Sentence .................................................................................................................................................................

1
A General Structure of (Long) Sentence ............................................................................................. 2
1. LNP & Parallelism ................................................................................................... 3
2. NP-CP ................................................................................................................................................ 4
3. NP-CP1-Cp2 ............................................................................................................. 4
4. SVO, SVO ................................................................................................................ 6
Examples ....................................................................................................................................... 8
................................................................................................................................ 8
......................................................................................................................................................... 9
....................................................................................................................................................... 13
SVO ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Frequently Asked Sentences .............................................................................................................. 28

GRE
2012

Sentence
/S/V/O
NP(noun phrase), VP(verb phrase, V NP
V), CPclause phrase, AP adjective phrase, , PPpreposition phrase
f=function

Sentence = SVO = f (NP, VP, CP, AP, PP)

AP PP NP, VP, CP

A General Structure of (Long) Sentence

GRE

GRE/GMAT

SVO

S/OCPCP1-Cp2

SVO, SVOSVO+SVO
when, if, because SVO: SVO
SVO vs. SVO whereas, however
although, though

8 >>
NP
NP
CP CP Np
NP-CP1-Cp2
CP
NP NP that Np v Np
v Np= NP

GRE

SVO = NP V NP NP V AP --

1. LNP & Parallelism

Long Noun Phrase=LNP

S = np1 of np2 in np3 V O=np1 of np2 in np3 over np4. => SVO = np1-3 V np1-4.
3-4 3 1 3-4
8 np1 np1
the view of, the discovery of, the fact of development, lack, scarcity
the number of, the amount of np2 np1
np2 3-4
np1 V np1
3

1.

parallelism
1

2. NP-CP

CP, that/which/who
VP, v-ing/v-ed

NP+CP, np that,

S = np1-3

that/which/who

V O=np1-4

that/which/who

v-ing/v-ed

v-ing/v-ed

, (with) np that,

, (with) np that,

SO 1 2 8
6-9 1 +2 = 3
6-9 25 GRE
np1-4 V np1-4
np1 np1 V np1
that, whether, why, how

That np1 of np2 V np1 of np2 that V that np1 of np2 V np1 of np2 which.

3. NP-CP1-Cp2
recursionnesting
CP=clause phrase

Steven Pinker Words and Rules (p.9)

4

 S=sentence/CPNP=noun phraseVP= verb phrase/, VP=V + NP,

NP /S VP=V+NP+S S=NP + VPVP = V+NP+S

Source: Steven Pinker, Words and Rules, p. 9

GRE 88

4 5
2-3 3-5 GRE
2 3 6 CP
SVO = np1-3 CP1-Cp2 V np1-3 CP1-Cp2-cp3

SVO = np1-3 that, which, V np1-3, whichand which, v-ed, np1 of np2 that
np1-3, that which
Vnp1-3 which v-ed
np1 of np2 that
1 2 3 6 6-9
50 >
np1 V np1
5

4. SVO, SVO
that/which/who
if/because/when/although/while/whereas

SVO if / because / when SVO

1-3
np1-3 thatV np1-3, which, v-ed, np that if/because/when np1-3 which, V np1-3, which, v-ed, np
that
2 1+3=4 10 8 80
if, because, when
np1 V np1
2-3
SVO: SVO, SVO

Although/ While / Whereas SVO, SVO

While, whereas
1-3
Although/While / Whereas np1-3 thatV np1-3 which, v-ed, np that, np1-3 thatV np1-3, which,
v-ing.

np1 V np1 vs. np1 V np1

np1 V np1 vs. np1
V np1

SVO; SVO; SVO 3

SVO: SVO; SVO; SVO
Although SVO, SVO while SVO 2
SVO if SVO; however, SVO because SVO, though SVO. 1 SVO however

Examples

1.

when, if, although, whereas

2.

3. GRE-RC-36 Exercise 13,15, 23, 24, 25,26

30-50

1. But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the

But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the

skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups

undermines the attempt to explain away superficial
resemblance as due to convergent evolutionthe

skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups

undermines the attempt to explain away superficial
resemblance as due to convergent evolutionthe

independent development of similarities between

unrelated groups in response to similar environmental
pressures.

independent development of similarities between

unrelated groups in response to similar environmental
pressures.

np1 np1-5np1 discovery np2

similarities in np3 of np4 in np5
undermine, =weaken, ruin, attempt
explain away as due to convergent evolution
response evolution similarities undermine
convergent evolution
flipper; superficial: convergent:
2. They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the
intellectual world to the new science and to liberate
intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and

They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the

intellectual world to the new science and to liberate
intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and

envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not

of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and
physics.

envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not

of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and
physics.

they: were fighting, envisioned as,

v1 to v2
to open to liberate
8

 ecclesiastical philosophy albeit= although,

contributing to the growth
of mathematics and physics mathematics and physics = new science open to the new
science envisioned, contributing to

discreet = prudent, modest, not obtrusive; ecclesiastical:

Ecclesiastes:

3. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women

Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would

would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic

subordination" of the family by technological
developments that made possible the recruitment of "the

be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic

subordination" of the family by technological
developments that made possible the recruitment of "the

whole female sex into public industry."

whole female sex into public industry."

E that
women, liberated by by
technological developmentsdevelopment technological that
(predicted) thatE women
be liberated by technological
subordination-ord- sub-
recruitment

4. This is not because such an interpretation necessarily

This is not because such an interpretation necessarily

stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any

interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger),
but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements

stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any

interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger),
but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant

of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in

an all-encompassing interpretation.

elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist

inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation.

this is not because, but because but because

because WH
has np1 of np2 np1recalcitrant elements that
resist inclusion = recalcitrant
WH not, but
not stiffen, but resist inclusion
although
rigid = stiffen

stiff = rigid, stubborn; recalcitrant = obstinately defiant, unruly, resistant,

5. Metaphysics, philosophys traditional core

considered as the most general description of how the

Metaphysics, philosophys traditional coreconsidered

as the most general description of how the heavens and

heavens and the earth are put togetherhad been

rendered almost completely meaningless by the
spectacular progress of physics.

the earth are put togetherhad been rendered almost

completely meaningless by the spectacular progress of
physics.

metaphysics m traditional,
recent considered
how
been rendered meaningless physics

M physics
metaphysics,
, ; render = make, do; spectacular:
6. Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the
problem of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics
with epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of

Kant, however, by focusing philosophy on the problem

of knowledge, managed to replace metaphysics with
epistemology, and thus to transform the notion of

philosophy as queen of sciences into the new notion

of philosophy as a separate, foundational discipline:
philosophy became primary no longer in the sense of

philosophy as queen of sciences into the new notion

of philosophy as a separate, foundational discipline:
philosophy became primary no longer in the sense of

highest but in the sense of underlying.

highest but in the sense of underlying.

K v1 to v2 replace
m vs. e by focusing on

focus on = replace with, knowledge = epistemology

K e knowledge m thus
transform/, new p(hilosophy)
new p
underlying = foundationalK e m p foundational
underlying: basic, fundamental; epistemology:

7. Only in the case of the February Revolution do we

lack a useful description of participants that might

Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack

a useful description of participants that might

characterize it in the light of what social history has

taught us about the process of revolutionary
mobilization.

characterize it in the light of what social history has

taught us about the process of revolutionary
mobilization.

only we lack useful description 2

descrpition that what
2 that
characterize
in
the light of = according to, in the view ofmobilization
10

8. It was not the change in office technology, but rather

It was not the change in office technology, but rather

the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an

apprenticeship for beginning managers, from
administrative work that in the 1880's created a new

the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as

an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from
administrative work that in the 1880's created a new

class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered

"women's work."

class of "dead-end" jobs, thenceforth considered

"women's work."

It was thatnot but ratherbut

np1 of np2, v-ed, from np3 seen as
np1separation np2secretarial work created dead-end jobs

considered notbut technology

vs. separation
dead-end jobs
apprenticeshipthenceforth:
9. When nitrogen levels are low, however, specialized

When nitrogen levels are low, however, specialized

cells called heterocysts are produced which lack

chlorophyll (necessary for photosynthesis) but which
can fix nitrogen by converting nitrogen gas into a usable

cells called heterocysts are produced which lack

chlorophyll (necessary for photosynthesis) but which
can fix nitrogen by converting nitrogen gas into a

form.

usable form.

when specialized cells called

h which, but which cells
h
= when n(itrogen)n h
c(hlorophyll) photosynthesis c p p
n(itrogen)n
n: c:p n: p

n: p
10. According to the model, that signal is generated as a
negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative,
sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at

According to the model, that signal is generated as a

negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative,
sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at

25 to 85 kilometers per day.

25 to 85 kilometers per day.

that signal generated R. wave that

depressed = negative R.
wave
depressed, parallel,

11

*
11. The alternative explanation supposes that the Sun's
large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the

The alternative explanation supposes that the Sun's

large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the

Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained

against decay.

Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained

against decay.

alternative explanation suppose that magnetic

field/ is remnant remain
that
the Sun acquired that/which when
remnant = not against
decay = decay alternative
explanation explanation kwx y z

12. They conclude that such dramatic technological

They conclude that such dramatic technological

innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine,

the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted
in equally dramatic social changes in women's economic

innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine,

the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not
resulted in equally dramatic social changes in

position or in the prevailing evaluation of women's

work.

women's economic position or in the prevailing

evaluation of women's work.

They conclude that dramatic technological

innovationsnot result in
np1 in np2 or in np3 np1dramatic social changes
conclude
1-2 ts=kwcs
dramtic:
striking, fundamental, revolutionary, transforming,
13. Since 1953, many experimental attempts to

Since 1953, many experimental attempts to synthesize

synthesize the chemical constituents of life under

"primitive Earth conditions" have demonstrated that a
variety of the complex molecules currently making up

the chemical constituents of life under "primitive Earth

conditions" have demonstrated that a variety of the
complex molecules currently making up living

living organisms could have been present in the early

ocean and atmosphere, with only one limitation: such
molecules are synthesized far less readily when

organisms could have been present in the early ocean

and atmosphere, with only one limitation: such
molecules are synthesized far less readily when

oxygen-containing compounds dominate the

atmosphere.

oxygen-containing compounds dominate the

atmosphere.

attempts to synthesize chemical constituents

demonstrate that
12

 complex molecules v-ing been present early

only
less, dominate
when o

m
only o: m()
o: m

14. The common belief of some linguists that each

The common belief of some linguists that each

language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the

nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart
of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics

language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the

nation speaking it is in some ways the exact
counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school

that supply and demand will regulate everything for the

best.

of economics that supply and demand will regulate

everything for the best.

belief conviction that

that

the fact that, the theory that, the hypothesis that

belief perfect
the nation
speaking it is it belief counterpart
counter counterpart = similarity
M. school that -best

perfect = the best common belief

l=e. l1=e1. l2=e2 (l=linguists, e=economist)

15. Many critics of Emily Bronts novel Wuthering

Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that
comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where

Many critics of Emily Bronts novel Wuthering

Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that
comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part,

a romantic reading receives more confirmation.

where a romantic reading receives more confirmation.

np1 of np2s np3 critics see as = view as = consider as

second part, counterpoint that
if that comments on that first part where
WHWuthering Heights
counterpoint counterpoint = comment on
counterpoint counterpart counter/
NP1-3 V NP CP1(that), Cp1(if), Cp2(where)
many critics
13

16. The demarcation of philosophy from science was

The demarcation of philosophy from science was

facilitated by the development in the early nineteenth

century of a new notion, that philosophys core interest
should be epistemology, the general explanation of what

facilitated by the development in the early nineteenth

century of a new notion, that philosophys core interest
should be epistemology, the general explanation of what

it means to know something.

it means to know something.

np1 of np2 from np3np1

demarcation = separation np2 p(hilosophy)
facilitate = precipitate
by np1 in np2 of np3np1 development
new notion that
that ps interest epistemology
e np1 of np2 np2 what
know = epistemologyp 19
p e development
p p
17. Hank Morgan, the hero of Mark Twain's A
Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, is a

Hank Morgan, the hero of Mark Twain's A Connecticut

Yankee in King Arthur's Court, is a nineteenth-century

nineteenth-century master mechanic who, mysteriously

awakening in sixth-century Britain, launches what he
hopes will be a peaceful revolution to transform

master mechanic who, mysteriously awakening in

sixth-century Britain, launches what he hopes will be a
peaceful revolution to transform Arthurian Britain into

Arthurian Britain into an industrialized modern

democracy.

an industrialized modern democracy.

Mtopic
T ACY is mechanic
who who awakening
what to transform M
master mechanic
who what M

Mark Twain ACY Hank Morgan 19 6

18. None of these translations to screen and stage,

however, dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A

None of these translations to screen and stage, however,

dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A

Connecticut Yankee, which ends with the violent

overthrow of Morgan's three-year-old progressive order
and his return to the nineteenth century, where he

Connecticut Yankee, which ends with the violent

overthrow of Morgan's three-year-old progressive order
and his return to the nineteenth century, where he

apparently commits suicide after being labeled as lunatic

for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges and
battlements.

apparently commits suicide after being labeled as

lunatic for his incoherent babblings about drawbridges
and battlements.
14


np1 of np2 to np3 np1 of np2none translations dramatize

np1 at np2 of np3 np1anarchy

ACY 2-3 which
nineteenth century where after

conclusion:
end, lunatic, lunar incoherent, babble, v.

ACY
Morgan 19

*
19. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism
by driving the warmer surface water into a "pile" that

These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by

driving the warmer surface water into a "pile" that

blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the

east and further warms the eastern water, thus
strengthening the wind still more.

blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the

east and further warms the eastern water, thus
strengthening the wind still more.

winds v1 to v2 v2=create feedback mechanism by driving

driving = create
pile that
block, warm eastern water strengthening
winds create feedback

windsstrengthen the winds

feedback: output inputupwelling:

20. For example, the spiral arrangement of scale-bract

For example, the spiral arrangement of scale-bract

complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, where the

female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is
important to the production of airflow patterns that

complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, where the

female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is
important to the production of airflow patterns that

spiral over the cone's surfaces, thereby passing airborne

pollen from one scale to the next.

spiral over the cone's surfaces, thereby passing airborne

pollen from one scale to the next.

np1 of np2 on np3 np1= spiral arragement

np2 of np3
where
is important to = is important for = is responsible for = cause = determine airflow
pattern that passing >
spiral arrangement is important to airflow patterns
pollen passing pollen

in order to

15

21. As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic

As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic

characteristics encountered generally change abruptly,

which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to
the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.

characteristics encountered generally change abruptly,

which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to
the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.

As e. characteristics encountered
change which surface where as
which where
e[lastic]. characteristics change
crossed,
recorded
e
crossed, energy recorded

SVO

22. Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been

connected to other land masses, the great variety of
plants in Hawaii must be a result of the long-distance

Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been connected

to other land masses, the great variety of plants in
Hawaii must be a result of the long-distance dispersal

dispersal of seeds, a process that requires both a method

of transport and an equivalence between the ecology of
the source area and that of the recipient area.

of seeds, a process that requires both a method of

transport and an equivalence between the ecology of the
source area and that of the recipient area.

Since
Since
variety = diversitybe a result of = be caused by = be determined by = result from
dispersal of seeds
process = dispersal that
equivalence = similarity

recipient, adj., receive, n., =receiver,

23. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by

The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by

different populations makes this task more difficult:

some populations remain roughly constant from year to
year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and

different populations makes this task more difficult:

some populations remain roughly constant from year to
year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and

scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and

crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the
weather, and in other cases not.

scarcity; still others vary wildly, with outbreaks and

crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with
the weather, and in other cases not.

4 SVO 1 SVO
3 SVO SVO 1 variety exhibited by
make difficult 2 3 4 some remains constant, others exhibit regular
cycles, others vary wildly that
16

 1
24. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death
and migration rates may be fluctuating around their
long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent

No matter how severely or unpredictably birth, death

and migration rates may be fluctuating around their
long-term averages, if there were no density-dependent

effects, the population would, in the long run, either

increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle
by which gains and losses canceled exactly).

effects, the population would, in the long run, either

increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle
by which gains and losses canceled exactly).

2 1 No matter how if
population either or without bound
barring by which
if

severe: fluctuate: bar: block, prevent, barring = excluding, except

25. They correctly note that slavery stripped some

They correctly note that slavery stripped some

cultural elements from Black people -- their political

and economic systems -- but they underestimate the
significance of music in sustaining other African

cultural elements from Black people -- their political

and economic systems -- but they underestimate the
significance of music in sustaining other African

cultural values.

cultural values.

but 2 1 that slavery

strippedcultural elements 2 they underestimate music
np1 of np2 in v-ing
1 correctly 2 underestimate
=+

strip vs. sustain

26. If anatomical similarity in the flippers resulted from
similar environmental pressures, as posited by the

If anatomical similarity in the flippers resulted from

similar environmental pressures, as posited by the

convergent-evolution theory, one would expect walruses

and seals, but not seals and sea lions, to have similar
flippers.

convergent-evolution theory, one would expect

walruses and seals, but not seals and sea lions, to have
similar flippers.

anatomical similarity resulted from environmental

posited one would expect

If/convergent-evolution
17


f(lippers)

would
anatomy:
posit: suppose, assume, presumeconvergent: flipper: ,

w s
s s.l,
27. This link between philosophical interests and
scientific practice persisted until the nineteenth century,
when decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarship

This link between philosophical interests and scientific

practice persisted until the nineteenth century, when
decline in ecclesiastical power over scholarship and

and changes in the nature of science provoked the final

separation of philosophy from both.

changes in the nature of science provoked the final

separation of philosophy from both.

2 SVOwhen
np1 between np2 and np3
np1=link
th
persist until 19 century when decline
provoke np1 of np2 from np3, separation of p(hilosophy)
p 19 19 p until
link
separation link vs. separation

persist: ecclesiastical:
scholarship: academic study/provoke: pro--vok-
28. Biologists have long maintained that two groups of
pinnipeds, sea lions and walruses, are descended from a

Biologists have long maintained that two groups of

pinnipeds, sea lions and walruses, are descended from

terrestrial bearlike animal, whereas the remaining group,

seals, shares an ancestor with weasels.

a terrestrial bearlike animal, whereas the remaining

group, seals, shares an ancestor with weasels.

that 2 2
whereas 2 p(innipeds) 1
descended from = share ancestors with bearlike
vs. weasels2 p p

long maintained
KWo

AW-KWn
descend:descendant = offspringterrestrial:

29. Although these observations are true, Pessen

and that the United States was a class-ridden, plutocratic

overestimates their importance by concluding from them

that the undoubted progress toward inequality in the late
eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian period

society even before industrialization.

Although these observations are true, Pessen
18

overestimates their importance by concluding from

them that the undoubted progress toward inequality in

period and that the United States was a class-ridden,

plutocratic society even before industrialization.

the late eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian

2 =+
true vs. overestimate although observations are true,
P overestimates importance by concluding that and
that 1 that progress inequality continued
np1 toward np2 in np3 np1 progress np2inequality 2 that
U.S. was a classsociety class- society
plutocratic P
thatand that
overestimate
progress: ridden: harassed, oppressed;
class-ridden: class-dominated, class-governed; plutocratic: pluto-=wealth + -crat-=rule, govern
30. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates
the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the

Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates

the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the

adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear,

whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.

adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear,

whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.

3 SVO

both
whereas
Although a(drenaline), n(orepinephrine) arousal
stimulates a and n whereas h c
fear vs. aggression

arousal: arise, arouse, ; herbivore:

herb=grass + vore = eat; carnivore: carn-=meat + vore=eat
31. Granted that the presence of these elements need not

Granted that the presence of these elements need not

argue for an authorial awareness of novelistic

construction comparable to that of Henry James, their
presence does encourage attempts to unify the novels

argue for an authorial awareness of novelistic

construction comparable to that of Henry James, their
presence does encourage attempts to unify the novels

heterogeneous parts.

heterogeneous parts.

2 SVO Granted that

these elements not argue
J but presense encourage attempts to unify
attempt unify parts
Granted
not
: not construction vs. unify

J
19


32. When, in the seventeenth century, Descartes and
Hobbes rejected medieval philosophy, they did not think
of themselves, as modern philosophers do, as proposing

When, in the seventeenth century, Descartes and Hobbes

rejected medieval philosophy, they did not think of
themselves, as modern philosophers do, as proposing a

a new and better philosophy, but rather as furthering

the warfare between science and theology.

new and better philosophy, but rather as furthering the

warfare between science and theology.

2 when D and S
rejected medieval philosophy
they
think of notbut new philosophy vs. science vs.

medieval: medi-: middle + ev-: eve, time ancient, modern, postmodern further, v. = facilitate,

17 D H

33. Modern philosophers now trace that notion back at

least to Descartes and Spinoza, but it was not explicitly
articulated until the late eighteenth century, by Kant, and

Modern philosophers now trace that notion back at

least to Descartes and Spinoza, but it was not explicitly
articulated until the late eighteenth century, by Kant,

did not become built into the structure of academic

institutions and the standard self-descriptions of
philosophy professors until the late nineteenth century.

and did not become built into the structure of academic

institutions and the standard self-descriptions of
philosophy professors until the late nineteenth century.

2 SVO but modern philosophers trace back to

D and S D S not until it was
articulated by K and did notuntil
K 18 but
D.S. K
D.S. vs. K

trace back to attribute to; notion = view, idea; articulate:

D S

18 K
19
34. Through their interpretations, which exert a
continuing influence on our understanding of the

insurrection has been diminished.

revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June

has been magnified, while, as an unintended
consequence, the significance of the February

Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing

influence on our understanding of the revolutionary
process, the impact of the events of June has been
20

magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the

significance of the February insurrection has been

diminished.

2 SVO which
while
J: magnified vs. F:
diminished6 2
exert: ; impact: , = influence, significance; insurrection, = rebellion, revolt,
revolution
35. Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris

Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris

Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of

nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they
also present the social historian with a signal advantage:

Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of

nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they
also present the social historian with a signal

these failed insurrections created a mass of invaluable

documentation as a by-product of authorities efforts to
search out and punish the rebels.

advantage: these failed insurrections created a mass of

invaluable documentation as a by-product of
authorities efforts to search out and punish the rebels.

2 SVOAlthough J and PC
would be considered watersheds 19
but
advantage invaluable
documentation = advantage as a by-product =+
watershed vs. advantage/invaluable document

watershed: ; signal, adj. =significant; insurrection, = rebellion, revolt, revolution;

invaluable, , = priceless; authority: =governmentrebel, n. , , = insurgent,
insurrectionist, mutineer; rebel, adj.

1848 6 1871 19

21

36. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which

Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which

women work have changed little since before the

Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by
gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that

women work have changed little since before the

Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by
gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that

require relatively low levels of skill and offer women

little opportunity for advancement all persist, while
women's household labor remains demanding.

require relatively low levels of skill and offer women

little opportunity for advancement all persist, while
women's household labor remains demanding.

3 SVO+ 1 conditions changed little

conditions under which 2 while changle little
change little = persist, remains
2 SVO
jobs that 2 require and offer
3
lower pay persist 3 SVO while
womens household labor remains demandingwhile

37. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy

With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Cressy

does not deny the frequently noted fact that some of the
immigrants of the 1630's, most notably the organizers
and clergy, advanced religious explanations for

does not deny the frequently noted fact that some of the
immigrants of the 1630's, most notably the organizers
and clergy, advanced religious explanations for

departure, but he finds that such explanations usually

assumed primacy only in retrospect.

departure, but he finds that such explanations usually

assumed primacy only in retrospect.

2 SVO but 1 C not deny the factthe fact that

some immigrants advanced religious explanationsbut 2 SVO
explanations assumed primacy only in retrospectonly

religious vs. only C only

religious religious = spiritual = metaphysical vs. secular = material =

sociopolitical

C 1630

assume: primacy: primaryretrospect: retro-: back + -spect-: see

22

38. Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed

as a reproductive process marked by random events in

Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a

reproductive process marked by random events in

which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by

the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the
ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the

which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by

the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the
ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the

expense of producing much more pollen than is actually

used.

expense of producing much more pollen than is

actually used.

2 SVO so that so that 2

so that in which wind pollination = w. p. has
been viewed as a process w.p.
process marked by random events random
process
random in which vagaries = random (events),
so that

new seeds = reproductive

assured
at the expense
produce more pollen generation of vast
quantities of pollen that is actually used than is the pollen
traditonally, has been
KWoAW-KWn

pollination, ; random: ; vagary, n. = caprice, erratic or unpredictable action,

39. Because the potential hazards pollen grains are
subject to as they are transported over long distances are
enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view

Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject

to as they are transported over long distances are
enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view

above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen

through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount
of pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater

above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen

through happenstance by virtue of producing an
amount of pollen that is one to three orders of

than the amount produced by species pollinated by

insects.

magnitude greater than the amount produced by species

pollinated by insects.

2 SVObecause 1 SVO because

hazards pollen grains
that / whichnp [that] np v np v np
as hazards are
enormous 2 SVO w-p plants compensated for the loss of pollen by virtue of doing
= by doing compensated
producing an amount of pollen amount of pollen that
amount produced by species pollinated by
greater than
w-p plants
producing an amount of pollen
23

potential: possible, grain: ; be subject to: ; enormous: huge,

tremendous, ; pollinate: ; ensue: ; ensuing: resulted, followinghappenstance:
accidents, magnitude: ; orders of magnitude:

1-3
40. However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an

However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an

adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral

arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated
plant lineages and is regarded as a characteristic of

adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral

arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated
plant lineages and is regarded as a characteristic of

vascular plants, of which conifers are only one kind, as a

whole.

vascular plants, of which conifers are only one kind, as a

whole.

2 SVO because 1 these pattern cannot be viewed as an adaptation

2 because
v(ascular) plants of which because

vascularconifer
41. In her recitals Duncan danced to the music of
Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, among others, but,
contrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to

In her recitals Duncan danced to the music of

Beethoven, Wagner, and Gluck, among others, but,
contrary to popular belief, she made no attempt to

visualize or to interpret the music; rather, she simply

relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing
inner feelings through movement.

visualize or to interpret the music; rather, she simply

relied on it to provide the inspiration for expressing
inner feelings through movement.

3 SVO but rather

D
recital: ; inspiration:

24

42. In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's

In order to understand the nature of the ecologist's

investigation, we may think of the density-dependent

effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists
are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make

investigation, we may think of the density-dependent

effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists
are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make

the population increase from relatively low values or

decrease from relatively high ones, while the densityindependent effects act to produce "noise" in the

the population increase from relatively low values or

decrease from relatively high ones, while the densityindependent effects act to produce "noise" in the

population dynamics.

population dynamics.

2 SVO while in order to PPwe may think of d-d effects as

signal signal ecologiststhat/which
one that signal that

while d-i effects produce noise

PP, S V O-CP1-CP2
vs. S V O. while signal vs. noise

parameter: factor ; dynamics:

43. For populations that remain relatively constant, or

For populations that remain relatively constant, or that

that oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be

fairly easily characterized and its effects described, even
though the causative biological mechanism may remain

oscillate around repeated cycles, the signal can be

fairly easily characterized and its effects described,
even though the causative biological mechanism may

unknown.

remain unknown.

2 SVO 2
that

*
44. The increase in the numbers of married women
employed outside the home in the twentieth century had
less to do with the mechanization of housework and an

The increase in the numbers of married women

employed outside the home in the twentieth century had
less to do with the mechanization of housework and an

increase in leisure time for these women than it did with

their own economic necessity and with high marriage
rates that shrank the available pool of single women

increase in leisure time for these women than it did

with their own economic necessity and with high
marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single

workers, previously, in many cases, the only women

employers would hire.

women workers, previously, in many cases, the only

women employers would hire.

2 1 SVO np1 in np2 of np3 np1, np2

np3married women employed
25

have to do with = relate to = correlate with less

mechanization
1 2 2
that high marriage rates that single
women workers the only womenemployers would hire that/
which less than
mechanization vs. marriage rates

20 mechanization

pool
20

26

45. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases

in which the law of supply and demand left actual wants

Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases in

which the law of supply and demand left actual wants

unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those

instances in which the very nature of a language calls
forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and

unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those

instances in which the very nature of a language calls
forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation, and

in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or

defined in order to present the idea intended by the
speaker: "He took his stick -- no, not John's, but his

in which, consequently, a word has to be modified or

defined in order to present the idea intended by the
speaker: "He took his stick -- no, not John's, but his

own."

own."

2 just as economists were blind to cases

cases in which so also linguists
are deaf to instances instances 2 in which 2 in which
intended by 1

blind = deaf
cases, instances in which unsatisified =
misunderstanding

27

Frequently Asked Sentences

kw

TS

CSaw-kw1 vs. kw2

however, but, yet, nevertheless, although aw TS, CS, kw, aw

2-3/10
2-3/10
5-6/10

1-3/10
GRE
3-5/10GRE GRE GRE
GRE
GRE
1.
(initial letters)

Hargrave and Geen:

H.G.
, say, Brahms or Schumann: B. S.

in order to

, say, a hungry lizard :

adrenaline and norepinephrine:
Lymnaea peregra:
Anabaena:

a. n.
Lp
A.

2.

like, similar(=), as as, comparable to;

28

unlike(), rather than, more than(>), less than, different from, contrast, opposed to, comparable to;
whereas, whenhowever, while

early, before, prior to, initially, originally; later, recent, now, new; until

only, first, most adj., the least

although, though, while; despite, in spite of + NP; as adj. as it is []

did/does, may be, may seem, might seem, there might be, there is some evidence [But]
of course, certainly; undoubtedly, no doubt, no problem
[But]
It is true that, to be sure, Granted; this is not to deny
[But]

not but/instead/rather
not to suggest. But

kw. not a. but b/kw.

without, never, absent from, the lack of, far from, away from, not until

150-160 /

29