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Abstract
Surface roughness determines the quality of the machined surface and thus plays a vital role as an i ndicator of surface quality.
Turning operation is one of the primary operations of machining cylindrical work piece in industries. According to the recent
researchers surface treatment have significantly affected a quality of turned specimen .In the present research work of a
comparative study of various heat treatment was investigated in turning of AISI4340 steel under the consideration of several
turning process parameter. In case of hardened steel multilayer coated carbide tool is used. For this purpose regression analysis
was used in order to obtain the optimal setting of the levels of the parameters for minimum surface roughness, the results of the
analysis shows that.

Key WordsAISI4340 steel, surface roughness, Heat treatment, Turning process.

1. INTRODUCTION
Whatever may be the manufacturing process, an absolutely smooth and parallel surface (or any other perfect geometrical
form) cannot be obtained. The surface of a part is its exterior boundary and the surface irregularity consists of numerous
small wedges and valleys that deviate from hypothetical nominal surface. The surface finish has to be a compromise
between sufficient smoothness for expected service life. Effects of surface roughness on the performance of the machine
part-
a) Wear resistance-the wear resistance of two rubbing surfaces depends upon the stability of the surface layers against
failure. Micro irregularities and waviness on the surfaces reduce the area of contact between them.
b) Fatigue strength-It is known that lines and deep sharp scratches across a surface become points to internal stress
concentration. this may lead to the formation of cracks and reduce the strength.
c) Corrosion resistance-Rougher the surface that is the deeper and the more sharply defined the valleys between the ridges
of micro irregularities the more favourable conditions for corrosion action. Smoother the surface less area of contact of
the surface with the corrosion medium.
d) Strength of inference fit-This is also affected by the surface quality of the mating parts especially on the height of the
micro irregularities.
These are greatly affects the wear resistance of the surface of the parts, its strength, corrosion resistance and the
reliability of fixed joints or mating parts.
Turning process- Turning is the process for generating the external surface in which single point cutting tool is moved
parallel to the axis of the rotating work piece.
Cutting force in turning process- Tangential force, Feed force and the radial force.
Tangential force acts in the direction of cutting velocity vector.
Feed force or axial force acts in the direction of longitudinal feed. Power required in this is less compared to
tangential force.
Radial force acts in radial direction and tends to push the tool away from the work piece.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Specimen Material
Specimen material selected for proposed research work was AISI 4340 steel of 125mm length and 65mm of diameter.
Two pieces of above dimension specimen were taken in which one is heat treated and other is without heat treated.
Annealing heat treatment was done in electric furnace in which material was slowly and uniformly heated to a
temperature of 921
0
c and cool in the furnace. now turning operation was carried on both by three jaw chuck lathe
machine with single point carbide coated cutting tool. after turning surface roughness was checked with the help of
surface roughness tester at different cutting parameter. Now tempering was done on annealing heat treated specimen in
which specimen was heated at temperature 391
0
c and cooled in atmospheric air. Tempered specimen was turned again
with the same cutting tool on the same lathe machine and then checked the surface roughness with the help of surface
A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Heat
treatment and turning process parameters on
AISI4340 Steel

1
Sujit Raj,
2
Rahul Davis

1
M.Tech (Production Engineering) SamHigginbottomInstitute of Agriculture,
Technology & SciencesDeemed-to-be-University, Allahabad, India

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 3, Issue 6, June 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Volume 3, Issue 6, June 2014 Page 130

roughness tester. In the whole turning operation servo cut 51 coolant was used. Hardness test was also done on both the
specimens.
Table 1- surface roughness of annealing heat treated specimen.
Depth of
cut
Feed rate Spindle
speed
Ra Rt Rq Rz
0.2 0.002 140 2.93 12.16 3.34 10.33
0.2 0.011 250 1.34 5.91 1.53 5.05
0.2 0.02 400 0.34 4.11 0.47 2.14
0.3 0.002 250 0.75 7.58 0.9 5.5
0.3 0.011 400 0.44 5.41 0.66 3.34
0.3 0.02 140 1.03 10.48 0.93 6.2
0.4 0.002 400 0.56 6.01 0.76 3.3
0.4 0.011 140 1.23 14.53 1.85 8.8
0.4 0.02 250 0.66 7.01 0.98 3.51

Table 2- Surface roughness of without heat treated specimen.
Depth of
cut
Feed spindle
speed
Ra Rt Rq Rz
0.2 0.002 140 0.71 9.92 1.07 5.6
0.2 0.011 250 0.2 2.56 0.28 1.36
0.2 0.02 400 0.12 1.54 0.175 0.76
0.3 0.002 250 0.25 3.53 0.4 1.6
0.3 0.011 400 0.51 0.47 0.14 0.5
0.3 0.02 140 0.72 13.41 1.72 4.83
0.4 0.002 400 0.32 2.61 0.4 1.55
0.4 0.011 140 0.55 11.11 1.01 4.52
0.4 0.02 250 0.28 4.89 0.46 2.03

Table 3-surface roughness of tempering heat treated specimen.
Depth of
cut
Feed Spindle
speed
Ra Rt Rq Rz
0.2 0.002 140 1.02 10.56 0.9 5.91
0.2 0.011 250 0.8 13.6 2.45 9.7
0.2 0.02 400 0.43 8.06 0.72 3.49
0.3 0.002 250 0.67 7.3 0.96 4.53
0.3 0.011 400 0.31 3.02 0.45 1.99
0.3 0.02 140 1.52 15.39 2.41 10.5
0.4 0.002 400 0.9 9.39 1.28 6051
0.4 0.011 140 1.02 9.6 1.31 6.2
0.4 0.02 250 0.99 14.5 1.46 7.07

Table 4- Parameters and their notations.
SL no- Parameters units Notation
1 Depth of cut mm D
2 Feed rate mm/sec F
3 Cutting speed m/min S

Mathematical modeling by regression analysis-
Following equations are developed for above equations-
Ra=-2.930 - 3.57D +40.6F - 0.0048S. (table-1)
Ra=0.0636 +0.192D +2.87F 0.0012S (table-2)
Ra=1.231 +1.10D 6.5F 0.0024S (table-3)

Heat Treatment:
The heat treatment includes heating and cooling operations or the sequence of two or more such operations applied to any
material in order to modify its metallurgical structure and alter its physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Usually
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it consists of heating the material to some specific temperature, holding at this temperature for a definite period and
cooling to room temperature or below with a definite rate. Annealing, Normalizing, Hardening and Tempering are the
four widely used heat treatment processes that affect the structure and properties of the material. AISI4340 steel was
selected. One specimen had gone under various heat treatment process listed below.
i. Annealing
ii. Tempering

Heat treatment of the specimen had done at Sam Higginbottom Institute Of Agriculture Technology & Sciences
Allahabad, India

Hardness Test
The hardness of the final prepared specimens was measured by Brinell-cum-Rockwell Hardness testing machine at Sam
Higginbottom Institute Of Agriculture Technology & Sciences Allahabad, India .This method consists of indenting the
test material with a hardened steel ball indenter. The indenter is forced into the test material under a load usually 250kgf.
When equilibrium has reached, an indicating device, which follows the movements of the indenter and so responds to
changes in depth of penetration of the indenter, is set to a datum position.
The permanent increase in depth of penetration, resulting from the application of the load is used to calculate the Brinell
hardness number, which can be calculated through the following formula:



Where
P =Load Applied
D =Diameter of steel ball in mm
D =Diameter of indentation in mm

Sl.no. Specimen BHN
1 Without heat treated 40.98
2 Heat treated(annealing) 29.68



3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The following graph were obtained from the above calculated data and their regression analysis-


(a)

(b)
Fig.1 (a, b) shows the relationship between normal probability, the residuals, and fitted
values for surface roughness (Ra). [For annealing specimen]
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(a)

(b)
Fig.2 (a, b) shows the relationship between normal probability, the residuals, and fitted
values for surface roughness (Ra). [ without heat treated specimen].


(a)

(b)
Fig.3 (a, b) shows the relationship between normal probability, the residuals, and fitted
values for surface roughness (Ra). [For tempering specimen].

Regression equation is obtained for correlation between machining parameters (depth of cut, feed rate, cutting speed ) and
the measured surface roughness.

4. CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are derived during turning of hardened AISI 4340 steel with multilayer coated carbide (single
point) tool insert .during experiment, Heat treated specimen have got mild and at different cutting parameters finishing of
surface is better than non heat treated specimen. After all surface roughness will depend upon the combined effect of
cutting parameter and the contributing factors.
BHN of heat treated specimen is less than non heat treated specimen.
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
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Volume 3, Issue 6, June 2014 Page 133

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Firstly we would like to thank Almighty God who is before everything. Our special thanks to Er. James Peter (Associate
Professor & Head, Dept. of Mechanical Engg.) for his timely sustenance favours and encouraging words for this research.
We are deeply indebted to Parents and siblings for their constant Prayer support and inspirational encouragements.

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Sujit raj
Place - Allahabad,India
Degree - M.Tech (Production Engineering) Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology &
SciencesDeemed-to-be-University, Allahabad, India

Rahul Davis
Place - Allahabad, India
Degree - M.Tech (Production & Industrial Engineering)
Employer - Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & SciencesDeemed-to-be-University,
Allahabad, India

Province Major field of Study
Uttar Pradesh
Manufacturing Science, Metal Cutting processes, Destructive and Non Destructive testing, Machining processes

He has a professional experience of five years and has been involved in Research works for past three years. He has
published more than 21 Research papers in past two years in various reputed International Journals and also have
presented some of his research works in renowned National/International Conferences in India and abroad as well.

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org
Volume 3, Issue 6, June 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Volume 3, Issue 6, June 2014 Page 134

Er. Davis has been a member of International Professional Bodies like ASME U.S.A., IIENG -U.K., IAENG -Hong
Kong, IACSIT -China etc.

Er Davis received Best Research Paper Award of June 2013 by Trans Steller Journal Publication for the Research Paper
titled The Application of Taguchis Optimization Method in Wet Turning Operation of EN 19 Steel, International
Journal of Mechanical & Production Engineering Research & Development (IJMPERD)