4/28/14

1
LvaporaLor
Mohd Sobrl 1akrl
uepL. of Chemlcal & rocess
Lnglneerlng
unlverslu kebangsaan Malaysla
Lvaporauon
A speclal case of heaL Lransfer, where a phase
change Lakes place.
ConcenLraLe a soluuon conslsung of a nonvolaule
soluLe and a volaule solvenL - Why??
1he volaule soluLe evaporaLes leavlng a more
concenLraLed soluuon.
Lxample: removal of waLer from frulL [ulce, removal
of waLer from dalry producL,
4/28/14
2
LvaporaLors
a unlL operauon LhaL ls used exLenslvely ln
processlng foods, chemlcals, pharmaceuucals,
frulL [ulces, dalry producLs, paper and pulp,
and boLh malL and graln beverages.
a unlL operauon whlch, wlLh Lhe posslble
excepuon of dlsullauon, ls Lhe mosL energy
lnLenslve
LvaporaLors
LvaporaLors are used Lo separaLe maLerlals
based on dlerences ln Lhelr bolllng
LemperaLures.
lLs purpose ls Lo concenLraLe nonvolaule
soluLes such as organlc compounds, lnorganlc
salLs, aclds or bases.
Lxamples of soluLes are phosphorlc acld,
causuc soda, sodlum chlorlde, sodlum sulfaLe,
gelaun, syrups and urea.
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4/28/14
3
Why Lvaporauon
8educes LransporLauon cosL
SLorage cosLs
repare for Lhe nexL unlL operauon -
drylng, crysLalllsauon eLc.
8educes deLerlorauve chemlcal reacuons
8euer mlcroblologlcal sLablllLy
8ecovery of solvenL
vaporization
energy in
2260 kJ
fusion
energy in
334 kJ
condensation
energy out
2260 kJ
solidification
energy out
334 kJ
steam
(1 kg)
water
(1 kg)
ice
(1 kg)
Summary: Change of State
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4
ice
Liquid water
steam
Water temperature with heating
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0.0E+00 1.0E+06 2.0E+06 3.0E+06 4.0E+06
heat input (J/kg)
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
C
)
Heating Curve for Water
Water boils
Ice melts
Heat of Fusion
When the phase change is from solid to
liquid, the sample must absorb heat; when
the phase change is from a liquid to solid,
the sample must release heat.
The heat of transformation for these phase
changes is called the heat of fusion, !
f
.
Water: !
f
= 334 J/g = 79.5 cal/g
q = m ! !
f
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Heat of Vaporization
To vaporize a liquid means to change it from the liquid
state to the vapor or gas state. This process requires
energy because the molecules must be freed from the
liquid state.
Condensing a gas to a liquid is the reverse of
vaporizing; it requires that energy be removed from the
gas so that the molecules can cluster together instead
of flying away from each other.
The heat of transformation for these phase changes is
called the heat of vaporization, !
v
.
Water: !
v
= 2256 J/g = 539 cal/g
q = m! !
v
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PeaL 1ransfer 1ermlnology
Senslble heaL
Senslble heaL ls heaL exchanged by a body or
Lhermodynamlc sysLem LhaL has as lLs sole eecL a
change of LemperaLure
LaLenL heaL
1he quanuLy of heaL absorbed or released by a
subsLance undergolng a change of sLaLe, such as
lce changlng Lo waLer or waLer Lo sLeam, aL
consLanL LemperaLure and pressure
q
sensible
= m

c
P
!T
q
latent
= m

!
LvaporaLors 1ermlnology
SlnCLL-LllLC1 LvAC8A1lCn Slngle-eecL
evaporauon occurs when a dlluLe soluuon ls conLacLed
only once wlLh a heaL source Lo produce a
concenLraLed soluuon and an essenually pure waLer /
solvenL vapor dlscharge.
MuL1lLL-LllLC1 L AC8A1lCn Muluple-eecL
evaporauons use Lhe vapor generaLed ln one eecL as
Lhe energy source Lo an ad[acenL eecL. uouble- and
Lrlple-eecL evaporaLors are Lhe mosL common,
however, slx-eecL evaporauon can be found ln Lhe
paper lndusLry,
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LvaporaLors 1ermlnology
8ClLlnC-Cln1 LLLvA1lCn (8L) - expresses Lhe
dlerence beLween Lhe bolllng polnL of a consLanL
composluon soluuon and Lhe bolllng polnL of pure
waLer aL Lhe same pressure.
use uuhrlng ploL Lo deLermlne Lhe bolllng polnL of
Lhe soluuon aL varlous concenLrauon
lor example, pure waLer bolls aL 212l (100C) aL 1
aLmosphere, and a 33 sodlum hydroxlde soluuon
bolls aL abouL 230l (121C) aL 1 aLmosphere.
uuhrlng ploL
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8
LvaporaLors 1ermlnology
CAACl1? 1he capaclLy for an evaporaLor ls measured ln
Lerms of lLs evaporaung capablllLy, l.e. kg of vapor produced
per unlL ume. 1he sLeam requlremenLs for an evaporaung
Lraln may be deLermlned by dlvldlng Lhe capaclLy by Lhe
economy.
LCCnCM? 1hls Lerm ls a measure of sLeam use and ls
expressed ln pounds of vapor produced per pound of sLeam
supplled Lo Lhe evaporaLor Lraln.
lor a well- deslgned evaporaLor sysLem Lhe economy wlll be abouL
10 less Lhan Lhe number of eecLs, Lhus, for a Lrlple-eecL
evaporaLor Lhe economy wlll be roughly 2.7.
lalllng lllm LvaporaLor
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9
lorced Clrculauon LvaporaLor
Slngle LecL LvaporaLor
Slngle-eecL evaporauon occurs when a dlluLe
soluuon ls conLacLed only once wlLh a heaL
source Lo produce a concenLraLed soluuon
and an essenually pure waLer / solvenL vapor
dlscharge
PeaL source ls supplled by sulLable heaung
medla
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LvaporaLor
Slngle LecL LvaporaLor
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Slngle LecL LvaporaLor
lalllng lllm
LvaporaLor
lorced Clrculauon
LvaporaLor
AglLaLed lllm
LvaporaLor
Slngle LecL LvaporaLor
m
S

m
C

m
V

m
F

, x
F
m

, x
4/28/14
12
m
S

m
C

m
V

m
F

, x
F
m

, x

mF
= mass flow rate of feed
x
F
= solid/solute fraction in feed stream
H
F
= enthalpy of feed stream

mV
= mass flow rate of vapor
H
V
= enthalpy of vapor stream

m
= mass flow rate of product
x = solid/solute fraction in product stream
H = enthalpy of product stream

mS
= mass flow rate of steam
H
S
= enthalpy of steam

mC
= mass flow rate of condensate
H
C
= enthalpy of condenstae
Mass balance for heaung medla
Mass balance for process ulds

mS
=

mC

mF
=

m
+

mV
!"## %"&"'() *+, #-'.&) )/)(0 )1"2+,"0+,
m
S

m
C

m
V

m
F

, x
F
m

, x

mF
= mass flow rate of feed
x
F
= solid/solute fraction in feed stream
H
F
= enthalpy of feed stream

mV
= mass flow rate of vapor
H
V
= enthalpy of vapor stream

m
= mass flow rate of product
x = solid/solute fraction in product stream
H = enthalpy of product stream

mS
= mass flow rate of steam
H
S
= enthalpy of steam

mC
= mass flow rate of condensate
H
C
= enthalpy of condensate
!
S
= latent heat of vaporization of steam
q
S
= rate of heat transfer through heating media
q = rate of heat transfer from heating surface to liquid
Lnergy balance for Lhe heaung medla
q
S
= m

S H
S
! H
C
( ) = m

S !
S
Lnergy balance for uld
q = m

H +m

V H
V
!m

F H
F
ln Lhe absence of heaL loss:
q
S
= q
m

S !
S
= m

H + m
F

!m

"
#
$
%
&
'H
V
!m

F H
F
3'),.4 %"&"'() *+, #-'.&) )/)(0 )1"2+,"0+,
m

S !
S
= m

H ! H
V
( )
+m

F H ! H
F
( )
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13
Lxample 1
A slngle eecL evaporaLor ls Lo concenLraLe 20,000
lbh
-1
(9700 kgh
-1
) of a 20 soluuon of sodlum
hydroxlde Lo 30 sollds. 1he gauge pressure of Lhe
sLeam ls Lo be 20 psl and Lhe absoluLe pressure ln Lhe
vapor space ls Lo be 100 mm Pg. 1he overall coemclenL
ls esumaLed Lo be 230 bLu
-2
h
-1o
l
-1
(1400 Wm
-2o
C
-1
. 1he
feed LemperaLure ls 100
o
l (37.38
o
C). CalculaLe Lhe
amounL of sLeam consumed, Lhe economy and Lhe
heaung surface requlred.

Lxample 1
Soluuon
8asls 1 lb naCP
leed: (80/20)= 4 lb of waLer per lb of naCP
roducL: (30/30)= 1.0 lb of waLer per lb of naCP
WaLer evaporaLed: (4-1.0)*20000lb/hr*0.20
=8000 lb/hr ! capaclLy
4/28/14
14
Lxample 1
(8ef: unlL Cperauon ln Chemlcal Lnglneerlng, McCabe, SmlLh & ParrloL)
SLeam consumpuon:
8olllng olnL Llevauon
8olllng polnL of waLer aL 100mmPg = 124
o
l (App. 7)
8olllng polnL of 30 soluuon = 197
o
l (gure 16.3)
8L = 8
30nACP
- 8
waLer
= 73
o
l
LnLhalpy of feed and Lhlck llquor
leed 20 sollds, 100
o
l: P
f
= 33 bLu/lb (g 16.6)
1hlck llquld 30 sollds aL 197
o
l: P=221 bLu/lb
Lxample 1
LnLhalpy of vapor leavlng evaporaLor, P
v
LnLhalpy of saLuraLed sLeam aL 197
o
l=1149 8Lu/lb (App. 7)
PeaL capaclLy of vapor aL 197
o
l = 0.43 bLu/lb
o
l (App. 14)
P
v
= 1149 bLu/lb + (0.43 bLu/lb
o
l) (73
o
l)= 1,149 bLu/lb
LaLenL heaL of vaporlzauon
AL 20 psl: \
s
=939 bLu/lb (App7)
4/28/14
13
Lxample 1
PeaL Lransfer



q = m
f
!m
( )
H
v
+mH !m
f
H
f
= 20000lbh
!1
!8000lbh
!1
( )
(1149btulb
!1
) + 8000lbh
!1
( )
221btulb
!1
( )
! 20000lbh
!1
( )
55btulb
!1
( )
=14, 446, 000btuh
!1
m

s =
14, 456, 000btuh
!1
939btulb
!1
=15, 400lbh
!1
SLeam consumpuon:

q = m
s
!
s
= m
f
!m
( )
H
v
+mH !m
f
H
f
Lxample 1
Lconomy
pounds of vapor produced per pound of sLeam supplled



economy =
12, 000lbh
!1
15, 400lb
!1
= 0.78
q =UA!T
A =
q
U!T
A =
14, 456, 000btuh
"1
250btuft
"1 o
F
"1
h
"1
( )
259 "197
( )
o
F
= 930 ft
2
Peaung Surface:

4/28/14
16
Lxample 2
A slngle eecL evaporaLor ls requlred Lo concenLraLe a
soluuon from 10 sollds Lo 30 sollds aL Lhe raLe of 230 kg
of feed per hour. lf Lhe pressure ln Lhe evaporaLor ls 77ka
absoluLe and lf Lhe sLeam ls avallable aL 200 ka gauge,
calculaLe Lhe sLeam requlred per hour and Lhe area of heaL
Lransfer surface lf Lhe overall heaL Lransfer coemclenL ls
1700 !m
-2
s
-1o
C
-1
. Assume LhaL Lhe LemperaLure of Lhe feed ls
10oC and Lhe bolllng polnL of Lhe soluuon under pressure of
77ka absoluLe ls 91
o
C. Assume also LhaL Lhe speclc heaL
of Lhe sol uuon l s Lhe same as waLer LhaL l s
4.186x103!kg
-1o
C
-1
, and Lhe laLenL heaL of vaporlzauon of
Lhe soluuon ls Lhe same as LhaL for waLer under Lhe same
condluons.
Muluple-eecL LvaporaLor
WaLer / solvenL ls bolled ln a sequence of
vessels, each held aL a lower pressure Lhan
Lhe lasL.

8ecause Lhe bolllng polnL of waLer / solvenL
decreases as pressure decreases, Lhe vapor
bolled o ln one vessel can be used Lo heaL
Lhe nexL

Cenerally Lhe rsL vessel (aL Lhe hlghesL
pressure) requlres an exLernal source of heaL
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Mulu LecL LvaporaLor
Muluple LecL LvaporaLor
4/28/14
18
Muluple LecL LvaporaLor
Muluple LecL LvaporaLor
lorward feed
8ackward feed
4/28/14
19
Muluple LecL LvaporaLor
Mlxed feed
arallel feed
Muluple LecL LvaporaLor
4/28/14
20
Mulu-LecL LvaporaLor
llrsL LecL
q
1
= A
1
U
1
!T
1
Second LecL
q
2
= A
2
U
2
!T
2
q
1
and q
2
are nearly equal, all Lhe heaL LhaL ls requlred Lo creaLe Lhe vapor ln Lhe rsL
eecL musL be glven up when Lhe same vapor condenses ln Lhe second eecL
A
1
U
1
!T
1
= A
2
U
2
!T
2
Same argumenL may be exLended for addluonal eecLs
A
1
U
1
!T
1
= A
2
U
2
!T
2
=......... = A
n
U
n
!T
n
Muluple-LecL LvaporaLor
q
1
= A
1
U
1
!T
1
q
2
= A
2
U
2
!T
2
q
3
= A
3
U
3
!T
3
Conslder Lrlple eecLs evaporaLor
1oLal capaclLy ls proporuonal Lo LoLal raLe of heaL Lransfer
q
1
+q
2
+q
3
= A
1
U
1
!T
1
+ A
2
U
2
!T
2
+ A
3
U
3
!T
3
q
T
= AU !T
1
+!T
2
+!T
3
( )
=UA!T
4/28/14
21
Lxample 4
LsumaLe Lhe requlremenL of sLeam, heaL Lransfer
surface ad Lhe evaporaung LemperaLure ln each eecL
for a Lrlple evaporaLor, evaporaung 300 kgh
-1
of 10
soluuon up Lo a 30 soluuon. SLeam ls avallable aL
200ka gauge and Lhe pressure ls Lhe evaporauon
space ln Lhe nal eecL ls 60ka. Assume LhaL Lhe
overall heaL Lransfer coemclenL are 2270, 2000 and
1420!m
-2
s
-1o
C
-1
ln Lhe rsL, second and Lhlrd eecLs,
respecuvely. neglecL senslble heaL. Assume no bolllng
polnL elevauon and also equal heaL Lransfer ln each
eecL.
Lxample 4
Mass balance
50)6 7+&-8 9:.;
<=
> ?-@A-8 9:.;
<=
> B+0"& 9:.;
<=
>

leed 30 430 300
roducL 30 117 167
Lvaporauon 333
4/28/14
22
Lxample 4
Lnergy balance:
lrom sLeam Lable Lhe LemperaLure of sLeam aL 200 ka gauge (300 ka
absoluLe) ls 134
o
C and laLenL heaL of 2164 k!kg
-1
. Lvaporaung LemperaLure aL
Lhe nal eecL under 60ka absoluLe ls 86
o
C and slnce Lhere ls no 8L Lhe
laLenL heaL ls 2294 k!kg
-1.

Lqual heaL Lransfer raLe ln each eecL

q
1
= q
2
= q
3
U
1
A
1
!T
1
=U
2
A
2
!T
2
=U
3
A
3
!T
3
and
!T
1
+!T
2
+!T
3
= (134
o
C"86
o
C) = 48
o
C
Lxample 4
Assumlng:
1hen

A
1
= A
2
= A
3
!T
2
=
U
1
!T
1
U
2
!T
3
=
U
1
!T
1
U
3
4/28/14
23
Lxample 4
!T
1
1+
2270Jm
"2
s
"1 o
C
"1
2210Jm
"2
s
"1 o
C
"1
+
2270Jm
"2
s
"1 o
C
"1
1420Jm
"2
s
"1 o
C
"1
#
$
%
&
'
(
= 48
o
C
!T
1
=12.9
o
C
1hus:
!T
1
1+
U
1
U
2
+
U
1
U
3
"
#
$
%
&
'
= 48
o
C
Lxample 4
!T
2
=
U
1
!T
1
U
2
=
2270Jm
"2
s
"1 o
C
"1
2210Jm
"2
s
"1 o
C
"1
(12.9
o
C) =14.6
o
C
!T
3
=
U
1
!T
1
U
3
=
2270Jm
"2
s
"1 o
C
"1
1420Jm
"2
s
"1 o
C
"1
(12.9
o
C) = 20.6
o
C
!T
2
=
U
1
!T
1
U
2
!T
3
=
U
1
!T
1
U
3
4/28/14
24
Lxample 4
3/)(0 31"2+,"C'. B
+
D ?"0)'0 ;)"0
1 (134
o
C-12.9
o
C=121.1
o
C 2200 k!kg
-1
2 (121.1
o
C-14.6
o
C=106.3
o
C 2240 k!kg
-1

3 (106.3
o
C-20.6
o
C=86
o
C 2294 k!kg
-1

* LaLenL heaL from sLeam Lable
Lxample 4
SLeam consumpuon
Lquaung heaL Lransfer raLe
m

1 !
1
= m

2 !
2
= m

3 !
3
= m

s !
s
m

1+m

2 +m

3 = 333kgh
!1
m

2 = m

1
!
1
!
2
m

3 = m

1
!
1
!
3
m

s = m

1
!
1
!
s
4/28/14
23
Lxample 4
1oLal mass evaporaLed
m

1+m

2 +m

3 = 333kgh
!1
m

1 1+
!
1
!
2
+
!
1
!
3
!
"
#
$
%
&
= 333kgh
'1
m

1 =
333kgh
!1
1+
2200kJkg
!1
2240kJkg
!1
+
2200kJkg
!1
2294kJkg
!1
"
#
$
%
&
'
=113kgh
!1
Lxample 4
m

2 = m

1
!
1
!
2
=113kgh
!1
2200kJkg
!1
2240kJkg
!1
"
#
$
%
&
'
=111kgh
!1
m

3 = m

1
!
1
!
3
=113kgh
!1
2200kJkg
!1
2294kJkg
!1
"
#
$
%
&
'
=108kgh
!1
m

s = m

1
!
1
!
s
=113kgh
!1
2200kJkg
!1
2164kJkg
!1
"
#
$
%
&
'
=115kgh
!1
4/28/14
26
Lxample 3
SLeam consumpuon
113kg sLeam ls requlred Lo evaporaLe 333 kg of waLer
steam consumption =
115kg
333kg
= 0.35kgsteam/ kg water evaporated
Lxample 4
PeaL exchange surface
q
1
=U
1
A
1
!T
1
= m

1 !
1
2270Jm
!2
s
!1 o
C
!1
( )
12.9
o
C
( )
A
1
=
113kgh
!1
3600
h
s
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
2.2x10
6
Jkg
!1
( )
A
1
= 2.4m
2
= A
2
= A
3
1oLal heaL exchange surface
A
T
= A
1
+ A
2
+ A
3
= 7.2m
2
4/28/14
27
70,)"6 72)(-E("C+'#
SLeam 1=300 oC
=120 ka
llow raLe: 600 kg/hr
Composluon: waLer= 100
naCP Soluuon 1=83 oC
=300 ka
llow raLe: 200 kg/hr
Composluon: waLer= 90, naCP=10
PeaL Lxchanger uel Lube = 120 ka
uel shell = 30 ka
uA=3000
Lxample
70,)"6 72)(-E("C+'#
SLeam 1=300 oC
=120 ka
llow raLe: 600 kg/hr
Composluon: waLer= 100
naCP Soluuon 1=83 oC
=300 ka
llow raLe: 200 kg/hr
Composluon: waLer= 90, naCP=10
PeaL Lxchanger uel Lube = 120 ka
uel shell = 30 ka
uA=3000
Lxample: Mulu-eecL evaporaLor
4/28/14
28
Lxample: Mulu-eecL evaporaLor
L-101 v-101 L-102 v-102
leed
SLeam
CondensaLe
roducL
vapor
Lxample
4/28/14
29
Case SLudy no 3
1. 1o develop an a general algorlLhm for
mulusLage evaporaLor
2. 1o develop a maLlab code for solvlng Lhe
above algorlLhm
3. 1o demonsLraLe Lhe appllcauon of Lhe
algorlLhm and Lhe maLlab code base on a
selecLed sysLem
4. 1o valldaLe Lhe maLlab code by comparlng lL
wlLh lCCn slmulauon