ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Winding resistance
Inductance
Loss measurement
Zero-sequence impedance
Accessories and small wiring
Applied voltage test
Switching impulse test
Lightning impulse test
PD-measurement
Audible noise test
Test of temperature rise
Linearity measurement
Insulation resistance measurement
Capacitance and power factor in insulation
Shunt reactor testing

Voltage Reactive Power
800 kV 200MVar
550kV
260Mvar
420kV 300MVar
300kV 245MVar
Design
Capacity for full-scale 3-phase testing in Ludvika
Variable Shunt Reactor (VSR)
Ludvika Sweden


Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

An unconventional Reactor
built on conventional
technology
Design solutions taken from our
way of building Shunt Reactors
and Power Transformers
VSR winding concept
H
V
HV-N
O
O
O
Variable shunt reactor
Regulation made in a course fine
HV top entry
LV units
Min no of turns in highest MVAr position
Lower losses
N
HV
O
O
.
.
.
Regulation made in a plus minus
HV middle entry
HV units
Max no of turns in highest MVAr
position
Higher losses
On-load tap changer ABB
Three-phase neutral point tap changer
of the diverter switch type
With conventional or vacuum current
interrupters
VSR
Complete dielectric stress analysis
Based on:
Highest service voltage
Tests and test voltages

VSR


Min Mvar Mid Mvar Max Mvar
VSR
The magnetic field pattern

VSR winding concept
Variable Shunt Reactor to Dominion, Virginia USA.
50-100 Mvar, 242 kV Active part
Feasible regulation ratio, R,
versus operation voltage
VSR feasible Mvar output ranges
Step size are not equal

Transmission applications with VSR
Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Losse reduced by (-20%), reduced weight by (-5%)
We got an order for 9 more VSR from Statnett
Variable Shunt Reactors (VSR)
Result:
120-200 90-200 Mvar
33 29 Steps

177 188 kW
412 330 kW
75 72 dB
Stattnet wanted:
A larger regulating range
Less steps (quicker regulation)
Reduced losses
Min position
Max pos
Reduced sound level
Cooperation with Statnett Norway
Following the delivery of the 420 kV 120 to 200 MVAr

Variable Shunt Reactors (VSR) benefits

Statnett, Norway
Reduced voltage jump at switching on operation.
Coarse tuning of SVC equipment for best
dynamical operation.
Reduction of number of breakers. No parallel
fixed reactors.
Adjusting of seasonal related loads.
Adjusting of daily dependable loads.
Flexible spare unit possibility.
Flexibility for new load conditions in the network.
At revisions for example.
Flexibility to move reactor to other locations.

420 kV
90-200 Mvar

Dominion (VA)
Variable shunt reactor applications

A Substation Carson.
B Substation Garrysonville.
C Substation Yadkin.
D Substation Hamilton.
E Substation J efferson street.
F Substation Idylwood.

Voltage stabilisation, Virginia state.

VSR 50-100 Mvar
242 kV
7 units


Reactive power compensation from generators not longer reliable
Minimize number of breaker operations
Extended use of cables put higher demand on reactive power compensation
Eliminating air core reactors on transformer tertiary
Air core reactors take place and are spreading magnetic field
Tap changer used to keep voltage at constant value
Variable Shunt Reactor to Dominion, Virginia USA.

Variable Shunt Reactor
50-100 Mvar, 242 kV
Variable Shunt Reactor
Equipped with sound
housing for sound level
environmental impact.
50-100 Mvar, 242 kV.
References and Service reliability
Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

ABB VSR World wide references
Dest. Country End user Del. Year Qty Rating
(MVAr)
Voltage
(kV)
No. Phases Type
Ghana Volta River 1989 4 9-18 161 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Germany GEW Cologne 1996 1 10-30 110 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
UK Channel Islands 1999 2 7-16 132 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Ghana Volta River 2001 1 9-18 161 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Burkina Faso Sonabel 2004 1 13 -30 225 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2008 1 120-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2009 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2009 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2009 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2010 2 80-150 300 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway E-CO Vannkraft 2010 1 120-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2010 2 120-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2010 2 120-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Sweden Svenska Kraftnt 2010 1 110-180 400 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Sweden Svenska Kraftnt 2010 1 120-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2010 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2010 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2010 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2010 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Denmark EnergiNet 2011 2 60-120 235 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2012 4 90-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2012 1 80-150 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Denmark EnergiNet 2013 3 50-110 400 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Denmark EnergiNet 2013 2 70-140 400 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Sharyland Utilities TX 2013 1 50-100 345 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2013 4 90-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2014 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2014 1 90-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Reliability
Statistics, Shunt Reactors in service
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Reduced voltage jump at switching in or out.
Adjusting of seasonal related loads.
Adjusting of daily dependable loads.
Flexibility for new load conditions in the network.
Coarse tuning of SVC equipment for best dynamical operation.
Reduction of number of Reactors. No parallel fixed reactors.
Smaller foot print. Less breakers arrestors etc.
Flexible spare unit possibility.
Flexibility to move reactor to other locations.
Variable Shunt Reactors (VSR) benefits

ABB Shunt reactors
Summary
SR is a voltage stabilising device that consumes
reactive power.
Robust design, manufacturing control and testing
critical to handle mechanical, thermal and
dielectrical stresses for long life time in service.
SR supplier must show service references.
Auxiliary power output possible with ABB design.
Electrical utilities already use the VSR for different
application advantages (Europe and USA).
Customers choose ABB VSR for the reliable
references.