255

Appendix A

2013
Version 18
May
9.0 Appendix A

Wind Loads


256
Appendix A
Wind Loads
2013
Version 18
May
9.1 Wind Loads
9.1.1 Specifying Wind Combinations
To run the following example,

Load the model Flat_Slab_Model_Complete_R18

Click File > Save Project As and rename the model by adding your initials to the end eg:
Flat_Slab_Model_Complete_R18_(your initials)

In order to add wind loads to the model, you should ensure that you have Wind Load Cases created and Load Combinations
set up that include these Wind Vectors.

Go to Run > Building Analysis > Pre-Analysis > Edit Loading Combinations

In the Load Combination Editor window, click the Loading Generator

In the Automatic Loading Editor window, tick the option for Wind Loading



Click OK to accept the change.

You will now see that there are 4 Lateral Load Cases, Nx, Ny, Wx and Wy, and Combinations have been created that include
each of these e.g. G+Q+Wx as shown below.



257
Appendix A
Wind Loads
2013
Version 18
May
Note: The Notional Horizontal Loads are
applied at the centre of mass of the
floor, whereas the Wind Loads should
be applied at the centre of the building
elevation. Thus a hand calc may be
necessary to determine the co-ordinates
to the Wind Load location.
9.1.2 Applying a Single Wind Load to Each Floor

Go to Run > Building Analysis > Pre-Analysis > Edit Storey Loads



By clicking on each of the storey labels in the upper table, the Wx and Wy values for each storey can be entered in the lower
table.

The wind loading is entered as a single point load on
each storey. The location of the load is specified by
entering its X and Y co-ordinates. These are measured
from (0,0) - NOT from the bottom left of the model.




















The load is transferred to the columns and walls via diaphragm action
within the floor. The diaphragm model is defined on the Model Options
tab of the Analysis form.




CG
Floor Plan
Wy
Wx
Ny
Nx
X
Y
0,0

258
Appendix A
Wind Loads
2013
Version 18
May
It is up to the Engineer to work out the coordinates and the wind loading to be applied. However we are given the
coordinates of the centre of gravity. We can make use of these numbers to work out the coordinates to the centre of the
elevation.



Use the dimension tool to show the distance to the centre of gravity and the length of the elevation.


In Direction-1:

Centre of elevation = 17800mm / 2 = 8900mm

Distance of the centre of elevation from the centre of
mass = 8900mm 8474mm = 426mm

X distance from Ref (0,0) = 12.474m + 0.426m = 12.9m

For example, assuming 1.0kN/m
2
of wind loading
Wind load in the Y direction
Wy = 17.8m 4m 1.0kN/m
2
= 71.2kN


In Direction 2:

Centre of elevation = 27219mm / 2 = 13610mm

Distance of the centre of elevation from the centre of
mass = 13610mm 12600mm = 1010mm

Y distance from Ref (0,0) = 15.6m + 1.010m = 16.610m

Wind load in the X direction
Wx = 27.219m 4m 1.0kN/m
2
= 108.9kN


259
Appendix A
Wind Loads
2013
Version 18
May

Enter Wx, Wy loads and X & Y distances at each storey.

In practice the loadings and coordinates may change due to variations in floor layout and storey heights. For this
example we will assume they are all the same.

Enter loads for the other storeys in a similar manner, and then click OK.



Return to Analysis, check the Building Analysis box and then click on Start.

The building should now be analysed for the wind load combinations in addition to the other combinations.

Click on the Post-analysis tab and press the Model and Analysis Results Display button.

Make sure Displacement is shown. Select a wind case and view the results from that case. Viewing the deformations
clearly shows the twisting effect caused by the offset of the coordinates


260
Appendix A
Wind Loads
2013
Version 18
May



9.1.3 Applying Wind Loads directly to Columns & Walls
As an alternative to applying a single point load to the floor, the wind loads can be applied directly to the tops of the columns
and walls.

Select a column and right click. From the menu choose Add Column/Wall Nodal Load.



The load can either be applied to the selected column, all columns/walls in the current storey or every column/wall in the
model.

Choose Apply to Selected Columns and Walls