Physics MC Forces Newtons Laws

AP
*
PHYSICS B

Forces & Newtons Laws

Teacher Packet

AP* is a trademark of the College Entrance Examination Board. The College Entrance Examination Board was not
involved in the production of this material.
Copyright 2008 Laying the Foundation
, Inc., Dallas, TX. All rights reserved. Visit: www.layingthefoundation.org


Objective
To review the student on the concepts, processes and problem solving strategies necessary to
successfully answer questions on forces and Newtons laws.

Standards
Forces and Newtons laws are addressed in the topic outline of the College Board AP* Physics
Course Description Guide as described below.

AP Physics Exam Connections
Topics relating to forces and Newtons laws are tested every year on the multiple choice and in
most years on the free response portion of the exam. The list below identifies free response
questions that have been previously asked over forces and Newtons laws. These questions are
available from the College Board and can be downloaded free of charge from AP Central.
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com.

Free Response Questions
2008 Question 2 2008 Form B Question 2
2000 Question 1
2000 Question 2

I. Newtonian Mechanics

B. Newtons laws of motion (including friction and centripetal force)
1. Static equilibrium (first law)
2. Dynamics of a single particle (second law)
3. Systems of two or more bodies (third law)
F. Oscillations and Gravitation
4. Newtons law of gravity



What I Absolutely Have to Know to Survive the AP* Exam
Force is any push or pull. It is a vector. Newtons Second Law is the workhorse of the AP Physics B exam. It allows
you to write down mathematical relationships that are true. Thus, for a single body, if you pick any direction and sum
up all the positive and negative forces that act on the body along that line, the sum will equal the product of the
bodys mass and its acceleration along that line. A Free Body Diagram allows you to identify all of the forces acting
on a single body. Neglect one force or add a fictitious force on your FBD and you are in trouble.
Newtons 1
st
Law: in an inertial frame of reference, an object in a state of constant velocity (including
zero velocity) will continue in that state unless impinged upon by a net external force. If F=0, then a=0
and the object is at rest or moving at a constant velocity in a straight line. The converse is true also, if an
object is in a state of constant velocity (including zero velocity) then a=0 and F=0.
Newtons 2
nd
Law: A net force acting on a mass causes that mass to accelerate in the direction of the net
force. The acceleration (vector) is directly proportional to the net force (vector) acting on the mass and
inversely proportional to the mass of the object being accelerated.
F
a= or
m
F ma
=
Newtons 3
rd
Law: For every action force, there exists an equal and opposite reaction force. Lets say
you hit a table with your fist. Doing so, applies a force to the table which, if great enough will break the
table. Likewise, the table applies a force to your fist which, if great enough, will break your fist. The
size and direction of the force you apply must be equal and opposite the force the table applies to you.
Hence, the only way forces can be generated are in action/reaction pairs which occur on different
objects. If you try to apply 800 Newtons of force to a table that can only provide 600 Newtons of
reaction force back on you, you will never succeed. The table will break as soon as you exceed 600
Newtons, which is the maximum force it can apply to you.

Key Formulas and Relationships
max
1 2
2
( )
( )
net
W
f s s N
f k k N
G
m
F mg
F F static
F F kinetic
Gm m
F
r
= =
=
=
=
F F a

F = Sum of the forces is the Net Force Newtons (N) =
2
kgm
s

a = acceleration m = mass
F
W
= weight
g = acceleration due to gravity
max f s
F

= maximum static frictional force
f k
F = kinetic frictional force
F
N
= normal force
F
G
= gravitational force
r = distance between the centers of two masses



Basic Kinds of Forces
g
F mg =
Always directed toward the Earths center.
Force on a free falling body, if we neglect air friction.

Weight
g
F , W
1 2
2
G
m m
F G
r
=
A force of attraction between any two massive objects.
When the Earth is one of the two bodies involved, then the force felt by
the second body while positioned on the Earths surface will always be
directed toward the Earths center.
G
F
Gravitational
A force of support, provided to an object by a surface in which the object
is in contact.
Always directed perpendicular to and away from the surface providing
the support.
Normal
N
F , N

In the figure above, a box is supported by a table. The figure shows all
the forces acting on the box and is called a Free Body Diagram (FBD). If
a box, rests on a level table, then the
N
F W mg = = . Notice that the
normal force sometimes equals the weight but not always.

If the box is placed on an inclined plane, then the cos
N
F mg = , the
component of the weight that is equal and opposite the normal force. For
the inclined plane above, the normal force and the weight are not equal
and not even in the same direction.

F
N
W

F
N
y
x
mgcos
W



Friction
f
F
riction is produced by the atomic interaction between two bodies as

F
they either slide over one another (kinetic friction) or sit motionless in
contact with one another (static friction).

max f s s
, f
N
F F (static)
Static Friction opposes the intended direction of relative sliding. The
of
static frictional force will only be as high as it needs to be to keep the
system in equilibrium. If successively greater and greater forces are
applied, the static frictional force will counter each push with a force
equal and opposite magnitude until the applied force is great enough to
shear the bonding between the two surfaces. When you calculate
s
f or
f s
F using the equation above, you are finding the maximum static
frictional force, one of an infinite number of possible frictional forc
that could be exerted between the two bodies.
es
s
is a proportionality
constant called the coefficient of static friction. t is the ratio of the st
frictional force between the surfaces divided by the normal force acting
on the surface.

I atic
(kinetic)
f k k N
F F =
Kinetic Friction or Dynamic Friction or Sliding Friction is always
is a opposite the direction of motion. The statement that kinetic friction
function of the normal force only (surface area is independent) is true
only when dealing with rigid bodies that are sliding relative to each
other. When you calculate
k
f or
f
F using the equation above, you ar
finding the single, constant
e
kinetic frictional force that exists between t
two bodies sliding relative to one another. No matter their velocity
(assuming heating does not alter the coefficient of kinetic friction) th
kinetic frictional force will always be the same.
k
he
e
is a proportionality
constant called the coefficient of kinetic friction. It is the ratio of the
kinetic frictional force between the surfaces divided by the normal for
acting on the surface

ce
WARNING! The two quantities
s
f and
k
f may look the same, but they
c ty
ee body
al
tell us different things. Kinetic fri tion is pically less than static friction
for the same two surfaces in contact. Note that the normal force
sometimes equals the weight but not always. When you draw a fr
diagram of forces acting on an object or system of objects, be sure to
include the frictional force as opposing the relative motion (or potenti
for relative motion) of the two surfaces in contact.


Tension
T
is a force that is applied to a body by a rope, string, or cable.
T
F
T
F is applied along the line of the string and away from the body in
question.

, T F
Applied
Subscript
F
ush me, pull you force that does not fall into one of the above
he force
P
categories, for example, a friend shoves you. The magnitude of t
is characterized by an F, with any subscript that makes sense to solve the
problem. Later in the year, you will encounter additional forces, like the
electric and magnetic forces.

Strategy on Force Problems
1. Take one body in the system a ram (FBD) for it.
the direction of the
nd draw a Free Body Diag
2. Choose x and y axes and place them beside your FBD. One axis must be in
acceleration you are trying to find. If there is no acceleration, then 0 F = .
If there are forces on the FBD that are not along the x and y directio d 3. ns, fin their respective x
4. the forces in the x direction and set them equal to
and y components.
Using Newtons 2
nd
Law, sum
x
ma . If a
ma
5. e nu er of

second equation is needed, sum the forces in the y direction and set them equal to
y
.
Repeat the above process for all the bodies in the system or until you have the sam mb
equations as unknowns and solve the problem.

Effective Problem Solving Strategies
Free Body Diagram
A Free B as a box showing all the forces
be
d
hen drawing Free Body Diagrams show only the force(s) that act on the body
.
(FBD)

ody Diagram is normally depicted
acting on the body. These forces are depicted as arrows. They dont have to
drawn to scale, but they should have a length that is appropriate for their
magnitude. Also, the force vectors do need to be directionally accurate an
labeled. Do not include components of the force vectors on your FBD.

W
in question and do not show forces that the body applies to other bodies. Also,
do not include velocity or acceleration vectors on your free body force
diagrams, since you will lose points for extraneous vectors on your FBD


Example 1
A rope supports an empty bucket of mass 3.0 kg. Determine the tension in the rope when the bucket is (a)
at rest and (b) the bucket is accelerated upward at 2.0 m/s
2
.

Solution
Step 1 Draw a Free Body Diagram for each body in the system.

Step 2 Choose x and y axes. In this case we could choose the y axes to be in the same dimension as the
tension and the weight.

Step 3 If there are off axes forces, then find the x and y components.

Step 4 Using Newtons 2
nd
law, sum the forces in the y dimension and set equal to ma
y
.

(a) When the bucket is at rest, the net force is zero, so that the tension in the rope equals the weight of the
bucket.

( )
2
0
3.0 10 30
y y
T
T
F ma
F mg
m
F mg kg N
s
=
=

= = =

(b) When the bucket accelerates upward, the net force is ma
y.
F
T
W


( )
2 2
3.0 10 2.0 36 upward
y y
T
T
T
F ma
F mg ma
F mg ma m g a
m m
F kg N
s s
=
=
= + = +

= + =

Example 2
In the diagram below, two bodies of different masses (M
1
and M
2
) are connected by a string which passes
over a pulley of negligible mass and friction. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the system in
terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants?

Solution
Step 1: Draw a FBD for each body in the system.
There are two forces acting on each of the bodies: weight downward and the tension in the string upward.
The tension is distributed throughout the string. The pulley (negligible mass and friction) changes only the
direction of motion, not the tension, so the tension is the same on each side of the pulley. Our FBDs should
look like this:
M
2
M
1



tension and the weight for both masses.


nd
law, for each body sum the forces in the y dimension and set equal to ma
y

and/or the x dimension. For m
1
the tension is positive and the weight is negative since the acceleration is
upward.
1
1 1
y y
T
F m a
F W m a
=
=
For m
2
the tension is negative and the weight is positive since the acceleration is downward.
2
2 2
y y
T
F m a
F W m a
=
+ =
T T
W
1
W
2


( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 1
2 2
2 1 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
T
T
F W m a
F W m a
W W m m a
m m g W W m g m g
a
m m m m m m
=
+ =
= +

= = =
+ + +

Example 3
A block of mass m rests on a horizontal table. A string is tied to the block, passed over a pulley, and another
block of mass M is hung on the other end of the string, as shown in the figure below. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between block m and the table is
k
. Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the system in
terms of the given quantities and fundamental constants.

m

M

k


g

Solution
Step 1: Draw a FBD for each body. Note that according to the FBD, the vertical acceleration of the block on
the table is zero, since the normal force is directed upward and the weight force is directed downward.
There is a horizontal acceleration for the block since the tension is greater than the frictional force.

tension and the weight for both masses. We could choose the x axis to be in the same dimension as the
frictional force and the tension pulling the mass to the right.


nd
law, for each body sum the forces in the y dimension and set equal to ma
y
and/or
the x dimension.
For block m the net force vertically is 0 since the block is accelerating to the right and not upward nor
downward. Summing the forces in the y dimension we find that the normal force equals the weight of the
block.
1
1
0
y y
N
N
F ma
F W
F W m
=
=
= =

Summing the forces in the horizontal dimension, the direction of the acceleration for block m, we find that
T
T
W
2
W
1
F
N
f
k


ma
x x
k
F
T f ma
=
=

For mass two, summing the forces in the vertical dimension, the vertical acceleration for block M, we find
that
2
a
y y
F M
T W Ma
=
+ =

Adding the two equations together we determine the acceleration of the system
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
Since
k
k
k k
k
k k N k
T f ma
T W Ma
W f m M a
W f Mg mg
a
m M m M
M m g
a
m M
f F mg

=
+ =
= +

= =
+ +
=
+
= =


Example 4
Three blocks of mass m
1
, m
2
, and m
3
are connected by a string passing over a pulley attached to a plane
inclined at an angle as shown below.

The coefficient of kinetic friction between blocks m
2
, m
1
and the table is
k
. Assuming that m
3
is large
enough to descend and cause the system to accelerate, determine the acceleration of the system in terms of
the given quantities and fundamental constants.

Solution
Step 1: Draw a FBD for each body. When drawing a FBD, be sure the orientation of the box representing
the body is the same as the actual orientation of the body in the problem. Note the weight force is always
directed straight downward and the normal force perpendicular to the surface.

m
1
m
2
m
3`



Step 2 Choose x and y axes. Place axes next to FBD. One axis must be in the direction of the acceleration
you are trying to determine.

There is one force that is off axis, the weight force. The weight of each block must be broken into two
vectors parallel and perpendicular to the inclined plane.

1
1 1
y1 1
2
2 2
y2 2
the parallel and perpendicular components of the weight force are
sin
w cos
m the parallel and perpendicular components of the weight force are
sin
w cos
x
x
m
w F m g
F m g
w F m g
F m g
= =
= =
= =
= =

nd
law, for each body, sum the forces in the y dimension and set equal to ma
y
. Sum
the forces in the x dimension and set equal to ma
x
.

T
2
W
3
F
N2
T
1
f
T
2
F
N1
T
1
W
2
f
W
1


1
y
1
1
x 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
vertical motion perpendicular to the incline plane
F 0
cos 0
cos
horizontal motion parallel to the incline plane
F
cos sin
N
N
k
k
m
F m g
F m g
m a
T f F m a
T m g m g m a

=
=
=
=
=
=

2
y
2
2
x 2
2 1 2
2 1 2 2 2
vertical motion perpendicular to the incline plane
F 0
cos 0
cos
horizontal motion parallel to the incline plane
F
cos sin
N
N
k
k
m
F m g
F m g
m a
T T f F m a
T T m g m g m a

=
=
=
=
=
=

3
y 3
2 3 3
2 3 3
vertical motion
F
m
m a
T W m a
T m g m a
=
+ =
+ =

Looking at the motion along the axis of acceleration, up the incline plane


)
2
2
2 3
a ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) (
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
2 3 3
2 3 3
3 3 1 2 1 2
3 1 2 1
cos sin
cos cos
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin
k
k
k
k
k
k
T m g m g m a
T T m g m g m a
T g m m g m m m a m
T g g m m m a m a
T m g m a
T m g m a
m g m a g g m m m a m a
m g g g m m m m m

=
=
+ + =
+ + = +
+ =
=
+ + = +
+ + = + +
( ) ( )
( )
+
3 1 2
1 2 3
cos sin
k
a
m g g g m m
a
m m m
+ +
=
+ +


Free Response

Question 1 (15 pts)

Two blocks, both of mass 0.5 kg, are connected to each other by a thin string which is
passed over a pulley as shown in the diagram. Block 1 sits on a rough horizontal part
where the coefficient of static friction is 0.6 and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.4.
Block 2 sits on a frictionless incline which forms an angle with the horizontal.

1
2

A. On the diagram below, draw and label vectors to represent the forces acting on block
2.

1 point for each correctly drawn and
labeled vector (tension, normal, weight)
(3 points max)

T N

W

1 point deducted for each extraneous
vector with a minimum score being 0



B. Determine the maximum angle the incline can make without the blocks sliding
down.

(6 points max) 1 point for a correct statement that
when the blocks are not sliding the
F=0
When block 2 is not sliding, block 1 is not
sliding and the F=0, so the maximum
angle means maximal frictional force.

( )
max
max
1
Block 2
0
0
sin
Block 1
0
0
Thus
sin
sin
sin 0.6
sin 0.6
37
s
s s N
s N
s
s
F
T F
T mg
F
T f
T f F
F mg
mg mg
=
=
=
=
=
= =
=
=
= =
=
=

1 point for a correct application of
NSL to block 2 such that the tension
equals the parallel component of the
weight

NSL to block 1 such that the tension
equals the maximum frictional force

1 point for a correct statement that the
maximum angle occurs when the
frictional force is maximum on block 1
using 0.6 for the coefficient of friction

maximum frictional force on block 1
equals the parallel component of the
weight on block 2

1 point for the correct answer
including correct units and reasonable
number of significant digits


C. Assume is 30, find the magnitude of the acceleration of the system

(6 points max)

( ) ( )
2
2
Block 1
F
Block 2
F
sin
sin
sin 2
sin
2
10 sin30 0.4 10
2
0.5
k
k
k
k
k
ma
T f ma
T mg ma
ma
T F ma
T mg ma
T mg ma
T mg ma
mg mg ma
g g
a
m m
s
a
m
a
s
=
=
=
=
+ =
+ =
=
+ =
=

=
=
1 point for any indication that there

are two forces acting on Block 1
parallel to the surface

NSL to block 1 that includes the two
forces (tension and friction) and a non
zero acceleration
2
s
he
g

1 point for a correct statement that t
frictional force is kinetic and usin
0.4 for the coefficient of friction

1 point for any indication that there
are two forces acting on Block 2
parallel to the surface

NSL to block 2 that includes the two
forces (tension and parallel
component of the weight) and a non
zero acceleration

1 point for the correct answer


Question 2 (10 pts)

A block of mass m rests on an air table (no friction), and is pulled with a force probe,
producing the Force vs. Acceleration graph shown below.

A. Determine the mass of the block.

Newtons 2
nd
law states that
a
F
m
net
= . This
ratio is the slope.

2 2
9 N 3
1.5 kg
6m/s 2m/s
F N
m slope
a

= = = =

1 point for using the slope of the F vs. a
graph to determine the mass or the
correct use of Newtons second law

1 point for the correct answer including
correct units and reasonable number of
significant digits

The block is now placed on a rough horizontal board having a coefficient of static friction
s
= 0.2, and a coefficient of kinetic (sliding) friction
k
= 0.1.


B. What is the minimum value of the force F which will cause the block to just begin to
move?

The block will just begin to move when the
force F overcomes the maximum static
frictional force:
( ) ( ) ( )
min
2
min
0.2 1.5kg 10m/s 3N
s s N s
F f F mg
F
= = =
= =

1 point for the correct equation for
the maximum static frictional force

1 point for the correct answer or an
answer consistent with part (A),

The block rests on the rough horizontal board. One end of the board is slowly lifted until
the block just begins to slide down the board. At the instant the block begins to slide, the
angle of inclination for the board is .

C. Determine the relationship between the angle and the coefficient of static friction,
s.

(6 points max) 1 point for a correct statement of net
force parallel to the plane is zero or
FBD indicating the same
At the instant the block is just about to move,
the maximum frictional force directed up the
incline is equal and opposite to the parallel
component of the weight down the incline,
and the normal force is equal and opposite to
the perpendicular component of the weight.

1 point for a correct statement of net
force perpendicular to the plane is zero
or FBD indicating the same

max
max
max
0
0
sin
0
0
cos
Thus
sin
tan
cos
x
s
s
y
N
N
s
s
N
F
f F
f mg
F
F F
F mg
f
mg
F mg
=
=
=
=
=
=
= = =

maximum static frictional force equals
the parallel component of the weight
or FBD indicating the same

normal force equals the perpendicular
component of the weight or FBD
indicating the same

1 point for a correct statement that
s
is the ratio between the parallel and
perpendicular components of the
weight

1 point for the correct relationship
between and
s


Multiple Choice
Questions 1 2

A block of mass 2m is suspended by a string, the other end of which is passed over a
pulley of negligible mass and friction and tied to a block of mass m.

2m
m
1. The acceleration of the system is
a)
1
3
g
b)
1
2
g
c)
2
3
g
d) g
e)
4
3
g

F = ma
Find net force on object

The forces acting on each block are shown above. From
this, we write two net force equations, one for each block
(the smaller block is block 1) and apply F = ma.
1
2
2 2
F T mg ma
F mg T ma
=
=
=
=

These equations can be added together, eliminating T.

2 2
2 2
ma T mg
ma mg T
ma ma mg mg
=
+ =
+ =

Simplifying and solving for a gives
3
g
a =
A
mg
2mg
T
T


2. The tension in the string is
a)
1
3
mg
b)
1
2
mg
c)
2
3
mg
d) mg
e)
4
3
mg

F = ma Use either net force equation from above and substitute for
a to solve for T Find net force on object
3
3
4
3
ma T mg
g
m T
mg
T mg
mg
T
=
=
= +
=

mg

E

3. An object of mass m is pushed to the right by a force F that forms an angle with the
horizontal as shown. The object moves with constant velocity. The coefficient of kinetic
friction between the object and the surface is
a) cos F
b) sin F
c)
cos
sin

d)
cos F
mg

e)
cos
sin
F
F m
F

m
g
+


Resolve the force vector F into components and draw a
FBD. We know the net force in both directions is zero,
since the velocity is constant.
Resolve for vector into
perpendicular and
parallel components
F = ma
F
f
= F
N

Object moving with
constant velocity has
zero net force.

Analyzing the forces in the vertical direction, we can write
sin
N y
F mg F mg F = + = + and cos
f x
F F F = =
We now apply the equation for kinetic friction:
f N
F F =
Substituting from our other two equations:
( ) cos sin F mg F = +
And solving for gives
( )
cos
sin
F
mg F

=
+

E
mg
F
y
F
x
F
N

4. A 75 kg man and a 25 kg girl stand facing each other on a frictionless sheet of ice.
The girl exerts a force of 30 N on the man, causing him to accelerate to the north. The
magnitude and direction of the reaction force on the girl is
Magnitude Direction
a) 10 N north
b) 10 N south
c) 30 N north
d) 30 N south
e) 90 N south

Reaction forces are equal
and opposite
The force exerted by the girl on the man is 30 N to the
north, therefore the reaction force must be equal (30 N) and
in the opposite direction (south)
D


Questions 5 6

A block of mass 1 kg is sitting on top of a block of mass 2 kg. The 1 kg block is tied to a
thin thread which extends horizontally to a wall where the other end is attached. The 2
kg block is pulled by an external horizontal force F with constant velocity to the right.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the two blocks is .5 and the coefficient of
kinetic friction between the 2kg block and the surface is .8.
1 kg
2 kg
F
T

5. As the bottom block is pulled to the right, the tension in the thread T is most nearly
a) .2 N
b) 1 N
c) 5 N
d) 8 N
e) 15 N

We know the net force on the top block is zero (it remains
at rest). Drawing the forces on the top block:
F
f
= F
N
Object moving with
zero net force.

The force of kinetic friction opposes the relative motion of
the two blocks. Since the bottom block moves to the right,
friction is attempting to pull the top block to the right so the
two dont move relative to each other. From the above
diagram, we can see that T = F
f,k1
. Substituting and solving
for T gives (1 designates the top block, 2 the bottom)
( ) ( )
( )
1, ,1 ,1 ,1 1
2
.5 1 10
5
f k k N k
T F F m g
m
T kg
s
T N
= = =
=
=

C
F
N
m
1
g

F
f,k1 T


6. The force F required to pull the bottom block with constant velocity is most nearly

a) 15 N
b) 21 N
c) 24 N
d) 29 N
e) 34 N

F
f
= F
N
Object moving with
zero net force.
The net force on the bottom block is zero as well (it moves
with constant speed). The forces on the bottom block are:

In the y-direction:
1 2 N
F m g m g = +
In the x-direction:
, 1 , 2 f k f k
F F F = +
F
f,k1
is already known to be 5 N, so we find F
f,k2
and
substitute to find F.
( )
( ) ( )
5 5
, 2 , 2 1 2
5 .8 10 2 1
2
5 24
29
F N F N m g m
k N k
m
F N kg kg
s
F N N
g
F N
= + = + +
= + +
= +
=

D
F
N
m
1
g

F
f,k1
F

m
2
g

F
f,k2

7. An object moves with constant velocity while three forces act on it. Which of the
following must be true?
I. the three forces have equal magnitude
II. the vector sum of the three forces is zero
III. the forces must be perpendicular to the direction the object is traveling
a) I only
b) II only
c) I and II
d) I and III
e) II and III


Object moving with
zero net force.
Since the object is moving with zero acceleration, it must
experience zero net force: the vector sum of the three forces
must equal zero. No other requirement is needed; the
forces can be of any magnitude and direction so long as
their vector sum is zero.
B

8. A 4 kg mass is hung vertically from an ideal spring, which causes it to stretch 8 cm. If
the 4 kg mass is replaced by a mass of 8 kg, how far will the spring stretch?

a) 2 cm
b) 4 cm
c) 8 cm
d) 16 cm
e) 64 cm

Hookes Law: F
s
= -kx Hookes Law shows that the stretch of a spring is directly
proportional to the force it exerts: hence double the force on
a spring and the distance it is stretched will double as well.
Thus, the 8 kg mass with stretch the spring 16 cm.
D

9. As a 40 N ball falls through Earths atmosphere, it experiences a drag force, which is
given by the expression , where b is known to be 5 kg/s. The terminal velocity
of the ball close to Earths surface is
D
F b = v

a) 5 m/s
b) 8 m/s
c) 25 m/s
d) 40 m/s
e) 45 m/s

Object moving with
zero net force.
Terminal velocity occurs
when F
D
= F
g
The force of drag increases with the velocity, reducing the
acceleration until the force of drag equals the weight. At
this point we can write
40
40
8
5
D g
T
T
F F
bv N
N
m
v
s
kg
s
=
=
= =

B


Questions 10 11

An object of mass m is at rest on an inclined plane as shown above. The inclined plane
forms an angle with the horizontal. The coefficient of static friction between the object
and the plane is
s
.
m

10. Which of the following diagrams correctly shows the forces acting on the object?

a) b) c)
d) e)

Resolve forces on an
incline
Direction of forces
D correctly shows the forces. Weight always pulls an
object down, a normal force is always perpendicular to the
surface, and friction is always parallel to the surface. In
this case, friction points up the ramp because it opposes the
motion of the object sliding down the ramp.

D

11. The force of static friction acting on the object is

a)
s
mg
b) cos
s
mg
c) sin
s
mg
d) cos mg
e) sin mg



Resolve forces on an
incline
In this case, the relationship between static friction and the
coefficient of static friction cannot be used because it is an
inequality:
,
0
f s s
Static friction is variable
N
F F . We must determine the force
of friction by force analysis. We know that the net force is
zero (it is at rest), so parallel to the ramp we have:
, , f s g x
F F =
Resolving the weight vector and substituting:
E

,
sin
f s
F mg =
F
g

F
g,x
= F
g
sin
F
g,y
= F
g
cos

12. Three forces act on an object that is moving at constant velocity. Two of the forces
are shown on the diagram above. Which of the following correctly shows the third force
vector?
a)
b)
c)
d) e)

Object moving with
zero net force.
In order for the object to move with constant velocity, the
vector sum must be zero. Adding the vector shown in
answer choice A would accomplish this.
A


3. A 20 N bucket is at the bottom of a 9 m deep well and is initially at rest. The bucket

ewtons Second Law & Use kinematics to find the acceleration of the bucket:
1
is then pulled to the top of the well by a string that exerts a constant tension force, such
that it reaches the top in 3.0 s. During this interval, the tension in the string is
a) 4 N
b) 6 N
c) 20 N
d) 24 N
e) 40 N

N
Kinematics
( )
( )
2
1
x x v t at
0 0
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
2 2 9
2
3
x at
x m
m
a
s
t s
=
= = =

The forces on the bucket are:

And the net fo ce equation is
= + +

r
F T mg =

Substituting Newtons Second Law and solving for T:
( ) 2
2 2 20
24
ma T mg =
m
T ma mg kg N
s
T N
= + = +
=

D


4. Which of the following graphs shows an object whose net force is zero?

terpreting Motion Zero net force means the velocity must be constant. Graphs
C

1

a) I only
t
v
III.
t
x
II.
t
x
I.
b) II only
c) I and II
d) I and III
e) II and III

In
Graphs
Object moving with
I and II show objects moving with constant velocity: graph
III shows an object with decreasing velocity. Thus, the
answer is C constant velocity has
zero net force.

15. The diagram above shows the path of a pr
P
Q
R
ojectile as it moves from left to right
n of
) P
nd R
ration is the same at all points

y
le: we know that the only

E
without friction or drag. At which point along the projectiles path is the acceleratio
the projectile the greatest?

a
b) Q
c) R
d) P a
e) the accele
A projectile is free The diagram shows a projecti
falling due to gravit force acting on a projectile is gravity, which is constant.
Thus, the acceleration is the same at all points. The
projectile moves horizontally due to its initial velocity and
inertia.

Physics MC Forces Newtons Laws

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