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Trend’s Next Generation SDH

Pocket Guide

FRL
Mobile VPLS
VoD
3G
VPN
ISDN
xDSL
Telepho VoIP Internet VictoriaCombo NG 2.5G
Circuit TV
SAN High-performance tool for
testing Next Generation SDH/
SONET.
IP
All the features needed to
speed up the installation and
DVB maintenance of new data-aware
PDH MPLS VLAN SDH networks in a compact,
user-friendly battery operated
tester.
ATM 10/100/1000 Ethernet Fibre Channel This new test module
ESCON enables you to test Ethernet
FICON over metropolitan SDH/SONET
HDLC/PPP/LAPS networks that use Higher
and Lower-Order Virtual
GFP-F GFP-T
Concatenation, LCAS and GFP.

Contiguous Concatenation Virtual Concatenation

SDH/Sonet NG LCAS

WDM - Dark Fiber - Coax - Wireless - OTN

Figure 1 Versatile, flexible and efficient Next Generation SDH

PDH PDH
Ethernet MSSP SDH NG MSSP Ethernet
VPN VPN
DVB DVB
SAN SAN
TrendCommunications

Mapping in Frames
GFC GFC
Layers

VCAT Virtual Container Transport VCAT

LCAS Bandwidth management LCAS
SDH Paths, Sections SDH Paths, Sections SDH
SDH

Clients SDH NG Existing SDH/Sonet SDH NG Clients

Figure 2 Next Generation SDH enables operators to provide more data transport services while
increasing the efficiency of installed SDH/SONET base, by adding just the new MSSP edge
nodes. Therefore, it will not be necessary to install an overlap network or migrating all the
nodes or fiber optics. This reduces the cost per bit delivered, and will attract new customers
while keeping legacy services.
Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet testing, Gigabit Ethernet installation, Gigabit Ethernet maintenance, Gigabit Ethernet commissioning, Gigabit Ethernet troubleshooting,
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Ethernet MSPP SDH/Sonet MSPP Ethernet

Packets
Source Sink
Port 1 Port 1
Port 2 Port 2
.
. STM-n/OC-m .
. .
.
Port n Port n
Rx GFP GFP Tx
queues STM frames
mapper demapper Queues

H1H2H3
4 H1H2H3
1 H1H2H3
3

Submultiplexing Channel ID
Encapsulation Decapsulation
Mapping Demapping
Multiplexing Demultiplexing
T r a n s m i s s i o n

Figure 3 Data packet aggregation using GFP. Packets are in queues, waiting to be mapped onto a TDM chan-
nel. At the far end, packets are dropped again to a queue and delivered. GFP frame multiplexing and
sub multiplexing. The figure shows the encapsulation mechanism and the transport of the GFP frames
into VC containers embedded in the STM frames.

GFP frame
byte PLI: PDU Length Indicator
1 cHEC: Core HEC protection
PLI PTI: Payload type Identifier
2
000: client data
3
cHEC (CRC-16) 100: client management
4 PFI: Payload FCS Indicator
s
yte
4
b PTI PFI EXI type 5 1: presence of FCS
Core Header UPI 6 0: absence
EXI type: Extension Header Identifier
7
y tes tHEC (CRC-16) 0000: Null
4b 8
Payload Header 0001: Linear
scrambled bytes (optional)

9 0010: Ring
EXI UPI: User Payload Identifier (PTI=0)
Extention Header 66
0-60 bytes 01x: Ethernet (GFP-F)
(optional)
+1
eHEC (CRC-16) 02x: PPP (GFP-F)
Payload
+2 03x: Fiber Channel (GFP-T)
n
by 04x: FICON (GFP-T)
te
s 05x: ESCON (GFP-T)
Check Sum 06x: Gigabit Ethernet (GFP-T)
(optional)
08x: MAPOS (GFP-F)
Payload 09x: DVB (GFP-T)
0 -4

0Ax: RPR (GFP-F)

by
te s

0Bx: Fiber Channel (GFP-F)

+n 0Cx: Async Fiber Channel (GFP-T)
tHEC: Type HEC protection
pFCS (CRC-32) EXI: Extension Header Identifier
+n+4
Null EXI

Type Type
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Linear EXI type

tHEC tHEC
CID
Spare
eHEC

tHEC: Type HEC protection

CID: Channel ID for submultiplexing
eHEC: Extension HEC protection
Payload: Space for the framed PDU
pFCS: Payload FCS
Figure 4 GFP frame formats and protocols
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40 Gbps STM-256 x1 AUG-256 x1 AU4-256c VC4-256c
OC-768 STS-768c SPE C-4-256c
STS-768 STS-768c
x4
x1 AU4-64c

Client Data, such as PDH, Ethernet, SAN, DVB, IP, HDLC, etc.
10 Gbps STM-64 x1 AUG-64 VC4-64c
STS-192c STS-192c SPE C-4-64c
OC-192 STS-192
x4
2.5 Gbps STM-16 x1 AUG-16 x1 AU4-16c VC4-16c C-4-16c
OC-48 STS-48 STS-48c STS-48c SPE
x4
622 Mbps STM-4 x1 AUG-4 x1 AU4-4c VC4-4c C-4-4c
OC-12 STS-12 STS-12c STS-12c SPE
x4
155 Mbps STM-1 x1 x1 AU-4 VC-4
AUG-1 C-4
OC-3/STS-3 STS-3 STS-3c STS-3c SPE
x3
x1
x3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

52 Mbps x1 x7
STM-0 AU-3 VC-3
OC-1/STS-1 STS-1 STS-1 SPE C-3
x7
x1 TU-2 VC-2
TUG-2 C-2
VT-Group VT-6 VT-6 SPE
x3

TU-12 VC-12 C-12

x4
VT-2 VT-2 SPE

Frame transmission Pointer processing

TU-11 VC-11
Aligning VT-1.5 C-11
SDH Container VT-1.5 SPE
Multiplexing
Mapping Group
POH addition

Figure 5 SDH and Sonet multiplexing map

Nine bytes Path Overhead (POH) G1: REI RDI E-RDI Spare

SDH Sonet
REI (Remote Error Indication) BIP-8 violation count
J1 J1 Path trace, message with CRC RDI (Remote Defect Indication) is sent back
E-RDI (Enhanced RDI information)
B3 B3 BIP-8 parity control (RDI=0) 10: Payload defect (PLM)
(RDI=1) 01: Server defect (AIS, LOP),
C2 C2 Signal label (mapping)
(RDI=1) 10: Connectivity defect (TIM, UNEQ)
G1 G1 Path status
multiframe
F2 F2 Path user channel (voice or data)
TC TC-API, TC-RDI
N1: IEC
REI OEI ODI, reserved
H4 H4 Position and sequence indicator

F3 F3 Path user channel (voice or data) IEC Incoming Error Count, BIP-8 errors in Tandem Conn.
TC-REI: Remote Error Indication in a TC subnetwork
K3 Z3 Automatic Protection Switching OEI: Outgoing Error Indication
Multiframe: TC-API (Access Point Identifier)
N1 Z4 Tandem Connection Monitoring TC-RDI (RDI in Tandem Connection)
ODI (Outgoing Defect Indication)

C2: 00: unequipped 14: DQDB

01: reserved 15: FDDI H4: x x 1 1 x x LO Seq
02: TUG 16: HDLC/PPP
03: locked TU 17: SDL LO Multiframe Sequence
04: E3, T3 18: HDLS/LAPS xx11xx00: pointer to V1
12: E4 1A: 10GEthernet xx11xx01: pointer to V2
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13: ATM FE: Test Signal xx11xx10: pointer to V3

xx11xx11: pointer to V4

K3: APS HODL Spare H4: MFI2 (frames 0 and 1)

SQ (frames 14 and 15)
Multiframe Indicator 1

APS: Automatic Protection Switching VC-3/4-Xv sequence

HODL: Higher-Order Data Link bit 5-8: MFI1 multiframe indicator (0 to 15)
frame 0 bit 1-4 MFI2 MSB Multiframe Indicator 2
frame 1 bit 1-4 MFI2 LSB
frame 14 bit 1-4 SQ MSB sequence indicator
frame 15 bit 1-4 SQ LSB sequence indicator

Figure 6 Nine bytes Path Overhead is attached to VC3, VC4 and VC4-Xc.
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SDH Sonet V5: BIP-2 REI RFI Signal Label RDI

V5
V5 V5 Path Overhead
BIP-2 bit 1: odd bit parity of the previous VC
bit 2: even bit parity
J2 J2 Path Trace REI (Receive Error Indication)
J2 RFI (Remote Failure Indication)
N2 Z6 Reserved or TCM VC signal label (mapping)
000 - Unequipped
500←s

001 - Reserved
N2 K4 Z7 Additional Path Overhead 010 - Asynchronous floating
011 - Bit-synchronous
100 - Byte-synchronous
101 - Extended signal label
K4 110 - Test Signal O.181
111 - VC- AIS
RDI (Remote Defect Indication)

multiframe
N2: I-AIS TC OEI TC-API, TC-RDI
BIP-2 1 REI ODI, reserved K4: ESL VC APS E-RDI DL

BIP-2 for Tandem Connection, calculated over the VC ESL (Extended Signal Label) 32-bit multiframe
bits 1-11 Multiframe Alignment
I-AIS: Incoming AIS
bits12-19:
TC-REI: Remote Indication Error in a TC subnetwork 09: ATM
OEI (Outgoing Error Indication) 0A: HDLC/PPP
Multiframe: TC-API (Access Point Identifier) 0B: HDLC/LAPS
TC-RDI (RDI in Tandem Connection) 0C: Concatenated test signal
ODI (Outgoing Defect Indication) bits 20-32: 0 (reserved for future)
VC (Lower Order Virtual Concatenation)
APS: Automatic Protection Switching channel
E-RDI (Enhanced RDI information)
(RDI=0) 010: Payload defect (PLM)
(RDI=1) 101: Server defect (AIS, LOP),
(RDI=1) 110: Connectivity defect (TIM, UNEQ)
DL: Lower Order Data Link

Figure 7 Four bytes Path Overhead is attached to VC11, VC12 and VC2.

Contiguous concatenation Bandwidth requirement Virtual concatenation

VC4-4c VC4-3v or STS-9v

J1
J1B3
J1
B3
C2
1 J1B3C2
B3C2G1
C2G1F2
G1
F2 2 II G1F2H4
F2H4F3 One VCG
H4 H4F3K3
F3 F3K3N1
K3 K3N1
N1 N1

3 VC members

622 Mbps
One Path SDH Several paths
3 III (3 in SDH, or
3x
9 in SONET)
155 Mbps
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J1
J1B3
J1
B3 Bandwidth delivery J1B3C2
B3C2G1
C2
G1
F2
(430 Mbps) C2G1F2
G1F2H4
F2H4F3
H4 H4F3K3
F3 F3K3N1
K3 K3N1
N1 N1

4 IV

Figure 8 Contiguous concatenation requires support by all the nodes. Virtual concatenation allocates
bandwidth more efficiently, and it can be supported by legacy installations.
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Size
SDH SONET SONET Rate (Mbps) Acronym Capacity Samples
(Bytes)
STM-0 STS-1 OC-1 9 x 90 51.840 52M 28DS-1, DS-3, E3, 21E1
STM-1 STS-3 OC-3 9 x 270 155.520 155M 84DS-1, 3DS-3, E4, 3E3,
2E3+21E2, E3+42E2, 63E2
STM-4 STS-12 OC-12 9 x 1080 622.080 622M 4OC-3, 4 STM-1
STM-16 STS-48 OC-48 9 x 4320 2488.320 2.5G 16OC-3, 16 STM-1
STM-64 STS-192 OC-192 9 x 17280 9953.280 10G 64OC-3, 64 STM-1
STM-256 STS-768 OC-768 9 x 69120 39814.120 40G 256OC-3, 256 STM-1

Table 1 Signals and information combinations

SDH SONET Bandwidth Payload

VC-11 VT 1.5 SPE 1,664 kbps 1,600 kbps
VC-12 VT 2 SPE 2,240 kbps 2,176 kbps
VC-2 VT 6 SPE 6,848 kbps 6,784 kbps
VC-3 STS-1 SPE 48,960 kbps 48,384 kbps
VC-4 STS-3c SPE 150,336 kbps 149,760 kbps
VC-4-4c STS-12c SPE 601,344 kbps 599,040 kbps
VC-4-16c STS-48c SPE 2,405,376 kbps 2,396,160 kbps
VC-4-64c STS-192c SPE 9,621,50 kbps 9,584,640 kbps
VC-4-256c STS-768c SPE 38,486,016 kbps 38,338,560 kbps

Table 2 VC types and capacity

SDH SONET X Capacity Justification Unit Transport

VC-4 STS3c-SPE 1 149,760 kbps 3 bytes STM-1/OC-3
VC-4-4c STS12c-SPE 4 599,040 kbps 12 bytes STM-4/OC-12
VC-4-16c STS48c-SPE 16 2,396,160 kbps 48 bytes STM-16/OC-48
VC-4-64c STS192c-SPE 64 9,584,640 kbps 192 bytes STM-64/OC-192
VC-4-256c STS768c-SPE 256 38,338,560 kbps 768 bytes STM-256/OC-768

Table 3 Contiguous concatenation of VC-4-Xc. X indicates the number of VC-n

SDH SONET Individual Capacity Number (X) Virtual Capacity

VC-11 VT.15 SPE 1,600 kbps 1 to 64 1,600 to 102,400 kbps
VC-12 VT2 SPE 2,176 kbps 1 to 64 2,176 to 139,264 kbps
VC-2 VT6 SPE 6,784 kbps 1 to 64 6,784 to 434,176 kbps
VC-3 STS-1 SPE 48,384 kbps 1 to 256 48,384 to 12,386 kbps
VC-4 STS-3c SPE 149,760 kbps 1 to 256 149,760 to 38,338,560 kbps

Table 4 Capacity of virtually concatenated SDH VC-n-Xv or SONET STS-3Xv SPE

Service Bit Rate Contiguous Concatenation Virtual Concatenation

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Ethernet 10 Mbit/s VC-3 (20%) VC-11-7v (89%)

Fast Ethernet 100 Mbit/s VC-4 (67%) VC-3-2v (99%)
Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mbit/s VC-4-16c (42%) VC-4-7v (95%)
Fiber Channel 1700 Mbit/s VC-4-16c (42%) VC-4-12v (90%)
ATM 25 Mbit/s VC-3 (50%) VC-11-16c (98%)
DVB 270 Mbit/s VC-4-4c (37%) VC-3-6v (93%)
ESCON 160 Mbit/s VC-4-4c (26%) VC-3-4v (83%)

Table 5 Comparison between Contiguous and Virtual Concatenation efficiency

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1 X·84 1 X·84 1 X·84

Contiguous payload
1 1 t 1

C-3-Xc C-3-Xc ...... C-3-Xc

9 9 9

X -Segments X -Segments X -Segments

EOS EOS EOS

1 84 1 84 1 84
SEQ=X J1 SEQ=X J1 SEQ=X J1
MFI=0 B3 MFI=1 B3 MFI=4095 B3
.
C2
.
C2 ...... .
C2
VC-3 VC-3 VC-3
..

..

..
G1 G1 G1
.. F2 .. F2 .. F2
..

..

..
H4 H4
SEQ=1 J1 F3 SEQ=1 J1 SEQ=1 J1
B3 K3 B3 B3
SEQ=0 J1C2 N1
SEQ=0 J1C2 VCG SEQ=0 J1C2
MFI=0 B3G1 MFI=1 B3G1 MFI=4095 B3G1
C2
VC-3
VC-3
C2
VC-3
VC-3 (VC-3-Xv) C2
VC-3
VC-3

..
G1F2
..

..
G1F2 G1F2
F2H4 F2H4 F2H4

..
..

..
H4F3 H4F3 H4F3
F3K3 F3K3 F3K3
K3N1 K3N1 K3N1
N1 N1 N1

X times VC3 X times VC3 X times VC3

1 n·270 2·n·270 3·n·270 4096·n·270

1
RSOH RSOH RSOH RSOH
AU3 ptrs AU3 ptrs AU3 ptrs AU3 ptrs
STM-n STM-n STM-n ... STM-n STM-n
MSOH MSOH MSOH MSOH
9
t
MFI=0 125 ←s MFI=1 MFI=2 375 ←s MFI=4095 512 ms MFI=0
SEQ=0...X SEQ=0...X SEQ=0...X SEQ=0...X SEQ=0...X

Figure 9 Graphical example of virtual concatenation using VC-3-6v (X=6) with graphical representation of
sequence (SQ) and multiframe indicator (MFI) coded on H4.

125 ←s
V5 250 ←s
J2 375 ←s
Lower-Order Path Overhead N2 500 ←s K4 bit2
K4 (1bit per .5ms)

multiframe
frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
RS-Ack
CTRL

K4 MFI SQ CTRL 0000 MST CRC-3

bit2

0 16ms

frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 8 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
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00000
00001
00010

00100
00101

01000
01001
01010

10000
10001
10010

10100
10101
00011

00110

01011
01100
01101

10011

10110

11000
11001
11010
MFI

00111

01110

10111

11011
11100
11101
01111

11110
11111

SQ
CTRL
...

CRC-3
0 512ms
MFI: Multiframe Count Indicator [0...31]
SQ: Sequence Indicator int he VCG [0...63]

Figure 10 H4 and K4 codification of Multiframes, Sequence and LCAS usage. H4 is repeated every 125 ←s, but
note that K4 is part of the LO-PO multiframe repeated every 500 ←s, then the multiframe created with 32
times the bit-2 needs 500 x 32=16 ms. The whole sequence of 32 multiframes takes 512 ms to repeat.
Gigabit Ethernet test, Gigabit Ethernet testing, Gigabit Ethernet installation, Gigabit Ethernet maintenance, Gigabit Ethernet commissioning, Gigabit Ethernet troubleshooting,
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J1 multiframe multiframe
1 2 256
Higer-Order Path Overhead
B3
frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 4096
C2

0000
0001
CTRL 0010

0 0 0 0 0100
0 0 0 0 0101

1000
1001
0 0 0 RSA 1010

0000
0001
CTRL 0010
0 0 0 GID 0011

0110

0 0 0 0 1011
0 0 0 0 1100
0 0 0 0 1101

0 0 0 GID 0011
0 0 0 0 0011
MFI1

0111

1110

1110
1111
1111

4
G1 5-8bits
F2

CRC8
MFI2

MFI2
MST
H4 1-4bits

SQ

SQ
F3
K3
time 0 ms 2 ms 512 ms
N1 MFI1: Multiframe indicator, part 1 [0...255]
MFI2: Multiframe indicator, part 2 [0...255] MFI: Combination of MFI2-MFI1 [0...4095]
SQ: Sequence Indicator in the VCG [0...255]

Figure 11 H4 codification for VCAT Multiframes, Sequence, and LCAS usage

Source Sink

SDH LCAS
LCAS

MSPP MSPP
MFI, SQ, CTRL, GID, CRC
MST, RS-Ack, CRC

Norm
Norm SQ=0
EOS SQ=1
SQ=2

ADD
RS-Ack
Norm
Norm SQ=0
Norm SQ=1
EOS SQ=2
SQ=3

CNTRL: Control
0000 FIXED Non-LCAS mode
0001 ADD Member will be added to group
0010 NORM Normal LCAS transmission
0011 EOS End of Sequence, highest member in group
0101 IDLE Member will be removed or not in group
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LCAS protocol 1111 DNU Do Not Use, receive side reported MST FAIL status
GID: Group Id. constant value for all members of a VCG.
CRC-3: Generated on the K4 over the previous frames.
MST: Member Status multiframe, one bit per each VCG member
0 = OK
1 = FAIL
RS-Ack: Re-Sequence Acknoledge

Figure 12 LCAS example: a new member is ADDed to one existing VCG channel to increase the bandwidth
of the channel. The network management system orders the source to add this new link to the existing
channel
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Acronyms

Ref: 700703 02 05.05

AIS Alarm Indication Signal MSB Most Significant Bit
API Access Path Identifier MSSP Multi-Service Switching Platform
APS Automatic Protection Switching NDF New Data Flag
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode OA&M Operation, Administration and Maintenance
AU Administrative Unit OC-n Optical Carrier level n
AUG Administrative Unit Group ODI Outgoing Defect Indication
BIP Bit Interleaved Parity OEI Outgoing Error Indication
CV Code Violation OTN Optical Transport Network
DQDB Distributed Queue Dual Bus PLM Payload Mismatch
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting POH Path Overhead
EOS End of Sequence PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
ESCON Enterprise Systems Connection PTI Payload Type Identifier
ESL Extended Signal Label RDI Remote Defect Indication
FCS Frame Check Sum REI Remote Error Indication
FDDI Fibre Digital Data Interface RFI Remote Failure Indication
FICON Fibre Channel RS Regenerator Section
FEC Forward Error Correction RSOH Regenerator Section Overhead
HDLC High-level Data Link Control SAN Storage Area Network
HEC Header Error Check SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
HODL Higher-Order Data Link SDL Simplified Data Link
HP Higher-Order Path SOH Section Overhead
IP Internet Protocol SONET Synchronous Optical Network
LAPS Link Access Procedure – SDH SPE Synchronous Payload Envelope
LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme STM-n Synchronous Transport Module level n
LO Path Lower-Order Path STS-n Synchronous Transport Signal level n
LOF Loss of Framing TC Tandem Connection
LOH Lower-Order Overhead TIM Trace Identifier Mismatch
LOM Loss Of Muliframing TS Time Slot
LOP Loss Of Pointer TU Tributary Unit
LOS Loss Of Signal TUG Tributary Unit Group
LP Lower-Order Path VC Virtual Container
MAPOS Multiple-Access Protocol over SDH VCAT Virtual Concatenation
MFI Multiframe Indicator VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
MS Multiplexor Section VPLS Virtual Private LAN Services
MSOH Multiplexor Section Overhead VT Virtual Tributary
MUX Multiplexor

Trend Communications Ltd.

Whitebrook Park,
Lower Cookham Road,
Maidenhead,
Berkshire, SL6 8XY, UK

TrendCommunications
International: +44 1628 503500
United Kingdom: 01628 503531
France: 01 69 35 54 70
Deutschland: 089 32 30 09 30
España: 93 300 3313
India: 11 25554161
Canada /Latin America: 1 256 461 0790
More information in:
US Toll Free: 1 877 78TREND
Installation and Maintenance of SDH/SONET,
ATM, XDSL, and Synchronization Networks. Email: infoline@trendcomms.com
2003 (c) Artech House, ISBN:1580535259 Web: www.trendcomms.com