SINGLE DISCIPLINARY PROJECT

APPLICATION FORM
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH GRANT SCHEME (FRGS)
Skim Geran Penyelidikan Fundamental
(Pindaan 1/2012)
JABATAN PENGAJIAN TINGGI
KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN MALAYSIA
A. Application Details
Application ID 62971
A(i). Selected Grant FRGS Draft
A(ii). Title Of Proposed
Research Project
Production of bio-based lubricants through innovative and green technology research
A(iii). Keyword
green bio oil extraction, natural catalyst,microwave assisted extraction, pressurized hot
water extraction, calcination process, biolubricants
B. Details of Project Leader
B(i). Name Othmanhashim
B(ii). Nationality Malaysia
B(iii). IC/Passport No. 500524075179
B(iv). Position Associate Professor
B(v). University Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP)
B(vi). Faculty/Centre Faculty Engineering Technology (FETech)
B(vii). Unit
B(viii). Office Phone No.
B(ix). Handphone No. 0126079058
B(x). E-mail Address othmanhashim@unimap.edu.my
B(xi). Date of first appointment with this University (tarikh lantikan) 02/01/2009
B(xii). Type of Service (Permanent/Contract) Permanent
C. Research Information
C(i). Research Cluster
Research Cluster Sub Research Cluster
Technology and Engineering Energy and Green Technology
C(ii). Location of Research
Location
School of Bioprocess Engineering
C(iii). Duration of this research
From
July/2014
To
June/2016
Duration 2 years
C(iv). Other Researchers
Researcher
Id
Name
IC / Passport
Number:
Faculty/ School/
Centre/ Unit
Position
Invitation
Status
25212
Farizul Hafiz Bin
Kasim
761229095041
Universiti Malaysia
Perlis
Senior Lecturer (Dr) Accepted
38769
Zainab Binti
Hamzah
490912075174
Universiti Malaysia
Perlis
Associate Professor
(Lecturer)
Accepted
C(v). Research projects that have been completed or ongoing by project leader for the last three years
Title Grant Name Role Status Duration Start Date End Date
Enhancing Rice Yield Grown on Soils
Advanced with Biochar
Ministry of Higher
Education
Malaysia
Member Complete 3 years 06/09/2011 05/09/2014
The potential of biolubricants derived
from saveral seed oil producing crops
and used oil
MTUN-COE Member Complete 2 years 25/06/2012 24/06/2014
C(vi). Academic publications that has been published by the project leader for the last five (5) years
Title Name of Journal Year
A Rapid Technique to Determine Purity of Edible Bird
Nest
International Conference on Advanced Material
Engineering & Technology, ICAMET
2013
Facial Cream From Refined Nutrient-Rich Waste of
Edible Bird Nest (EBN)
Korea Invention News (KINEWS) Korea- Issue:
Biology & Green Invention
2013
Characterization of physiochemical Properties of
Biochar From Different Agricultural Residues
International Conference on Advance Material
Engineering & Technology, ICAMET
2013
Value Added Product From Refined EBN Waste For
The Cosmetic Industry
International Conferences And Exposition On
Invention Of Institutes Of Higher Learning (PECIPTA
2013)
2013
Development in Biomass Based Biochar Research and
Utilization- A Review
International Agricultural Congress 2012 2012
Identification of Adulterated and Pure Edible Bird Nest
using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra Technique
International Agricultural Congress 2012 2012
C(vii). Executive Summary of Research Proposal
(Please include the problem statement, objectives, research methodology, expected output/outcomes/implication, and
significance of output from the research project)
Environmental concern and regulation has increase towards green technology process in the need of renewable
biodegradable lubricants. Therefore, there's increased interest exists intended for improvement, invention and
development of new green processes for the extraction of oil from bio-product such as vegetable source, seeds and
nuts. this project will be started by screening of different extractants, followed by optimization process determine by
the best extraction method based on the yield obtained. Later, the oil yield from extraction method will be evaluate for
the physical and chemical properties. the selected potential oil for lubricant will be blended with different ratio and type
of oil. the ratio of blend oil will be analyzed the physico-chemical properties that meets the requirement of lubricant
properties. However, crude oil has a low thermal and oxidative stability. The instability of vegetable oil can be treated
by using trimethylolpropane (TMP). Cutting fluids are used in metal machining for a variety of reasons such as
improving tool life, reducing workpiece thermal deformation, improving surface finish and flushing away chips from the
cutting zone., but instead generates costs and waste. Thus, cutting fluids based on vegetable oils and esters qualify
as potential candidates to replace mineral-based products. This approach demonstrates a promising potential of
controlling the aforementioned drawbacks to metalworking fluids. Formulation of bio-lubricant then will used for the
tribological design of lubricated machines components, the lubricant is an integral part of the design and development
process. The life of the machine designed, will be determined by the effective lubrication functionality in combating
friction and wear.
C(viii). Detail Planning
(a) Research background
1. Problem Statement
Recently, people are more interested in developing a green process technology as to overcome the pollution and
hazards that severely affect the quality of environment and human life.Elimination the source of hazard and pollution
will promote better environment and contribute to reduction at cost.In n bio-based lubricant production,there is sharp
increased intended for improvement,invention and development of green processes for extraction of oil.The
conventional method has a lot of issues regarding low yield of oil,the limitation of sample that can be process, the
used of organic solvent that is costly and harmful and lastly the requirement for filter paper thimbles that is
economically disadvantage. The main aim of this research is to study an efficient, environment friendly and economic
extraction method for obtaining a maximum yield of oil. Another objective is to screen a few type of algae species that
is suitable for oil extraction and to design a photobioreactor in order to cultivate the most suitable algae for oil
production in a large scale. The first step of this project is to screen different type of oil seeds crop, different type of
algae species followed by determining the most advantages extraction method and scaling up of that method. as for
this study,we hope that we can develop an efficient, environment friendly and economic extraction method in scaling
up process of oil extraction. The oil extracted from the first stage will undergo a few treatment as to enhance the
quality of oil yield. This step include the conversion of oil yiled into suitable esters for biolubricant production by using
polyol such as TMP. the resulting esters will be tested for its quality such as pour point, flash point, viscosity and
density according to ASTM standard method. The significant of this research stage is to produce biolubricant with high
quality by additions several additives. So, we intended to produce new formulation of bio-lubricant that is suitable for
machining process. Another objective to be achieve is the implementation of various sources waste cooking oil for
blending different type of waste cooking oil in a suitable ratio to improve biolubricant quality. In manufacturing process,
the cutting fluids do not affect the added value of final product. As the used of cutting fluid generate unwanted waste
an increased in production cost researchers are keen to find way to find ways to reduce the amount of cutting fluids
employ in manufacturing. synthethic esthers derive from waste cooking oil and oil seed crops has promising potential
to replace mineral based products as the are almost entirely biodegradable which can reduce environment pollution.
another significant aspect of implementing biobased lubricant is, it is well compatible with minimal lubrication
technology. the goal of this reserach is to use biobased lubricant produce from the above project and studied the
realationship between flow parameters and pattern and justified the function and role of newly deveoloped bio-lubricant.
2. Hypothesis
1.It is hypothesized that MAE, PHWE exhibit greater yield in term of shorter extraction time and no organic solvent
consumption compared to conventional extraction process
2. It is hypotesized that activated seashell can act as catalyst in enhancement the bio-oil production
3. It is hypothesized that biolubricant may possess better physico-chemical properties then commercial lubricants
3. Research Questions
1.Do the inedible oil seed crop can be potentially extracted using the green technology mention above?
2.Do the yield , physical and chemical characteristic of bio oil improve if the oil are to be extracted using green
extraction method .
3.It is possible to produce green catalyst that will enhance bio oil production using seashell?
4.Can biolubricant be a good import substitution of a lower cost to commercial lubricants?
4. Literature Reviews
Lubricant development trends in the global market undergoing rapid changes due to environmental concern, economic
and performance issues. There are approximately more than 200 lubricant suppliers and 5 major lubricant companies
in Malaysia such as Petronas, Shell, Caltex, Castrol and Exxon Mobil. 20% of local markets are under control by
Petronas in year 2010 (www.theedgemalaysia.com). Most of products of lubricant in the markets nowadays are from
synthetic mineral oil compared to synthetic ester from source. The German government for an example, already
launch the biolubricant program in order to promote bio barenewable seed lubricant (Theissen, 2010).
For the last decade, the industry has been trying to formulate biodegradable lubricants with technical characteristics
superior to those based on mineral oil (petroleum). Volumes of lubricants, especially engine oils and hydraulic fluids,
are relatively large and most of them are based on mineral oils. Lubricants based on vegetable oils still comprise a
narrow segment; however, they are finding their way into such applications as chainsaw bar lubricants, drilling mud and
oils, straight metalworking fluids, food industry lubricants, open gear oils, biodegradable grease, hydraulic fluids, two
stroke engine lubricants and others (Rudnick, 2006).
Although vegetable oils have the reputation of a low-cost candidate for the biodegradable replacement of mineral oils
due to their high inherent biodegradability unsatisfactory performance curbs their more widespread utilization as
lubricants (Erhan & Asadauskas 2000). The major problems of vegetable oil or seed oil are its tendency to be oxidized,
low thermal stability and poor performance at low temperature (Cermak & Isbell 2003). In order to overcome the
problems, modification of seed oil producing crops and used oil is one of the options to produce good quality of bio
base lubricant from vegetable oil or oil seed.
The expected outcome of this research is a higher quality biolubricant to replace the existing imported products
through scale up process of biolubricant production. At the same time, the research and development of biolubricant
derived from different seed oil production crops and used oil help to improve machinery performance by studying the
physico-chemical properties prior to blending formulation of biolubricant. The production of biolubricant from new
synthetic ester is expected to be more economic and environmental friendly
5. Relevance to Goverment Policy, if any
Malaysia has aggressively promoted Renewable Energy industry in its policy over the non-renewable conventional
energy sources. This was mentioned in the New Energy Policy in the Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011-2015). Under Tenth
Malaysia Plan, several new Action Plan will be undertaken to achieve a renewable energy target of 985 MW by 2015,
contributing 5.5% to Malaysia's total electricity generation mix. Futhermore, the Malaysian market for biolubricant
industry has high potential because a large portion of vehicle fleet runs on petroleum fuel. Hence, implementing and
promoting bio lubricant production from oil seed crops and biomass is definitely a strategic move for Malaysia to
become a self -sufficient country in the future.
(b) References
1.A. B. M. S. Hossain, A. N. (2010). Impacts of alcohol type, ratio and stirring time on the biodiesel production from
waste canola oil. African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 5(14), 1851-1859.
2.Abdelkader, R. D. (2011). Mixed-Polarity Azeotropic Solvents for Efficient Extraction of Lipids from Nannochloropsis
Microalgae. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 7 (2): , 70-73.
3.Aldo Okullo, A. K. (2012). Physico-Chemical Properties of Biodiesel from Jatropha and Castor Oils.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH, 47-52.
4.Dass, D. K. (2012). A kinetic study of biodiesel in waste cooking oil. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(41),
9797-9804.
5.Deshpande D.P., U. Y. (2012). Production of Biodiesel from Castor Oil using acid and Base catalysts. Research
Journal of Chemical Sciences Vol. 2(8), , 51-56.
6.Gulab Chand Shah, A. P. (2012). Analysis and Characterization of Algal Oil by Using Different Chromatographic
Techniques for the Higher Production of Biodiesel from Scenedesmus Dimorphus Algal Species. Open Access
Scientific Reports, 1-5.
7.K. Khalisanni, K. K. (2008). Analysis of Waste Cooking Oil as Raw Material for Biofuel Production. Global Journal of
Environmental Research 2 (2), 81-83.
8.Kazi Mostafijur Rahman, M. M. (n.d.). BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL FOR
DIESEL ENGINE. International Journal of Mechanical & Mechatronics IJMME-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 03, 1-6.
9.Kookkhunthod, R. L. (2011). Heterotrophic Growth of Chlorella sp. KKU-S2 for Lipid Production using Molasses as a
Carbon Substrate. International Conference on Food Engineering and Biotechnology (pp. 87-91). Singapoore: IACSIT
Press.
10.Kristi Tostenson, D. W. (2007). Oil and Biodiesel from Canola Having a High Content of Green Seed. ASABE, 1-12.
11.Marc Veillette, M. C. (2011). Microalgae-based Oil for Biodiesel Production. World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology 60 , 787-790.
12.Pankaj Kumar, M. S. (2011). Physico-Chemical Characterization of Algal oil: a Potential Biofuel. ASIAN J. EXP.
BIOL. SCI. VOL 2(3), 493-497.
13.S.Antony Raja, D. s. (2011). Biodiesel production from jatropha oil and its characterization. Research Journal of
Chemical Sciences Vol. 1 (1), 81-87.
14.KRBI, Z. J. ( 2009). Alkali-catalyzed production of biodiesel from waste frying oils. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 74 (89)
, 9931007.
15.Stanley, A. P. (2012). Microalgae as an Oil Producer for Biofuel Applications. Research Journal of Recent
Sciences, 57-62.
16.Barros, M. C., Bello, P. M., Bao, M., &Torrado, J. J. From waste to commodity: transforming shells into high purity
calcium carbonate. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2009, pp. 400407.
17. Borgwardt, R.H. Calcium oxide sintering in atmosphere containing water and carbon dioxide.Industrial& Engineering
Chemistry Research, 1989, pp. 493-500 .
18. Boro, J., Thakur, A. J., &Deka, D. Solid oxide derived from waste shells of Turbonillastriatula as a renewable
catalyst for biodiesel production. Fuel Processing Technology, 2011, pp. 20612067.1. Islam, K. N., Bakar, M. Z. B.
A., Ali, M. E., Hussein, M. Z. Bin, Noordin, M. M., Loqman, M. Y., Hashim, U. A novel method for the synthesis of
calcium carbonate (aragonite) nanoparticles from cockle shells. Powder Technology, 2013, pp. 7075.
19. Mohamed, M., Rashidi, N. A., Yusup, S., Teong, L. K., Rashid, U., & Ali, R. M. Effects of experimental variables
on conversion of cockle shell to calcium oxide using thermal gravimetric analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production,
2012, pp. 394397.
20. Rashidi, N.A, Mohamed M and Yusup S. A study of calcination and carbonation of cockle shell. Engineering and
Technology, 2011, pp 818-823.
21. Rezaei, R., Mohadesi, M., & Moradi, G. R.Optimization of biodiesel production using waste mussel shell
catalyst.Fuel, 2013, pp 534-541.
(c) Objective (s) of the Research
1.To screen various type of potential sources for bio-oil production
2.To compare different methods of bio oil extraction in term of yield
3.To optimize the method of extraction which can yield high percentage of product as well as efficient and
environmental friendly
4. To produce natural catalyst to enhance bio oil production
5.To characterize the bio oil production from non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis
6.To assess physico-chemical properties of biolubricants
(d) Methodology:
1. Description of Methodology
1.Screening of the extractants for oil extraction
2.Optimizing the extraction method
3.Screening and optimizing the blending ratio of different types seed oil
4.Evaluating lubrication efficiency
5.Esterification of TMP and adding of additive
6.Analyzing the physico-chemical properties of lubricant oil
7.Commercialized biolubricant
2. Flow Chart of Research Activities Flow chart of research activities.pdf
3. Research Activities
Activity Start Date End Date
Screening of the extractants for oil extraction 16/08/2014 16/12/2014
Optimizing the extraction method 16/01/2015 16/04/2015
Screening and optimizing the blending ratio of different types seed oil 16/05/2015 16/08/2015
Evaluating lubrication efficiency 16/09/2015 16/10/2015
Esterification of TMP and adding of additive 16/11/2015 16/12/2015
Analyzing the physico-chemical properties of lubricant oil 16/01/2016 16/02/2016
Final report/Thesis finished 16/03/2016 16/06/2016
4. Milestones and Dates
Description Date
Cumulative Project Completion
Percentage(%)
Optimizing the extraction method 30/04/2015 20
Screening and optimizing the blending ratio of different types
seed oil
31/08/2015 30
Evaluating lubrication efficiency 31/10/2015 40
Screening of the extractants for oil extraction 31/12/2015 10
Esterification of TMP and adding of additive 31/12/2015 50
Analyzing the physico-chemical properties of lubricant oil 29/02/2016 80
Final report/Thesis finished 30/06/2016 100
Gantt Chart of Research Activities with Milestones
7 8 9 10 11 12
2014
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2015
1 2 3 4 5 6
2016
Optimizing the extraction
Screening and optimizing the
blending ratio of different...
Evaluating lubrication
Screening of the extractants
for oil
Esterification of TMP and
adding of
Analyzing the
physico-chemical properties of lubricant
Final report/Thesis finished
Screening of the extractants for oil extraction
Optimizing the extraction method
Screening and optimizing the blending ratio of different
types seed
Evaluating lubrication efficiency
Esterification of TMP and adding of additive
Analyzing the physico-chemical properties of lubricant oil
Final report/Thesis finished
(e) Expected Results/Benefit
1. Novel theories/New findings/Knowledge
The expected outcome of this research is a higher quality biolubricant to replace the existing imported products
through scale up process of biolubricant production. At the same time, the research and development of biolubricant
derived from different seed oil production crops and used oil help to improve machinery performance by studying the
physico-chemical properties prior to blending formulation of biolubricant. The production of biolubricant from new
synthetic ester is expected to be more economic and environmental friendly.
2. Research Publications
Impact factor journal: 2
Conferences paper:2
Master Thesis: 2
3. Specific or Potential Applications
Green extraction process can offer a rapid, solvent free, environmental friendly extraction process and might as well
enhance the quality of bio oil compared to conventional extraction process.A potential green catalyst can be developed
from seashell and use in industrial extraction process as it can greatly enhance the extraction process and
characteristic of bio oil products.Biolubricants derived from bio-based sources can be commercialised for lubrication
purpose of a lower cost,environment friendly and a saving in terms of import substitution
4. Number of PhD and Masters (by research) Students
Number of PhD Students:
Number of Masters (by research) Students:
2
Remark (if any):
5. Impact on Society, Economy and Nation
The research project will involve the essentials study of biolubricants toward meeting current government policy and
requirement on import substitution and environment friendly attemps and its implication to the lubricant industry. The
efficiency of synthethics ester will be highlight. The purpose of this research is to offer a transformation package of
new technology and sustainable biolubricant production that improve the policy and strategies towards the
competitiveness of the industry and a new model for a successful transfer of technology. The objectives of this
reserach is to enhance the physico-chemical properties of synthethic esthers originated from renewable resources
through innovatives research and sustainable technology. The specific objectives for this research are to assess the
physico-chemical properties of different type of oil sources such as oil seed crops, algae, used oil and blend oils, and
waste cooking oil. Other essential objective is to study the extraction method that is both efficient and environment
friendly for production of maximum oil yield, to investigate the biodegradable properties and performance of synthethic
esters derived from oil blends and to determine the potential used of the derived synthethic esters as biolubricants in
various types of machinery applications. The expected outcomes of this research is anew formulation of biolubricant
synthethic ester to substitute the existing imported product through scale up process of biolubricant production. In
addition, the creserach and development of biolubricant originated from blending of seed oil production crops and used
oil assist in the improvement of the disadvantages of seed oils to be applied in machinery process. The production of
biolubricant from new synthethic esters is predicted to be more economical ,environment friendly, and reducing
pollution. From this study, it is also expect to produce postgraduates, high impact publications and applying
intellectual properties.
6. Intellectual Property(IP)
D. Access to Equipment & Material
Type Description Owner Location Address
pressurize
hot water
extraction
use for extraction
School of Bioprocess
Engineering, UniMAP
Research Lab
Kompleks Pusat Pengajian
Jejawi 3, Arau 02600 Perlis
microwave
assisted
extraction
use for extraction
Instutite of Sustainable
Agrotechnology,UniMAP
Research Lab
Sg. Chuchuh Campus 021000
Padang Besar, Perlis
fixed bed
reactor
pyrolysis of biomass
School Bioprocess
Engineering, UniMAP
Pilot Plan
Kompleks Pusat Pengajian
Jejawi 3, Arau 02600 Perlis
GC
To analyse sub
compound of bio oil
School of Bioprocess
Engineering, UniMAP
Analytical Lab
Kompleks Pusat Pengajian
Jejawi 3, Arau 02600 Perlis
oven
Equipment use to dry
the biomass ,seed
crops and catalyst
School Bioprocess
Engineering, UniMAP
Biochemistry Lab
Kompleks Pusat Pengajian
Jejawi 3, Arau 02600 Perlis
FTIR
To analyse functional
group of bio oil and
catalyst
School of Bioprocess
Engineering, UniMAP
Bioprocess Lab 3
Kompleks Pusat Pengajian
Jejawi 3, Arau 02600 Perlis
SEM
To determine the
morphological structure
of catalyst
School of Manufacturing
Engineering
Laboratory in
School of
Manufacturing
Engineering
Changlun - Kuala Perlis
Highway & 194, 02600 Arau,
Perlis, Malaysia
XRD
To know purity and
crystalline properties of
the catalyst
School of Material
Engineering
Laboratory of
School of Material
Engineering
Kompleks Pusat Pengajian
Jejawi 2, Taman Muhibbah,
02600 Jejawi, Arau, Perlis
Rotavapor Use for separation
School of Bioprocess
Engineering, UniMAP
Biochemistry Lab
Kompleks Pusat Pengajian
Jejawi 3, Arau 02600 Perlis
Overhead
stirrer
Mix solution
School of Bioprocess
Engineering, UniMAP
Analytical Lab
Kompleks Pusat Pengajian
Jejawi 3, Arau 02600 Perlis
11000 - Salary and Wages
36000 36000
(29.15%)
72000
21000 - Travelling and
Transportation
1000 2500
(1.42%)
3500
0 5000
(2.02%)
5000
0 0 (0.00%) 0
1000 7500
(3.44%)
8500
24000 - Rental
2000 3500
(2.23%)
5500
27000 - Research Materials and
Supplies
77000 42000
(48.18%)
119000
28000 - Maintenance and Minor
Repair Services
2000 2000
(1.62%)
4000
29000 - Professional Services
3000 5000
(3.24%)
8000
E. Budget
Budget Type Description Year 1 Year 2
Grand
Total
-
2 Research Assistant(RM1500/per month)x24
months
36000 36000
72000
Vot-Total

Local
Attending seminar/conferences
500 1500
2000
Sending sample for analysis to outside
company
500 1000
1500
Sub-Total

Overseas Attending seminar/conferences 5000 5000
Sub-Total

Field work 0
Sub-Total
Vot-Total

Equipment/gas cylinder rental 1000 2500 3500
car rental for sample collection 1000 1000 2000
Vot-Total

Chemicals, testing kits , raw materials
30000 30000
60000
Glasswares; Test tubes, beaker, round bottle
flask
40000 5000
45000
other consumables; Micropipette,pipette tip,
gloves, mask
2000 2000
4000
GC standard 5000 5000 10000
Vot-Total

Scale-up lab and instrument maintenance
2000 2000
4000
Vot-Total

Services/Consultancy
-Workshop/seminar fee-Conference fees (local
and international)-Sample analysis-
Consultation
3000 5000
8000
Sub-Total

Short Term Course 0
0 0 (0.00%) 0
3000 5000
(3.24%)
8000
35000 - Accessories and
Equipment
20000 10000
(12.15%)
30000
(100.00%)
247000
Sub-Total
Vot-Total

i. Scale-up lab accessories and equipment set
up
20000 10000
30000
Vot-Total

Grand Total 141000 106000

Signature:
F. Declaration
1. All information stated here are accurate, KPM and IPT has right to reject or to cancel the offer without prior notice if
there is any inaccurate information given.
2. Application of this fundamental research is presented for the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS).
3. Application of this fundamental research is also presented for the other research grant/s (grant's name and total
amount)
4. Project Leader have ongoing Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) project.
Name: Othmanhashim
Date: 18/07/2014
Appendix
Flow Chart Flow chart of research activities.pdf