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ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
This model is comprises of a system of time-independent reaction-diffu- Diffusion;
sion equations describing steady state of a chemical process that in- Enzyme;
volves three species: two reactions and diffusion. The system of equa- Heat transfer;
tions coupled with the non-linear reaction terms with mixed Dirichlet and Mathematical modeling;
Neumann boundary conditions. A closed form of an analytical expression Membranes;
of concentrations for the full range of enzyme activities has been derived Simulation.
using Homotopy Perturbation method. A simple approximate analytical
expression of concentrations in terms of dimensionless parameter is
also reported. These analytical results are compared with numerical re-
sults (MATLAB Programme) and are found to be in good agreement.
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Figure 1 : Normalized steady-state concentration u. The con- Figure 2 : Normalized steady-state concentration v. The con-
centrations were computed using eq.(7) for various values of centrations were computed using eq. (8) for various values of
the dimensionless parameter . (-) denotes eq. (7) and (+) the dimensionless parameter . (-) denotes eq. (8) and (+)
denotes the numerical simulation denotes the numerical simulation
Mathematical formulation of the problem and idea goes through and has been used to solve non-lin-
analysis ear boundary value problems[13], Emden-Flower type
The covering nonlinear reaction diffusion equation equations[14] and many other problems. These wide
in the membrane is expressed in the following non-di- varieties of applications show the power of the HPM in
mensional format[1]: solving functional equations. The HPM is unique in its
uxx = uv + uw (2)
applicability, accuracy and efficiency. The HPM[15] uses
vxx = uv (3)
the imbedding parameter p as a small parameter and
only little alteration is needed to search for an asymp-
wxx = uw - uv (4)
totic solution. Recently, Eswari et al.[16] derived the ap-
where u(x), v(x) and w(x) denote the concentrations of proximate analytical expressions for the substrate hy-
the chemical species, A, B, and C respectively. The drogen peroxide concentrations and current for the non-
diffusion coefficient of three species is considered to linear Michaelis-Menten kinetic scheme in a system of
have an equal diffusion coefficient which is equal to 1. coupled non-linear reaction-diffusion equations using
We assume that the specie A is supplied with a given the Homotopy Perturbation method. Meena et al.[17]
fixed concentration >0 at x = 0, and the specie B with presented the approximate analytical expressions for
>0 at x = 1. Boundary conditions are the substrate and mediator concentrations for the non-
u=; vx=0; w= at x= 0 (5)
linear reaction-diffusion processes of conducting the
ux = 0; v=; wx=0 at x= 1 (6) polymer modified ultra microelectrodes exhibits the
Due to the appearance of the large factor >>1 is spillover using the Homotopy Perturbation method.
one of the terms in each reaction-diffusion equation. Using this method[18], we can obtain the following solu-
The equations have features of singularly perturbed tion to the equations 2 to 4 (Appendix A).
problems[1]. 1 2 1
u( x ) x x 2 x x (7)
Solution of boundary value problem using HPM 2 2
Recently, many authors have applied the HPM to v( x )
1 2 1
x (8)
various problems and demonstrated the efficiency of 2 2
the HPM to hand non-linear structure and solve vari- and
ous physics and engineering problems[7-10]. This method 1 2 1
w(x) x x 2 x x (9)
is a combination of Homotopy in topology and classic 2 2
perturbation techniques. Ji-Huan He used the HPM to The eq. 7-9 represent the new analytical expres-
solve Lighthill equation[11], Duffing equation[12], then the sion of concentration of species for all values of dimen-
4 non-linear reaction-diffusion equations in a thin membrane
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Figure 3 : Normalized steady-state concentration w. The con- Figure 4 : Dimensionless reaction rate versus the dimen-
centrations were computed using eq. (9) for various values of sionless distance x for the value of dimensionless parameter
the dimensionless parameter . (-) denotes eq. (9) and (+) = 103, when = 1.6, = 0.8, = 0.01
denotes the numerical simulation
sionless parameter. The reaction rate q is given by The normalized steady-state concentration w(x) versus
the dimensionless distance x for various values of di-
q uv
mensionless parameter is plotted in figuer 3. In this
1 1
x 2 x 2 x x figure, it is inferred that the value of the concentration
2 2
(10) decreases when the diffusion parameter decreases.
1 1 Figure 4, 5 and 6 show the dimensionless reaction rate
x 2
2 2 q using eq. (10) for all values of . Thus, it is concluded
Numerical simulation that there is a simultaneous increase in the values of the
reaction rate as well as in for the fixed value of =
The nonlinear differential eq. (2-4) are also solved 1.6, = 0.8 and = 0.01.
by numerical methods. The function bvp4c in MATLAB
software which is a function of solving two-point bound- CONCLUSIONS
ary value problems (BVPs) for ordinary differential
equations are used to solve these equations. Its numerical The time independent non-linear reaction-diffusion
solution is compared with Homotopy Perturbation equation in membrane has been formulated and solved
method and it gives a satisfactory agreement (Figure 1- analytically and numerically. Analytical expressions for
6). The MATLAB program is also given in appendix B. the concentrations are derived by using the HPM. The
primary result of this work is simple approximate cal-
DISCUSSION culations of concentration for all values of dimension-
less parameter . The HPM is an extremely simple
Figure 1 represents the normalized steady-state con- method and it is also a promising method to solve other
centration u(x) for different values of dimensionless pa- non-linear equations. This method can be easily ex-
rameter = 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01. From this figure, it is tended to find the solution of all other non-linear equa-
evident that the values of the concentration decreases tions.
when dimensionless parameter increases for = 1.6,
= 0.8 and = 0.01. Figure 2 shows the normalized APPENDIXES
steady-state concentration v(x) versus the dimension-
less distance x for various values of dimensionless pa- Appendix A
rameter . From this figure, it is obvious that the values
of the concentration increases when dimensionless pa- In this Appendix, we indicate how eqns. (7), (8)
rameter decreases for = 1.6, = 0.8 and = 0.01. and (9) in this paper are derived. To find the solution of
L.Rajendran et al. 5
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Figure 5 : Dimensionless reaction rate versus the dimen- Figure 6 : Dimensionless reaction rate versus the dimen-
sionless distance x for the value of dimensionless parameter sionless distance x for the value of dimensionless parameter
= 106, when = 1.6, = 0.8, = 0.01 = 109, when = 1.6, = 0.8, = 0.01
eqns. (2), (3) and (4), it can be simplified to (Ariel, v0(0) = and v0,x(0) = 0 (A14)
2010) vi(1) = 0 and v1,x(0) = 0, i = 1,2… (A15)
d 2u w0(0) = and w0,x(0) = 0 (A16)
uv uw 0 (A1)
dx 2 wi(0) = 0 and wi,x(1) = 0 (A17)
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eq. (A18) we get m = 0;
d 2u 0 x = linspace(0,1);
p0 : 0 (A21) t=linspace(0,100000);
dx 2
sol = pdepe(m, @pdex4pde, @pdex4ic, @pdex4bc, x, t);
d 2u 1 u1 = sol(:,:,1);
p1 : u 0 v 0 u 0 w 0 0 (A22)
dx 2 u2 = sol(:,:,2);
Comparing the coefficients of like powers of p in u3=sol(:,:,3);
eq. (A19) we obtain Figure
2
d v0 plot(x, u1(end,:))
p0 : 0 (A23) title(‘u1(x, t)’)
dx 2
xlabel(‘Distance x’)
d 2 v1 ylabel(‘u1(x, 2)’)
p1 : u 0 v 0 0 (A24)
dx 2 %
comparing the coefficients of like poser of p in eqn. Figure
(A20) we have plot(x, u2(end,:))
d2w0 title(‘u2(x, t)’)
p0 : 0 (A25)
dx 2 xlabel(‘Distance x’’)
ylabel(‘u2(x, 2)’)
d 2 w1
p1 : u 0 v 0 u 0 w 0 0 (A26) %
dx 2 Figure
Solving the eq. (A21)-(A26) and using the bound- plot(x, u3(end,:))
ary conditions (A12)-(A17), we can find the following title(‘Solution at t = 2’)
results: xlabel(‘Distance x’)
u0 = (A27) ylabel(‘u3(x, 2)’)
1 1 %
u1 x 2 x 2 x x (A28)
2 2 function [c, f, s] = pdex4pde(x, t, u, DuDx)
v0 = (A29) c = [1; 1; 1];
f = [1; 1; 1] .* DuDx;
1 1 y = u(1) * u(2);
v1 x 2 (A30)
2 2 y1=u(1)*u(3);
w0 = (A31) =1.6;
1 1 =0.01;
w 1 x 2 x 2 x x (A32) =0.8;
2 2
According to the HPM, we can conclude that lamta=0.0001; % parameters
F =(-lamta*y-y1);
u lim u( x ) u 0 u1 (A33)
p 1 F1=(-lamta*y); % non linear terms
v lim v( x) v 0 v 1 F2=(lamta*y-y1);
p 1 (A34)
s=[F; F1; F2];
w lim w( x) w 0 w 1 (A35) %
p 1
function u0 = pdex4ic(x);
After putting eq. (A27) and (A28) into eq. (A33)
and eq. (A29) and (A30) into eq. (A34) and eq. (A31) %create a initial conditions
u0 = [0; 1; 0];
and (A32) into eq. (A35), we obtain the equations (7),
(8) and (9) in the text. %
Function [pl, ql, pr, qr] =pdex4bc(xl, u1, xr, ur, t)
Appendix B %create a boundary conditions
function pdex4 pl = [u1(1)-1.6; 0; u1(3)-0.01];
L.Rajendran et al. 7
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