RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

THANDALAM, CHENNAI 602 105

DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
LESSON PLAN (JUNE 2011 NOV 2011
Faculty Name / Code : V.Gayathri / BT1!(S"#$%& L"'()&"& *
S.Thiruvengadam + BT10, (S"#$%& L"'()&"&
Sub Code / Name : GE 2021-Professional Etics !nd "uman #alues
Class : # Semester (Sec ! / $%

GE 2021- PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND HUMAN VALUES

UNIT I HUMAN VALUES
The Story o ! C!r"e#ter
An elderly carpenter was ready to retire. He told his employer-contractor of his plans
to leave the house- building business and live a more leisurely life with his wife
enjoying his extended family.
He would miss his paycheck, but he needed to retire. They could get by. The
contractor was sorry to see his good worker go and asked if he could build just one
more house as a personal favor.
The carpenter said yes, but in time it was easy to see that his heart was not in his
work. He resorted to shoddy workmanship and used inferior materials. t was an
unfortunate way to end his career.

!hen the carpenter finished his work and the builder came to inspect the house, the
contractor handed over the house key to the carpenter. "This is your house,# he
said, "it is my parting gift to you.#
!hat a shock$ !hat a %hame$ f only he had known he was building his own house,
he would have done it all so differently. &ow he had to live in the home he built none
too well.

'(odified from )*&+ !TH H,&,-. by %H* /H0.A1
2o we find ourselves in similar situations as the carpenter3

Moving through our work hours fast paced, driven to get the jo done!, without
much thought to mora" va"ues.
How do we regain our focus as individuals and organi4ations3

This is the cha""enge for the emp"oyee and the emp"oyer.
#thics are fundamenta" standards of conduct y which we work as a professiona".
VALUES
Va"ues are individua" in nature.
Va"ues are comprised of persona" concepts of responsii"ity, entit"ement and
respect.
Va"ues are shaped y persona" e$perience, may change over the span of a
"ifetime and may e inf"uenced y "essons "earned.
Va"ues may vary according to an individua"%s cu"tura", ethnic and/or faith&
ased ackground.
"&ever change your core values.#
'n spite of a"" the change around you, decide upon what you wi"" never change( your
core va"ues.
Take your time to decide what they are ut once you do, do not compromise on them
for any reason.
ntegrity is one such va"ue.
MORALS
Mora"s are guiding princip"es that every citi)en shou"d ho"d.
Mora"s are foundationa" concepts defined on oth an individua" and societa"
"eve".
*t the most asic "eve", mora"s are the know"edge of the difference etween
right and wrong.
PERSONAL ETHICS
Simp"y put, a"" individua"s are mora""y autonomous eings with the power and
right to choose their va"ues, ut it does not fo""ow that a"" choices and a"" va"ue
systems have an e+ua" c"aim to e ca""ed ethica".
*ctions and e"iefs inconsistent with the Si$ ,i""ars of -haracter &
trustworthiness, respect, responsii"ity, fairness, caring and citi)enship & are
simp"y not ethica".
PERSONAL ETHICS & everyday e$amp"es
& Software piracy
& #$pense account padding
& -opying of homework or tests
& 'ncome ta$es
& .orrowing! nuts and o"ts, office supp"ies from emp"oyer
& -opying of Videos or -/%s
& ,"agiarism
& 0sing the copy machine at work
RELIGION AND ETHICS
& The Go"den 1u"e! is a asic tenet in a"most a"" re"igions( -hristian, 2indu,
3ewish, -onfucian, .uddhist, Mus"im.
& /o unto others as you wou"d have others do unto you.!
& Treat others as you wou"d "ike them to treat you! 4-hristian5.
& 2urt not others with that which pains you! 4.uddhist5
& 6hat is hatefu" to yourse"f do not do to your fe""ow men!
43udaism5
& 7o man is a true e"iever un"ess he desires for his rother that
which he desires for himse"f! 4's"am5
MORALIT$ AND ETHICS
-oncerns the goodness of vo"untary human conduct that affects the se"f or
other "iving things
Mora"ity 48atin mores5 usua""y refers to any aspect of human action
#thics 4Greek ethos5 common"y refers on"y to professiona" ehavior
#thics consist of the app"ication of fundamenta" mora" princip"es and ref"ect
our dedication to fair treatment of each other, and of society as a who"e.
*n individua"%s own va"ues can resu"t in acceptance or rejection of society%s
ethica" standards ecause even thoughtfu""y deve"oped ethica" ru"es can
conf"ict with individua" va"ues.
ASPECTS OF ETHICS
There are two aspects to ethics(
The first invo"ves the ai"ity to discern right from wrong, good from evi" and
propriety from impropriety.
The second invo"ves the commitment to do what is right, good and proper.
#thics entai"s action.
*n *8G#.1* course wi"" teach you *8G#.1*.
* 2'ST91: course wi"" teach you 2'ST91:.
* M*7*G#M#7T course wi"" teach you princip"es of M*7*G#M#7T.
.ut, 6i"" an 0TH5% course teach you to e #TH5A);
Think <
UNIT II - ENGINEERING ETHICS
Techno"ogy can have no "egitimacy un"ess it inf"icts no harm!&*dm.2.G. 1ickover,
father of the 0S nuc"ear navy.
' !hat does Adm. .ickover mean by this3
' %hould engineers avoid technology that has the potential for inflicting
harm on a society or its members3
& #ngineers have an ethica" and socia" responsii"ity to themse"ves, their c"ients
and society.
& ,ractica""y 4a"though there is much deate aout this5, engineering ethics is
aout a"ancing cost, schedu"e, and risk.
ENGINEERING ETHICS is(
& the study of mora" issues and decisions confronting individua"s and
organi)ations invo"ved in engineering and
& the study of re"ated +uestions aout mora" idea"s, character, po"icies and
re"ationships of peop"e and organi)ations invo"ved in techno"ogica" activity.
TRAINING IN PREVENTIVE ETHICS
& Stimu"ating the mora" imagination
& 1ecogni)ing ethica" issues
& /eve"oping ana"ytica" ski""s
& #"iciting a sense of responsii"ity
& To"erating disagreement and amiguity
IMPEDIMENTS TO RESPONSI%ILIT$
& Se"f&interest.
& =ear.
& Se"f&deception.
& 'gnorance.
& #gocentric tendencies.
& Microscopic vision.
& Groupthink.
&UESTIONA%LE ENGINEERING PRACTICES
& Trimming > smoothing of irregu"arities to make data "ook e$treme"y accurate
and precise!
& -ooking > retaining on"y those resu"ts that fit the theory and discarding
others!.
& =orging > inventing some or a"" of the research data?!
& ,"agiarism > misappropriating inte""ectua" property.
& -onf"icts of interest 4such as accepting gifts.5
' actua"
' potentia"
' apparent
CLEARL$ 'RONG ENGINEERING PRACTICES
& 8ying
& /e"ierate deception
& 6ithho"ding information
& =ai"ing to ade+uate"y promote the dissemination of information
& =ai"ure to seek out the truth
& 1evea"ing confidentia" or proprietary information
& *""owing one%s judgment to e corrupted.
SENSES OF E(PRESSION OF ENGG) ETHICS
#thics is an activity and area of in+uiry. 't is the activity of understanding
mora" va"ues, reso"ving mora" issues and the area of study resu"ting from that
activity.
6hen we speak of ethica" pro"ems, issues and controversies, we mean to
distinguish them from non mora" pro"ems.
#thics is used to refer to the particu"ar set of e"iefs, attitudes and haits that
a person or group disp"ays concerning mora"ities.
#thics and its grammatica" variants can e used as synonyms for @mora""y
correct%.
VARIETIES or APPROACHES OF MORAL ISSUES
(5.,-0TH5% emphasi)es typica""y everyday pro"ems that can take on
significant proportions in an engineer%s "ife or entire engineering office.
(A5.,-0TH5% addresses societa" pro"ems that are often shunted aside and are
not addressed unti" they une$pected"y resurface on a regiona" or nationa" sca"e.
MORAL PRO%LEMS IN ENGINEERING
4S9M# #A*M,8#S5
B.C. *n inspector discovered fau"ty construction e+uipment and app"ied a vio"ation
tag, preventing its use. The supervisor, a construction manager viewed the case as a
minor arasion of the safety regu"ations and ordered the remova" of the tag to speed
up the project. 6hen the inspector ojected to this, he was threatened with
discip"inary action.
B.D. *n e"ectric uti"ity company app"ied for a permit to operate a nuc"ear power p"ant.
The "icensing agency was interested in knowing what emergency measures had
een esta"ished for humans safety in case of reactor ma"functioning. The uti"ity
engineers descried the a"arm system and arrangements with "oca" hospita"s for
treatment. They did not emphasi)e that this measures app"ied to p"ant personne"
on"y and that they had no p"ans for the surrounding popu"ation. 6hen en+uired aout
their omission, they said it was not their responsii"ity.
B.E. * chemica" p"ant dumped wastes in a "andfi"". 2a)ardous sustances found their
way into the underground water ta"e. The p"ant%s engineers were aware of the
situation ut did not change the method of disposa" ecause their competitors did it
the same cheap way, and no "aw e$p"icit"y forade the practice.
B.B. #"ectronics -ompany *.- geared up for production of its own version of a
popu"ar new item. The product was not yet ready for sa"e, ut even so, pictures and
impressive specifications appeared in advertisements. ,rospective customers were
"ed to e"ieve that it was avai"a"e off the she"f and were drawn away from competing
"ines.

T$PES OF IN&UIRIES
1) NORMATIVE IN&UIR$
These are aout @what ought to e% and @what is good%. These +uestions identify and
a"so justify the mora""y desira"e norms or standards.
Some of the +uestions are(
*. 2ow far engineers are o"igated to protect pu"ic safety in given
situations;
.. 6hen shou"d engineers start whist"e "owing on dangerous practices of
their emp"oyers;
-. 6hose va"ues are primary in taking a mora" decision, emp"oyee, pu"ic
or govt;
/. 6hy are engineers o"igated to protect pu"ic safety;
#. 6hen is govt justified in interfering on such issues and why;
2) CONCEPTUAL IN&UIR$:
These +uestions shou"d "ead to c"arifications on concepts, princip"es and issues in
ethics. #$amp"es are(
*5 6hat is @S*=#T:% and how is it re"ated to @1'SF%
.5 @,rotect the safety, hea"th and we"fare of pu"ic%&6hat does this
statement mean;
-5 6hat is a rie;
/5 6hat is a @profession% and who are @professiona"s%;
*) FACTUAL +DESCRIPTIVE, IN&UIRIES
These are in+uiries used to uncover information using scientific techni+ues. These
in+uiries get to information aout usiness rea"ities, history of engineering
profession, procedures used in assessment of risks and engineers psycho"ogy.
'hy -t./y ENGINEERING ETHICS
#7G'7##1'7G #T2'-S is a means to increase the ai"ity of concerned engineers,
managers, citi)ens and others to responsi"y confront mora" issues raised y
techno"ogica" activities.
MORAL DILEMMMA
There are three types of comp"e$ities.
V*G0#7#SS( This comp"e$ity arises due to the fact that it is not c"ear to
individua"s as to which mora" considerations or princip"es app"y to their
situation.
-97=8'-T'7G 1#*S97S( #ven when it is perfect"y c"ear as to which mora"
princip"e is app"ica"e to one%s situation, there cou"d deve"op a situation where
in two or more c"ear"y app"ica"e mora" princip"es come into conf"ict.
/'S*G1##M#7T( 'ndividua"s and groups may disagree how to interpret,
app"y and a"ance mora" reasons in particu"ar situations.
Steps in confronting M91*8 /'8#MM*S(
i5 'dentify the re"evant mora" factors and reasons.
ii5 Gather a"" avai"a"e facts that are pertinent to the mora" factors
invo"ved.
iii5 1ank the mora" considerations in the order of their importance as they
app"y to the situation.
iv5 -onsider a"ternative course of action, tracing the fu"" imp"ications of
each, as ways of so"ving di"emma.
v5 Ta"k with co""eagues, seeking the suggestions and perspectives of the
di"emma.
vi5 *rrive at a carefu""y reasoned judgment y weighing a"" the re"evant
mora" factors and reasons in "ight of facts.
*"" the aove steps are distinct, even though they are inter&
re"ated and can often e taken joint"y
MORAL AUTONOM$
& This is viewed as the ski"" and hait of thinking rationa""y aout ethica"
issues on the asis of mora" concerns independent"y or y se"f&
determination.
& *utonomous individua"s think for themse"ves and do not assume that
customs are a"ways right.
& They seek to reason and "ive y genera" princip"es.
& Their motivation is to do what is mora""y reasona"e for its own sake,
maintaining integrity, se"f&respect, and respect for others.
9ne who reaks an unjust "aw must do so open"y, "oving"y, and with a wi""ingness to
accept the pena"ty. ' sumit that an individua" who reaks a "aw that conscience te""s
him is unjust and wi""ing"y accepts the pena"ty? is in rea"ity e$pressing the highest
respect for the "aw.! .ev. (artin )uther /ing, 6r. in 8etter from a .irmingham 3ai",
CGHE.
* person ecomes mora""y autonomous y improving various practica" ski""s "isted
e"ow(
i5 ,roficiency is recogni)ing mora" pro"ems and issues in engineering.
ii5 Ski"" in comprehending, c"arifying and critica""y assessing arguments
on opposing sides of mora" issues.
iii5 The ai"ity to form consistent and comprehensive viewpoints ased
upon consideration of re"evant facts.
iv5 *wareness of a"ternate responses to issues and creative so"utions for
practica" difficu"ties.
v5 Sensitivity to genuine difficu"ties and sut"eties
vi5 'ncreased precision in the use of a common ethica" "anguage
necessary to e$press and a"so defend one%s views ade+uate"y.
vii5 *ppreciation of possii"ities of using rationa" dia"ogue in reso"ving mora"
conf"icts and the need for to"erance of differences in perspective
among ora""y reasona"e peop"e.
viii5 * sense of importance of integrating one%s professiona" "ife and
persona" convictions i.e. maintaining one%s mora" integrity.
0OHL%ERG1S THEOR$
ST*G#S 9= M91*8 /#V#89,M#7T
& 7re-conventional )evel
6hatever enefits onese"f or avoids punishment. This is the "eve" of
deve"opment of a"" young chi"dren. &*void punishment I Gain 1eward
& 5onventional )evel
0ncritica" acceptance of one%s fami"y, group or society are accepted as fina"
standard of mora"ity. Most adu"ts do not mature eyond this stage. &C.Gain
*pprova" I *void /isapprova" I D. /uty I Gui"t
& 7ost-conventional )evel
Motivation to do what is mora""y reasona"e for its own sake, rather than
so"e"y from u"terior motives, with a"so a desire to maintain their mora" integrity,
se"f&respect and the respect of other autonomous individua"s. They are
@Mora""y autonomous% peop"e. &C. *greed upon rights I D. ,ersona" mora"
standards
GILLIGAN1S THEOR$
7re-conventional )evel
This is the same as Foh"erg%s first "eve" in that the person is preoccupied
with se"f centered reasoning, caring for the needs and desires of se"f.
5onventional
2ere the thinking is opposite in that, one is preoccupied with not hurting
others and a wi""ingness to sacrifice one%s own interests in order to he"p or
nurture others 4or retain friendship5.
7ost-conventional )evel
*chieved through conte$t&oriented reasoning, rather than y app"ying astract
ru"es ranked in a hierarchy of importance. 2ere the individua" ecomes a"e to
strike a reasoned a"ance etween caring aout other peop"e and pursuing
one%s own se"f&interest whi"e e$ercising one%s rights.
D2ere#3e- 4et5ee# the T'O THEORIES
F928.#1G G'88'G*7
. 0thics of rules and rights 0thics of care
. %tudies based on well educated,
white male8s only, tending male bias.
%tudies included females and colored
peoples
. Application of abstract rules ranked
in the order of importance
Application of context-oriented reasoning.
*. %tudies were hypothesi4ed for both
the genders even though the study was
conducted mostly on males
%tudy was conducted on both genders
and it was found, men based their
reasoning on 9justice8 and women based
theirs on 9care8
HEIN61S DILEMMA
The famous e$amp"e used y Foh"erg was ca""ed 2ein)%s di"emma!. * woman
"iving in #urope wou"d die of cancer un"ess she was given an e$pensive drug. 2er
husand, 2ein), cou"d not afford it. .ut the "oca" pharmacist, who had invented the
drug at on"y one tenth of the sa"e price refused to se"" it to 2ein) who cou"d on"y raise
ha"f the re+uired money from orrowings. /esperation drives 2ein) to reak into the
pharmacy and stea" the drug to save his wife.
6hen respondents were asked whether and why 2ein) shou"d or shou"d not stea" a
drug to save his wife from a "ife&threatening i""ness. The responses of the individua"s
were compared with a prototypica" response of individua"s at particu"ar stages of
mora" reasoning. Foh"erg noted that irrespective of the "eve" of the individua" the
response cou"d e same, ut the reasoning cou"d e different.
=or e$amp"e, if a chi"d reasoning at a @preconventiona"% "eve" might say that it is not
right to stea" ecause it is against "aw and someone might see you.
*t a @conventiona"% "eve", an individua" might argue that it is not right to stea" ecause
it is against "aw and "aws are necessary for society to function.
*t a @postconventiona"% "eve", one may argue that stea"ing is wrong ecause is
against "aw and it is immora".
CONSENSUS AND CONTROVERS$
CONTROVERS$(
& *"" individua"s wi"" not arrive at same verdict during their e$ercising their mora"
autonomy.
& *ristot"e noted "ong ago that mora"ity is not as precise and c"ear&cut as
arithmetic.
& *im of teaching engg ethics is not to get unanimous conformity of out"ook y
indoctrination, authoritarian and dogmatic teaching, hypnotism or any other
techni+ue ut to improve promotion of to"erance in the e$ercise of mora"
autonomy.
CONSENSUS:
The conductor of a music orchestra has authority over the musicians and his
authority is respected y them y consensus as otherwise the music performance
wi"" suffer. 2ence the authority and autonomy are compati"e.
9n the other hand, tension arises etween the needs for autonomy and the need for
concerns aout authority. The difference etween the two shou"d e discussed
open"y to reso"ve the issue to the common good.
PROFESSIONS AND PROFESSIONALISM
#ngineers norma""y imagine that they are servants to organi)ations rather than a
pu"ic guardian. 1esponsii"ity to the pu"ic is essentia" for a professiona".
6ho is a professiona";
& 9vious"y a member of a profession.
6hat is a profession;
@39.% or @9--0,*T'97% that meets the fo""owing criteria from which a person earns
his living.
Fnow"edge > #$ercise of ski""s, know"edge, judgment and discretion re+uiring
e$tensive forma" criteria.
9rgani)ation & specia" odies y memers of the profession to set standard
codes of ethics,
,u"ic good&The occupation serves some important pu"ic good indicated y
a code of ethics.
6ho is a professiona" engineer;
& 2as a ache"or%s degree in engineering from an accredited schoo"
& ,erforms engineering work
& 's a registered and "icensed ,rofessiona" #ngineer
& *cts in a mora""y responsi"e way whi"e practicing engineering
/iffering views on ,rofessiona"s
9n"y consu"ting engineers who are asica""y independent and have freedom from
coercion can e ca""ed as professiona"s.! &1oert 8.6hite"aw
,rofessiona"s have to meet the e$pectations of c"ients and emp"oyers. ,rofessiona"
restraints are to e imposed y on"y "aws and government regu"ations and not y
persona" conscience.! &Samue" ="orman
#ngineers are professiona"s when they C5 attain standards of achievement in
education, jo performance or creativity in engineering and D5 accept the most asic
mora" responsii"ities to the pu"ic as we"" as emp"oyers, c"ients, co""eagues and
suordinates.! &Mike Martin I 1o"and Schin)inger
MOTIVES FOR PROFESSIONALISM
* desire for interesting and cha""enging work and the p"easure in the act of
changing the wor"d.
The joy of creative efforts. 6here a scientist%s interest is in discovering new
techno"ogy, engineers interest is derived from creative"y so"ving practica"
pro"ems.
The engineer shares the scientist%s jo in understanding the "aws and ridd"es
of the universe.
The sheer magnitude of the nature > oceans, rivers, mountains and prairies >
"eads engineers to ui"d engineering marve"s "ike ships, ridges, tunne"s, etc.,
which appea" to human passion.
The p"easure of eing in the presence of machines generating a comforting
and asoring sense of a managea"e, contro""ed and ordered wor"d.
Strong sense of he"ping, of directing efforts towards easing the "ot of one%s
fe""ows.
The main p"easure of the engineer wi"" a"ways e to contriute to the we""&eing of
his fe""ow&men.
MODELS OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS
C. S*V'91( The representative engineer is a savior who wi"" redeem
society from poverty, inefficiency, waste and the drudgery of manua" "aour.
D. G0*1/'*7( #ngineers know, the directions in which and pace at which,
techno"ogy shou"d deve"op.
E. .01#*0-1*T'- S#1V*7T( The engineer as the "oya" organi)ation
person uses specia" ski""s to so"ve pro"ems.
B. S9-'*8 S#1V*7T( #ngineers, in co&operation with management, have
the task of receiving society%s directives and satisfying society%s desires.
J. S9-'*8 #7*.8#1 *7/ -*T*8:ST( #ngineers p"ay a vita" ro"e eyond
mere comp"iance with orders. They he"p management and society understand
their own needs and to make informed decisions.
H. G*M# ,8*:#1( #ngineers are neither servants nor masters of anyone.
They p"ay y the economic game ru"es that happen to e in effect at a given
time.
T$PES OF ETHICAL THEORIES
S.79 T:,#S .*S#/ 97
C Virtue ethics Virtues and vices
D 0ti"itarianism Most good for most peop"e
E /uty ethics /uties to respect persons
B 1ights ethics 2uman 1ights
VIRTUE ETHICS
& "The unexamined life is not worth living.#
4Socrates, BKL&EGG ..-.5
& "The happy life is thought to be virtuous: now a virtuous life re;uires exertion
and does not consist in amusement.# 4*ristot"e, EMB&EDD ..-.5
The =our Main Virtues
& ,rudence 4mind5( to think aout a mora" pro"em c"ear"y and comp"ete"y
& Temperance 4emotions5( contro" attraction to positive emotions
& =ortitude 4emotions5( contro" aversion for negative emotions
& 3ustice 4wi""5( choose according to truth and fairness.
Virtue #thics
& =ocuses on the type of person we shou"d strive to e
& *ctions which ref"ect good character traits 4virtues5 are inherent"y right
& *ctions which ref"ect bad character traits 4vices5 are inherent"y wrong
& Virtue ethics are tied more to individua" ehavior than to that of an
organi)ation 4e.g. usiness, government5
A.%T,T)0 says that mora" virtues are tendencies, ac+uired through hait
formation, to reach a proper a"ance etween e$tremes in conduct, emotion, desire
and attitude i.e. virtues are tendencies to find the Go"den Mean etween the
e$tremes of too much and too "itt"e.
Some of the virtues are defined using e$amp"es here(
Virtue Too much Too "ess
4Go"den mean etween e$tremes5
5ourage <oolhardiness 5owardice
Truthfulness .evealing all in violation of
tact and confidentiality
=eing secretive or
lacking in candor
+enerosity !asting one8s resources =eing miserly
<riendliness =eing annoyingly effusive %ulky or surly
PROFESSIONAL RESPONSI%ILIT$
.eing mora""y responsi"e as a professiona".
Most asic and comprehensive professiona" virtue.
-reation of usefu" and safe techno"ogica" products whi"e respecting the
autonomy of c"ients and pu"ic, especia""y in matters of risk taking.
This encompasses a wide variety of the more specific virtues grouped as fo""ows(
C. S#8= /'1#-T'97 V'1T0#S(
=undamenta" virtues in e$ercising our mora" autonomy and responsii"ity. e.g.
se"f understanding, humi"ity, good mora" judgment, courage, se"f discip"ine,
perseverance, commitments, se"f&respect and dignity
D. ,0.8'- S,'1'T#/ V'1T0#S(
=ocusing on the good of the c"ients and pu"ic affected y the engineers% work
y . not direct"y and intentiona""y harming others i.e. @nonma"eficence%.
.enificence, sense of community, generosity are other virtues fa""ing in this
category.
E. T#*M691F V'1T0#S(
#na"es professiona"s to work successfu""y with others. #.g. co""egia"ity,
cooperativeness, the ai"ity to communicate, respect for authority, "oya"ty to
emp"oyers and "eadership +ua"ities.
B. ,19='-'#7-: V'1T0#S(
Mastery of one%s craft that characteri)e good engineering practice e.g.
competence, di"igence, creativity, se"f&renewa" through continuous education.
MORAL INTEGRIT$
Mora" integrity is the unity of character on the asis of mora" concern, and especia""y
on the asis of honesty. The unity is consistency among our attitudes, emotions and
conduct in re"ation to justified mora" va"ues.
SELF-RESPECT
Va"uing onese"f in mora""y appropriate ways.
'ntegra" to finding meaning in one%s "ife and work
* pre&re+uisite for pursuing other mora" idea"s and virtues.
Se"f&respect is a mora" concept of proper"y va"uing onese"f ut se"f&esteem
is a psycho"ogica" concept of positive attitude towards onese"f.
Se"f&respect takes two forms.

C. .ecognition self-respect is proper"y va"uing onese"f ecause of one%s inherent
mora" worth, the same worth that every other human eing has.
D. Appraisal self-respect is proper"y va"uing ourse"ves according to how we"" we
meet mora" standards and our persona" idea"s.
VARIOUS SENSES OF RESPONSI%ILIT$
1esponsii"ity ascried y i5 virtue, ii5 o"igations, iii5 genera" mora" capacities of
peop"e, iv5 "iai"ities and accountai"ity for actions and v5 "ameworthiness or
praiseworthiness.
C. .y virtue( * person is said to e a responsi"e person when we ascrie a
mora" virtue to the person. 6e e$pect that the person is regu"ar"y concerned to
do the right thing, is conscientious and di"igent in meeting o"igations. 'n this
sense, professiona" responsii"ity is the centra" virtue of engineers.
D. .y o"igation( Mora" responsii"ities can e thought of as o"igations or
duties to perform mora""y right acts.
E. .y genera" mora" capacity( 6hen we view a person as a who"e rather than
one with respect to a specific area, we are actua""y thinking aout the active
capacity of the person for knowing how to act in mora""y appropriate ways e.g.
the capacity of chi"dren grow as they mature and "earn.
B. .y accountai"ity( 1esponsii"ity a"so means eing accounta"e,
answera"e or "ia"e to meet particu"ar o"igations. The virtue of professiona"
responsii"ity imp"ies a wi""ingness to e accounta"e for one%s conduct.
J. .y eing "ameworthy( 6hen accountai"ity for a wrongdoing is at issue,
responsi"e ecomes a synonym for "ameworthy. 6hen right conduct is the
issue, the conte$t is praiseworthiness.
CAUSAL AND LEGAL RESPONSI%ILITIES

5ausal .esponsibility( consists simp"y in eing a cause of some event. #.g. "ightning
as eing responsi"e for a house catching fire.
)egal .esponsibility( consists simp"y in eing a cause for harm that was so un"ike"y
and a"so unforeseea"e that no mora" responsii"ity is invo"ved.
UTILITARIANISM
& That which produces the ma$imum enefit for the greatest numer of peop"e
4e.g. /emocracy5
& Tries to achieve a a"ance etween the good and ad conse+uences of an
action
& Tries to ma$imi)e the we""&eing of society and emphasi)es what wi"" provide
the most enefits to the "argest group of peop"e
& This method is fundamenta" to many types of engineering ana"ysis, inc"uding
risk&enefit ana"ysis and cost&enefit ana"ysis
/rawacks(
Sometimes what is est for the community as a who"e is ad for certain
individua"s in the community
't is often impossi"e to know in advance which decision wi"" "ead to the
most good
,rgani4ing 7rinciples to .esolving 0thical ssues
& 0ti"itarian thinking
> a standard that promotes those individua" actions or ru"es that produce the
greatest tota" amount of uti"ity to those affected.
' * code that enjoins engineers to promote the safety, hea"th, and we"fare of
the pu"ic.
' 6hat is uti"ity, though; 2appiness;
,reference uti"itarianism

> promote those conditions that a""ow each individua" to pursue happiness as he
or she conceives it.
' Two conditions necessary for this( freedom and we""&eing.
' ,ractica""y, for engineers, this advocates cost/enefit ana"yses.
,ro"ems with 0ti"itarianism
& /ifficu"t to +uantify enefits for *88 those affected.
& Greatest good! difficu"t to app"y to an a""&inc"usive popu"ation.
& Someone gets shafted! > approach justifies perpetrating injustice on
individua"s, i.e., someone gets "eft out.
& Three approaches(
C. -ost/enefit > +uantifia"e approach. Ma$imi)e positive uti"ities 4enefits5
against negative uti"ities 4costs5.
D. *ct uti"itarian > 6i"" the course of action produce more good than any
a"ternative course of action that ' cou"d take!;
E. 1u"e uti"itarian > 6ou"d uti"ity e ma$imi)ed if everyone did the same
thing in the same circumstances!; *doption of common"y accepted ru"es.
1) COST-%ENEFIT ANAL$SIS:
*ssess the avai"a"e options
*ssess the costs and enefits of each option for the entire audience
affected
Make the decision that is "ike"y to resu"t in the greatest enefit
re"ative to cost.
2) ACT-UTILITARIANISM:
4professed y 3ohn Stuart Mi""s5
=ocuses on individua" actions, rather than genera" ru"es.
*n act is right if it is "ike"y to produce the most good for the most peop"e
invo"ved in the particu"ar situation.
1u"es may e roken whenever doing so wi"" produce the most good in a
specific situation.
2appiness is the on"y @intrinsic% good and a"" others are @instrumenta"%
goods that serve as the means of happiness.
*) RULE-UTILITARIANISM:
4professed y 1ichard .randt5
This regards mora" va"ues as primary.
6e shou"d fo""ow the ru"es and avoid ries, even when those acts do not
have the est conse+uences in a particu"ar situation, ecause the genera"
practice of fo""owing ru"es and not riing produce the most overa"" good
1u"es shou"d e considered in sets ca""ed @mora" codes%. * mora" code is
justified when fo""owed, wou"d ma$imi)e the pu"ic good more than a"ternative
codes wou"d.
DUT$ ETHICS +I77!#.e8 0!#t1- 92e5,
-ontends that certain acts 4or duties5 shou"d e performed ecause they are
inherent"y ethica" such as(
e honest,
keep promises,
do not inf"ict sufferings on other peop"e,
e fair,
make reparation when you have een unfair,
how gratitude for kindness e$tended y others
seek to improve own inte""igence and character,
deve"op one%s ta"ents,
don%t commit suicide.
/uties, rather than good conse+uences, is fundamenta".
'ndividua"s who recogni)e their ethica" duties wi"" choose ethica""y
correct mora" actions
These duties shou"d meet Fant%s E conditions i.e.

C. 't shou"d e$press respect for persons,
,eop"e deserve respect ecause they have capacity to
e autonomous and for exercising goodwill.
Goodwi"" is the conscientious and honest effort to do what
is right according to universa" princip"es of duties.
Mora" motives and intentions p"ay a prominent ro"e in duty
ethics rather than uti"itarianism.
D. 't is an universa" princip"e
/uties are inding on us on"y if they are app"ica"e to everyone. They
must e universa"isa"e.
E.'t e$presses command for autonomous mora" agents. /uties prescrie certain
actions categorica""y, without +ua"ifications or conditions attached. Va"id princip"es
of duties are 5ategorical mperatives. They contrast with non&mora" commands
ca""ed Hypothetical mperatives which are conditiona".
The aove NO @1#S,#-T for ,#1S97S%

2rawback of /ant8s duty ethics> 't has fai"ed to e sensitive to how princip"es of duty
can conflict with each other therey creating Mora" di"emmas.
R!58- De9e8o"7e#t o# 0!#t1- D.ty Eth23-
1aw"s argues that a"" rationa" peop"e wou"d agree to aide y two asic mora"
princip"es(
C. #ach person is entit"ed to the most e$tensive amount of "ierty compati"e with an
e+ua" amount for others and
D. /ifferences in socia" power and economic enefits are justified on"y when they are
"ike"y to enefit everyone, inc"uding memers of most disadvantaged groups.
RIGHTS ETHICS +:OHN LOC0E 1;*2-1<0=,

& #veryone has inherent mora" rights
& #veryone has rights that arise from 0?%T&+ 4i.e. right to 8ife, ma$imum
individua" 8ierty, and human /ignity are =undamenta" 1ights5.
& 9ther rights arise as a -onse+uence.
& /uties arise ecause peop"e have rights, not vice versa.
& *ny act that vio"ates an individua"%s mora" rights is ethica""y unaccepta"e.
& 1ights ethics was high"y individua"istic.
& 1ights are primari"y entit"ements that prevent other peop"e from medd"ing in
one%s "ife. These are referred to as 8ierty 1ights or 7egative 1ights that p"ace
duties on other peop"e not to interfere with one%s "ife.
e.g. 'ndividua"s do not have rights to "ife ecause others have duties not to ki""
them. 'nstead, possessing the right to "ife is the reason why others ought not to
ki"" them.
2rawbacks
& 2ow do we prioriti)e the rights of different individua"s;
& 1ights ethics often promote the rights of individua"s at the
e$pense of "arge groups/society
*.'.Me"den%s version of 1ights #thics
2uman rights are intimate"y re"ated to communities of peop"e.
This version is known as ,9S'T'V# 6#8=*1# 1'G2TS and is defined as
rights to community enefits for "iving a minima""y decent human "ife.
EVALUATION OF ETHICAL THEORIES
6e are asica""y not interested in which of the ethica" theories is the est. 't is
e"ieved that there are areas in which each theory comp"ements others y how they
differ.
,rocedure for Genera" #va"uation(
C. The theory must e c"ear and formu"ated with concepts that are coherent and
app"ica"e.
D. 't must e interna""y consistent in that none of its tenets contradicts any other.
E. 7either the theory nor its defense can re"y upon fa"se information.
B. 't must e sufficient"y comprehensive to provide guidance in specific situations
of interest to us.
J. 't must e compati"e with our most carefu""y considered mora" convictions
aout concrete situations.
SELF-INTEREST AND ETHICAL EGOISM
P-y3ho8o>23!8 E>o2-7
*"" of our actions can e reduced to se"f&interest
& 6e a"ways do what we most want to do. e.g., a man who he"ps others has
chosen to do so, so he sees doing it, is in his self-interest
& 6e do what makes us fee" good. e.g., a man who he"ps others must get
pleasure from doing it > hence it is in his self-interest
The ,ro"em of -ounter #$amp"es
6hat aout charity and pity;
These re+uire the egoist to distinguish se"fish and unse"fish acts from se"fish and
unse"fish motives
& -harity > ' enjoy showing my power
& ,ity > ' worry that it might happen to me
So again, doing these, we act from self-interest
-onfusion over se"f&interest and se"fishness
& 7ot a"" actions are done from se"fishness
& .rushing my teeth 4se"f&interested ut not se"fish5
*"so confusion over se"f&interest and p"easure
& 7ot a"" actions are done from se"f&interest
& Smoking cigarettes 4p"easura"e ut not se"f&interested5
& %elf-interest P any interest the self has
6hat do a"" major #thica" Theories say aout this;
*"" major theories acknow"edge the importance of Se"f 'nterest.
0ti"itarians take into account one%s own good as we"" as others.
/uty ethics emphasi)es duties to ourse"ves.
1ight ethicists ta"k aout our rights to pursue our own good.
Virtue ethicists emphasi)e the importance of se"f&respect.
.ut a"" these theories a"so emphasi)e that the pursuit of se"f interest must e
a"anced with our mora" responsii"ities to others.
Eth23!8 E>o2-7
* different view, which ta"ks of mora"ity as on"y the pursuit of se"f interest
Se"f interest is a @rationa" concern% re+uiring consideration of one%s "ong&
term interests.
#.g., taking rie may appear to serve one%s se"f interest ut it does not serve the
"ong&term interest of se"f. 2ence taking rie is not accepta"e since it wou"d not
do any good on a "ong&term. This was professed y Thomas 2oes 4CJMM&CHKG5
and *yn 1and 4CGLJ&CGMD5.
*yn 1and > with on"y one "ife to "ive, the individua" is of utmost importance
't is in one%s se"f&interest to adopt the Mora" ,oint of View 42oes% Socia"
-ontract5
CUSTOMS !#/ ETHICAL RELATIVISM
1e"ativism(
/istinction etween mora"s! 4treatment of others!5 and mores!
4harm"ess customs!5
C.8t.r!8 +De-3r2"t29e, Re8!t292-7:
=actua" -"aims( $ is considered right in society y at time t! and is
considered wrong in society ) at time t!
#mpirica" -onc"usion( Mora"ities are re"ative
This is either true or fa"se 4anthropo"ogy >a study of mankind , its customs,
e"iefs, etc.can figure it out5
Nor7!t29e +Eth23!8, Re8!t292-7:
7ormative -"aim( 6hat is considered right in society $ at time t is right for
that society!
* particu"ar cu"ture cannot e judged from outside of that cu"ture.
@#thica" 1e"ativism% says that actions are mora""y right when they are
approved y "aw and custom.
They are wrong when they vio"ate "aws and custom.
#thica" egoism tries to reduce mora" reasons to matters of se"f interest,
@ethica" relativism% attempts to reduce mora" va"ues to "aws, conventions and
customs of particu"ar societies.
Co#-e?.e#3e- o Nor7!t29e Re8!t292-7
6e cannot say other mora"s! are inferior to our own society%s
6e decide the va"ue of our actions ased on"y on what our particu"ar
society thinks
6e shou"d show a "ot of to"erance for different customs and out"ooks in a
society in which we "ive in. 't means that customs can have mora" significance in
deciding how we shou"d act. This view is ca""ed @ethica" p"ura"ism%.
Re!-o#- or A33e"t!#3e O Eth23!8 Re8!t292-7
The reasons professed for acceptance of ethica" re"ativism is threefo"d.
C. 8aws seem so tangi"e and c"ear&cut. They provide a pu"ic way ending
seeming"y end"ess disputes aout rights and wrongs. .ut many times, mora"
reasons seem to e at variance with "aws e.g. apartheid "aws.
D. Mora" standards vary dramatica""y from one cu"ture to another. The on"y kind of
ojectivity possi"e is "imited to a given set of "aws in a given society.
*cknow"edging this re"ativity of mora"ity encourages the virtue of to"erance of
differences among societies.
E. Mora" judgments shou"d e made in re"ation to factors that from case to case,
usua""y making it impossi"e to formu"ate ru"es which are simp"e. -ustoms and
"aws are usua""y mora""y re"evant factors that shou"d e taken into account.
RELIGION !#/ DIVINE COMMAND ETHICS
Eth23- !#/ Re82>2o#:
Mora" issues and re"igious e"ief are re"ated in severa" positive ways.
=irst, they are shaped over time from the centra" mora" va"ues of major
wor"d re"igions.
Second, re"igious views often support mora" responsii"ity y providing
additiona" motivation for eing mora".
Third, sometimes re"igions set a higher mora" standard than is
conventiona".
Societies often enefit from a variety of re"igions that make prominent
particu"ar virtues, inspiring their memers to pursue them eyond what is
ordinari"y seen as mora""y o"igatory.
D292#e Co77!#/ Eth23:
This says that an act which is right is commanded y god and the one
which is wrong is foridden y God.
The difficu"ty in this is to know precise"y what God%s commands are and in
knowing whether God e$ists.
6e can view that mora" reasons are not reducible to re"igious matters, a"though
re"igious e"ief may provide an added inspiration for responding to them.
U-e- O Eth23!8 Theor2e-
C. #thica" theories aid in identifying the mora" considerations or reasons that
constitute a di"emma.
D. They provide a precise sense of what kinds of information are re"evant to
so"ving mora" deve"opment.
E. They sometimes, offer ways to rank the re"evant mora" considerations in order
of importance and provide a rough guidance in so"ving mora" pro"ems.
B. The theories he"p us identify the fu"" mora" ramifications of a"ternative courses
of action, urging a wide perspective on the mora" imp"ications of the options
and providing a systematic framework of comparing a"ternatives.
J. The theories augment the precision with which we use mora" terms and they
provide frame works for mora" reasoning when discussing mora" issues with
co""eagues.
H. .y providing frame works for deve"opment of mora" arguments, the theories
strengthen our ai"ity to reach a"anced and insightfu" judgments.
UNIT III - ENGINEERING AS SOCIAL E(PERIMENTATION
To .#/ert!@e ! >re!t 5or@ !#/ e-"e32!88y ! 5or@ o #o9e8 ty"e 7e!#-A 3!rry2#>
o.t !# eB"er27e#t) It 7e!#- t!@2#> ." ! -tr.>>8e 52th the or3e- o #!t.re
52tho.t the !--.r!#3e o e7er>2#> !- ! 923tor !ter the 2r-t !tt!3@)
8ouis Marie 2enri 7avier 4CKMJ & CMEH5 & <ounder of %tructural Analysis
ENGINEERING AS E(PERIMENTATION
#$perimentation 4,re"iminary tests or Simu"ations5 p"ays a vita" ro"e in the
design of a product or process.
'n a"" stages of converting a new engineering concept into a design "ike,
first rough cut design,
usage of different types of materia"s and processes,
detai"ed design,
further stages of work design and
the finished product,
#$periments and tests are conducted to eva"uate the product. Modifications are
made ased on the outcome of these e$periments.
The norma" design process is thus iterative 4modifications eing made on the
asis of feedack information ac+uired from the tests5.
#ven though various tests and e$periments are conducted at various stages, the
engineering project as a who"e in its totality can e viewed as an experiment.
SIMILARITIES TO STANDARD E(PERIMENTS
C. *ny project is carried out in partia" ignorance due to
The uncertainties in the astract mode" used for the design ca"cu"ations,
The uncertainties in the precise characteristics of the materia"s purchased,
The uncertainties caused y variations in processing and farication of
materia"s and
The uncertainties aout the nature of stresses the finished product wi""
encounter.
'ndeed, #ngineer%s success "ies in the ability to accomplish tasks with on"y a partial
knowledge of scientific "aws aout nature and society.
D. The fina" outcome of engineering projects, "ike those of e$periments, is genera""y
uncertain. Very often, possi"e outcomes are not even known and great risks may
e presented which cou"d never e thought of.
E. #ffective #ngineering re"ies upon know"edge gained aout products oth efore
and after they "eave the factory& know"edge needed for improving current
products and creating etter ones. That is, ongoing success in engineering
depends upon gaining new know"edge.
LEARNING FROM THE PAST
#ngineers shou"d "earn not on"y from their own ear"ier design and operating resu"ts,
ut a"so from other engineers.
#ngineers repeat the past mistakes of others due to the fo""owing reasons.
8ack of esta"ished channe"s of communication.
Misp"aced pride in not asking for information
#marrassment at fai"ure or fear of "itigation 4"ega" pro"ems5.
7eg"igence.

Examples>
C. The Titanic "acked sufficient numer of "ife oats resu"ting in the death
of CJDD out of DDDK 4"ife oat capacity avai"a"e was on"y MDJ5, a few decades "ater
Arctic perished due to the same pro"em.
D. 'n 3une CGHH, a section of the Mi"ford 2aven .ridge in 6a"es co""apsed
during construction. * ridge of simi"ar design, erected y the same ridge& ui"der in
Me"ourne, *ustra"ia, a"so partia""y co""apsed in the month of 9ctoer, same year.
/uring this incident EE peop"e were ki""ed and many were injured.
E. Ma"functions occurred at nuc"ear reactors at various "ocations and the
information reports were with .acock and 6i"co$, the reactor manufacturer. 'n spite
of these, no attention was paid "eading to a pressure re"ief va"ve giving rise to the
Three Mi"e 's"and nuc"ear accident on March DM, CGKG.
CONTRASTS 'ITH STANDARD E(PERIMENTS
1) E(PERIMENTAL CONTROL: 'n standard e$periments, memers are in two
different groups. Memers of one group receive special e$perimenta" treatment. The
other group memers, ca""ed @control group8 do not receive specia" treatment, though
they are from the same environment in a"" other respects.
.ut this is not true in engineering, since most of the e$periments are not conducted
in "aoratories. The sujects of e$periments are human eings who are outside the
e$perimenter%s contro".

Thus it is not possi"e to study the effects of changes in varia"e on different groups.
2ence on"y historica" and retrospective data avai"a"e aout various target groups
has to e used for eva"uation. 2ence engineering as a socia" e$perimentation seems
to e an e$tended usage of the concept of e$perimentation.
2) INFORMED CONSENT( has two e"ements, knowledge and voluntariness. The
sujects 4human eings5 shou"d e given a"" the information needed to make a
reasona"e decision. 7e$t, they must get into the e$periment without eing sujected
to force, fraud or deception. Supp"ying comp"ete information is neither necessary nor
in most cases possi"e. .ut all relevant information needed for making a reasona"e
decision on whether to participate shou"d e conveyed. Genera""y, we a"" prefer to e
the suject of our own e$periments rather than those of someody e"se.
-onditions defining nformed or *alid 5onsent
a. The consent is given vo"untari"y
. The consent is ased on information a rationa" person wou"d want,
together with any other information re+uested and presented to them in
understanda"e form.
c. The consenter was competent to process the information and make
rationa" decisions.
d. 'nformation has een wide"y disseminated.
e. The suject%s consent is offered y pro$y y a group that co""ective"y
represents many sujects "ike interests, concerns and e$posure to risk.
@#ngineering e$periments are not conducted to gain new know"edge un"ike scientific
e$periments%. 's this distinction necessary;
This distinction is not vita" ecause we are concerned about the manner in which the
e$periment is conducted, such as valid consent of human sujects eing sought,
safety measures taken and means e$ist for terminating the e$periment at any time
and providing a"" participants a safe exit.
Fe!t.re- o 7or!88y re-"o#-248e e#>2#eer- 2# -o32!8 eB"er27e#t!t2o#
5onscientiousness( * primary o"igation to protect the safety of human sujects and
respect their right of consent.
.elevant information( * constant awareness of the e$perimenta" nature of any
project, imaginative forecasting of its possi"e side effects and a reasona"e effort to
monitor them.
(oral autonomy( *utonomous, persona" invo"vement in a"" steps of the project.
Accountability( *ccepting accountai"ity for the resu"ts of the project.
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS:
-onscientious mora" commitment means sensitivity to the fu"" range of
re"evant mora" va"ues.
Sensitivity to responsii"ities that is re"evant.
6i""ingness to deve"op the ski"" and e$pend the effort needed to reach the
est a"ance possi"e among these considerations.
-onscientiousness means consciousness ecause mere intent is not
sufficient.
-onceiving engineering as socia" e$perimentation restores the vision of engineers as
guardians of the pu"ic interest in that they are duty ound to guard the we"fare and
safety of those affected y engg projects.
RELEVANT INFORMATION:
-onscientiousness is "ind without re"evant factua" information. Mora" concern
invo"ves a commitment to otain and assess a"" avai"a"e pertinent information.
*nother dimension to factua" information is the conse+uences of what one does.
6hi"e regarding engg as socia" e$perimentation points out the importance of conte$t,
it a"so urges the engineer to view his or her specia"i)ed activities in a project as part
of a "arger who"e having a socia" impact that may invo"ve a variety of unintended
effects. 't may e etter to practice @defensive engg% 4-hauncy Starr5 or @preventive
engg% 41uth /avis5.
MORAL AUTONOM$
,eop"e are mora""y autonomous when their mora" conduct and princip"es of
action are their own.
Mora" e"iefs and attitudes must e a critica" ref"ection and not a passive
adoption of the particu"ar conventions of one%s society, re"igion or profession.
Mora" e"iefs and attitudes cannot e agreed to forma""y and adhered to
mere"y vera""y.
They must e integrated into the core of one%s persona"ity and shou"d "ead to
committed action.
't is wrong to think that as an emp"oyee when one performs @ acts8 serving
company%s interests, one is no "onger mora""y and persona""y identified with
one%s actions.
Viewing engg as a socia" e$perimentation he"ps to overcome this f"awed
thought and restores a sense of autonomous participation in one%s work.
*s an e$perimenter, an engineer is e$ercising the specia"i)ed training
that forms the core of one%s identity as a professiona".
* socia" e$periment that can resu"t in unknown conse+uences shou"d
he"p inspire a critica" and +uestioning attitude aout the ade+uacy of
current economic and safety standards.
'n turn, this "eads to etter persona" invo"vement with work.
ACCOUNTA%ILIT$:
1esponsi"e peop"e accept mora" responsii"ity for their actions.
*ccountai"ity is the wi""ingness to sumit one%s actions to mora" scrutiny and
e open and responsive to the assessment of others.
't shou"d e understood as eing cu"pa"e and "ameworthy for misdeeds.
Sumission to an emp"oyer%s authority creates in many peop"e a narrow sense of
accountai"ity for the conse+uences of their action. This is ecause of
i5 9n"y a sma"" contriution is made y one individua", when "arge sca"e
engineering work is fragmented. The fina" product which is far away from one%s
immediate workp"ace, does not give a proper understanding of the conse+uences
of one%s action.
ii5 /ue to the fragmentation of work, a vast diffusion of accountai"ity takes
p"ace. The area of persona" accountai"ity is de"imited to the portion of work
eing carried out y one.
iii5 The pressure to move on to another new project does not a""ow one to
comp"ete the oservations "ong enough. This makes peop"e accounta"e on"y for
meeting schedu"es and not for the conse+uences of action.
iv5 To avoid getting into "ega" issues, engineers tend to concentrate more on
"ega" "iai"ities than the containment of the potentia" risks invo"ved in their area of
work.
Viewing engineering as a socia" e$perimentation makes one overcome these
difficu"ties and see the pro"em in who"e rather than as part.
ENGINEERING CODES OF ETHICS
#ngineering -odes of #thics have evo"ved over time
EARL$ CODES
& -odes of persona" ehavior
& -odes for honesty in usiness dea"ings and fair usiness practices
& #mp"oyee/emp"oyer re"ations
NE'ER CODES
& #mphasi)e commitments to safety, pu"ic hea"th and environmenta" protection
& #$press the rights, duties and o"igations of memers of the ,rofession
& /o not e$press new ethica" princip"es, ut coherent"y restate e$isting standards
of responsi"e engineering practice
& -reate an environment within the ,rofession where ethica" ehavior is the norm
& 7ot "ega""y indingQ an engineer cannot e arrested for vio"ating an ethica" code
4ut may e e$pe""ed from or censured y the engineering society5
Are Engineering Codes NeededC NO:
' #ngineers are capa"e of fending for themse"ves
' -ommon "aw is avai"a"e to defend in ethica" disputes
' 9ffended pu"ic can seek redress through courts
Are Engineering Codes NeededC $ES:
' #ngineers have few or no resources to defend themse"ves in an ethica"
dispute
' -ommon "aw is avai"a"e in rea"ity on"y with great difficu"ty
' -onverse"y, the pu"ic has simi"ar pro"ems in seeking redress through "ega"
channe"s
Objections to EB2-t2#> E#>2#eer2#> Co/e- o Eth23-:
' 1e"ative"y few engineers are memers of engineering societies.
' 7on&memers don%t necessari"y fo""ow the ethica" codes.
' Many engineers either don%t know that the codes e$ist, or have not read them.
6hich ethica" codes app"y;
' /epending upon your discip"ine and organi)ationa" affi"iations, you may e
ound y one, two or even more ethica" codes(
& /iscip"ine re"ated 4*SM#, '###, *S-#, ''# etc.5
& 7ationa" Society of ,rofessiona" #ngineers 47S,#5
& #mp"oyee codes 4corporation, university, etc.5
& 0nion -odes
E#>2#eer2#> Eth23-
9ur engineering ethics codes are derived from a 6estern cu"tura" tradition
' *ncient Greeks
' 3udeo&-hristian re"igions
' ,hi"osophers and thinkers 4e.g. 8ocke, Fant, Mi""s5
The H!77.r!42 Co/e
'f a ui"der has ui"t a house for a man and has not made his work sound, and the
house he has ui"t has fa""en down and so caused the death of the househo"der, that
ui"der sha"" e put to death. 'f it causes the death of the househo"der%s son, they
sha"" put the ui"der%s son to death?.
42ammurai, Fing of .ay"on, CKJM ..-.5
Co/e o Eth23- or E#>2#eer-
*ccreditation .oard for #ngineering and Techno"ogy
4*.#T5
The =undamenta" ,rincip"es
0ngineers shall uphold and advance the integrity, honor, and dignity of the
engineering profession by>
& using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of the human race:
& being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the public, their
employers, and clients:
& striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering
profession.
& supporting the professional and technical societies of their discipline.
The F.#/!7e#t!8 C!##o#-
#ngineers sha""
& hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public in the
performance of their professional duties:
& perform service only in areas of their competence:
& issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner:
& act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or
trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest:
& build their professional reputations on the merits of their services and shall
not compete unfairly with others
& act in such manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity and dignity
of the profession:
& continue their professional development throughout their careers, and shall
provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under
their supervision.
CODES OF ETHICS - ROLES OR FNCTIONS
1) I#-"2r!t2o# !#/ G.2/!#3e:
-odes provide positive stimu"us for ethica" conduct and he"pfu" guidance y
using positive "anguage.
-odes shou"d e rief to e effective and hence such codes offer on"y genera"
guidance.
Supp"ementary statements or guide"ines to give specific directions are added
y a numer of societies or professiona" odies.
D) S.""ort:
-odes give positive support to those seeking to act ethica""y.
*n engineer under pressure to act unethica""y can use one of the pu"ic"y
proc"aimed codes to get support for his stand on specific mora" issues.
-odes a"so serve as "ega" support for engineers.
*) Deterre#3e !#/ /2-32"82#e:
-odes can e used as a asis for conducting investigations on unethica"
conduct.
They a"so provide a deterrent for engineers to act immora""y.
#ngineers who are punished y professiona" societies for proven unethica"
ehaviour y revoking the rights to practice as engineers are a"so sujected to
pu"ic ridicu"e and "oss of respect from co""eagues and "oca" community.
This he"ps to produce ethica" conduct even though this can e viewed as a
negative way of motivation.
=) E/.3!t2o# !#/ 7.t.!8 .#/er-t!#/2#>(
The codes can e used for discussion and ref"ection on mora" issues and therey
improve the understanding of mora" responsii"ities among a"" engineers, c"ients,
pu"ic and good organi)ations.
D) Co#tr24.t2#> to the "roe--2o#1- ".4823 27!>e:
-odes present the engineering profession as an ethica""y committed society in the
eyes of the pu"ic thus enhancing their image.
;) Prote3t2#> -t!t.- ?.o:
-odes esta"ish ethica" conventions, which can he"p promote an agreed upon
minimum "eve" of ethica" conduct.
<) Pro7ot2#> 4.-2#e-- 2#tere-t-:
-odes can p"ace unwarranted restraints of commerce on usiness dea"ings.
Re8!t29e 27"ort!#3e o the 9!r2o.- .#3t2o#- o 3o/e- o eth23-
The perspective of engg as socia" e$perimentation c"ear"y emphasi)es the
primary ro"e @supportive function% of the codes of ethics. This is so ecause,
on"y this support ena"es engineers, speak out c"ear"y and open"y their views,
to those affected y engg projects.
The, @inspiration and guidance% and @educative% functions are a"so important in
promoting mutua" understanding and in motivating engineers to act with
higher mora" standards.
The @discip"inary% function in engg codes is of secondary importance. Those
with unethica" conduct when e$posed are suject to "aw. /eve"oping e"aorate
para"ega" procedures within professiona" societies dup"icates a function which
can e done etter y "ega" system. *t est, codes shou"d try to discip"ine
engineers in areas which are not covered y "aw.
The worst ause of codes has een to restrict honest mora" effort in the name
of @preserving profession%s pu"ic mage% and @protecting status +uo%. The est
way to increase trust is y encouraging and aiding engineers to speak free"y
and responsi"y aout pu"ic safety.
Limitations o Co/e- o Eth23-
C. -odes are restricted to genera" and vague wording. They cannot e straightaway
app"ied to a"" situations. 't is impossi"e to foresee the fu"" range of mora" pro"ems
that can arise in a comp"e$ profession "ike engg.
D. 't is easy for different c"auses of codes to come into conf"ict with each other.
0sua""y codes provide no guidance as to which c"ause shou"d have priority in those
cases, creating mora" di"emmas.
E. They cannot serve as the fina" mora" authority for professiona" conduct. 'f the code
of a professiona" society is taken as the "ast word, it means that we are getting into a
particu"ar set of conventions i.e. ethica" conventiona"ism.

@. Andrew ,lden;uist and 0dward %lowter pointed out how the existence of
separate codes for different professional societies can give members the feeling that
ethical conduct is more relative than it is and that it can convey to the public the view
that none is 9really right8. The current codes are by no means perfect but are
definitely steps in the right direction.
The "ro48e7- o 8!5 2# e#>2#eer2#>
C. The greatest pro"em of "aw in engg is of @minima" comp"iance%. #ngineers and
emp"oyers can search for "oop ho"es in the "aw to are"y keep to its "etter whi"e
vio"ating its spirit. #ngineers wi"" tend to refer to standard readymade specifications
rather than come up with innovative ideas. Minima" comp"iance "ed to the tragedy of
the @Titanic%.
D. -ontinua""y updating "aws and regu"ations may e counter&productive and wi""
make "aw a"ways "ag ehind techno"ogy. This a"so overurdens the ru"es and
regu"ators.
E. Many "aws are @non&"aws% i.e. "aws without enforcea"e sanctions. These mere"y
serve as window dressing, fre+uent"y gives a fa"se sense of security to the pu"ic.
B. The opponents of the "aw may urden it intentiona""y with many unreasona"e
provisions that a repea" wi"" not e far off.
J. 2igh"y powerfu" organi)ations, "ike the government can vio"ate the "aws when they
think they can get away with it y inviting wou"d e cha""engers, to face them in
"engthy and cost"y court proceedings. This a"so creates frustration with the "aw.
Ro8e o 8!5 2# e#>2#eer2#>
't is wrong to write off ru"e&making and ru"e fo""owing as futi"e. Good "aws,
effective"y enforced, c"ear"y produce enefits.
1easona"e minimum standards are ensured of professiona" conduct.
't a"so provides a se"f&interested motive for most peop"e and corporations to
comp"y.
They a"so serve as powerfu" support and defense for those who wish to act
ethica""y in situations where ethica" conduct might not e we"come.
Viewing engineering as socia" e$perimentation provides engineers with a
etter perspective on "aws and regu"ations.
,recise ru"es and enforcea"e sanctions are appropriate in cases of ethica"
misconduct that invo"ve vio"ations of we"" esta"ished and regu"ar"y
ree$amined procedures that have as their purpose the safety of pu"ic.
'n areas of e$perimentation, ru"es must not attempt to cover a"" possi"e
outcomes of an e$periment, nor must they force the engineer to adopt a
rigid"y specified course of action. 2ere the regu"ations shou"d e road ased
guide"ines ut shou"d ho"d the engineer accounta"e for his or her decisions.
UNIT IV SAFET$A RESPONSI%ILITIES AND RIGHTS
SAFET$ AND RIS0
'magine you are a fresh graduate.
:ou get a jo as an engineer in a "arge atomic power p"ant.
6ou"d you take it or not;
0nder what conditions wou"d you take it;
0nder what conditions wou"d you not;
6hy;
,eop"e as -onsumers(
Active 5onsumers( direct"y invo"ve themse"ves e.g., mowing the "awn,
washing c"othes or toasting read.
7assive 5onsumers( have "ess choice and "ess contro" e.g., 6ater, #"ectricity,
,etro",
=ystanders( e.g., e$posed to ,o""ution from unknown sources
.6hat is safe to #ntrepreneurs, may not e so to #ngineers. e.g., ,i"ots( R'ndian
*irports are not safeQ 8ow Vision in =og
6hat is safe to #ngineers, may not e so to ,u"ic. e.g., Top "oading 6ashing
Machine
Typica""y severa" groups of peop"e are invo"ved in safety matters ut have their own
interests at stake. #ach group may differ in what is safe and what is not.
Co#3e"t o S!ety
C. * ship in haror is safe, ut that is not what ships are ui"t for! > 3ohn *.
Shedd
D. @* thing is safe if its risks are judged to e accepta"e% & 6i""iam 6. 8awrence
6e uy an i""&designed 'ron o$ in a sa"e&S 0nderestimating risk
6e judge f"uoride in water can ki"" "ots of peop"e &S 9verestimating risk
6e hire a ta$i, without thinking aout its safety &S 7ot estimating risk
2ow does a judge pass a judgement on safety in these E cases;
?.%o, this definition wonAt do in real life.
Then, what is accepta"e a"so depends upon the individua" or group%s va"ue
judgment. 2ence a etter, working definition of concept of safety cou"d e,
* thing is safe 4to a certain degree5 with respect to a given person or group at a
given time if, were they fu""y aware of its risks and e$pressing their most sett"ed
va"ues, they wou"d judge those risks to e accepta"e 4to that certain degree5.!
&Mike Martin and 1o"and Schin)inger
* thing is 79T S*=# if it e$poses us to unaccepta"e danger or ha)ard
1'SF is the potentia" that something unwanted and harmfu" may occur.
a. 6e take a risk when we undertake something or use a product that is
not safe.
1isk in techno"ogy cou"d inc"ude dangers of
. odi"y harm,
c. economic "oss, or
d. environmenta" degradation.
Some may assume that safety! is a concrete concept, whi"e risk! is a vague,
hypothetica" concept
'n fact, its the other way around
1isks a"ways e$ist. .ut true safety never e$ists, e$cept in hypothetica"
situations
So, risk is reality, safety is fantasy
6hat degree of risk is accepta"e;
Safety is a matter of how peop"e wou"d find risks accepta"e or unaccepta"e, if
they knew the risks, and are asing their judgments on their most settled value
perspective.
So, to this e$tent, it is objective.

,erspectives differ.
To this e$tent, it is subjective.
So, Safety is Aacceptable riskA.
A33e"t!48e R2-@
@* risk is accepta"e when those affected are genera""y no longer 'or not1
apprehensive aout it.%
*pprehension 4i.e. an$iety5 depends "arge"y on factors such as
whether the risk is assumed vo"untari"y.
how the proai"ities of harm 4or enefit5 is perceived.
jo&re"ated or other pressures that causes peop"e to e aware of or to
over"ook risks.
whether the defects of a risky activity or situation are immediate"y noticea"e
or c"ose at hand .
whether the potentia" victims are identifia"e eforehand.
Vo8.#t!ry r2-@ !#/ Co#tro8
* person is said to take 9*,)-&TA.B .%/8
&when he is sujected to risk y either his own actions or action taken y others and
&volunteers to take that risk without any apprehension.

&=or e$amp"e, 3ohn and *nn Smith enjoy riding motorcyc"es over rough ground for
amusement. They take vo"untary risk, part of eing engaged in such a potentia""y
dangerous sport.
-onnected to this notion of vo"untarism is the matter of 5ontrol. 'n the e$amp"e cited,
the Smiths are aware of the high proai"ity of accident figures in such a sport, ut
they disp"ay characteristica""y unrealistic confidence of most peop"e when they
e"ieve the dangers to e under their control. 'n terms of engineering as socia"
e$perimentation, peop"e are more willing to be the subjects of their own experiments
than of someone e"se%s 4whether socia" e$periment or not5.
-hauncey Starr informs us that individua"s are more ready to assume vo"untary risks
than invo"untary risks, even when vo"untary risks are CLLL times more "ike"y to
produce a fata"ity than the invo"untary ones.
* /'S*ST#1 P * serious"y disruptive event T * state of unprepared ness.
e.g., Titanic co""ision with an iceerg, at night( #mergency
=ewer "ifeoats, inade+uate training and warnings of iceergs
unheeded &S /isaster.
Ee3t o 2#or7!t2o# o# r2-@ !--e--7e#t-
The manner in which information necessary for decision making is presented can
great"y inf"uence how risks are perceived. -onsider this e$amp"e(
'n a particu"ar case of disaster management, the on"y options avai"a"e are provided
in D different ways to the pu"ic for one to e chosen 4where "ives of HLL peop"e are
at stake5.
A8ter#!te 1
'f program * is fo""owed, DLL peop"e wi"" e saved. 'f ,rogram . is fo""owed, C/E
proai"ity is HLL peop"e wi"" e saved and D/E proai"ity that noody wi"" e saved.
Re-"o#-e
KDU of the target group chose option * and DMU option .
A8ter#!te 2
'f program * is fo""owed, BLL peop"e wi"" die. 'f ,rogram . is fo""owed, C/E proai"ity
is that noody wi"" die and D/E proai"ity that HLL peop"e wi"" die.
Re-"o#-e
This time on"y DDU of the target group chose option * and KMU option .
Concl!sion"
C. The option perceived as yie"ding firm gain wi"" tend to e preferred over those
from which gains are perceived as risky or on"y proa"e.
D. 9ption emphasi)ing firm "osses wi"" tend to e avoided in favour of those
whose chances of success are perceived as proa"e.
Se3o#/!ry Co-t- o Pro/.3t-
-ost of products is 2igh, if designed unsafe"y
1eturns and 6arranty #$penses
8oss of -ustomer Goodwi""
-ost of "itigation
8oss of -ustomers due to injuries in using it
-ost of rework, "ost time in attending to design pro"ems
Manufacturer%s understanding of the risk in a product is necessary(
To he"p reduce secondary costs
To know the possi"e risk for purposes of pricing, disc"aimers, "ega" terms and
conditions, etc.
To know the cost of reducing the risks
To take a decision efore fina"i)ing the design.
.uyer%s understanding of the risk in a product is necessary(
To judge whether he/she wants to take the risks
To judge whether the @risk vs. costs% justifies taking the risk.
E:O% RELATED RIS0S1
Many workers are taking risks in their jobs in their stride "ike eing e$posed to
asestos.
0xposure to risks on a jo is in one sense of voluntary nature since one can
a"ways refuse to sumit to the work or may have contro" over how the jo is
done.
.ut genera""y workers have no choice other than what they are to"d to do
since they want to stick to the only job avai"a"e to them.
.ut they are not genera""y informed aout the e$posure to to$ic sustances
and other dangers which are not readily seen, sme"t, heard or otherwise
sensed.
9ccupationa" hea"th and safety regu"ations and unions can have a etter say
in correcting these situations ut sti"" things are far e"ow e$pected safety
standards.
#ngineers whi"e designing work stations must take into account the casua"
attitude of workers on safety 4esp. when they are paid on piece rate5.
Pro48e7- !3e/ 4y e#>2#eer- !4o.t p!blic concept o# sa#et$
The optimistic attitude that things that are fami"iar, that have not caused harm efore
and over which we have some contro" present no risks.
The serious shock peop"e fee" when an accident ki""s or maims peop"e in large
numbers or harms those we know, even though statistica""y speaking such accidents
might occur infre+uent"y.
ES!ety 2# ! 3o77o/2ty 3o7e- 52th ! "r23e1 EB"8!2#)
Absolute safety is never possible to attain and safety can e improved in an
engineering product on"y with an increase in cost.
9n the other hand, unsafe products incur secondary costs to the producer eyond
the primary 4production5 costs, "ike warranty costs "oss of goodwi"", "oss of
customers, "itigation costs, downtime costs in manufacturing, etc.
=igure indicates that ,& 7rimary costs are high for a highly safe 4"ow risk5 product
and S& %econdary costs are high for a highly risky 4"ow safe5 product.
'f we draw a curve TP,TS as shown, there is a point at which costs are minimum
e"ow which the cost cannot e reduced.
'f the risk at Minimum Tota" -ost ,oint is not acceptable, then the producer has to
choose a lower acceptable risk va"ue in which case the total cost wi"" e higher than
M and the product designed according"y.
't shou"d now e c"ear that @safety comes with a price8 on"y
.
0#o58e/>e o r2-@ or 4etter -!ety
1oert Stephenson writes that a"" the accidents, the harms caused and the
means used to repair the damage should be recorded for the enefit of the
younger Memers of ,rofession.
* faithfu" account of those accidents and the damage containment was rea""y
more valuable than the description of successfu" work.
2ence it is imperative that know"edge of risks wi"" definite"y he"p to attain
etter safety.
.ut it shou"d e orne in mind, that sti"" gaps remain, ecause
i5there are some industries where information is not freely shared and
ii5there are a"ways new applications of old technology that render the
avai"a"e information less useful.
U#3ert!2#t2e- e#3o.#tere/ 2# /e-2># "ro3e--
* decision on ma$imising profit or ma$imising the return on investment.
0ncertainties aout app"ications "ike dynamic "oading instead of static
"oading, virations, wind speeds.
0ncertainties regarding materia"s and ski""s re+uired in the manufacturing.
-hanging economic rea"ities.
0nfami"iar environmenta" conditions "ike very "ow temperature.
The avai"a"e standard data on items "ike stee", resistors, insu"ators,
optica" g"ass, etc are ased on statistica" averages on"y.
/ue to the inherent nature of processes, a"" compts have a to"erance in
design "eading to the proai"ity statistics y which assem"ies% capai"ity
is assessed.
Te-t2#> -tr!te>2e- or -!ety

Some commonl$ !sed testing met%ods:
0sing the past e$perience in checking the design and performance.
,rototype testing. 2ere the one product tested may not e representative of
the popu"ation of products.
Tests simu"ated under appro$imate"y actua" conditions to know the
performance f"aws on safety.
1outine +ua"ity assurance tests on production runs.
The aove testing procedures are not a"ways carried out proper"y. 2ence we cannot
trust the testing procedures uncritica""y. Some tests are a"so destructive and
ovious"y it is impossi"e to do destructive testing and improve safety.
'n such cases, a simu"ation that traces hypothetica" risky outcomes cou"d e app"ied.
Scenario *na"ysis 4#vent &S -onse+uences5
=ai"ure Modes I #ffects *na"ysis 4=ai"ure modes of each component5
=au"t Tree *na"ysis 4System =ai"ure &S ,ossi"e -auses at component "eve"5
6hat if there is a comination of factors;
*"" *na"ysis pre&suppose a thorough understanding of the physica"
system
Fail!re modes and e##ect anal$sis &F'EA( >
This approach systematica""y e$amines the fai"ure modes of each component,
without however, focusing on re"ationships among the e"ements of a comp"e$
system.
Fa!lt Tree Anal$sis &FTA( "
* system fai"ure is proposed and then events are traced ack to possi"e causes at
the component "eve". The reverse of the fau"t&tree ana"ysis is @event > tree ana"ysis%.
This method most effective"y i""ustrates the discip"ined approach re+uired to capture
as much as possi"e of everything that affects proper functioning and safety of a
comp"e$ system.
R2-@ %e#e2t A#!8y-2-
#thica" 'mp"ications
6hen is someone entit"ed to impose a risk on another in view of a supposed
enefit to others;
-onsider the worst case scenarios of persons e$posed to maximum risks
whi"e they are reaping on"y minimum benefits. *re their rights violated;
*re they provided safer a"ternatives;
#ngineers shou"d keep in mind that risks to known persons are perceived
differently from statistica" risks
#ngineers may have no control over grievance redressa".
Co#3e"t.!8 /223.8t2e- 2# R2-@-%e#e2t A#!8y-2-
.oth risks and enefits "ie in future
2eavy discounting of future ecause the very "ow present va"ues of
cost/enefits do not give a true picture of future sufferings.
.oth have re"ated uncertainties ut difficu"t to arrive at e$pected va"ues
6hat if benefits accrue to one party and risks to another;
-an we express risks I enefits in a common set of units;
e.g. 1isks can e e$pressed in one set of units 4deaths on the
highway5 and enefits in another 'speed of travel1;
Many projects, which are high"y eneficia" to the pu"ic, have to e safe also.
2ence these projects can e justified using 1'SF&.#7#='T ana"ysis. 'n these
studies, one shou"d find out
i5 6hat are the risks invo"ved;
ii5 6hat are the enefits that wou"d accrue;
iii5 6hen wou"d enefits e derived and when risks have to e faced;
iv5 6ho are the ones to e enefited and who are the ones sujected to risk&are they
the same set of peop"e or different.
The issue here is not, say, cost-effective design ut it is on"y cost of risk taking *s
benefit ana"ysis. #ngineers shou"d first recommend the project feasibility ased on
risk&enefit ana"ysis and once it is justified, then they may get into cost-effectiveness
without increasing the risk visua"i)ed.
'n a"" this, engineers shou"d ask themse"ves this ethica" +uestion( @0nder what
conditions, is someone in society entit"ed to impose a risk on someone e"se on
eha"f of a supposed benefit to others.8
D223.8t2e- 2# !--e--2#> Per-o#!8 R2-@-
'ndividua"s are ready to assume voluntary risks than involuntary risks.
The difficu"ty here is genera""y in assessing persona" risks which are
invo"untary.

The pro"em of +uantification of risk raises innumera"e pro"ems.
=or e$amp"e, how to assign a rupee value to one8s life. There is no over the
counter trade in "ives.
#ven for a sa"e, it has to e c"ear under what conditions the sa"e is to take
p"ace.
'f one uys a kg of rice it matters whether it is just one additiona" purchase
one makes regularly or it is the first rice purchase after ;uite sometime.
#ven when compensations are made to peop"e e$posed to invo"untary risk,
the asis on which it is made or even the intensity of risk cou"d e different for
different people.
*s of now, the one suggestion cou"d e to emp"oy an open procedure,
overseen y trained ariters, in each case, where risk to individuals is to be
studied and remedied.
P.4823 R2-@ !#/ P.4823 A33e"t!#3e

1isks and enefits to pu"ic are more easi"y determined than to individua"s
7ationa" 2ighway Traffic Safety *dministration 472TS*5& proposed a va"ue for
"ife ased on(
"oss of future income
other costs associated with the accident
estimate of +uantifia"e "osses in socia" we"fare resu"ting from a fata"ity
79T a proper asis for determining the optima" e$penditure a""ocated
to saving "ives
A33o.#t2#> ".48238y or 4e#e2t- !#/ r2-@-
#ngineers shou"d account pu"ic"y for enefits and risks in the fo""owing manner(
#ngineers must remain as objective as human"y possi"e in their
investigations and conc"usions.
They must a"so state open"y any personal biases that they may have aout
the project eing investigated.
#ngineers, even if they are acknow"edged e$perts, may not have complete
knowledge of the issues at hand.
They shou"d, if necessary, admit their lack of knowledge, in any particu"ar
area pu"ic"y.
* wi""ingness to admit uncertainty and a"so to reveal methodology and
sources particu"ar"y when numerica" data is presented.
The way statistica" information is presented can create misconceptions in the
pu"ic mind. 2ence it shou"d e presented in a way to improve realistic
interpretations.
They must consider the views of the parties affected y the project under
study before coming to conc"usions.
The type of action taken shou"d e mora""y eva"uated regard"ess of its
conse+uences. 'f it is wrong to vio"ate certain rights, then figuring out the
enefit of the conse+uences of doing so is irre"evant.

D223.8t2e- 2# e-t!482-h2#> S!e>.!r/-
'ncomp"ete know"edge of the engineering suject
1efusa" to face hard +uestions caused y "ack of know"edge
=a"se sense of security
e.g. 7uc"ear waste disposa" pro"em
-aution in stating proai"ities of rare events
Varying understanding of risk ased on presentation of facts
1isk assessments ased on incorrect/unaccepta"e assumptions/data
9n"y a few persons/groups participate in the e$ercise
Some of the ways y which engineers may try to reduce risks.
'n a"" the areas of works, engineers shou"d give top priority for product safety.
They shou"d e"ieve that accidents are caused y dangerous conditions that
can e corrected. 7eg"igence and operator errors are not the principa" causes
of accidents.
'f a product is made safe, the initia" costs need not e high if safety is ui"t
into a product from the eginning. 't is the design changes done at a "ater
date that are cost"y. #ven then "ife cyc"e costs can e made "ower for the
redesigned or retrofitted product 4for safety5.
'f safety is not ui"t into the origina" design, peop"e can e hurt during testing
stage itse"f.
They shou"d get out of the thinking that warnings aout ha)ards are ade+uate
and that insurance coverage is cheaper than p"anning for safety.
*"" it takes to make a product safe is to have different perspective on the
design pro"em with emphasis on safety.
#$amp"es of 'mproved Safety
Magnetic door catch introduced on refrigerators
,revent death y asphy$iation of chi"dren accidenta""y trapped inside
The catch now permits the door to opened from inside easi"y
-heaper than o"der types of "atches
/ead&man 2and"e for /rivers in trains
Semaphore signa"ing
Vo"kswagenVs car safety e"t
*ttachment on the door so that e"t automatica""y goes in p"ace on
entry
L2!4282ty
#ar"y "ogic and socia" phi"osophy( 41ichard -. Vaughan5
@-aveat #mptor%( uyer eware
#$amine what you want efore you uy
'f he is neg"igent, he suffers the ad argain.
8aw wi"" not aid those who are neg"igent
@,rivity of -ontract%( 0ser, if he is not a party to the contract, has no rights for
any c"aim 4 user uys from the retai"er and not from the manufacturer5.
Gradua""y....
Manufacturer was made "ia"e for injuries resu"ting from neg"igence in the
design/manufacture
The new "aw( concept of Strict 8iai"ity was esta"ished in the case @Green
man vs. :ua ,ower ,roducts% in -a"ifornia.
'f the product so"d is defective, the manufacturer is "ia"e
for any harm that resu"ts to users
I7"823!t2o#- to E#>2#eer-:
#ngineers must weigh chances of defect causing injury against cost of
minimi4ing defects
(inimal compliance is insufficient > adhering to accepted practices I
standards not enough
Standards are mere checklists & use them creative"y and judgmenta""y
#ngineers can be sued persona""y even when acting according to guide"ines
set y employers
e.g. 9ne county highway engineer was sued for fai"ure to repair roads&& had to
pay WD mi""ion
Some -os. protect their engineers and a""ow themse"ves to e sued for such
money damages
'ndependent engineers can write "iai"ity "imits into their contracts
Good know"edge of "iai"ity is necessary for engineers
ESAFE E(IT1
't is a"most impossi"e to ui"d a comp"ete"y safe product or one that wi"" never fai".
6hen there is a fai"ure of the product %A<0 0?T shou"d e provided.
Safe e$it is to assure that
i5 when a product fai"s, it wi"" fai" safe"y,
ii5 that the product can e aandoned safe"y and iii5 that the user can safe"y escape
the product.
More than the +uestions of who wi"" ui"d, insta"", maintain and pay for a safe e$it, the
most important +uestion is who wi"" recogni)e the need for a safe e$it. This
responsii"ity shou"d e an integra" part of the e$perimenta" procedure.
Some e$amp"es of providing @S*=# #A'T%(
Ships need "ifeoats with sufficient spaces for a"" passengers and crew
memers.
.ui"dings need usa"e fire escapes
9peration of nuc"ear power p"ants ca""s for rea"istic means of evacuating
neary communities
,rovisions are needed for safe disposa" of dangerous materia"s and products.
Co88e!>2!82ty F It- E8e7e#t-
@-o""egia"ity is a kind of connectedness grounded in respect for professional
expertise and in a commitment to the goals and values of the profession and as
such, co""egia"ity inc"udes a disposition to support and co-operate with one8s
colleagues%.
& -raig 'hara
The centra" e"ements of co""egia"ity are respect, commitment, connectedness and
co-operation.
.espect( *cknow"edge the worth of other engineers engaged in producing socia""y
usefu" and safe products.
5ommitment ( Share a devotion to the mora" idea"s inherent in the practice of
engineering.
5onnectedness ( *ware of eing part of a co&operative undertaking created y
shared commitments and e$pertise.
5ollegiality, "ike most virtues, can e misused and distorted.
t should not be reduced to 9group interest8 but should be a shared devotion for
public good.
t is not defaming colleagues, but it does not close the eyes to unethical
practices of the co-professionals, either.
C8!--223!t2o#- o Loy!8ty
Agency-)oyalty
o =u"fi"" one%s contractua" duties to an emp"oyer.
o /uties are particu"ar tasks for which one is paid
o 5o-operating with co""eagues
o <ollowing "egitimate authority within the organi)ation.
dentification-)oyalty(
o 't has to do with attitudes, emotions and a sense of personal identity.
o Seeks to meet one%s mora" duties with persona" attachment and affirmation.
o 't is against detesting their emp"oyers and companies, and do work
reluctantly and horribly 4this is construed as disloyalty5
This means
o *void conf"icts of interest,
o 'nform emp"oyers of any possi"e conf"icts of interest,
o ,rotect confidentia" information,
o .e honest in making estimates,
o *dmit one%s errors, etc.
Loy!8ty - Obligation o# Engineers
Agency-)oyalty

o #ngineers are hired to do their duties.
o 2ence obligated to emp"oyers within proper "imits

dentification-)oyalty
9"igatory on two conditionsQ
C. 6hen some important goals are met y and through a group in which the
engineers participate
D. 6hen emp"oyees are treated fairly, receiving the share of enefits and
urdens.
.ut c"ear"y, identification&"oya"ty is a virtue and not strict"y an obligation.
Re8!t2o#-h2" - Proe--2o#!82-7 !#/ Loy!8ty
C. *cting on professiona" commitments to the pu"ic is more effective to serve a
company than just following company orders.
D. )oyalty to employers may not mean obeying one%s immediate supervisor.
E. ,rofessiona" o"igations to oth an emp"oyer and to the pu"ic might
strengthen rather than contradict each other.
Nee/ or A.thor2ty
*uthority is needed since
a5 *""owing everyone to e$ercise uncontrolled individual discretion creates chaos
4confusion5.
5 -"ear "ines of authority identifies areas of persona" responsii"ity and
accountability.
I#-t2t.t2o#!8 A.thor2ty !#/ EB"ert A.thor2ty
nstitutional authority
@The institutiona" right given to a person to e$ercise power ased on the resources of
the institution%.
o 't is ac+uired, e$ercised and defined within institutions.
o 't is given to individua"s to perform their institutiona" duties assigned within the
organisation. There is not a"ways a perfect match etween the authority
granted and the +ua"ifications needed to e$ercise it.
0xpert authority
@The possession of specia" know"edge, ski"" or competence to perform some task or
to give sound advice%.
#ngineers may have e$pert authority ut their institutiona" authority, may only be, to
provide management with ana"ysis of possi"e ways to perform a technica" task, after
which they are restricted to following management8s directive aout which option to
pursue. 'n "arge companies, engineers, advisors and consultants in staff function
carry expert authority, whi"e institutional authority is vested on"y with line managers.
Authority *s 7ower
neffective persons, even if vested with authority y their institution, may not be able
to summon the power their position a""ows them to e$ercise. 9n the other hand,
peop"e who are effective may e able to wield greater power that goes eyond the
authority attached to the positions they ho"d. 2igh"y respected engineers of proven
integrity e"ong to this c"ass.
Authority - (orally justified
9servations on authority.
o *n employer who has institutiona" authority may direct engineers to do
something that is not morally justified.
o #ngineers may fee" that they have an institutiona" duty to obey a directive that
is morally unjustified, but their mora" duty, a"" things considered, is not to obey.
o To decide whether a specific act of exercising institutional authority is morally
justified, we need to know whether the institutiona" goals are themse"ves
morally permissible or desira"e and whether that act violates asic mora"
duties.
E6o#e O A33e"t!#3e1 o A.thor2ty
@* suordinate is said to accept authority whenever he permits his ehaviour to e
guided y the decision of a superior, without independent"y e$amining the merits of
that decision%
& 2erert Simon
o Simon notes that a"" emp"oyees tend to have a 94one of acceptance8 in which
they are wi""ing to accept their emp"oyer%s authority.
o !ithin that 4one, an individua", re"a$ing his own critica" facu"ties, permits the
decision of the employer to guide him.

o #mp"oyees genera""y do not make an issue of +uestiona"e incidents on
mora"ity, out of a sense of responsibility to give their emp"oyer "eeway within
which to operate and often not to risk their jobs.
o The problem increases when emp"oyees s"ow"y expand the oundaries of
tolerance and rationali4e it.
This on"y shows that engineers shou"d never stop critica""y reviewing the emp"oyer%s
directives especia""y on moral issues.
EF!2th.8 A>e#t Ar>.7e#t1
7ationa" Society of ,rofessiona" #ngineers 47S,#5 -ode states,
The engineer ???wi"" act in professiona" matters for c"ient, or emp"oyer as a
faithful agent or trustee?????2e wi"" not actively participate in strikes, picket
"ines or other coercive action!
meaning that when one is a faithfu" trustee of one%s emp"oyer he cannot active"y
participate in any co""ective forci"e action.
=oard of 0thical .eview argued that engineers have a higher standard than se"f
interest and that their ethica" duty is to act for their emp"oyer as a faithfu" agent or
trustee.
5ollective bargaining is inconsistent with loyalty to emp"oyers ecause it
o is against the desires of the emp"oyer
o uses force or coercion against the emp"oyer and
o invo"ves co""ective and organi)ed opposition.
.ut every instance of such conduct need not be unethical.
*n e$amp"e(
Three engineers sincere"y fee" that they are underpaid. *fter their representations to
their osses are in vain, they threaten their emp"oyer, po"ite"y, that they wou"d seek
emp"oyment e"sewhere. 2ere, even though, they act against the desires of their
emp"oyer and have acted co""ective"y, they have not acted unethica""y or vio"ated
their duty.
Co#38.-2o#: @<aithful agency% on"y concerns with performing one8s duty ut does not
mean that safety, sa"ary and other economica" benefits cannot be negotiated from a
position of strength. #mp"oyee%s duty to emp"oyer does not mean unlimited sacrifice
of se"f&interest.
97ublic %ervice Argument8- -o""ective argaining.
o @,u"ic Service *rgument% is an argument against co""ective argaining.
o The paramount duty of engineers is to serve the public.
o -nions, y definition, promote the interests of their members and whenever
there is a c"ash of interests, the interest of the genera" pu"ic is ignored y
them. Though the argument is a va"id one, it "ooks at the worst possi"e
scenarios with unions and decides that engineering unions act on"y
irresponsibly.
o * ody of engineers can promote engineers8 interest within "imits set by
professional concern for the pu"ic good.
)ene#its o# Collecti*e )argaining+
a5 0nions have created healthy salaries and high standard of living of
emp"oyees.
5 They give a sense of participation in company decision making.
c5 They are a good balance to the power of emp"oyers to fire emp"oyees at wi"".
d5 They provide an effective grievance redressal procedure for emp"oyee
comp"aints.
Harms Ca!sed b$ Collecti*e )argaining+
a5 0nions are devastating the economy of a country, eing a main source of
inflation
5 6ith unions, there is no congenial 'friendly1, cooperative decision making.
c5 0nions does not promote +ua"ity performance y making jo promotion and
retention based on seniority.
d5 They encourage unrest and strained relations etween emp"oyees and
emp"oyers.
ECo#2/e#t2!82ty or 3o#2/e#t2!8 2#or7!t2o#1
o 'nformation considered desira"e to e kept secret.
o *ny information that the emp"oyer or c"ient wou"d "ike to have kept secret in
order to compete effective"y against usiness riva"s.
o This information inc"udes how business is run, its products, and suppliers,
which direct"y affects the ai"ity of the company to compete in the market p"ace
o Helps the competitor to gain advantage or catch up
Pr2928e>e/ 2#or7!t2o#A Pro"r2et!ry 2#or7!t2o# !#/ P!te#t-)
o 7rivileged information>
@'nformation avai"a"e on"y on the basis of special privilege% such as
granted to an emp"oyee working on a specia" assignment.
o 7roprietary information>
'nformation that a company owns or is the proprietor of.
This is primari"y used in legal sense.
*"so ca""ed Trade %ecret. * trade secret can e virtua""y any type of
information that has not become public and which an emp"oyer has
taken steps to keep secret.
o 7atents>
2iffer from trade secrets.
)egally protect specific products from eing manufactured and so"d y
competitors without the e$press permission of the patent holder.
They have the drawback of being public and competitors may easily
work around them y creating a"ternate designs.
O482>!t2o# o Co#2/e#t2!82ty
C. .ased on ordinary mora" considerations(
'. .espect for autonomy(
o .ecogni4ing the legitimate control over private information 4individua"s or
corporations5.
o This contro" is re+uired to maintain their privacy and protect their se"f&
interest.
''. .espect for 7romise(
o 1especting promises in terms of employment contracts not to divu"ge
certain information considered sensitive y the emp"oyer
'''. .egard for public well being(
o 9n"y when there is a confidence that the physician will not reveal
information, the patient wi"" have the trust to confide in him.
o Simi"ar"y only when companies maintain some degree of confidentiality
concerning their products, the enefits of competitiveness within a free
market are promoted.
D. .ased on Major #thica" Theories(
o*"" theories profess that emp"oyers have moral and institutional rights to
decide what information aout their organi)ation shou"d e re"eased
pu"ic"y.
oThey ac+uire these rights as part of their responsibility to protect the
interest of the organi4ation.
o*"" the theories, rights ethics, duty ethics and uti"itarianism justify this
confidentiality ut in different ways.
Ee3t o Ch!#>e o :o4 o# Co#2/e#t2!82ty
o #mp"oyees are obliged to protect confidentia" information regarding former
emp"oyment, after a change of job.
o The confidentiality trust etween emp"oyer and emp"oyee continues beyond
the period of emp"oyment.
o .ut, the emp"oyee cannot be forced not to seek a change of jo.
o The employer8s right to keep the trade secrets confidentia" y a former
emp"oyee should be accepted at the same time, the employee8s right to seek
career advancement cannot also be denied.
Co#823t o I#tere-t
5onflict of nterest arises when two conditions are met(
C. The professiona" is in a re"ationship or a ro"e that re+uires e$ercising good
judgment on eha"f of the interests of an emp"oyer or c"ient and
D. The professiona" has some additiona" or side interest that cou"d threaten good
judgment in serving the interests of the emp"oyee or c"ient. #.g. !hen an
engineer is paid based on a percentage of the cost of the design and there is
no incentive for him to cut costs- The distrust caused y this situation
compromises the engineers% ai"ity to cut costs and ca""s into +uestion his
judgement.
@*n act of gift% and @*n act of rie%
@* gift is a bribe if you can%t eat, drink or smoke it in a day%.
@'f you think that your offer of acceptance of a particu"ar gift wou"d have grave or
mere"y embarrassing conse;uences for your company if made public, then the gift
shou"d e considered a rie%.
@=ribe can e said to e a substantial amount of money or goods offered eyond a
stated usiness contract with the aim of winning an advantage in gaining or keeping
the contract%.
2ere @substantial% means that which is sufficient to distort the judgment of a typica"
person.
Co#823t o I#tere-t 3re!te/ 4y I#tere-t 2# other 3o7"!#2e-
6hen one works actually for the competitor or sucontractor as an
emp"oyee or consu"tant.
2aving partial ownership or substantial stock holdings in the
competitor%s usiness.
't may not arise y mere"y having a spouse working for sub-
contractor to one%s company, ut it will arise if one%s job also includes granting
contracts to that sucontractor.
Tempting customers away from their current emp"oyer, whi"e sti""
working for them to form their own competing business.
(oonlighting usua""y creates conflicts when working for competitors,
supp"iers or customers ut does not conflict when working for others without
affecting the present emp"oyer%s usiness.
9(oonlighting8 means working in one8s spare time for another employer.
Co#823t- o I#tere-t 3re!te/ 4y I#-2/er 2#or7!t2o#
o -sing inside information to set-up a business opportunity for oneself or
family or friends.
o =uying stock in the company for which one works is not objectionable
ut it shou"d e ased on the same information avai"a"e to the pu"ic.
o The use of any company secrets y emp"oyee to secure a personal gain
threatens the interest of the company.
A9o2/2#> Co#823t- O I#tere-t-
o Taking guidance from 5ompany 7olicy
o 'n the asence of such a po"icy taking a second opinion from a coworker or
manager. This gives an impression that there no intension on the part of the
engineer to hide anything.
o 'n the asence of either of these options, to examine ones own motives and
use the ethical pro"em so"ving techni;ues.
o 9ne can "ook carefu""y into the professiona" codes of ethics which uniformly
forbid conflicts of interest. Some of these codes have very e$p"icit statements
that can he"p determine whether or not the situation constitutes conf"ict of
interest.
T$pes O# Crime
2omestic crime
7on&accidenta" crime committed by members
of the fami"y
7rofessional 5rime
6hen crime is pursued as a profession or day
to day occupation
=lue collar crime 'or1 %treet crime
-rime against person, property 4theft, assau"t
on a person, rape5
*ictimless crime
,erson who commits the crime is the victim of
the crime.#.g. /rug addiction
Hate crime
-rime done on the anner of religion,
community, linguistics
,ccupational 5rime
9ccupationa" crimes are illegal acts made possi"e through one%s
lawful employment.
't is the secretive violation of laws regu"ating work activities.
6hen committed y office workers or professiona"s, occupationa"
crime is ca""ed @white collar crime%.
7eople 5ommitting ,ccupational 5rimes
0sua""y have high standard of education
=rom a non-criminal family background
Midd"e c"ass ma"e around DE years of age 4KLU of the time5 with no previous
history
&o involvement in drug or a"coho" ause
Those who had troublesome life e$perience in the chi"dhood 4."um5
,eop"e without firm principles 4Spencer5
=irms with declining profitability 4-o"eman, CGGB5
=irms in high"y regulated areas and volatile market &pharmaceutica",
petro"eum industry.4*"anese, CGGJ5
Pr23e F2B2#>
*n act was passed, which forbade 4prevented5 companies from jointly setting prices
in ways that restrain free competition and trade. 0nfortunate"y, many senior peop"e,
we"" respected and positioned were of the opinion that @price fixing8 was good for their
organi)ations and the pu"ic.
E7"8oyee- E#/!#>er2#> L29e- o E7"8oyee-
#mp"oyers indu"ge in e$posing their emp"oyees to safety ha)ards. They escape
criminal action against them, y paying nominal compensations even if their crimes
are proved in court. *nd even this happens only when the victim sues company for
damages under civi" "aw.
E#>2#eer-1 Mor!8 R2>ht-
#ngineers% mora" rights fa"" into categories of human, employee, contractual and
professional rights.
7rofessional rights(
The right to form and express one8s professional judgment freely
The right to refuse to carry out illegal and unethical activity
The right to talk publicly aout one%s work within bounds set y confidentia"ity
o"igation
The right to engage in the activities of professional societies
The right to protect the c"ients and the pu"ic from the dangers that might arise from
one%s work
The right to professiona" recognition of one%s services.
R2>ht o Proe--2o#!8 Co#-32e#3e
o There is one basic and generic professiona" right of engineers, the moral right
to exercise responsible professional judgment in pursuing professiona"
responsii"ities.
o ,ursuing these responsii"ities invo"ves exercising oth technical judgment
and reasoned moral convictions.
o This asic right can e referred to as the right of professional conscience.
R2>ht o Co#-32e#t2o.- Re.-!8
The right of -onscientious refusa" is the right to refuse to engage in unethical
behaviour and to refuse to do so solely because one views it as unethical.
Two situations to e considered.
C. !here there is widely shared agreement in profession as to whether an act is
unethical
2ere, professiona"s have a mora" right to refuse to participate in such activities.
D. !here there is room for disagreement among reasonable people over whether
an act is unethical.
2ere, it is possi"e that there cou"d e different ethical view points from the
professiona" and the emp"oyer.
'n such cases the engineers can have a limited right to turn down assignments that
vio"ates their persona" conscience only in matters of great importance such as
threats to human "ife.
This right a"so depends on the ability of the emp"oyer to reassign the engineer to
a"ternate projects without serious economic hardships to the orgn.
The right of professional conscience does not extend to the right to be paid for not
working.
R2>ht to Re3o>#2t2o#
1ight to 1ecognition invo"ves two parts.
The right to reasonable remuneration gives the mora" right for fighting against
corporations making good profits whi"e engineers are eing paid poor"y. *"so is the
case where patents are not eing rewarded proper"y y the corporations enefiting
from such patents.
The other right to recognition is non&monetary part of recognition to the work of
engineers.
.ut what is reasonable remuneration or reasonable recognition is a difficu"t +uestion
and shou"d e reso"ved y discussions etween emp"oyees and emp"oyers on"y.
Proe--2o#!8 R2>ht- F Eth23!8 Theor2e-
C. .ights 0thics>
o The most asic human right, which needs no justification, as per *.'.Me"don,
is to pursue one%s "egitimate 4those that do not vio"ate others% rights5 interests.
o The right to pursue "egitimate interests gives a person right to pursue
professiona" mora" o"igations.
o This may e viewed as a human right of conscience direct"y derived from the
asic human right.
D. 2uty 0thics>
o ' have a right to something on"y ecause others have duties or o"igations to
a""ow me 4and not interfere5 to do so.
o 'f we derive the meaning of @others% as emp"oyers, then the asic professiona"
right is justified y reference to others% duties to support or not interfere with the
work re"ated e$ercise of conscience y professiona"s.
F. -tilitarianism>
o ,u"ic good can e served y a""owing professiona"s to meet their o"igations
to the pu"ic.
o These o"igations arise due to the professiona"%s ro"e in promoting pu"ic
good.
o The asic goa" of producing the most good for the greatest numer of peop"e
is enough to justify the right of professiona" conscience.
'h2-t8e-48o52#> !#/ It- Fe!t.re-
!histle blowing is an act of conveying information aout a significant moral problem
y a present or former employee, outside approved channels 4or against strong
pressure5 to someone, in a position to take action on the pro"em.
The features of !histle blowing are(
*ct of /isc"osure( ntentionally conveying information outside approved
organi4ational channels when the person is under pressure not to do so from
higher-ups.
Topic( The information is believed to concern a significant moral problem for
the organi4ation.
*gent( The person disclosing the information is an employee or former
employee.
1ecipient( The information is conveyed to a person or organi4ation who can
act on it.
Ty"e- o 'h2-t8e %8o52#>
0xternal !histle blowing> The act of passing on information outside the organisation.
nternal !histle blowing> The act of passing on information to someone within the
organi)ation ut outside the approved channe"s.
0ither type is likely to be considered as disloyalty, but the second one is often seen
as less serious than the latter. <rom corporations8 point of view both are serious
because it leads to distrust, disharmony, and inability of the employees to work
together.
,pen !histle blowing> 'ndividua"s open"y revea"ing their identity as they convey the
information.
Anonymous !histle blowing> 'ndividua" conveying the information concea"s his/her
identity.
Pro3e/.re- to 4e o88o5e/ 4eore 'h2-t8e %8o52#>
& 0xcept for e$treme emergencies, a"ways try working through normal
organi)ationa" channels.
& .e prompt in e$pressing ojections.
& ,roceed in a tactfu" manner with due consideration to the feelings of others
invo"ved.
& *s much as possi"e, keep supervisors informed of your actions, oth
informa""y and forma""y.
& .e accurate in oservations and c"aims and keep all formal records
documenting re"evant events.
& 5onsult co""eagues for advice and a"so to avoid isolation.
& 5onsult the ethics committee of your professiona" society efore going outside
the organi)ation.
& 5onsult a lawyer regarding potentia" "ega" "iai"ities.
A great deal of introspection and reflection are re;uired before !=. (otive
should neither be for revenge upon fellow employee, supervisor or company nor
in the hope of future gains like book contracts or speaking tours etc.
Co#/2t2o#- to 4e -!t2-2e/ 4eore 'h2-t8e %8o52#>
1ichard T. /e George suggests the fo""owing(
C. The harm that wi"" e done y the product to the pu"ic is serious and
considera"e.
D. The individua" makes his/her concern known to hisGher superiors
.
F. 'f one does not get any proper response from immediate superiors, then one
shou"d exhaust the channels that are avai"a"e within the organi4ation
inc"uding the oard of directors.
@. 9ne must have documented evidence that wou"d convince a reasona"e and
impartia" observer that one%s view of the situation is correct and the company
po"icy is wrong.
H. There must e strong evidence that making the information pu"ic wi"" in fact
prevent the threatened serious harm.
Pre9e#t2o# o 'h2-t8e %8o52#>
The fo""owing actions wi"" preventGreduce whist"e "owing(
C. Giving direct access to higher "eve"s of management y announcing @open
door8 po"icies with guarantee that there won8t be retaliation. 'nstead such
emp"oyees shou"d e rewarded for fostering ethical behavior in the company.
D. This gives greater freedom and promotes open communication within the
organi)ation.
E. -reation of an #thics 1eview -ommittee with freedom to investigate
complaints and make independent recommendations to top management.
B. Top priority shou"d e given to promote ethical conduct in the organi)ation by
top management.
J. #ngineers shou"d e allowed to discuss in confidence, their mora" concerns
with the ethics committee of their professiona" societies.
H. 6hen there are differences on ethica" issues etween engineers and
management, ethics committee members of the professiona" societies should
be allowed to enter into these discussions.
K. 5hanges and updations in "aw must e e$p"ored y engineers, organi)ations,
professiona" societies and government organi)ations on a continuous asis.
E7"8oyee R2>ht-
0mployee rights are any rights, mora" or "ega", that invo"ve the status of eing an
emp"oyee.

0mployee rights are(
There shou"d e no discrimination against an emp"oyee for critici4ing ethica",
mora" or "ega" po"icies and practices of the organi)ation.
The organi)ation wi"" not also discriminate against an emp"oyee for engaging in
outside activities or for ojecting to an organi)ation directive that vio"ates
common norms of mora"ity.
The emp"oyee will not be deprived of any enjoyment of reasonable privacy in
his/her workp"ace.
&o personal information aout emp"oyees will be collected or kept other than
what is necessary to manage the organi)ation efficient"y and to meet the "ega"
re+uirements.
&o employee who a""eges that her/his rights have een vio"ated will be
discharged or pena"i)ed without a fair hearing y the emp"oyer organi)ation.
%ome clear examples> falsifying data, avoidance on the safety of a product
D2-3r272#!t2o#
o /iscrimination genera""y means preference on the grounds of sex, race, skin
colour, age or religious outlook.
o 'n everyday speech, it has come to mean morally unjustified treatment of
people on arbitrary or irrelevant grounds.
o Therefore to ca"" something @/iscrimination! is to condemn it.
o .ut when the +uestion of justification arises, we wi"" ca"" it 97referential
Treatment8.
I#te88e3t.!8 Pro"erty R2>ht-
ntellectual 7roperty is a product of the human intellect that has commercial
value
Many of the rights of the ownership common to rea" and personal property are
a"so common to ntellectual 7roperty
'nte""ectua" ,roperty can e bought, sold, and licensed
Simi"ar"y it can e protected against theft and infringement y others
,atent- .esign / Trademar0 to>ether 52th Cop$rig%t or7 TOTAL
INTELLECTAL ,RO,ERT1
P!te#t
C. /erived from the 8atin word @8'TT#1*# ,*T#7T#S% which means @9pen
8etters% or @9pen /ocuments% to confer rights and privi"eges.
D. * contract etween an 'nventor and the Government
E. *n e$c"usive privi"ege monopo"y right granted y the Government to the
'nventor
B. 'nvention may e of an 'ndustria" product or process of manufacture
J. 'nvention shou"d e new, non&ovious, usefu" and patenta"e as per ,atents
*ct
H. The right to the inventor is for "imited period of time and va"id on"y within the
territoria" "imits of a country of grant.
0xamples( a drug compound, a tool, maybe
software effects
DESIGN
Meant for eautifying an industria" product to attract the consumer pu"ic
Shaping, -onfiguration or 9rnamentation of a vendi"e 'ndustria" product
#$c"usive @/esign 1ights% to the originator for a "imited term
,atents I design emrace the production stage of an industria" activity

TRA.E 'AR2
Trade Mark is a name or symo" adopted for identifying goods
,u"ic can identify from the Trade Mark from whom the product is emanating
Trade Marks protection is given for an industria" product y the Government
0xamples> 5hannel &o.H8s smell, 6ac;ue *illeneuve8s face$
CO,1 RIGHTS
The right to origina" "iterary and artistic works
& 8iterary, written materia"
& /ramatic, musica" or artistic works
& =i"ms and audio&visua" materia"s
& Sound recordings
& -omputer ,rogrammes/software
& S9M# dataases
0xample> 7icasso8s +uernica, (icrosoft code, )ord of the .ings
Nee/ For A P!te#t Sy-te7
#ncourages an inventor to disc"ose his invention
#ncourages 1 I / activities as the industries can make use of the techno"ogy,
I avoids reduntant research
,rovides reasona"e assurance for commercia"isation.
,rovides an inducement to invest capita" in the new "ines of production and thus
, he"p for technica" deve"opment and upgradation.
9ne may get a very good return of income through ,atent 1ight on the
investment made in 1 I /.
Ee3t o P!te#t
* patentee gets the e$c"usive monopo"y right against the pu"ic at "arge to
use,se"" or manufacture his patented device.
* patentee can enforce his monopo"y right against any infringement in the court
of "aw for suita"e damages or profit of account.
The Government ensures fu"" disc"osure of the invention to the pu"ic for
e$change of e$c"usive monopo"y patent right to the inventor.
UNIT V - GLO%AL ISSUES
1) G29e !# !33o.#t o %ho"!8 G!- Tr!>e/y.
,n 2ecember F, CIJ@, -nion 5arbideAs pesticide-manufacturing plant in =hopal,
ndia leaked @K tons of the deadly gas, methyl isocyanate into a sleeping,
impoverished community - killing D,HKK within a few days, CKKKK permanently
disabled and injuring CKK,KKK people. Ten years later, it increased to @KKK to EKKK
deaths and injuries to LKK,KKK.
.isks taken>
Storage tank of Methy" 'socyanate gas was fi""ed to more than EHM capacity as
against 0nion -aride%s spec. that it shou"d never be more than LKM fu"".
The company%s 6est Virginia p"ant was contro""ing the safety systems and
detected leakages thro8 computers ut the .hopa" p"ant only used manual labour
for control and leak detection.
The Methy" 'socyanate gas, eing high"y concentrated, burns parts of body with
which it comes into contact, even blinding eyes and destroying lungs.
5ausal <actors>
& Three protective systems out of service
& ,"ant was understaffed due to costs.
& Very high inventory of (5, an e$treme"y to$ic materia".
& The accident occurred in the early morning.
& Most of the peop"e ki""ed "ived in a shanty 4poor"y ui"t5 town "ocated very
c"ose to the p"ant fence.
!orkers made the following attempts to save the plant>

& They tried to turn on the p"ant refrigeration system to coo" down the
environment and s"ow the reaction. 4The refrigeration system had been
drained of coolant weeks before and never refilled -- it cost too much.5
& They tried to route e$panding gases to a neighoring tank. 4The tankAs
pressure gauge was broken and indicated the tank was full when it was really
empty.5
& They tried to purge the gases through a scruer. 4The scrubber was
designed for flow rates, temperatures and pressures that were a fraction of
what was by this time escaping from the tank. The scrubber was as a result
ineffective.5
& They tried to route the gases through a f"are tower && to urn them away. 4The
supply line to the flare tower was broken and hadnAt been replaced.5
& They tried to spray water on the gases and have them sett"e to the ground &&
y this time the chemica" reaction was near"y comp"eted. 4The gases were
escaping at a point CDK feet above ground: the hoses were designed to shoot
water up to CKK feet into the air.5
n just D hours the chemicals escaped to form a deadly cloud over hundreds of
thousands of people incl. poor migrant labourers who stayed close to the plant.

2) 'h!t !re the 4e#e2t- o M.8t2 N!t2o#!8 3or"or!t2o#- /o2#> 4.-2#e-- 2# 8e--
/e9e8o"e/ 3o.#tr2e- or 4oth the MNC- !#/ the ho-t 3o.#tryC
=enefits to (&5s>
'ne$pensive "aour
*vai"ai"ity of natura" resources
=avoura"e ta$ conditions
=resh markets for products
=enefits to developing host countries>
7ew jos
Greater pay and greater cha""enge
Transfer of advanced techno"ogy
Socia" enefits from sharing wea"th
*) 'h!t !re the three -e#-e- o re8!t29e 9!8.e-C
F.C. 0thical .elativism
& *ctions are mora""y right in a particu"ar society if they are approved y "aw,
custom, or other conventions of the society.
F.D. 2escriptive .elativism
& Va"ue e"iefs and attitudes differ from cu"ture to cu"ture and this is a fact.
F.F. (oral .elationalism or 5ontextualism '0thical pluralism1
& Mora" judgements shou"d e made in re"ation to factors that vary etween issues.
2ence it is not possi"e to formu"ate ru"es that are simp"e and app"ica"y to a""
situations.
=) 'h23h -t!#/!r/- -ho.8/ >.2/e e#>2#eer-1 3o#/.3t 5he# 5or@2#> 2# ore2>#
3o.#tr2e-C
Alternate C> @6hen in 1ome, do as the 1omans do%
Alternate D. =o""ow the identica" practices which were fo""owed in the home country.
=oth are unacceptable. A via media should be found based on the context.
D) 'h!t !re the I#ter#!t2o#!8 R2>ht- !- e#.7er!te/ 4y Tho7!- Do#!8/-o#C
& The right to freedom of physical movement
& The right to ownership of property
& The right to freedom from torture
& The right to a fair deal
& The right to non-discriminatory treatment
& The right to physical security
& The right to freedom of speech and association
& The right to minimal education
& The right to political participation
& The right to subsistence
;) 'h!t 3!# MNC- /o to "ro7ote 7or!88y G.-t 7e!-.re-C Or 5h!t !re R23h!r/
T) De Geor>e1- >.2/e82#e- or 7or!8 "ro7ot2o# 4y MNC-C
& M7-s usiness shou"d do more overall good than ad towards the economy of
the host country than doing good to a few corrupt leaders in oppressive regimes.
& They must respect laws and regulations of the "oca" country as long as they do
not violate asic moral rights.
& They must pay a living wage, even when "oca" companies fai" to pay such a
wage, ut otherwise pay on"y enough to attract competent workers.
& 't is permissi"e for the 0S to transfer dangerous techno"ogy "ike asestos
production to another country and then simp"y adopt that country%s safety "aws only
under the following conditions.
' 6orkers may e so desperate for income to feed their fami"ies that
they wi"" work under a"most any conditions
' ,ay workers for the e$tra risk
+ood judgements exercised in good faith, than astract princip"es, is the on"y
way to address practica" pro"ems.
<) 'r2te 2# 4r2e !4o.t Te3h#o8o>y Tr!#-er !#/ A""ro"r2!te Te3h#o8o>yC
E.C. Technology Transfer>
9The process of moving technology to a novel setting and implementing there.8
& 7ove" setting is any situation containing at "east one new varia"e re"evant to
success or fai"ure of given techno"ogy
& Transfer of techno"ogy from a fami"iar to a new environment is a comp"e$
process
E.D. Appropriate Technology>
9dentification, transfer, and implementation of the most suitable technology for a new
set of conditions8
& -onditions inc"ude socia" factors that go eyond routine economic and
technica" engineering constraints
& 'dentifying them re+uires attention to an array of human va"ues and needs
that may inf"uence how a techno"ogy affects the nove" situation
& 'ntermediate techno"ogy
H) Ho5 2- e#92ro#7e#t /e>r!/e/C
C. .y causing injuries to nature
i. 0sua""y this damage is caused s"ow"y
ii. Sometimes this a"so happens in sudden strikes
D. Misuse of our resources, fou"ing our environment
E. ,racticing growths in consumptions and popu"ation "eading to non&
avai"ai"ity of resources
() 'ndustria" activity denudes "and4to destroy a"" p"ant and anima" "ife5, po""utes
atmosphere and water, reduces the yie"d from sea and "and
I) 'h!t !re the ?.e-t2o#- to 4e !#-5ere/ 4y E#>2#eer- 2# the2r ro8e !-
eB"er27e#ter-C
& How does an industry affect the environment3
& How far it can be controlled3
& !hether protective measures are available and implemented3
& !hether engineers can ensure safe N clean environment3
10) 'h!t 2- !32/ r!2#C 'h!t !re 2t- ee3t-C
Acid rain(
p2 of norma" rain is J.H
p2 of rainfa"" in north eastern areas of 7orth *merica is E.G to B.E.
't is CL to CLL times more acidic than norma". This is @acid rain%.
Snowme"t into water re"eases huge amount of acid which got fro)en during
winter.
0ffects>
@*cid shock% from snowme"t causes mass destruction of fish. 9n "ong term it a"so
harms fish eggs and sources of food.
Thousands of "akes were ki""ed y acid rain in Scandinavia and 7orth *merica.
The causes are urning of fossi" fue"s "eading to re"ease of S9
D
in particu"ar and
7itrogen o$ides.
,ro"ems of Sweden caused y 'ndustria" p"ants in #ng"and and 7orth #urope.
,ro"ems of 7orth *merica caused y uti"ities in 9hio va""ey, the "argest po""uter
of S9
D
in 0S*.
Some of the potentia" changes are sti"" unknown
Micro organisms in soi" are eing affected
Groundwater is po""uted ut its u"timate effects are not known
The effects may e known on"y after another CLL years
#ffect on food sources are a"so unc"ear
11) 'h!t !re the other "ro48e7- 3!.-e/ to the e#92ro#7e#tC
.ui"d&up of -9
D
from the use of fossi" fue"s y 'ndustria" nations cou"d resu"t in
+reenhouse effect.
/amage to protective 9X97# "ayer due to the re"ease of =reon is re"ated to
techno"ogica" products used y the peop"e of these nations.
12) 'h!t 2- Gree#ho.-e ee3tC
@Greenhouse #ffect% is defined as @The progressive warming up of earth%s surface
due to "anketing effect of man made -9
D
in the atmosphere.%
* greenhouse is that ody which a""ows the short wave"ength incoming so"ar
radiation to come in, ut does not a""ow the "ong wave outgoing infra red radiation to
escape. The earth%s atmosphere ott"es up the energy of the sun and it acts "ike a
green house, where -9
D
acts "ike a g"ass windows.
1*) 'h!t !re the ee3t- o Gree#ho.-eC
The temperature effect of the -9
D
and water vapour comined together has a
"ong range impact on the g"oa" c"imate.
.ecause of increased concentration of -9
D
and due to much warmer tropica"
oceans, there may occur cyc"ones and hurricanes and ear"y snow me"t in
mountains wi"" cause more f"oods during monsoon.
'ncrease in g"oa" temperature can adverse"y effect the wor"d food production.
*t higher a"titudes in the atmosphere, -9
D
undergoes photochemica" reactions
producing -9, which is drastica""y dangerous.
-=-s are responsi"e for DLU increase in warming. This may increase the
chances of diseases in humans and anima"s.



1=) De-3r24e the 3!-e -t./y o e#92ro#7e#t!8 /e>r!/!t2o# 3!.-e/ 4y PC% F
0!#e721- O28C
'n Southern 3apan, in CGHM a "arge numer of peop"e suffered y disfigurement of
skin, discolouration, fatigue, numbness, respiratory distress, vomiting and loss of
hair.
' CL,LLL peop"e got affected N some died
' Two groups of CDC peop"e each were tested and resu"ts were as fo""ows(
& 't was found that fried food using rice oil produced y Fanemi company
was eaten which caused the problem
& *fter K months of investigation?.
' 't was found that the presence of 7olychlorinated biphenyl-75= was
the cause for the effects and it was present in the rice oi".
' 1ice 9i" was heated at "ow pressure to remove the odour thro% a heat
e$changer and a "i+uid known as F*7#-2891 which contained 75=
was used for heat transfer
' ,ipes of the heat e$changer was corroded and led to leakage thro8
those pinholes.
' 'n fact, Fanemi had een replenishing DE kgs of lost 75= per month
for sometime without rea"i)ing the seriousness.
& 'ndirect path > this rice was used as chicken&feed and ha"f of one mi""ion
chickens that were fed died.
,ther %imilar 0ffects>
,"astic akery wrappers containing 75= mi$ed with ground sta"e read
was used as chicken-feed and CBLLLL chickens had to e s"aughtered in
7ew :ork.
75= leaked into fishmea" from a heating system in 7orth -aro"ina p"ant
and CDLLL tons of fishmea" were contaminated and MMLLL chicken, fed
with fishmea" had to e destroyed.
2igh pressure injection of water near .a"dwin /am in 8os *nge"es
caused the reservoir crack open a"ong a fau"t "ine. The water re"eased
ki""ed J and damaged property worth WCB mi""ion.
1D) Ho5 3!# 5e 2#ter#!82-e Co-t- o E#92ro#7e#t!8 De>r!/!t2o#C
Time cost of a product > inc"udes numerous factors "ike effect of po""ution, the
dep"etion of energy and raw materia"s, socia" costs, etc.
'f these costs are interna"i)ed 4added to the price5, then the cost can e
charged direct"y to the eneficiary of the degradation of environment.
't is etter to make the user to pay for a"" its costs than to "evy higher ta$es.
*n accepta"e mechanism for price fi$ing must e found y the engineer with
the he"p of the economist, scientist, "awyer and po"itician which cou"d protect
the environment through se"f correcting procedures.
Good design practices may give etter environmenta" protection without
added cost.
1;) G29e ! 4r2e !33o.#t o Te3h#o8o>y A--e--7e#tC
o #ngineers are said to e finding the right answers for the wrong ;uestions
o <inding the right ;uestions is much more difficult than finding the right
answers to these +uestions
o #ngineers shou"d
Try to assess the techno"ogy and its environmenta" impacts and focus
on containing the major adverse effects.
/uring assessment even if engineers were strong"y e"ieve that the
projects have no adverse effect, they shou"d continue to monitor the
outcome even after its imp"ementation which on"y wou"d give the
comp"ete picture of the conse+uences of the project.
1<) 'r2te -hort #ote- o# Se#t2e#t Ce#tere/ Eth23-A %2o Ce#tr23 Eth23-A
E3o3e#tr23 Eth23- !#/ H.7!# Ce#tere/ E#92ro#7e#t!8 Eth23-)
Se#t2e#t Ce#tere/ Eth23-
%entient animals are those which feel pain and pleasure. This version of 7ature&
centered ethics is advanced y some uti"itarians, nota"y ,eter Singer, who says that
right action ma$imi)ing good for a"" shou"d include sentient animals as well as
humans. =ai"ure to do so "eads discrimination "ike racism, which is known as
@Speciesism%. There is a"ways a dispute as to whether the inherent worth of anima"s
can e e+uated to human eings or not.
%2o Ce#tr23 Eth23-
This regards all living organisms as having inherent worth. 6e shou"d "ive with the
virtue of @reverence to life%, as set forth y *"ert Schweit)er 4CMKJ&CGHJ5. This wi""
ena"e us to take decisions aout when "ife can e sacrificed.
E3o3e#tr23 Eth23-
This "ocates inherent worth in 0cological systems and this approach is different from
the other two, as it is not individua"istic. This is voiced y *"do 8eopo"d 4CMMK&CGBM5.
There is another view that ecocentric ethic does not rep"ace socia""y generated
human&oriented duties to fami"y, neighours and humanity
H.7!# Ce#tere/ E#92ro#7e#t!8 Eth23-
This is an e$tension of ethica" theories to comat threats to human eings presented
y the destruction of nature.
1H) De2#e 3o7".ter eth23-C
5omputer 0thics dea"s with @the eva"uation of and decision making in a variety of
mora" pro"ems caused y computers%.
1I) 'h!t -h2t- !re 3!.-e/ 2# "o5er re8!t2o#-h2"- 4y Co7".ter-C
7ower relationship caused by 5omputers>
C. 6ob 0limination(
-omputers sti"" continue to "ead to e"imination of jos.
6hi"e emp"oyees cannot e paid when there is no work, a"" attempts are to e
made y emp"oyers to readjust work assignments and retain emp"oyees.
The asence of this practice creates an emp"oyee or puic ack"ash against
introduction of -omputers.
D. 5ustomer .elations(
't is very easy for a customer to notice an error in a computer printout, of the
price difference etween what is shown at the she"f and what is shown in cash
receipt register.
2ere mora" sense and "ong term usiness re+uirement re+uires that the
po"icies shou"d e made favoura"e to consumers.
F. =iased %oftware>
* group of peop"e with known convictions, may tend to produce software
which favours their views rather than views from a"" ang"es to "et the user
decide fina""y.
@. %tock Trading>
*utomatic, hands&off trading of stocks and currency can e performed,
enefiting the trading community ut it wi"" harm the intended purposes.
H. -nrealistic 0xpectations>
Sa"es personne" have a tendency to overse"" systems that are too "arge for
customers% re+uirementsQ sometimes even those which are not ready for
de"ivery.
L. 7olitical 7ower>
.y otaining information aout different groups of peop"e regarding their
attitudes and va"ues, the computers can e made to he"p po"iticians to make
speeches, send mai"s, etc. which wou"d e appea"ing se"ective"y to these
groups.
E. (ilitary !eapons>
-omputerised mi"itary weapons, even if perfected, wi"" on"y make opposing
countries to deve"op their striking or responding capai"ity which is not hea"thy
for the wor"d.
20) 'h!t "ro48e7- !re e#3o.#tere/ 2# the .-e o 3o7".ter- 52th "ro"ert2e-C
The two major pro"ems encountered in the use of computers with properties are(
C. #me))"ement and
D. Theft of software and information
21) Ho5 the "ro48e7 o e74eJJ8e7e#t t!@e- "8!3e thro.>h 3o7".ter- !#/
5hyC
The speed and geographic coverage of the computer system and the difficu"ty
of tracing the transactions through computers makes catching the thieves
trou"esome.
-omputers are aused in i5 stea"ing y emp"oyees at work, ii5 stea"ing y non&
emp"oyees or former emp"oyees, iii5 stea"ing from or cheating c"ients and
consumers, iv5 vio"ating contracts for computer sa"es or service and v5
conspiring to use computer networks to engage in widespread fraud.
,ena"ties for computer crime are mi"d compared to conventiona" crimes.
,asswords and more recent"y, data encryptions are used for security with
"imited effectiveness.
22) EB"8!2# 4r2e8y !4o.t D!t! !#/ Sot5!re 52th re-"e3t to "ro"erty "ro48e7-)
@/ata% is information stored in a computer.
@Software% or @program% consists of i5 an a"gorithm, ii5 a source code and iii5 an
oject code.
Software can e protected y -opyrights and Trade secret "aws. ,atenting on
software is "imited to detai"ed coding se+uences ut not fina" products.
*"gorithms and oject codes cannot e copyrighted. .ut source code can e
copyrighted.
#g. .uying one copy and reproducing do)ens of copies.
2*) De-3r24e ho5 !#/ 2# 5h!t 5!y- E92o8!t2o# o "r29!3y1 o33.r- 2# !#/ thro.>h
Co7".ter-)
-omputers make more information avai"a"e to more peop"e. This makes protection
of computer privacy difficu"t.
C. nappropriate Access(
/ocuments recorded for a crime which one did not commit ut was arrested.
*s a chi"d you were arrested for drinking a"coho"
Medica" data aout visits to a psychiatrist.
* "oan defau"t to a 7ationa" .ank.
*ny of the aove information can e accessed y, "et us say, a prospective emp"oyer
during a security check.
D. 2ata =ank 0rrors(
#ven erroneous information when generated y computers is taken to e
authenticated.
'mmediate reaction to such wrong information may most"y prove to e incorrect.
F. Hackers(
@2ackers% are peop"e who compu"sive"y cha""enge any computer security system,
choke networks, give out fa"se information, etc.
This can e e$treme"y harmfu".
't is a vio"ation of property rights.
*t the "east, it reduces productivity y shutting down systems.
'ndividua" privacy, nationa" security, freedom to protect proprietary information are
three va"ues re+uiring "imits on access to information.
2=) Ho5 h!- 8!5 re-"o#/e/ to 3o7".ter !4.-e-C
* series of "aws enacted to prevent ause of information.
'nformation can e accessed on"y y consumer consent or court order.
-onsumers have the right to e$amine and cha""enge information contained in
computers.
2D) 'h!t Proe--2o#!8 I--.e- !r2-e 2# Co7".ter eth23-C
9wing to the high degree of jo comp"e$ity and technica" proficiency re+uired, a "ot
of issues arise in engineering ethics.
C. 5omputer failures(
=ai"ures can occur due to either hardware or software
2ardware errors do not occur fre+uent"y.
Software errors are the major fai"ures of the computers.
2ardware errors are easi"y detected.
Software errors are difficu"t to detect.
Tria" runs are aso"ute"y essentia" to check the program.
D. 5omputer mplementation(
7ew computer system shou"d e attempted successfu""y efore the o"d one
ecomes inoperative. Many fai"ure cases have een reported whi"e switching
over to a new system.
F. Health 5onditions(
#rgonomic conditions shou"d e imp"emented to reduce ack pro"ems, provide
wrist support, to ecome good "ooking.
2;) G29e o#e !r>.7e#t e!3h or !#/ !>!2#-t 'e!"o#- De9e8o"7e#tC
'e!"o#- De9e8o"7e#t is a /ee#-29e 7e!-.re against greater destruction y
po"itica" adversaries, terrorists and enemy states.
They are /e923e- to @288 human eings, innocent civi"ians or e+ua""y unwi""ing
so"diers on the other side.
2<) 'h!t -ho.8/ e#>2#eer- /o 2# t!@2#> "!rt 2# 'e!"o#- /e9e8o"7e#tC
#ngineers need to e$amine one%s conscience to take part in any form of weapon
deve"opment.
o They have to consider the circumstances "eading to the specific conf"ict and
decide whether it is justified to take part in associated weapons deve"opment.
o 'f necessary, they shou"d refuse to e a part of it and e prepared to face
conse+uences.
2H) Ho5 7.3h 2- 4e2#> -"e#t 2# Dee#3e eB"e#/2t.re !#/ ho5 Ar7- Tr!/e >et-
"ro7ote/ 4y "r29!te 7!#.!3t.rer- o !r7-C
o 2undreds of i""ions of do""ars, annua""y, throughout the wor"d, are eing spent
for mi"itary operations.
o DJU of this is spent on just procurement of weapons.
o CKU of these are spent in transactions across countries.
7romotion of Arms 2eals>
C. /rupp, a family of successful arms merchants and manufacturers
*rmies and navies invested in Frupp%s nicke" stee" armour
Then Frupp made chrome stee" she""s that can pierce nicke" "eading to further
investment y mi"itary.
Then they made a high&caron armour p"ate that can resist the new she""s
resu"ting in more orders
Then Frupp again produces, @capped shot% with e$p"osive noses which can
pierce through the high&caron armoured p"ate a"so
*rms dea"s continued to f"ourish
D. *ickers and %chneider-another arms manufacturer
Supp"ying arms to -hinese, 3apanese and 1ussians
,ointing out the growth of the 3apanese navy to -hinese
,ointing out the growth of the -hinese to their riva"s, 1ussians
1ussia > 3apanese war in CGLJ was usefu" for the cause of arms
manufacturers.
1ussians "ost the war, hence ordered fresh arms for rehai"itation
3apanese won the war, ut were upset since terri"e "oodath was caused
y 1ussians machine guns on "and.
2I) De-3r24e the /e-tr.3t29e #!t.re !#/ "o5er o 5e!"o#- !#/ the2r
/e9e8o"7e#tC
Towards the end of 6or"d 6ar '', night raids sometimes on civi"ian areas were
very common
The deaths caused y *tom oms on 2iroshima, 7agasaki were not more than
the deaths caused y sing"e air raids in 6or"d 6ar ''
.ut they were horri"e ecause of their power in rapid de"ivery of destructive
power in immense concentration
2iroshima .om > e+uiva"ent to DLLLLT of T7T powder carried on DHK ogies of
rai"road 4D mi"es "ong5 for one om > again e+uiva"ent to KBL&.JD omers to
carry this "oad.
0SS1 e$p"oded 2ydrogen oms in CGHL > JL I HL mega ton range for tests
with capai"ities such as(
DLLL to ELLL times powerfu" than 2iroshima om
BLLL to HLLL mi"es "ong train re+uired to carry an e+uiva"ent amount of
T7T powder which wi"" take CLL hours to pass any point
6i"" re+uire one and a ha"f mi""ion p"anes T4omers5 to carry the
powder
Towards the end of cold war
-%%. had HJKK megatons 'IHKK warheads on DEKK launchers1 and
-%A had FFKK megatons 'CKJKK warheads on DKKK launchers1
*0) I88.-tr!te the 2#9o89e7e#t o e#>2#eer- 2# 'e!"o#- De9e8o"7e#t 52th
eB!7"8e-)
C. .o is emp"oyed y a firm manufacturing anti&personne" oms. These oms tie
up much of the enemy%s resources in treating the wounded who survive its e$p"osion
4y showering its fragments on to the victims5. Though he does not "ike to e
invo"ved in om mfr., he justifies himse"f that someone wou"d have to mfr them. 'f
he does not, then someone e"se wi"". 9f course, his fami"y a"so needs a steady
income.
D. * chemica" engineer, Mary, got into napa"m mfg when she was promoted. She
does not "ike wars, ut she fee"s that govt. knows etter aout internationa" dangers.
She a"so knows that if she continues doing we"" in her jo, she wi"" again e
promoted to work on a commercia" product.
E. 1on is a specia"ist in missi"e contro" and guidance. 2e knows that he was one of
the engineers instrumenta" in keeping any potentia" enemy in check through his
work. *t "east, there is enough mutua" deterrence for a third wor"d war.
B. 3oanne is an e"ectronics engineer working a"so on avionics for fighter p"anes that
are so"d aroad. She does not want these p"anes to e so"d to hosti"e countries.
Since she does not have any say on who shou"d e their customers, she even a"erts
occasiona""y her journa"ist friends with information aout her work which she fee"s a""
pu"ic shou"d have.
*nyone who is invo"ved in weapons deve"opment shou"d e very c"ear as to his/her
motives for eing in the industry.
*1) 'h!t !re the Pro48e7- o Dee#-e I#/.-try 2# 4r2eC
C. 8arge mi"itary ui"d&ups, massive projects a"" "ead to unethica" usiness practices
and the urgency of comp"etion of the weapons projects does not a""ow proper
contro""ing and monitoring.
D. @Techno"ogy creep% > deve"opment of cruise missi"es a"ters dip"omatic
arrangements
E. The impact of secrecy surrounding any defense activity
B. 9vera"" effect of defense spending on economy
*2) EB"8!2# the "ro48e7- o /ee#-e 2#/.-try 52th eB!7"8e-)
C. 8arge mi"itary ui"d&ups( WD i""ion cost overrun on the deve"opment of -J&*
cargo p"ane reported to the pu"ic y #rnest =it)gera"d due to poor operating
efficiencies in defense industry. 2e pointed out how "arge supp"iers fe"t secure in
not comp"ying to cost&cutting p"ans ut sma"" contractors were wi""ing.
DHM firms hold HKMof all defense contracts and J firms conduct @HM
of defense research.
D. Technology creep> The arms are not on"y growing in si)e, it is a"so ecoming
etter. The deve"opment of a new missi"e or one that can target more accurate"y,
y one country, can upset or destai"i)e a dip"omatic negotiation. Sometimes this
fad for moderni)ation "eads to undesira"y conse+uences. The =CJ fighter p"anes
were supposed to e fastest and most maneuvera"e of its kind ut most were
not avai"a"e for service due to repairs, defects and "ack of spares. #ngineers
shou"d e eware of such pitfa""s.
F. mpact of secrecy( Secrecy poses pro"ems to engineers. #ngineers shou"d e
aware of the answers to the fo""owing +uestions(
%hould discoveries of significance to military be informed to govt.3 5an they
be shared with other researchers, in other countries3 %hould they be withheld
from the scientific and public community3 !ill the secrecy in weapons
development will also serve to hide corruption or their mistakes in defense
establishments3 5an secrecy help the promotion of weapons systems
without criticism or interference from outsiders3
@. 0ffect on economy> #very do""ar spent on defense produces "ess jos than what
cou"d e provided for y using the resource on other neg"ected sectors such as
education and road deve"opment. May e a changeover y training defense
engineers to use their designs, processes and techni+ues to ring aout etter,
competitive civi"ian products is what wou"d e the most appropriate thing to do
now.
**) 'h!t !re the /223.8t2e- 2# De3o772--2o#2#> 'e!"o#-C
C. #ven now, she""s 4duds or "ive5 which "anded aout GL years ack during 6or"d
6ar ' are found y farmers during p"oughing. Specia" om disposa" s+uads are
eing kept usy with hundreds of ca""s.
D. There are, sti"" more, une$p"oded and hidden oms a""over the wor"d that fe""
during 6or"d 6ar ''
E. Severed "ims and dead odies are eing discovered in "ands fi""ed with mines in
-amodia and Vietnam in CGHLs andKLs.
B. *nti&personne" weapons are found in *fghanistan, *ngo"a, .osnia, Mo)ami+ue,
7icaragua and Soma"ia.
J. These weapons are easi"y spread y air ut are very difficu"t and dangerous to
detect and remove.
H. *out CLL mi""ion "andmines remain sti"" scattered in the aove countries as per
estimates y 0.S.State dept.
K. 8andmines present a serious ethica" di"emma to "eaders who want to e ethica" in
wars a"so
M. /esign, mfr, dep"oyment and eventua""y their disposa" is a huge e$periment.
G. 6idespread ignorance on radiation amongst the pu"ic
CL. Gas warfare e$periments, *nthra$ carriers, nuc"ear weapons a"" cause oth
known and unknown pro"ems
CC. #ngineers dea"ing with dangerous materia" shou"d consider oth the intended
use and a"so the unintended conse+uences and a"so their disposa".
*=) 'h23h -t./2e- !re 7ore .-e.8 to Ee#>2#eer 7!#!>er-1 th!# e9e#
e#>2#eer2#>C
1ichard 8.Meehan, a civi" engg graduate from M'T, was retained y Genera" #"ectric
as a consu"tant to testify efore 7uc"ear 1egu"atory -ommission aout the capai"ity
of G#%s nuc"ear p"ant in -a"ifornia, 0.S.*. to withstand earth+uakes.
2e found, whi"e trying to understand the effect of earth+uakes on nuc"ear p"ants, that
C. 2is asic study of physics is more usefu" in studying this area compared to
the more advanced studies in engg.
D. 2is understanding of risk ana"ysis was ased not on"y on proai"ity theory
ut a"so on va"ue judgement aout safety.
E. .ut more interesting was that understanding peop"e was more important than
anything e"se.
B. ,erson oriented ski""s are as important to engineers as technica" ski""s.
*D) 'hy 7!#!>e7e#t- "reer to 7!@e e#>2#eer- !- 7!#!>er- th!# #o#-
e#>2#eer-C K 'hy e#>2#eer- 2#/ 7!#!>e7e#t "o-2t2o#- !ttr!3t29eC
#ngineers undergo the most intensive technical training amongst professiona"s.
.ut sti"", many of them move to manageria" positions ear"y in their career for
which they received no training.
9rganisations find it easier to teach the business side to engineers than
teaching engineering to non&engineers.
They a"so va"ue the ;uantitative analysis, strong work-ethics, and confidence in
problem solving e$hiited y engineers.
#ngineers a"so prefer the management attractive, since career in management
offers better recognition than technica" track.
*;) EM!#!>er-1 re-"o#-24282ty 2- to 3o#/.3t 4.-2#e-- to 2#3re!-e "ro2t-1)
D2-3.--)
7oe" "aureate Mi"ton =riedman said @The social responsibility of business is
to increase its profitsOO. The responsibility of managers is to conduct
business in accordance with their stockholders8 desires, which generally will
be to make as much money as possible while conforming to he basic rules of
society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom8
The ethica" custom refered y =riedman means on"y @refraining from fraud,
deception and corruption.
.ut Martin and Schin)inger say that =riedman is not correct in saying that
managers% ethics reduce to on"y responsii"ity to ma$imi)e profits for
stockho"ders.
The primary responsii"ity of managers is to produce product or service whi"e
maintaining respect for persons, inc"uding customers, emp"oyees and pu"ic.
#thica""y, personne" and safety comes first efore profits.
.y definition, compared to charita"e institutions, re"igions, organi)ations, etc
organi)ations and corporates operate on"y for profits.
.ut the u"timate goa" of managers shou"d e to make va"ua"e products that
are a"so profita"e since profit making is one of the conditions to e in
usiness.
Good usiness and sound ethics go together. 2ence the mora" ro"es of
managers and engineers are comp"ementary and not opposed.
#ngineer managers have two major responsii"ities > promoting and ethica"
c"imate and reso"ving conf"icts.
*<) EB"8!2# ho5 Eth23!8 C827!te 2- "ro7ote/ 2# or>!#2J!t2o#- thro.>h
eB!7"8e-)
There are high"y ethica" organi)ations, e$amp"es of some of which are given e"ow(
C. Mari"yn 2ami"ton, founded Yuickie /esigns in CGML, who was a teacher and
ath"ete who was para"y)ed in hang&g"iding accident. * high"y moi"e and versati"e
whee" chair was designed weighing DH pounds, ha"f the weight of chairs that were
current"y produced. The company grew up within a decade to WHJ mi""ions in sa"es. 't
had a po"icy of customer sponsored sports events for young peop"e in whee"chairs. 't
is re"ative"y sma"" 4JLL strong5 and e$ceptiona""y committed.
D. Martin Mariette -orpn egan an ethics program in CGMJ emphasi)ing asic va"ue
"ike honesty and fairness and responsii"ity for environment and high product +ua"ity.
They drafted a code of conduct, conducted and ethics workshop for managers and
created effective procedures for emp"oyees to e$press their ethica" concerns.
E. Te$as 'nstruments 4T'5 is an e$amp"e of an ethica" "arge corporation emphasi)ing
on trust, respect for other persons, etc. T' appointed a fu"" time #thics /irector, -ar"
Skoog"und. 2e surveyed to know the ethica" concerns of emp"oyees and their
awareness. 2e conducted workshops on ethics, wrote rochures and was direct"y to
a"" emp"oyees through a confidentia" phone "ine. #ven though they made it c"ear that
unprofessiona" conduct wou"d not e to"erated, the focus was on supporting ethica"
conduct than punishing wrong doers.
B. * "arge defense contractor started an ethics program that was not successfu".
2igher management viewed the program as a success ut the professiona"
emp"oyees considered it as a sham/farce for pu"ic re"ations and window dressing.
The primary
difficu"ty was the gap etween the intentions of top management and the unchanged
ehaviour of the Senior managers.
*H) 'h!t -te"- 3!# 4e t!@e# to 27"ro9e the eth23!8 3827!te 4y 7!#!>er-C
C. #thica" va"ues and their fu"" comp"e$ity are wide"y acknow"edged and
appreciated y managers and engineers. 7either profits nor promoting the
interests of the organi)ation is neg"ected ut the moral limits on profit&seeking
go beyond simply obeying the law and avoiding fraud.
D. The sincere use of ethical language is recogni)ed as a "egitimate part of
corporate dia"ogue. This is done either y formu"ating corporate code of ethics
or y inc"uding ethica" responsii"ities in jo descriptions at a"" "eve"s.
E. Top management must set a moral tone, in words, in po"icies and y persona"
e$amp"e. #veryone shou"d e confident that management is serious aout
ethics.
B. There must e procedures for conflict resolution. Managers shou"d e trained
to reso"ve conf"icts and on the other hand, a person shou"d e e$c"usive"y
made to have confidentia" discussions aout mora" concerns.
*I) 'h!t !re the 7o-t 3o77o# 3o#823t-C
o -onf"icts over schedu"es, depending most"y on support depts. ut where
managers do not have any contro".
o -onf"icts over which is the most important dept or function at a given time
o -onf"icts over personne" resources
o -onf"icts over technica" issues
o -onf"icts over administrative procedures
o ,ersona"ity conf"icts
o -onf"icts over costs
=0) C!# 3o#823t- 4e 7!#!>e/ 4y or3e or !.thor2tyC Ho5 !re /2ere#t 3o#823t-
re-o89e/C
o @' am in&charge & see it my way or ' wi"" fire you%. This is genera""y perceived
as se"f&defeating.
o -onf"ict arrangement sometimes means to"erating and even inviting some
forms of conf"ict
o Manager%s task is to create c"imate in which conf"icts are addressed
constructive"y
o ,ersona"ity conf"icts are ranked re"ative"y "ow in intensity ut they are most
difficu"t to reso"ve.
o They are genera""y woven with technica"/communication pro"ems
o ,roper"y managed technica" and ethica" conf"icts are usua""y fruitfu" and not
harmfu". /iffering views provide opportunity for improved creativity.
=1) 'h!t !re the = 5!y- to re-o89e 3o#823t- !7o#> "er-o#- -.>>e-te/ 4y
H!r9!r/ Ne>ot2!t2o# ProGe3tC
C5 ,eop"e( Separate peop"e from the pro"em.
#ven though oth the peop"e and the pro"em are important, the persona"
aspect of the conf"ict shou"d e separated from the pro"em to dea" with it
etter. 9n persona"ity c"ashes, the focus shou"d e on ehaviour and not on
peop"e.
D5 'nterests( =ocus on interests and not positionZs
This princip"e app"ies most c"ear"y to personne" matters and ethica" views,
rather than technica" disputes. ,ositions are stated views ut these may not
rea""y e$press their est interests.
E5 9ptions( Generate a variety of possii"ities efore deciding what to do.
-reate a wide range of options especia""y in technica" and ethica" issues and
faci"itate discussions.
B5 -riteria( 'nsist that the resu"t e ased on some ojective standard.
.eyond the goa"s of efficiency, +ua"ity and customer satisfaction, it is
important to deve"op a sense of fair process in how the goa"s are met.
=2) 'h!t 2- the #!t.re o 5or@ or E#>2#eer- !- Co#-.8t2#> E#>2#eer-C
-onsu"ting engineers work in private practice.
They earn y getting their fee for services rendered.
They have greater freedom in decision making compared to sa"aried emp"oyees.
.ut they a"so have a need to earn a "iving.
=*) 'h!t !re the 7!Gor !re!- o 5or@ or e#>2#eer 3o#-.8t!#t-C
C. *dvertising
D. -ompetitive idding
E. -ontingency fees
B. Safety and c"ient needs
==) EA/9ert2-2#>A o#3e tho.>ht to 4e .#"roe--2o#!8 h!- #o5 4ee# !33e"te/ 4y
8!51 EB"8!2#)
.efore CGKH, advertising was thought to e @unprofessional%, in 0.S.*. The state
fe"t that work shou"d e won through reputation as engineer and not through
advertisement.
.ut in CGKH, Supreme -ourt ru"ed that
=an on professiona" advertising is an improper restraint
't reduces pu"ic awareness of avai"a"e professiona" services
They keep prices higher than they might otherwise.
7ow the focus has een shifted to restrain deceptive advertising which is done
through(
C. 9utright "ies
D. 2a"f&truths
E. #$aggeration
B. Making fa"se suggestions or imp"ications
J. 9fuscation 4confusion or not eing c"ear5 created y amiguity, vagueness
H. Manipu"ation of the unconscious
=D) 'he# 2- !/9ert2-2#> 3o#-2/ere/ to 4e decepti*eC
Example 3: * consu"ting firm p"ayed actua""y a very minor ro"e in a we""&known
project
%ituation C( 'ts rochure c"aims that it p"ayed a major ro"e
%ituation D( 't makes no c"aim ut on"y shows the picture of the project
%ituation F( 't shows the picture a"ong with a footnote in fine print the true detai"s
aout its ro"e in the project
%ituation @( 'f the same statement is printed in "arger type and not as footnote.
Example 4: *n ad shows an e"ectronics device to convey that the item is routine"y
produced and avai"a"e for sa"e. .ut actua""y the ad shows on"y the prototype or
mock&up and the item is just eing deve"oped.
=;) 'h!t !re the #or7- to 4e o88o5e/ 4y eth23!8 3o#-.8t!#t- 2# !/9ert2-2#>C
Genera""y consumer products can e advertised suppressing the negative
aspects and even some e$aggeration is a""owed.
.ut advertisement of professional services "ike engineering services is governed
y strict norms.
7S,# forids the fo""owing(
"the use of statements containing a material misrepresentation of fact or omitting a
material fact necessary to keep the statement from being misleading: statements
intended or likely to create an unjustified expectation: statements containing
prediction of future success: statements containing an opinion as to the ;uality of the
showmanship including the use of slogans, jingles or sensational language format.#
Some degree of so"icitation may e usefu" in encouraging hea"thy competition
9r wi"" it open the door to peop"e who are not honest, who critici)e unfair"y or who
e$aggerate the merits of their services;
'n any case, restrictions on mis"eading advertisement are a must.
=<) 'hy 5!- Co7"et2t29e %2//2#> "roh242te/ e!r82er !#/ the# 5hy 5!- 2t
!""ro9e/ 4y 3o.rt-C
-ompetitive idding was prohiited for +uite sometime due to the fo""owing
reasons(
-onsu"ting jos, un"ike industria" and construction work, are not suita"e for
precise cost estimates and hence precise ids.
2ere competitive idding, wou"d encourage cutting safety and +ua"ity, in case
of "ower ids and padding/over designing in the case of higher ids.
8ater, -ompetitive idding was approved y -ourts of "aw on the reasoning
that free trade is restrained in an unfair manner.
=H) 'he# 3o#-.8t2#> e#>2#eer- reGe3t 3o7"et2t29e 42//2#>A 5h!t 3!# 4e the
4!-2- o the2r -e8e3t2o#C
-onsu"ting engineers, in the asence of competitive idding can e se"ected on"y
ased on their reputation and proven +ua"ification. .ut younger, competent
engineers may e disadvantaged y this method.
=I) 'h!t 2- yo.r .#/er-t!#/2#> o Co#t2#>e#3y Fee-C
-ontingency fee is dependent on some specific conditions eyond norma",
satisfactory performance in work.
* c"ient may hire a consu"tant engineer to find methods of cost saving on an
ongoing project to save a minimum of CLU. 'f consu"tant saves CLU, he wi"" get
his feeQ otherwise no fee wi"" e paid. The fee can e either an agreed amount or
a Uage of savings.
6hen the fee is a Uage of saving, it ecomes @contingency fee%. 'n many cases,
consu"tants tend to e iased and in order to gain the fee, they may specify
inferior design or process to cut costs.
D0) Ho5 /oe- NSPE !//re-- the 2--.e o ECo#t2#>e#3y Fee1C
7S,# has addressed this issue as fo""ows(
*n engineer sha"" not re+uest, propose, or accept a professiona" commission on a
contingent asis under circumstances in which his professiona" judgement may e
compromised, or when a contingency provision is used as a device for promoting or
securing a professiona" commission.!
D1) 'he# /oe- the E3o#t2#>e#3y ee1 4e3o7e "er72--248eC
To decide whether @contingency fee% practice may e a""owed or not, the potentia"
gains shou"d e weighed against the potentia" "osses. 2ence, this again ca""s for
conte$tua" reasoning ased on ethica" theories, which provide a framework for
assessing mora""y re"evant issues of the pro"em.
D2) Ho5 ES!ety !#/ 382e#t #ee/-1 -ho.8/ 4e !//re--e/ 4y 3o#-.8t2#>
e#>2#eer-C
-onsu"ting engineers have greater freedom with wider areas of responsible
decision making compared to sa"aried engineers.
This creates special difficulties for consu"ting engineers.
'n @design-only% projects, consu"tants do not have any ro"e in the construction
or imp"ementation as per the design specs.
'dea""y, on"y the designer wou"d rea""y know the areas of difficu"ty in
e$ecution.
#ven when changes in design are re+uired during e$ecution, the
consu"tant may not e around to effect the changes
-"ient may not have capa"e peop"e for inspection of the work ased
on the consu"tant%s design.
/oes the consu"tant have a mora" responsii"ity to fo""ow through the
design in e$ecution
'n any case, jo safety is one prime responsii"ity of the consu"tant
engineer
D*) 'h!t !re the re!-o#- th!t 3!.-e ED2-".te-1C 'ho 2- the 7!Gor 8o-er 2# !#y
/2-".teC
8arge projects invo"ve owners, consu"tants and contractors and many participants
at various "eve"s in these three organi)ations.
9ver"apping responsii"ities, fragmented contro", de"ays and inai"ity to reso"ve
disputes are some of the pro"ems encountered during these projects.
1eso"ving disputes ecomes especia""y difficu"t when projects "ast for severa"
years and connected personne" a"so change during this period.
9wners have the most to "ose in such situations.
2ence they try to shift the risks to others.
-onsu"ting engineers are genera""y tied to the contract provisions and they do not
try any innovative ideas 4do not want to add risks5
*"" this have "ed to considera"e "itigation and any "itigation is time consuming and
cost"y.
D=) 'h!t !re the -te"- to 4e t!@e# re-o89e /2-".te-C
C. /efine how risks are to e apportioned and payment of fees to e made
D. Make contractua" provisions for dispute so"ving vehic"es to avoid "ega" att"es in
"ines of mediation > aritration
E. Mediator attempts to reso"ve first and if it fai"s, the aritrators% decision shou"d
e fina".
B. 7ationa" 3oint .oard for sett"ement of 3urisdictiona" /isputes wi"" e ca""ed to
provide a "eaking oard and appea"s oard.
J. The -onsu"ting #ngineer, from the socia" e$perimentation! nature of
engineering, has the o"igation to inc"ude such c"auses in contracts and shou"d
make sure that these c"auses are adhered to y a"".
DD) 'h!t 2- the 5or@ /o#e 4y E#>2#eer- !- EB"ert-C
#ngineers, in their position as e$perts, e$p"ain the happenings of the past in terms of
-auses of accidents, ma"functions of e+uipment and other techno"ogica" events.
They a"so he"p in events of the future "ike, pu"ic p"anning, potentia" of patents and
po"icy making 4in techno"ogy5
D;) Ho5 -ho.8/ EB"ert E#>2#eer- .#3t2o#C
They shou"d function as impartia" seekers of facts I -ommunicators of truth ut not
as hired guns i.e. advocates for "awyers, officia"s, etc
D<) 'h!t !re the ty"e- o 3!-e-A eB"ert 52t#e--e- !re 3!88e/ ."o# to te-t2y 2#
3o.rt F 5h!t !re the -t!@e-C
HE.C. Types ,f 5ases
'. *irp"ane crash
''. /efective products
'''. ,ersona" injury
'V. ,roperty damage
V. Traffic accident
HE.D. %takes
'. 8ega" "iai"ities
''. #conomic interests
'''. 1eputations of corpns. and professiona"s
DH) 'h!t !re the EB"ert e#>2#eer-1 re-"o#-24282t2e- to5!r/- the2r h2rer-C
They shou"d
,resent their +ua"ifications to the c"ient
'nvestigate thorough"y the cases entrusted to them.
Testify in court
DI) Ho5 -ho.8/ the eB"ert 52t#e-- eBh242t o#e1- Econ#identialit$
responsibilit$5C
The e$pert witnesses must
&ot divulge their investigations unless called upon to do so y the court
&ot volunteer evidence favourable to the opponent
*nswer +uestions truthfully when opposing attorney puts forth pertinent
+uestions
.ut he shou"d not just be the client8s mouthpiece.
;0) 'h!t !re the aims o# a legal s$stem6
Aims ,f A )egal %ystem is
To administer a complex system of "ega" rights that define "ega" justice achieved
through adversarial relationships, with ru"es aout admissible forms of evidence
and permissible forms of testimony
;1) 'h!t 2- the ro8e o !# eB"ert 2# ! 3o.rt -y-te7 3o#-2-te#t 52th ,ro#essional
standards &codes o# et%ics(6
.ole of an 0xpert in a 5ourt %ystem
#$perts must earnest"y try to e impartial in identifying and interpreting
comp"icated data thrown up y the comp"e$ity of modern science and
techno"ogy to help the courts
'dea""y, if courts pay the e$pert witness, the e$pert wi"" ecome tota""y
unbiased.
.ut it is a very cost"y issue
So parties to the dispute are ca""ed upon to pay and hire them on oth sides
and a"so a""ow them to e cross e$amined y oth sides
;2) 'h!t 2- the /2ere#3e 4et5ee# E$e 7itness !#/ Expert 7itnessC
0ye !itness
's permitted to testify on observed and to some e$tent perceived facts.
0xpert !itness
's permitted to testify on facts, perceptions and interpretations of facts in the
area of their expertise
To comment on opponent%s e$pert witness% view
To report on app"ica"e professiona" standards
;*) 'h!t !re the ty"e- o !4.-e- o E#>2#eer- !- EB"ert 52t#e--e-C
#$pert witnesses are aused in the fo""owing ways(
2ired Guns
=inancia" .ias
#go .ias
Sympathy .ias
;=) 'r2te -hort #ote- o#: !, H2re/ G.#-A 4, F2#!#32!8 %2!-A 3, E>o %2!- !#/
/, Sy7"!thy %2!-
a1 Hired +un
*n unscrupulous 4unprincip"ed, crooked, immora"5 engineer
Makes his living y he"ping "awyers to portray facts in favour of their c"ients
&ever tries to e objective
Vio"ates standards of honesty and care in conducting investigations
9vera"" a shame on engineering community
b1 <inancial =ias
The e$pert witness is iased to the party which pays more money
The ias increases sustantia""y when payments are agreed as 5ontingency
<ee to e paid only in case the hirer wins the case
=u"" time forensic engineers, eing dependent on lawyers for their living, try to
create a reputation of a winning engineer.
c1 0go =ias
-ompetitive attitudes, eing on one side of the disputing parties makes an
e$pert, egoistic and makes him influence judgments
They start identifying themselves with their side of the dispute
d1 %ympathy =ias
The plight of the victims and their sufferings can invoke sympathy from the
e$pert witness
This upsets impartial investigation of facts
;D) 'h!t 2- #ee/e/ o the EB"ert E#>2#eer-C
#ngineer #$perts shou"d maintain their integrity in the face of a"" the aove
iases
5ourts also must rely on balance provided y e$pert witnesses on both sides
of the case and provide opportunities to "awyers to remove the bias y cross&
e$amination
;;) 'h!t 2- the 5or@ o E#>2#eer- !- A/92-er-C
#ngineers act as *dvisers in ,"anning and ,o"icy&Making "ike #conomists,
socio"ogists, uran p"anners, etc.
n 7olicy-(aking they advise aout the -ost enefit ana"ysis of a"ternate so"utions for
transport, housing, energy, defense, etc.
n 7lanning they check the feasii"ity, risks and enefits of the specific techno"ogica"
projects which affect pu"ic in "oca" communities
;<) 'h!t !re the St!@e- or the e#>2#eer !/92-er-C
Their stakes are(
C. 9pposing po"itica" views
D. Socia" perspectives
E. #conomic interests
B. *nd their individua" va"ues "ike,
2onesty
,u"ic trust
1espect for common good
;H) Ho5 -ho.8/ E#>2#eer !/92-er- !3tC
Advisers are to(
-hart all realistic options
-arefu""y assess each under different assumptions about future contingencies
*ct favourable to the client y asing their studies on particu"ar assumptions
aout future contingencies
;I) 'h!t !re the !3tor- th!t 2#8.e#3e A/92-er-C
Advisers are influenced by(
8arge amounts of money invo"ved
/irect and overt 4ovious and unconcea"ed5 pressure app"ied y pro or anti&
peop"e invo"ved in that project
2ope of additiona" work in future
Their wish to get the respect of c"ients
<0) 'h!t !re the #or7!t29e 7o/e8- o A/92-er-C %r2e8y eB"8!2# e!3h o the7)
&ormative (odels of Advisers

Three types(
2ired Guns
Va"ue 7eutra" *na"ysts
Va"ue Guided *na"ysts
Hired +uns P This is the most undesira"e ro"e that can e p"ayed y the adviser.
2ere the o"igation to c"ients on"y is paramount and other va"ues are not
othered aout.
Studies are made just conforming to the c"ient%s wish.
*dviser high"ights on"y the favoura"e facts to the customer.
*"" the unfavoura"e facts are very much downp"ayed.
*alue &eutral Analysts
-omp"ete"y impartia" engineers.
They identify a"" options and ana"y)e factua" issues of each option.
-ost&enefit ana"ysis are made ased on va"ue criteria specified and made pu"ic
*alue +uided Analysts
1esponsii"ity to pu"ic paramount
Maintain honesty aout technica" facts and va"ues
They can adopt partisan views for the good ased on their professiona" judgment
<1) 'h!t !re the 92rt.e- o 2#/e"e#/e#t eB"ert !/92-er-C
*irtues of ndependent 0xperts
Honesty& avoiding deception, eing candid in stating re"evant facts and
truthfu" in interpreting facts
5ompetence& eing we"" trained, ade+uate"y e$perienced in the re"evant fie"d
and having re"evant ski""s
2iligence& carrying out tasks carefu""y and prompt"y
)oyalty& avoiding conf"icts of interest, maintaining confidentia"ity and concern
for the interests of the c"ient
<2) L2-t the ro8e- o e#>2#eer- !- E8e!/er-1)
#ngineers perform as )eaders in the ro"es of
C. Managers
D. .usiness #ntrepreneurs
E. -onsu"tants
B. *cademics and
J. Govt officia"s.
<*) 'h!t 2- 8e!/er-h2" !#/ 5ho !re 7or!8 8e!/er-C
8eadership is 9%uccessfully moving a group towards its common goal8.
.ut Mora" "eaders are those who move the group successfu""y towards goals which
do public good and not evi"s i.e. the goals must be 9morally valuable8. 2ence 'oral
Leaders can e defined as,
@The individua"s, who direct, motivate, organi)e, creative"y manage and move groups
toward mora""y va"ua"e goa"s%
<=) ETe3h#o8o>2-t- 5ere 4e-t ?.!822e/ to >o9er# 4e3!.-e o the2r te3h#23!8
eB"ert2-e1) D2-3.-- 2# /et!28.
Musso"ini and 2it"er were great "eaders, ut not @Mora" 8eaders%, since their goa"s
were not mora""y va"ua"e.
@*n 0topian society sha"" e governed y a phi"osopher&king whose mora" wisdom
est +ua"ifies him to ru"e% > 7lato
@Techno"ogists were est +ua"ified to govern ecause of their technica" e$pertise, as
we"" as their "ogica", practica" and unprejudiced minds%> <rederick Taylor
.ut no sing"e profession has the on"y right to mora" governance of society.
8eadership is a"so moving away from any narrow professiona" interests.
Mora" "eadership is not @dominance y e"ite%, ut stimu"ating groups toward
mora""y desira"e ends.
<D) EB"8!2# 'oral Creati*it$.
Mora" creativity is
'dentifying most important values in particular situations
=ocusing on them through effective communication within the group.
/eep commitments grounded in integrity to imp"ement them.
-reativity consists in identifying new possibilities for app"ying, e$tending and putting
into practice, rather than inventing values.
<;) Ho5 "!rt232"!t2o# 2# Proe--2o#!8 So32et2e- 5288 27"ro9e 7or!8 8e!/er-h2"C
,rofessiona" Societies
o 7romote continuing education for their memers
o -nify the profession, speak and act on eha"f of them
o *re a forum for communicating, organi)ing and moi"i)ing change within, a
change which has a moral dimension.
o 5annot take any pro-employee or pro-management stand since they have
memers in management, supervision and non&management.
o .ut they can p"ay a role in resolving mora" issues
o * mora" responsii"ity as we"" as mora" creativity is shared.
<<) Ho5 3!# 2#/292/.!8- ma0e a di##erence in leaders%ip o Proe--2o#!8
So32et2e-C
o Stephen 2. 0nger, as an individua" was main"y responsi"e for persuading
'### to focus on supporting responsi"e engineers than punishing wrong
doers. 2e was instrumenta" in '### presenting awards to the three .*1T
engineers.
o 'n CGMM, 7S,# created 7ationa" 'nstitute of #ngineering #thics with a mission
to promote ethics within engineering. The focus was on education rather than
propaganda.
o .ut effective professiona" activity, re+uires a sustantia" trust from c"ients and
the pu"ic.
o .ui"ding and sustaining that trust is an important responsii"ity shared y a""
engineers.
o 'n this area a"so Mora" 8eadership within professiona" societies is important.
<H) 'r2te -hort #ote o# ELe!/er-h2" 2# Co77.#2t2e-1)
8eadership responsii"ities of engineers as citi4ens go beyond those of non-
engineers. They shou"d provide greater "eadership in socia" deates aout
'ndustria" ,o""ution
*utomoi"e Safety
/isposa" of 7uc"ear 6aste, etc.
<I) 'h!t !re the /2ere#t 92e5- o# E8e!/er-h2" 2# 3o77.#2t2e-1C
9ne view is that no one is strictly obligated to participate in pu"ic decision
making. 't may e a mora" idea" for citi)ens.
*n opposite view is that all are obligated to devote sometime and energy in pu"ic
po"icy making.
7on&engineers shou"d at "east stay informed aout pu"ic issues and
professionals have obligations as e$perts in their areas.
2ence the need for identifying and e$panding areas of possi"e good.
H0) 'h!t !re the !r>.7e#t- or !#/ !>!2#-t Vo8.#t!ry Ser923e 4y e#>2#eer2#>
"roe--2o#!8-C
Shou"d engineering professiona"s offer engineering services to the needy,
without charging fee or at reduced fee;
Vo"untarism of this kind is a"ready encouraged in Medicine, 8aw and
#ducation.
.ut *.#T code states #ngineers sha"" not undertake or agree to perform any
engineering service on a free asis! and other codes a"so insist that engineers
are o"igated to ade+uate compensations 4which means fu"" fee5
#ngineers find it difficu"t to donate their services individua""y compared to
doctors and "awyers since their output is on a shared asis
.ut, as suggested y 1oert .aum, engineers can vo"unteer their services in
the fo""owing areas, in groups, either free or at cheaper than norma" fee.
#nvironmenta" impact studies that is harmfu" to a community
2ea"th issues of po""uted water and soi"
Minima" needs of e"der"y and minorities "ike running water, sewage
systems, e"ectric power and ine$pensive transportation.
H1) 'h!t 3!# e#>2#eer- !#/ e#>2#eer2#> -o32ety /o to ".4823 2# ter7- o
E9o8.#t!ry -er923e1C
#ngineers can
0rge Govt. to e$pand services of the *rmy -orps of #ngineers
#ncourage students to focus their projects on service for disadvantaged
groups
#ncouraging corporations to cut their fee y J to CLU for charita"e purposes.
Mora""y concerned #ngineering ,rofession&
o %hould recogni4e the rights of corporations and engineers to voluntarily
engage in philanthropic engineering services.
o ,rofessiona" societies should endorse vo"untary e$ercise as a desirable ideal.
Many engineers and some societies a"ready are engaged in
o Tutoring disadvantaged students
o *dvice "oca" governments on their engineering pro"em.