PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY 1 LECTURE: PRELIMS

ACIDS BASES
Sour taste Bitter taste
Blue to Red Red to Blue
Neutralizes bases Neutralizes acids
Liberates H2 with a bicarbonate

TYPES
ACID BASE
ARRHENIUS
Produces H
+
ions in aqueous solution Produces OH
-
ions in aqueous solution
BRONSTED-LOWRY
Proton donor Proton acceptor
LEWIS
Pair of electron acceptor Pair of elector donor
CONJUGATE ACID BASE PAIR


HCO3
-
+ H2O CO3
-2
+ H3O
+

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(100% ionized)
STRONG ACIDS
HCl H2SO4
HBr HNO3
HI HClO4
STRONG BASES
KOH Ba(OH)2
NaOH Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2 Mg(OH)2
(partially ionized)
WEAK ACIDS
HCN HNO2
CH3COOH HOCl
HF H3PO4
WEAK BASES
NH4OH
(rest)
(Akali and alkaline earth)
Bronsted base (accepted H
+
)
Bronsted acid (H
+
donor)
Conjugate base Conjugate Acid

IONIZATION REACTIONS
a. HCl H
+
+ Cl
-

b. CH3COOH H
+
+ CH3COO
-

c. NH4
+
H
+
+ NH3
d. C6H5NH3
+
H
+
+ C6H5NH2
e. [Al(H2O)6]
+3
OH
-
+ [Al(H2O)5H]
+4


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OXYACIDS
- H
+
attached to O
-2


BINARY ACID
- No Oxygen
- Hydro- + -ic
H2Se
H2Te
H2O

TERNARY ACID
- H
+
+ O
-2
+ anion
HClO HBrO2
HIO4 H2SeO4
H2TeO3

POLYPROTIC ACIDS
- Many H
+
ions
H2S(aq)
H3BO3
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AMPHOTERIC SUBSTANCES
- Acts like an acid in the presence of a base and like a base in the presence of an acid
AMPHOTERICITY
Base in the presence of an acid
Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl ZnCl2 + 2H2O

Acid in the presence of a base
Zn(OH)2 H2ZnO2
Normal salt
H2ZnO2
-2
+ NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2O

Amphoteric Hydroxides
GROUP IIIA - Al
+3
, Cr
+3
, Zn
+2
WATER as an acid and as a base
H2O = H
+
+ OH
-

KW = ionization constant for water
Kw = [H
+
][OH
-
]
1 x 10
-14
= [H
+
][OH
-
]

> 7 ACIDIC
= 7 NEUTRAL
< 7 BASIC
pH negative logarithm of the H
+

pOH negative logarithm of the OH
-
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calculations of H
+
and OH
-

a) H2O
H2O H
+
+ OH
-
Kw = [H
+
] [OH
-
]

1 x 10
-14
= (x) (x)
1 x 10
-14
= x
2

1 x 10
-7
= x
1 x 10
-7
= OH
-

1 x 10
-7
= H
+
NEUTRAL
b) 1 x 10
-3
M H
+

c) 1 x 10
-10
M H
+

d) 1 x 10
-4
M OH
-

e) 1 x 10
-9
M OH
-

Solve for the pH of the following solution having:
Complex salt
a) H
+
= 1x10
-6

b) H
+
= 6.3x10
-11

c) OH
-
= 1x10
-10

d) OH
-
= 7.4x10
-4


1. A solution of HCl is 0.0025 M. Calculate its pH.
HCl = H
+
+

Cl
-

0.0025 0.0025 0.0025
H
+
= 2.5 x 10
-3
M pH = 2.6

2. A solution of KOH is 0.000055
KOH = K
+
+

OH
-

OH
-
5.5 X 10
-5
M pOH = 4.26 pH = 9.74

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APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Ionization constant of the acid = Ka Ionization constant of the base = Kb
The value of the constant is indicative of the strength of the acid or base.
The higher the value, the stronger the acid or the base, >Ka = acidic | >Kb = basic.
The relationship between: Ka x Kb = Kw
1. What is stronger?
Ka1 = 1.5 x 10
-5
Kb1 = 7.1 x 10
-12

Ka2 = 6.8 x 10
-8
Kb2 = 5.6 x 10
-4