A Study on IEEE Communication Standard 802

Mid-Term Assignment
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS [MTEL] [A]
Corse Teacher: SHARMIN, AFSAH
Submitted By:
Fuad, Kazi Ahmed Asif
ID: 14-97541-1
Masters in EEE
American International University-Bangladesh(AIUB)





What is IEEE 802?
IEEE 802 is an IEEE standard set which covers the physical and data link layers of the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model defining the standards and protocols for wired local area networks (WLAN), metropolitan area networks
(MAN) and wireless networks; defines characteristics, operating procedures, protocols and services for networks that carry
variable sized packets and specifies the development and handling of compatible devices and equipment. The IEEE 802
family, the most widely used standards are for the Ethernet family is maintained by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards
Committee (LMSC). IEEE 802 subdivides the data link layer into sub-layers, namely the logical link control (LLC) and
media access control (MAC) layers, which provide protocol multiplexing and a multi-access mechanism, respectively. 802
Standards are given below:
802: Overview & Architecture
802.1: Bridging & Management
802.2: Logical Link Control
802.3: Ethernet
802.11: Wireless LANs
802.15: Wireless PANs
802.16: Broadband Wireless MANs
802.17: Resilient Packet Rings
802.20: Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
802.21: Media Independent Handover Services
802.22: Wireless Regional Area Networks

In this review we will focus on 802.15., 802.16 & 802.20 series.

IEEE 802.15: WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PANs)
IEEE 802.15 has subfamilies in which 802.15.4 series is famous for low power and cost effective applications. The goal is to
provide a standard with ultra-low complexity, cost, and power for low-data-rate wireless connectivity among inexpensive fixed,
portable and moving devices. IEEE 802.15.4 deals with only PHY layer and portion of Data link layer. The higher-layer protocols
are left to industry and the individual applications. The Zigbee Alliance is an association of companies involved with building
higher-layer standards based on IEEE 802.15.4. This includes network, security, and application protocols. Network topology
utilizes Star & Pee-to-Peer structure (Figure 1). In Star topology, a FFD (Full-Function Device) works as coordinator, other FFD
& RFD (Refused Function Device) in range as slave on the other hand Peer-to-Peer uses ad hoc network.

Figure 1: Star & Peer-to-Peer Topology

IEEE 802.15.4 PHY overview
PHY functionalities:
Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver
Energy detection within the current channel
Link quality indication for received packets
Clear channel assessment for CSMA-CA
Channel frequency selection
Data transmission and reception
Frequency Bands and Data Rates
The standard specifies two PHYs (Figure 2) :
868 MHz/915 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) PHY (11 channels)
1 channel (20Kb/s) in European 868MHz band
10 channels (40Kb/s) in 915 (902-928)MHz ISM band
2450 MHz direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) PHY (16 channels)
16 channels (250Kb/s) in 2.4GHz band

Figure 2: Operating frequency bands
PHY packet fields
Preamble (32bits) synchronization
Start of packet delimiter (8 bits)
shall be formatted as 11100101
PHY header (8 bits) PSDU
length
PSDU (0 to 127 bytes) data field



MAC Layer
It interfaces between the SSCS and the PHY layer. The MAC data service is responsible for the transmission and reception of
the MPDUs through the PHY data service. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines four different frame types: the beacon, data,
acknowledgment, and MAC command frame. All frame types are based on the general MAC frame format (Figure 3).

Figure 3: General MAC Layer frame format.


IEEE 802.16: BROADBAND WIRELESS METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS (MANs)
IEEE 802.16 is the IEEE standard for Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (Wireless MAN). IEEE 802.16 based WiMAX stands
for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. It specifies the air interface for fixed, portable, and mobile broadband
wireless access (BWA) systems supporting multimedia services. WiMAX aims to provide wireless broadband services with a
target range of up to 31 miles at a transmission rate exceeding 100 Mbps. It is also to provide a wireless alternative to cable,
DSL and T1/E1 for last mile access. It is designed for point-to-point (PTP) and point-to-multipoint (PTM) topologies but mainly
deployed for point to multipoint topologies. It also support mesh topologies. IEEE 802.16 has three major versions; 802.16-2001,
802.16-2004 and IEEE 802.16-2005. IEEE 802.16 architecture is given below:

Figure 4: IEEE 802.16 Architecture
Frequency Bands
IEEE 802.16e-2005 will initially operate in the 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.3 GHz, 3.4-3.8 GHz spectrum bands.
Support for additional bands will be added on the basis of market demand and new spectrum allocations.
Release-1 of 802.16e profiles will cover 5, 7, 8.75, and 10 MHz channel bandwidths for frequency bands above.
Physical layer
Burst single-carrier modulation
Allows use of directional antennas
Allows use of two different duplexing schemes:
Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
Support for both full and half duplex stations
The PHY assumes line-of-sight propagation
It contains several forms of modulations and multiplexing to support different frequency ranges and applications
Data rates determined by exact modulation and encoding schemes.

Medium Access Control (MAC)
Designed for point-to-multipoint BWA applications.
The original design of MAC is flexible enough to support, with extension, all other projects of the IEEE 802.16
Addresses the need for very high bit rates for both uplink and downlink.

Figure 5: IEEE 802.16 Reference Model and Protocol Stack
MAC and PHY enhancements
- The proposal addresses the need for fast correction,
frequency and timing.
-The proposed PHY layer is based on OFDM/OFDMA
- The configuration offers simplicity for
both fixed and mobile implementations
Power Consumption Reduction
-Battery power for the Mobile Terminal
-Introduce two modes for the SS: Awake-mode and Sleep-
Mode
Mobility Management
-Control by L2.5 Routing

IEEE 802.20: MOBILE BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS (MBWA)
The IEEE 802.20 standard has been developed to provide a system which is able to provide mobile broadband wireless access,
MBWA for users. It is intended that IEEE 802.20 will enable worldwide deployment of mobile broadband wireless networks using
multi-vendor equipment. Tagged "Mobile-Fi", the aim is that IEEE 802.20 MBWA will provide an interface that will allow low cost,
always on mobile broadband connectivity using wireless technology. The IEEE 802.20 working group dates back to 2002 when it
was set up in response to the iBurst standard from ArrayComm. The IEEE 802.20 group was formally adopted in 11 December
2002 with the aim of preparing a formal specification for a packet based service.
CHARACTERISTIC SPECIFICATION
Mobility Up to 250 km/h
Channel
bandwidths
5, 10, 20 MHz
Spectral efficiency > 1 b/s/Hz/cell
Peak user data rate
in Downlink
> 4 Mbps
Peak user data rate
in Uplink
> 1.2 Mbps
Peak aggregate
data rate per cell in
Downlink
> 16 Mbps
Peak aggregate
data rate per cell in
Uplink
> 3.2 Mbps
Maximum
operating
frequency
3.5 GHz







802.20 PHY Layer & Mac Layer
Duplex modes: Time Division Duplex (TDD) , Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Multi-carrier modes: On , Off
Modulation: OFDM with QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM

Functions provided:
Physical layer (PHY): Physical parameters and protocols
Lower MAC Sub layer: Transmit and receive procedures over
PHY
Radio Link Sub layer: QoS, reliability, Services Sublayer packets
multiplexing
Services Sub layer: Protocols for signaling and IP transport
services
Connection Control Plane: Connection establishment and
maintenance
Session Control Plane: Protocol negotiation and configuration
services
Route Control Plane: Creation, maintenance, and deletion of
Routes



Comparisons between Standards
Characteristics IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.20
Data rate 250kbps 1Gbps for fixed station at
350kmph
16Mbps,
>2Mbps at the speed of 250 km/h
Latency 49.312 ms 120ms About 30ms
Cell Radius 75m 5-15km for mobile >15km
Spectrum 2.4Ghz Range between 2-11GHz Licensed bands below 3.5Ghz
Switching Method Circuit Circuit Packet
Ad hoc Yes Yes Yes
Infrastructures No Yes Yes
VANET Yes Yes Yes


Figure 6: Power, Cost & data rate comparisons
References:
1. IEEE Std. 802.15 available at: http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.15.html
2.140.117.169.69/course1/zigbee-802.15.4.ppt
3. Marco Naeve, Eaton Corp., IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview, 05/2004
4. IEEE Std. 802.16 available at http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.16.html
5. IEEE 802.16a Standard and WiMAX Igniting Broadband Wireless Access, white paper, WiMax forum,
www.wimaxforum.org, May 2004.
6. Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols, Achieving wireless broadband with WiMax, Computer IEEE journal, Volume 37, Issue 6,
Page(s):10 13, June 2004
7. IEEE Std. 802.20 available at http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.20.html
8. A. Jalili, S. M. Fakhraie, and S. Nader-Esfahani, Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.20 PHY Layer, (ICCET 2009), Jan.
2009.
9. http://www.ucs.louisiana.edu/~vrb5959/final.pdf
10. WALKER BOLTON, et al, IEEE 802.20:MOBILE BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS, IEEE Wireless Communications,
February 2007