SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23

rd
August 2002
5
Chapter 2 Part B
Line-Commutated Diode Rectifiers
Uncontrolled Rectifier (Natural Commutating Rectifier)
Controlled Rectifier (Phase Controlled Rectifiers)
Diode
V
t
Constant DC Voltage
AC Power Source
Thyristor/SCR
V
t
Variable DC Voltage
AC Power Source
AGAIN
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
How a Thyristor Works ?
1. ANODE gets more positive voltage
Than Cathode
2. Gate Pulse
P N N P
A
K
G
Single-phase, half-wave controlled rectifiers
with pure resistive load,
+
v
S
(t)

+ v
thy
(t)
R
i(t)
~
+
v
R
(t)

+
v
o
(t)

wt

v
S
v
S
v
thy
v
thy
v
R
v
o
i
i
0
0

wt
2
) cos 1 (
2
2

+ =
V
V
o
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
v
L
(t)
+
L
+
v
S
(t)

+ v
thy
(t)
R
i(t)
~
+
v
R
(t)

+
v
o
(t)

i
G
Area A
Area B

wt
v
S
v
S
v
thy
v
thy
v
R
v
o
v
R
v
o
i
i
0
0

wt

2
(2)
Single-phase, half-wave controlled rectifiers
with Inductive load,
) cos (cos
2
2

+ =
V
V
o
Simulation
v
L
(t)
+
L
+
v
S
(t)

+ v
thy
(t)
i(t)
~
+
V
1
(t)

+
v
o
(t)

i
G
Area A
Area B

wt
v
S
v
S
v
thy
v
thy
v
o
v
o
i
i
0
0
wt

p
2

1
V
1
V
1
v
o
(3)
Single-phase, half-wave controlled rectifiers
with Internal DC Voltage,
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
Role of free-wheeling diode
To avoid negative voltage when inductive load involved.
v
L
(t)
+
L
+
v
S
(t)

+ v
thy
(t)
R
i(t)
~
+
v
R
(t)

+
v
o
(t)

i
G
D
Area A Area B
wt
v
S
v
S
v
thy
v
thy
v
o
v
R
v
o
i
0
0

wt
p

2
D on
LR discharge
purely natural response
Must area A = area B
During < wt < :
v
L
+ v
R
= v
o
During < wt < 2+:
v
L
+ v
R
= 0
i > 0 (exp decay)
i(t) is expressed in two
separate equations.
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
Half Controlled Rectifier with R Load
0

2 +



i
g
v
V
o
I
o
Average Load/Output Voltage
Average Load/Output Current
Firing/trigger angle
Note
When = 0, The output is same as uncontrolled rectifier.
V = rms value
Half Controlled Rectifier with RL Load
0

2 +



i
g
v
V
o
I
o
Average Load/Output Voltage
Average Load/Output Current
Firing/trigger angle

2 +
Current decay to zero
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
Full Controlled Rectifier with R Load
Average Load/Output Voltage
Average Load/Output Current
Firing/trigger angle
If = 0 ,The output will be same as a
Full Uncontrolled Rectifier that uses DIODE.
Full Controlled Rectifier with DC Motor Load
Average Load/Output Voltage
Average Load/Output Current
V
V
I
o
I
o
V
o
I
I
V
o
S
1
, S
2
S
3
, S
4
S
1
, S
2
For 0 < < 90
E
a
= armature back emf.

+
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
Full Controlled Rectifier with DC Motor Load
Average Load/Output Voltage
Average Load/Output Current
V
V
I
o
I
o
V
o
I
I
V
o
S
1
, S
2
S
3
, S
4
S
1
, S
2
For 90 < < 180
E
a
= armature back emf.

+

V 2
V
o
For fully controlled rectifier,
The DC Motor operates
in two modes.
1. Rectification
[As Motoring]
2. Inversion
[As Regenerative Braking]
V
0
= positive
E
a
= Positive
Io= positive
Power Flow (+ve) from input
AC to DC machine
V
0
= positive
E
a
= Positive
Io= positive
Power Flow (+ve) from input
AC to DC machine
V
0
= negative
E
a
= negative
Io= positive
Power Flow (-ve) from
DC machine to AC supply
V
0
= negative
E
a
= negative
Io= positive
Power Flow (-ve) from
DC machine to AC supply
Converter Output Characteristics for continuous load current
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
Review on Four Quadrants Operation
< 90
> 90
Review on Four Quadrants Operation Lift Application
< 90
> 90
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
What do you mean with
Continues Load Current ?
What do you mean with
Continues Load Current ?
When you have an inductive load as in DC motor,
the load current is subject to the ratio of
Constant) Time (
R
L
where =

R
L
Larger the ratio will produce almost a constant current,
On the other hand,
small ratio will produce ripple current
Lets look at an example next slide
V
o
I
o
V
o
I
o
Continuous
Load Current
Discontinuous
Load Current
V
o
I
o
Continues and Discontinuous Load Current/Conduction
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
Three-phase half-wave
Controlled Rectifier circuit with R load
V
phase
V
o
30
150


Average Load/Output Voltage
V
AN
= rms value of voltage phase A voltage
V
phase
V
o
I
o
I
S1
I
S4
I
A
S1 S3 S5
I
A
I
O
S4 S6 S2
V
AN
V
BN
V
CN
V
ab V
ac
V
bc
V
ba
V
ca
V
cb
Three-phase full-wave Controlled
Rectifier circuit with R load
Average Load/Output Voltage
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5

V 6 3
V
o
For fully controlled rectifier,
The DC Motor operates
in two modes.
1. Rectification
[As Motoring]
2. Inversion
[As Regenerative Braking]
V
0
= positive
E
a
= Positive
Io= positive
Power Flow (+ve) from input
AC to DC machine
V
0
= positive
E
a
= Positive
Io= positive
Power Flow (+ve) from input
AC to DC machine
V
0
= negative
E
a
= negative
Io= positive
Power Flow (-ve) from
DC machine to AC supply
V
0
= negative
E
a
= negative
Io= positive
Power Flow (-ve) from
DC machine to AC supply
Converter Output Characteristics for continuous load current
(Full Converter)
DC Motor Drives
Direct Current
Supply Voltage
Electric Motor
Systems used for
motion control
AC DC (Rectifier) when Input is AC
DC DC (DC Chopper) when Input is DC
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
Control Rectifier Fed DC Drives
Control in either direction
Allow motor control in Q1 & Q4
Control in one direction ONLY
Allow motor control in Q1 ONLY
For Low power application, <10kW, single phase rectifiers are used.
Control Rectifier Fed DC Drives
Control in either direction
Allow motor control in Q1 & Q4
Control in one direction ONLY
Allow motor control in Q1 ONLY
For high power application, >10kW, Three phase rectifiers are used.
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
Single phase Fully Controlled Rectifier Control of
DC Separately Excited Motor
t V v
m s
= sin
a a
a
a a a
I K T
K E
R I E V
=
=
+ =
Basic equation applicable
to all DC Motors
armature of speed
pole per flux
constant motor
current armature
motor by develop torque
emf back
voltage armature
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
a
a
a
K
I
T
E
V
A 200 V, 875 rpm, 150 A, separately excited dc motor
has an armature resistance of 0.06 . It is fed from a single phase
fully-controlled rectifier with an ac source voltage of 220 V, 50 Hz.
Assuming continuous conduction, calculate the following:
Firing angle for rated torque at 750 rpm.
Motor speed at = 160 and rated torque.
Exercise
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
Performance Parameters
dc dc dc
I V P =
rms rms ac
I V P =
Output DC Power
Output AC Power
ac
dc
P
P
=
Efficiency
(or rectification ratio of a rectifier)
Performance Parameters
dc
rms
V
V
FF =
1 FF 1
V
V
V
V
RF
2
2
dc
rms
dc
ac
=

= =
s s
dc
I V
P
TUF =
Form factor, which is a measure
of the shape of output voltage
Ripple factor, which is a
measure of the ripple factor content
Wait.while designing any
power supply, it is necessary
to determine the rating of the
transformer. If you know TUF,
you can find it.
where Vs and Is are the rms voltage
and current of the transformer secondary
where Vs and Is are the rms voltage
and current of the transformer secondary
Transformer Utilization Factor
SCHMY-MMU, Preliminary Meeting 23
rd
August 2002
5
Part B of Chapter 2