Architectural

Technology
Kok Kian Tew
WSA 3
0823161
3

S
K
I
N
C o n t e n t s
1 Weather Analysis
2 Internal Gains
3 Design for Passive Scenario
4 Design for Active Scenario
5 Conclusion
Weather Anal ysi s
Site
Stereographic Sun path Diagram
Site Location: Trieste, Italy
Latitude: 49
o
39 N
Longitude: 13
o
45 E
Elevation: 20m
Location Time Zone: +1:00 (Paris)
Stereographic Sun path Diagram
Showing azimuth and altitude of the sun throughout the year
Weather Anal ysi s
Climate Data
Temperature:

- The range of temperature throughout the year
is rather extreme, from the lowest -4.1
o
C to 31
o
C
in the summer
- Mean temperature of the coldest month (Jan)
is around 4.5
- Mean temperature of the hottest month
(July)= is around 23.9
o
C
Relative Humidity:

- The relative humidity throughout the year is
just moderate, ranging from 60 % to 80%
- It is always more humid in the morning than
the afternoon
- Relative humidity is lower in the summer as
the air temperature is higher but it gets quite
high in the autumn due to higher precipitation
which is the result of humid and warm wind
from the west (mediterranean sea).
Weather Anal ysi s
Climate Data
Irradiation:

- Annual solar radiation variation is pretty wide,
from as low as 1110 Wh/m
2
to approximately
6400 Wh/m
2
- Brightest sunny day: 26th July
- Most overcast day: 2nd January
Precipitation:
- Typical mediterranean climate, it rains more
at the beginning of the winter due to the efect
from subpolar westerlies which brings warm
and humid wind from the sea.
- The variation throughout the year is not very
signifcant
Weather Anal ysi s
Wind Data
Prevailing Winds:
- There is no massive diference between the mean
strength of winds from each direction
- The most prevailing wind directions are west and north-
east
- It is generally more windy from the west in the morning
- Most windy day: 8th February
- Least windy day: 18th February
Weather Anal ysi s
Derived Data
Climate Classifcation
Nature of Climatic Problems
Generally, there is more heating than cooling requirement
throughout the year. Basically, cooling is required from June
until August. A lot of heating is required from December until
March.
The climate of Trieste is classifed as temperate/moderate. It is
also a typical mediterranean climate which is largely afected by
subpolar westerlies and traded wind zone. This climate zone is
relatively nice comparing to many others.
-There is a seasonal varations between under heating and over
heating but neither of them is severe (even though annual heat-
ing requirement is slightly higher)
Nature of Climatic Problem:
- It is possible to get over heated in the summer and too cold in
the winter
- Shading devices are to be introduced to prevent overheating
during the summer
- For Trieste, one predicted that temperature increase is be-
tween 3
o
C and 5
o
C due to climate change/ global warming, thus,
,more cooling will probably be needed in the future
Source: http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/i/IY16110.php
Weather Anal ysi s
Comfort Zones: Bioclimatic Chart and Neutrality Temperature
- There are more or less equal amount
of lines are plotted above and under
the comfort zone, indicating that cool-
ing and heating are required.
- Humidity range is not within the
comfort zone during the autumn and
winter, heating or ventilation might
be needed to achieve the acceptable
comfort zone
Aug
Sept
Oct
Feb
Jan
Dec
March
May
July
Nov
June
Apr
Bioclimatic Chart
Weather Anal ysi s
Comfort Zones: Phsychromatric Chart and Comfort Criteria
Source: Ecotect, where range of comfort limits are between (Tn +1.75)
Comfort Criteria for Passive and Active Scenario
According to the Bioclimatic chart and Phsychromatric chart, the minimun requirements for passive design to achieve is from as low as 17
o
C in the winter
to approximately 28.2
o
C in the summer.
The annual average comfort zone for trieste ranges from 19.5
o
C to 25.2
o
C, this can be the range for actively controlled scenario
Winter and summer comfort zones for Trieste Average annual comfort zone for Trieste
Weather Anal ysi s
Targets for both Passive and Active Secnario
Condition in an ofce building
Heat dissipation from people, lighting and equipment.
Activity: Seated, light benchwork, walking and sedentary
Clothing: Normal lightweight business suit, trousers, short sleeved shirt and skirt
Passive Scenario
Targets:
Temperature: 16
o
C to 21
o
C in winter, 21
o
C to 26
o
C in summer
Humidity: between 50% and 75% through out the year
Minimun T
out
(outside temperature) that passive heating will be able to ofset the Tn(neutrality temperature) - at least 10
o
C, try to push until 4
o
Cor 5
o
C
Strategies:
Evaporative cooling might be able to prevent overheating in the summer
The temperature limit of comfort zone can be increased in the summer with natural ventilation
In an intermittently used and heated building like ofce building, light weight but insulated construction is better because the heat stored in massive con-
struction will be dissipated at night , thus, wasted
With the use of thermal mass, the range of comfort zone can also be increased, the mass efect provided by the heavy construction will only be benifcial
for buildings that are continually occupied by people (eg. residential)
With the choice of materials, like glazing, insulation and efciency of the system, comfort limit can also be widened
Vertical or horizontal shading will also be able to prevent overheating or glare during the summer
Active Scenario
Targets:
Temperature: 22.5oC throughout the year
Humidity: 60%
Air movement: Between 0.25-0.75 m/s
Internal Gains
Mapping out the Actual Gains
Partner
People : 40 (Permenant Workers) Lighting: Fluorescent lamp = 120
15 (Occasional Meeting Attenders) Spotlight = 130
Equipment: Desktop Computer = 30
Laptop Computer = 5
Printer = 11
Photocopier = 2 Gross Floor Area= 624.6 m
2
LCD projector = 1
Plotter= 1
Fridge,Toaster,Oven, Microwave, Stove = 1
LADIES WC GENTS WC
STORE DUCT PLANT
ROOM
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
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Project Group 1
Ofce Manager Partner Senior Partner
Marketing
Accountants
Project Manager
Meeting Room for 8
Meeting Room for 15
Meeting Room for 15
Kitchenette
Technical Library
Project Group 2 Project Group 3 Project Group 4
Internal Gains
Calculating Monthly and Annual IG for each Space
Internal Gains
Calculating Monthly and Annual IG for Each Space
Internal Gains
Calculating Monthly and Annual IG for Each Space
Internal Gains
Calculating Monthly and Annual IG for Each Space
Internal Gains
Calculating Monthly and Annual IG for each space
Internal Gains
Calculating Monthly and Annual IG for each space
Internal Gains
Strategies for Actively Controlled Scenario
Internal Gains
Strategies for Actively Controlled Scenario
Conclusion
In general, the expected normalised annual energy is higher than the speculative annual energy gain. It might be due to some
overestimate of hours of each equipment will be used when calculating actual heat gain. Besides, too much of lighting would also
contribute to the amount of normalised annual energy.
Internal gains help to ofset the heatloss duing the winter, thus reducing the energy requirement for mechanical heating.
However, for those space facing south, the contribuiotn of internal gains may result overheating during the summer. Shading de-
vices can be used to prevent overheating.
Internal Gains
Comparison between Normalised and Speculative Annual Energy
Internal Gains
Strategies for Passively Controlled Scenario
Aims of the strategy
- to achieve comfortable level as outlined
earlie
- to prevent loss of internal gains to the
surroundings as much as possible during
the winter
- to prevent overheating on the south
facade, especially in the summer
- to minimise the temperature variation be-
tween diferent time throughout the day
300+
Annual Internal Heat Gain(kWh/m
2
)
0
Passive Design
Shading Design: Overshadowing and Stereographic Projections
Overshadowing Studies
Winter overshadow range 24th of December from 1000 until 1700 (sunset: 1615)
Summer overshadow range 24th of June from 1000 until 1700
Basically, the south facade is not overshadowed
at all throughout the year, which is very good for
passive heating during the winter but overheating
during the summer is a big problem to be tackled.
Passive Design
Shading Design: Shading Design and Stereographic Projections
The small portion of the west-facing facade
which is overshadowed in the afternoon is
negligible.
The east-facing facade does not get overshad-
owed in the morning throughout the year. This
is good condition for the users in the ofce to
get warm sunlight and start working. There is
no need for massive shading.
Passive Design
Shading Design: Proposing Positions and Modules of Windows
Two modules of windows are used on the facade:
Each window is based on the constructional grid 1.2m x 1.2m and treated as full height panel
Module A: 1200mm x 3100mm
Module B: 2400mm x 3100mm
They are used throughout the facade in relation to the internal space.
A
B
Passive Design
Shading Design: Plotting Desired Shading Mask
South facade- Desired Shading Hours
Summer 1000 to 1700
Winter 1200 to 1400
Spring and Autumn 1100- 1530
West facade- Desired Shading Hours
Summer 1200 - 1730
Winter 1230 -1315
Spring and Autumn 1200- 1430
East facade- Desired Shading Hours
Summer - 0930-1200
Spring and Autumn- 1100- 1200
Morning Sun is rather warm and pleasant, thus, shad-
ing device could be kept minimum
Passive Design
Optimised Shading Design and Interactive Shading Design
Generate a shading device
for module A on south facade
(highlighted)
The shading device helps
reduce more or less 30 % of the
incident solar radiation during
the summer
Passive Design
Optimised shading designand Interactive shading design
Generate a shading device
for module B on south facade
(highlighted)
The shading device helps to
reduce incident solar radiation
in the summer but also allow
morning sun into the building.
Passive Design
Optimised Shading Design and Interactive Shading Design
Generate a shading device
for module A on west facade
(highlighted)
The manually generated shad-
ing device does not really have
the desired shading mask that
I plotted above. It needs more
testing to get the optimised
shading device
Passive Design
Optimised Shading Design and Interactive Shading Design
Generate a shading device
for module B on west facade
(highlighted)
Passive Design
Conclusions and proposals
Based on the tests and study of the shading device , shading devices can be sketched on the facade. A funny shape is obtained from the
study in ecotect which could never be used in reality. In conclusion, shading devices are important in the passive design as they play a
signifcant role in the G value on the windows.
Passive Design
Setting up Strategies
Rules and Regulations -Part L
Part L - Regulations and Standards
Setting up Strategies
Passive Design
Rules and Regulations-Passive Haus
Passive Design
Facade Module Systems
Facade is divided into modules by the con-
structional grid 1200mm x 1200 mm
A
B
Opaque
precast concrete
panel
Opaque Panel
Full height concrete
panel integrated with
polyurethane thermal
insulation
Wall Floor Slab Junction -Thermal Bridge
Wall Floor Slab Junction -Thermal Bridge
Passive Design
Exercise: Calculating U-Values
Passive Design
Window Brands and Types: Material Choices
The proposed window is within acceptable range of Part L (U<2.2) but does not comply with PassivHaus starndard (U<0.8)
The proposed window just meets the requirement of PassivHaus (U<0.8)
Passive Design
Window Brands and Types: Material Choices
The two proposed glasses has a U-value less than PassivHaus requirement, but the one with lower SHGC is out of PassivHaus standard (SHGC>50%)
4mm OptiWhite
16mm argon
4mm K Glass OW
4mm OptiWhite
12mm krypton
4mm K Glass OW
12mm krypton
4mm K Glass OW
6mm Clear glass
13mm air
6mm Clear glass
Material Choices for Testing
Passive Design
Proposal for Windows : Types and Modules
Module A
Module B
Passive Design
Proposal for Windows : Irradiation Calculations
South (With Shading)
Module A Module B
West (With Shading)
Module A Module B
East
Module A Module B
North
Module A Module B
Average coldest month Average hottest month
Passive Design
Performances and Balances in Windows
Solar Heat Gain vs Heat Loss - Q
STR
vs Q
C
Passive Design
Performances and Balances in Windows
Passive Design
Performances and Balances in Windows
Passive Design
Performances and Balances in Windows
Passive Design
Comparisons of each type of window
Out of the three, Sungate 500 low E glass has the best performance. It has the highest gain in winter but lowest in summer.
This character reduces the chance to get overheating in summer at the same time help to prevent heat loss in winter. Sungate low E glass with lower SHGC is chosen for
east and south in order to prevent overheating in the summer.
Conclusion
-In winter, there is heat gain in all windows but the heat gain is probably not enough to ofset the heat loss when temperature is extreme
-In summer, all the windows produce a signifcant heat gain both from solar radiation and conduction as the temperature outside is often higher than the comfort zone.
This problem can be solved by
- installing adjustable sun shade or lourve
- opening windows to dissapate heat through natural ventilation
- mechanical cooling system
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling
Calcuation Methods
Winter
Qs
tr
+Qi= Qc+Qv
Minimun outside temperature to be found- Tout - The lowest temperature for passive heating to ofset any heat loss
Internal temperature (Tin) to be achieved = 18.5
o
C
Summer
Qstr+Qi=Qc +Qv
Maximun outside temperature to be found - Tout - The highest temperature for passive cooling in the building
Internal temperature (Tin) to be achieved = 23.5
o
C
Four Components to be considered and Assumptions
Qs
tr
Solar heat gain through window
Depending on size, orientation and material of the window
Assumptions: -No heat gain through as it involves simulation
-Incident solar radiation onto the windows are all transfered into the room as heat gain
Qi Internal heat gain for each space
Depending on the length of hours each equipment and lighting is used and the length of time people inhabiting each space
Assumption: -A normal ofce working day, everybody is around
Qc Conduction heat transfer through wall and windows
Depending on the materials and thermal brigdes
Assumptions: -There is no temperature diference between each room
Qv Ventilation losses or gains through openings
Depending on rate of air change and the volume of each room
Assumption: - N(air change rate)= 1 during winter- background ventilation
N(air change rate)= 6 during summer, windows are open
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling-Qs
Chosen Materials
Values above are obtained from the heat balances in window calculation
after the best materials are chosen for the window.
Assumptions: There is no conduction heat transfer through wall contributed
by solar heat gain
Amount of window panels in each room
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling-Qs
*Total Values of Qstr for panel (AorB) at orientation (South, West, East, North)= Amount of Panel x Value of Qstr if one panel(A or B)
at orientation (South, West, East, North)
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling-Qs
*Total Values of Qstr for panel (AorB) at orientation (South, West, East, North)= Amount of Panel x Value of Qstr if one panel(A or B)
at orientation (South, West, East, North)
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling-Average U-values and Thermal Bridges
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling-Average U-values and Thermal Bridges
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling-Qc
Qc Conduction Heat Transfer
Amount of Panels (Opaque, Window module A and B) and thermal bridges
Assumption: All internal rooms are at same temperature
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling-Qc
Qc= k)] x 24
*Assumption: the frame of the window panels is neglected as wood frame has rather low U-value
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling
Equations for Calculation of Room Trade of in the Coldest Month (February)
-The majority of Tout values are around 3
o
C to 9oC, while Tout for meeting rooms and technical library are quite high due to the
low internal gains and probably solar gain such as no window in the library.
-The minimum Tout found is -2.4 which occurs in the marketing ofce perhaps because of the high internal gains and wrong
assumption made for internal gains.
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling
Equations for Calculation of Room Trade of in the Hottest Month (August)
- The majority of Tout values obtained in the building are rather consistent, ranging from 17
o
C to 21
o
C.
- The maximun Tout found is 23.1
o
C which occurs in the tehnical library due to the low internal gains.
- The Tout obtained for project group is higher because of the large solar heat gain and internal gains
- The average Tout obtained is 19.859
o
C
Attempt to get maximum Tout for Passive Cooling
Before After
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling
Minimum Tout for Passive Heating
Maximum Tout for Passive Cooling
Average minimum temperature obtained from the coldest month = 6.245
o
C
This means the building could be heat up passively from March until December, but for some rooms which Tout obtained are higher, like meeting rooms and technical
library, fan heater can be installed to quickly provide and distribute heat when the rooms are in use. For January and February, it is quite hard to achieve passive heating,
it implies that heating system is defnitely required for both months.
Average maximum temperature obtained fromt the hottest month = 19.859
o
C
The means the building cannot be able to be cooled down from May untill September (Summer). This implies that more natural ventilation is needed during summer.
Mechanical ventilation and cooling system should be implemented for cooling down most rooms in summer.
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling
After some adjustment of the opaque panel, the minimum Tout for heating increased 0.25
o
C which is still fne for passive scenario.
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling
There is only minor increase of the maximum Temperature for Passive cooling, this means opaque panels are not having big impact on
the passive design for cooling.
Passive Design
Trade of with Passive Heating and Cooling
Conclusion
Passive heating of the building can be done quite well in this propos-
al. Internal gains possibly helped a lot to achieve that. However, to
further improve the passive heating, having conservatories attached
to the building (for example, entrance) acting as a green house that
collect heat for the building. Trombe wall may also be useful but it
blocks out daylight.
Passive cooling of the building is harder to achieve as the temper-
ature is quite high in summer. Evaporative cooling may be able to
help achieving the desired Tout. This can be done by having a roof
pool or by spraying over the roof. The cooling efect is rather obvious
by this method(Tn + 11K). Increasing air movement by cross ventila-
tion and stack ventilation can also help to improve passive cooling
of the building in summer. Internal gains also have to be calculated
more accurately (should be much lower) to reduce the impact on the
passive cooling. East facade should also have some shading to help
achieve the passive cooling
In this scenario, we do not take into account the mass efect of the
concrete panel which also transfers heat into building by conduc-
tion. The delay of this transfer also afected the internal temperature
at day and night, and thus my help to reduce the probability of over-
heating in the day, especially in summer.
South and west facade
South and east facade
Passive Design
Correction of Data
Due to the corrupted weather data fle and some technical problems, the weather data obtained for the calculations in the Passively
controlled scenario is actually wrong. (Minimum Temperature and Average Temperature). Nevertheless, there is no mixture between
right and wrong weather data in the passive scenario calculations. They are consistently wrong in all the calculations. However, the
correct weather data will be used in the actively controlled scenario. I hope this would not be a problem of assessing the coursework.
Strategies for Actively Controlled Scenario
Active Design
Strategies for Actively Controlled Scenario + Standards and Guides
Standards and Guides
ECON 19 - Energy uses in four ofce types
Values Calculated for heating and cooling in kWh/m
2
Gas and oil for heating- 90 % efciency Electricity for cooling - 130% efciency
Active Design
Proposal for Heating and Cooling Delivery System
The delivery of heating and cooling to the ofce spaces is in
the form of central heating and cooling. Heating and cool-
ing are produced centrally and distrubuted to all the ofce
spaces by ducts.
Local heating is also provided in a form of radiative heat-
ing panel built into the wall. It can be used during overtime
working hours in the ofce where only some people are in
the specifc spaces.
Extract and supply difusers are suspended
below the ceiling
Active Design
Proposal for Heating and Cooling Delivery System
Water based system
A two- pipe system uses one pipe to supply hot and chilled water to each
fan coil unit and another to return it to the central plant.
Fan coil units comtain an air flter and a centrifugal fan for drawing in a mix-
ture of room air and outside air over coils of heater or chilled water and then
blowing it back into the space.
Air conditioning controls not only the temperature but also afect
the humidity within a space.
Active Design
Proposal for Heating and Cooling Delivery System
Chosen Materials
The facade modules and panels used in the passively controlled scenario
will be tested for their workability in the actively controlled scenario.
48 =
= 17
= 11
Active Design
Sizing Heating and Cooling - Peak Loads(Oversimplifed)
Sizing Heating - Peak Loads at coldest hour
Worst case condition:
A day with no sun at all, Qs= 0
A day with vert few people in the ofce, Qi= 0
Sizing of the Duct System
Peak loads for heating(larger than cool-
ing load- see below chart) is calculated to
estimate the size of the mechanical system.
This determines one of the 3 types of media
(air, water, refrigerant) by the heating and
cooling capacity of the machine.
For general ofce, the ventilation requires
10L/s per pearson. In total. The maximum
number of occupants on a typical foor of
the ofce is 50, this means it will need 50L/s
or 0.5m3/s for ventilation.
Qmec = volume of air x specifc heat
capacity of air or water x temperature
diference between outside and inside
(contiunue to next page)
Active Design
Sizing Heating and Cooling - Peak Loads(Oversimplifed)
Sizing Cooling - Peak Loads at hottest hour
Worst case condition:
A day with a lot of sun, when G =very high
A day with many people in the ofce, Qi= maximum
Assumption: Hourly internal gains are divided by two as they were serioulsy overcalculated in the previous exercise
The result is much higher than the conventional one still due to the huge internal gains.
Air based system:
The peak heating power demand is 31
kW. To estimate the volume of air needed
to meet the heating demand, the specifc
heat capacity of air is 1.005kJ/m
3
K; this
means we could bring 1.16m
3
/s in of air to
raise 26.6
o
C to the inside air:
31 = V x 1.005 x 26.6
V = 1.16 m
3
/s
For air based heating system, the maxi-
mum speed of air that is carried through
the ductwork in general areas is 7m/s. To
carrying 1.16m3/s of air for heating, the
cross sectional area of the ductwork will be
1.16/7 = 0.166m2. (Quite large)
Water based system:
For water-based system, with a specifc heat
capacity of 4.186kJ/m3K, the volume of
water needed to bring in will be:
31 = V x 4.186 x 26.6
V = 0.278 m
3
/s < 1.16 m
3
/s
This is much smaller volume, thus smaller
ductwork will be needed.
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Heating Requirements
Qi+Qs-Qc-Qv+Qmec=0
Qmec= Qc+Qv- Qi- Qs
Qmec= (qc+qv)x HDH of the month -Qi x (working hours x working days of the month)- A x n x SHGC x G of the month
Monthly G value for each Window types on diferent facades with shading devices (from Ecotect)
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Heating Requirements
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Heating Requirements
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Heating Requirements
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Heating Requirements
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Heating Requirements
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Heating Requirements
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Heating Requirements
When calculating the monthly and annual heating requirements:
Qv = 0.33 x V x N x(HDH of the month)
Assumptions: N = 3, although we are actually aiming to minimise the energy use within the ofce
space , N=1 is not really possible to maintain throughout the year, air infltration and ventilation
through windows are inevitable (even though the building is assumed to be fully sealed in active
design)
Qi internal gains are also reduced twice of the original value deliberately as they are seriously over-
estimated from the passive design exercise.
Total Floor Area = 609m
2
Qi+Qs-Qc-Qv+Qmec=0
Qmec= Qc+Qv- Qi- Qs
Qmec= (qc+qv)x HDH of the month -Qi x (working hours x working days of the month)- A x n x SHGC x G of
the month
Results and conclusions
No heating required from May until September and only a little heating is needed in April and October. For the rest of the year, heating is essen-
tial to keep the ofce in the comfort zone. The value obtained for the annual heating requirements (87.989kWh/m
2
) exceeds the value in the ECO
19 guide for good practice 71.1kWh/m
2
, but it is within the value for typical one which is 131.9kWh/m
2
. In order to minimise the use of energy, U
- value of the opaque panels can be lowered down to trap a lot conduction heat. Increasing the solar heat gain coefcent of the windows might
also help to decrease the heating load. Internal gains could not be increased as it has been overestimated.
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Cooling Requirements
Qi+Qs+Qc+Qv-Qmec = 0
Qmec = Qi+Qs+Qc+Qv
Qmec = Qi x (working hours x working days of the month) + A x n x SHGC x G of the month + (qv+qc) x (CDH of the month)
If CDH is lower than around 600, there is no need to calculate the Qmec of the month because they make Qs and Qi null. Small CDH overemphasise the contribution
from internal and solar gains.
Monthly G value for each Window types on diferent facades with shading devices (from Ecotect)
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Cooling Requirements
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Cooling Requirements
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Cooling Requirements
Active Design
Monthly and Annual Cooling Requirements
Qi+Qs+Qc+Qv-Qmec = 0
Qmec = Qi+Qs+Qc+Qv
Qmec = Qi x (working hours x working days of the month) + A x n x SHGC x G of the month + (qv+qc) x (CDH of
the month)
When calculatig the monthly and annual cooling requirements:
Qi is also deliberately reduced twice as the original value as it has been overestimated
Qv = 0.33 x V x N x (CDH of the month)
N=1, when the cooling is on, considering there is only little background ventilation and window is
closed.
Result and conclusion
There are only fve months of which CDHs are higher and 600, most cooling is required in July and Aug, while the rest is rather similar. The value of the
annual cooling requirements 53.5kWh/m2 largely exceeds the value in ECO 19 guide, which is 2.6 kWh/m2 for typical. This extreme value is due to the
overestimation of internal gains in each room. Insufcient shading on the east facade would also contribute to this higher annual cooling load due
higher incident solar radiation.
In order to minimise the energy use, lower U-value of the opaque panels will help to reduce the conduction heat transfer from outside to inside. Chang-
ing the SHGC of the glazing properties can also help to reduce the solar gains during the summer.
Generally, annual heating requirement is higer than the cooling
one, which means throughout the year, there is a net require-
ment of heating, in other words, there is a need to provide heat
to building throughout the year.
Annual heating requirement = 87.9
Annual cooling requirement = 53.5
Active Design
Attempt to minimise monthly and Annual Cooling Requirements
In order to minimise the annual cooling requirement in the ofce, thicker insulation is used to obtain lower U value , 0.088. However, similar to the
passive design, Qc only play a small part for heat gain and loss within the building, there is only minimal change from the results before:
Before Before After After
There is only a decrease of 0.3kWh/m
2
for annual heating requirement, while
the change of the opaque panel only reduce 0.1kWh/m
2
for cooling require-
ment.
Active Design
Conclusion and Suggestion of improvement
Conclusion
Comparison between both actively and passively controlled scenarios
In actively controlled scenario, the annual heating requirement is around
the value that required in ECO 19 guide, even though it is still little bit
higher than the good practice.However, annual heating requirements is
far low than the ECO 19 value range.
Qc---Changes of opaque panel have been made to minimise the cooling
requirement. The result is still not desirable. Qs---More shading devices
are needed on east facade. Lower SHGC glasses could help to reduce the
annual cooling requirement but increase the annual heating requirement.
Qv --- Although this can be a gain or loss under diferent circumtances,
higher air change rate can widen the comfort zone during the summer,
which helps to reduce the CDH.
As mention earlier, Qi is the main contributor to such an extreme high
value of annual cooling requirement. To improve the result, the planning
needs to be reorganised and reassess the schedule of working hours.
The proposal for passive scenario is rather successful as a awhole. Average T out obtained is around 6.3 oC for passive heating and 19.5 oC for passive cool-
ing. There are around 6 months that could be completely heated up or cooled down passively. However, the proposal for active scenario is not as success-
ful. Too much energy is to be consumed to achieve actively controlled scenario.
In order to achieve optimum comfort level for the ofce, integration of both is needed to make the building closer to the acceptable range throughout the
year. The weather in trieste is rather unpredictable from our own experience, passive design needs the help from mechanical system at certain time, like-
wise actively controlled scenario needs passive solar heating to reduce thermal load.
In a nutshell, more accurate calculations by computer simulation and complicated formulas are actually needed to obtain accurate results.