2118 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS. VOL. 43, NO.
6,JUNE 1995
Optimization of a Hybrid SFH/DS MFSK Link in
the Presence of Worst Case haultitone Jamming
Maureen A. Laxpati and Jeffrey W. Gluck, Member, IEEE
Abstruct-The performance of a hybrid slow frequency hopped
direct sequence multlple frequency shift keyed (SFWDS MFSK)
communication i h k in the presence of partial band mudtitone
jamming is C0nek)erad. Tlge tommlollitatfatn signal is dtamcter-
had By a Ds-spFead MFBK aignJ bquulwWth that may exceed
the FH slot spacing, aed the &nd consl8ts of multiple M-ary
symbols per DS code perlod. An quation for tbe bit error rate
(FER)Is developed tbr the s l g n d in the presence of mumtohe
jamming. The eqastion Es flexible emn@ to allow exsminntiom
of opttooimtlon of&r"4 stmtegy. It i$shcvwn that the jolarnitlg
stnrdcgr m y be B p t b l J b y varying tikc itumber oftanes, tbeir
place"t, or both. It is shown that in the presence of optimized
j-, overlagpbg $yystMls are nn#r rmseStant to j d a g
then nmoverlaPgdn21 systems with equal parameters (except for
the number of EH slotas). It is also demonstrated that, in some
cases, the addition of DS spreading to an FH system, without
increasing the total system bandwidth, can signWcanUy improve
the system's resistance to partial hand mdtltone jamming.
I. INTRODUCTION
W HEN hybrid systems are analyzed, the typical assump-
tion is that the direct sequence (DS) bandwidth is
equal to the frequency hopping (FW)carrier spacing so that
no overlap of slots occurs, where slot refers to the DS-
spread M-ary frequency shift keyed (MFSK) signal band
centered at each FH carrier frequency (see Fig. 1). Hybrid
systems may use overlapping slots so long as multiple user
interference is controlled. An example of this type of system is
the joint tactical information distribution system (JTIDS) [ 11,
which is a tactical military spread-spectrum radio network.
One pcissible application requiring overlapping slots would
be the addition of DS spreading to an existing EH system
design without increasing bandwidth, to counter the effects
of multitone jammers. Systems with overlapping slots in the
presence of optimal jamming have not yet been evaluated in
the open literature.
A hybrid SFWDS MFSK system in the presence of multi-
tone jamming was considered by Houston [2]in which the FH
carrier frequency spacing equaled the DS spread bandwidth,
and the jammer was assumed to place, at most, a single
tone centered in each hop slot. For this model, the author
approximated the tone jammer power spectral density by
averaging the tone power over the F H slot width, leading to
the conclusion that partial band noise jamming and partial
Paper approved by S. Davidovici, the Editor for Spread Spectrum of
the IEEE Communications Society Manuscript received November 1, 1991;
revised October 18, 1993. This paper was presented in part at IEEE MIL-
COM'90, Monterey, CA, September 1990.
M. A. Laxpati is with LMS Engmeenng, Chicago, IL 60659 USA.
J. W. Cluck resides in Silver Spring, MD 20901 USA.
IEEE Log Number 9406282.
0090-6778/95$04.00 0 1995 IEEE
, , ",.
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band multitone jamming are equivalent. Huth [3] extended
the analysis to include error correction coding, but again the
partial band noise and partial band multitone jammers were
assumed to be equivalent. Tone and multitone jammers have
been considered against pure DS systems by several authors
[I], t4]-[6], although none consider MFSK as the baseband
modulation. Ziemer and Peterson [l] derive the BER equation
for a DS BPSK system in a single tone jamming environment
where the frequency and phase of the jammer are allowed to
vary, and the DS code period is assumed to include many
symbol intervals.
In this analysis, Ziemer and Peterson's [l] methodology
for DS BPSK systems is extended to the case of a hybrid
SFWDS MFSK system with multiple baseband symbols per
DS code period in the presence of multitone jamming with
variable tone frequency and phase. The BER equation derived
here is appropriate for the general case of equally-spaced
jammer tones with unknown phase, versus a communication
signal consisting of many M-ary symbols per DS code period.
The resulting equations are of a more general form than any
previously reported in the literature and make possible the
optimization of the communication system design in the face
of worst case jamming. The analysis also demonstrates the fact
that partial band noise jamming and partial band multitone
jamming are not equivalent.
In the multitone jamming analysis of nonoverlapping sys-
tems, for each FW slot, only two jamming states are possible:
jammed by a single tone and unjammed. This is because
the jammer could gain no advantage by further dividing its
power into multiple tones within each slot. In the analysis of
systems with overlapping slots, each slot may contain from
zero to many jamming tones depending on the degree of
overlap of the slots and the number and spacing of jamming
tones, as shown in Fig. 1. The relative contribution to jammer
effectiveness of these tones depends on the total power per
tone and the tone offset from the slot center frequency. Thus,
while the communicator gains some advantage in increasing
the amount of spreading, the jammer effectiveness is also
increased due to the ability to jam multiple slots with each
tone. This complicates the analysis and system optimization.
The contents of this paper are as follows. Section I1 contains
descriptions of the transmitted signal and the communication
system receiver model. The derivation of an equation for the
BER is presented in Section 111. Section IV gives numerical
results and discusses the tradeoffs involved in jammer and
communication link optimization. Concluding remarks are
presented in Section V.
 LAXPATI AND CLUCK: OFITMLZATION OF A HYBRID SFH/DS MFSK LINK 2119

Jammer Tones

t I' t
-- ...
--__ 3 Jammed Slots
________ Tobl Svstem Bandwidth W -

Jammer Tones
orrrlspplng sm.

FH
c _
---
Tam Spacing

7 Jammed Slots
Total System Bandwidth W

Fig. 1. Communication system and jammer band usage.

11. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION pseudorandom hop pattern is assumed to produce uniform slot
The communication system employs hybrid F W D S spread- usage, the jammer configuration that best exploits this pattern
spectrum modulation with noncoherent MFSK baseband mod- will have tones spaced at some integer multiple of AFH.Thus,
ulation. All filters are assumed to be ideal, and no multiple the jammer tone spacing will be
user interference is present. AT^ = ~ ; A F H
The baseband noncoherent MFSK tones are orthogonal with
spacing A = 2/T,, where T, is the symbol duration, T, = &, where mi = integer 2 1 and AT^ is the spacing between
and Tb is the information bit duration. M is the number of the ith and (i + 1)th tones. This restriction simplifies the
tones or symbols, which are equiprobable and represent 1 development of a BER equation by reducing the number of
information bits each. Tbe bandwidth of the MFSK signal is unique jamming conditions that can occur in the L F H slots.
W, = 2M/T,, and the M symbol frequencies are given by It is consistent with the optimization of a Jammer that is
fm = (2m - M - l)A/2, where m = 1, 2 ; . . , M . attempting to uniformly jam a portion of the communication
The communication system receiver includes a wideband band, although in this case, the tones need not be equally
filter for image rejection followed by a frequency dehopper, spaced.
which feeds the direct sequence despreading operation. This is The communication system bandwidth is divided into L , =
followed by matched filters and envelope detectors, which are W/Ws subslots which might contain a jammer tone. The
located in each branch of the MFSK demodulator. The com- jammer tone locations are represented by ST(^), where i is
parator uses the maximum a posteriori probability criterion to the subslot number and
determine which signal was sent, after which the M signals
are converted back to their corresponding 1 data bits.
We now place a few constraints on the designs of the
sT(i)= 0
1 tone present
no tone present. {
communication system and of the jammer to simplify the
The total number of jammer tones results when ST(^) is
discussion and to allow the derivation of a closed form
summed over all the available subslots; thus,
expression for the BER. First, the system slot bandwidth after
DS spreading, W D S ,is restricted to be an integer multiple
of the MFSK bandwidth, W,, and the slot spacing, AFH, is
restricted to be equal to W,; thus

WDS= KW, = KAFH, It is assumed that the jammer divides its power equally among
(1)
the LT tones, so that JT = J / L T , where J is the total
where K is an integer. The resulting number of slots (number jamming power and JT is the power per jamming tone. The
of FH frequencies available) LFH in the system design can jammer configuration is further defined by the location of each
be determined from tone within a W, range where all tones are offset from center
by an equal amount 6.
L F H = (W - WDS AFH)/AFH +
where W is the total system bandwidth. 111. PARTIALBANDMULTITONEJAMMING ANALYSIS
Since the communication system's slots are evenly dis- The probability of bit error can be written as the sum of
tributed, having slots spaced regularly at AFH Hz, and the the probabilities of bit error for each slot times the probability

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 2120 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS. VOL. 43, NO. 6, JUNE 1995

that the slot will be used. Thus, for jammed hops, where P is the signal power, f i is~the
LFH LFH IF frequency, f~ is the jammer tone frequency, c ( t ) is the DS
M modulation, and ~ ( tis the) noise input. The jammer power in
BER = - 2 ( M - 1) [1 - p,,] a single tone is JT, and the number of slots is Ls,so for tone
jamming of a portion of the band given by p, at one tone per
and P c ~represents the probability of a correct symbol decision slot, JT = J L s / p . The matched filter and envelope detector
for the jth slot given the signal due to the jamming tones that perfom the following function:
fall within that slot.
To find PCl we consider the comparator decision variables
U,, m = 1, 2 , . . . ,M . The probability of making a correct
decision given that the ith symbol was sent is the probability
that U, > U,, m = 1 , 2 , . . . , M ,m # i, and is given by
P:,, =Pr(ul <ut,U2 < u ~ , " ' , u M < U t )
= lmR(Ljl < ut,U Z < ut,. . . , ~ p , . g < ut I U, = uz)
. P(u,)du,. (2)
The decision variables, given that the ith symbol was sent
and given Gaussian signal characteristics, can be shown to
be mutually independent; U,, m # i, will be Rayleigh
distributed, with

P(Um) =
Um
exp [XIm = l , 2 , . . * , M 7 m # i(3)
-U%

while U, will be Rician distributed, with

where E, is the symbol energy and equals ZEb, where Eb is

the bit energy. The variance of the interference ~2 includes
both thermal noise and jamming effects. Using (3) and the
independence of the decision variables, we find that N-1
j(t)=T c m T cz sine [(fIF + fm - f J ) T c ]
e=0
' cos [ z n ( f I F + fm - f J ) i T c + 4(t)],
where
We may substitute (4) and ( 5 ) into (2) to get P&,which may 4(t> = S ( t ) - 4.7 -W f I F + fm - f J ) T c / 2 ,
then be averaged over i to get an expression for Pcj.
c, is the ith DS chip, and N = Ts/Tc,the number of DS
There are two key issues with regard to the above equa-
spreading chips per symbol.
tion: determination of r ~ : ; and showing that the Gaussian
approximation is reasonable. To determine the variance, o i ,
+
Note that IF f m - f ~ represents
) the jammer frequency
offset from the matched filter center frequency. The maxi-
due to jamming, consider nonoverlapping slots with a single
mum jammer offset from IF occurs at kIV~s/2since any
jammer tone in each jammed slot. The frequency hopping
greater offset would place the tone outside the matched filter
demodulation will translate the tones down to the IF frequency
bandwidth. Thus, the following notational simplification can
band where either zero or one tone will remain after filtering.
be made:
At the DS demodulator, the jammer appears as a partial time
N-1
tone jammer that changes status (odoff, and phase, # J J ) every
T F Hseconds and is on p x 100% of the time on the average, j ( t ) = T,-T Cctsinc (R,) cos [ 2 r ~ , i+ 4(t)],
i=O
where TFHis the dwell time. At the input to the MFSK
channels, the signal is
y(t) = 1 ~D ( t ) A ] t+ 4 ~ +} c(t)na(t)
COS { 2 ~ [ f +
for unjammed hops and and
y(t) = @COS +D(t)A]t
{ ~ T [ ~ I F +d.~}
+ J%-c(+os (2.rr.fJfJtt $ J ) t c(+o(t)

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 LAXPATI AND CLUCK OPTIMIZATION OF A HYBRID SFl.I/DS MFSK LINK 2121

The mean value of j ( t ) is the ensemble average over all where the subscript j refers to the jth slot, K is the number of
possible spreading code sequences c, and all possible values subslots per slot as defined in (l), and && is the offset of the
of $ ( t ) . The value of R, also changes over the ensemble, jamming tone in the kth subslot (width W,) from the ith signal
since, from one symbol to the next, f, changes. These three tone; &k will be discussed further below. Refarmulating this
random variables are independent, and ci (which is either +1 in terms of the signal energy, E,, and average jammer density,
or -1 with equal probability) will be zero, on the average; J / W ,
therefore, E b ( t ) ] = 0.
Since Eb(t)]is zero, the variance is E b 2 ( t ) ]Evaluating
.
this at time t = T,, the variance is
N-1
+
a2 = E
[T:PJT sinc2 (R,)

N-l
i=O
ci COS [ 2 ~ R m i

1
Each jammer tone within a slot has a different frequency
and random phase offset but will be multiplied by the same
- Ck cos [27rR,k + $(t)]I DS code subsequence. The equation for Pcj is readily formu-
lated if the jamming signal input to the envelope detector is
k=O -I approximated by a Gaussian distributed random variable.
N-1N-1
In (7), the sum over k of the sinc'(&k)S~(k j - 1) +
corresponds to the k jamming tones relative to the zth signal
i=O k=O
tone located in the jth slot, and this replaces the single
cos [27rR,2 + $(t)]COS [2n&k + d ( t ) ] ] sinc2 (&) in (6),which corresponds to a single jamming tone
N-1N-1
relative to the mth signal tone and is the same for all jammed
slots. Replacing N with its equivalent M(K - 1) results in
i=O k=O
the following expression:
. E[: sinc2 (R,){COS [ 2 ~ ~ , ( i k) + + 24(t)]
-$- COS [ ~ T R ,( i - k ) ] } .] - LT ( M ( K i 1 ) +
Ls
") - LTK.
L,
Taking the ensemble average, the cosine term containing $(t)
will be zero. For equal probability €hat ci = fl and Ck = f l , This notation is incorporated into (6), and the results substi-
~ ] one when i = k and zero otherwise; thus
E [ c ~ cequals tuted into (4) and ( 5 ) . Equations (4) and ( 5 ) are substituted
A'-1 ~
into (2), which is then averaged over the M possible symbols.
Letting X = (P/J)(W/Rb), the channel bit energy to jammer
noise density ratio, the resulting probability of correct symbol
decision in the jth slot is given by
R, varies over the ensemble as f, takes on each of M
discrete values, (2m - M - 1)A/2, with equal probability;
thus, the jammer signal variance for the mth channel is given
by
.r
1V
= -T,"PJ~ sinc2 (R,)
2
J
= -E,
PW
[1+$1
sinc2 (R,)
where
and is different for each m.
The jammer signals into the envelope detectors have zero
mean and variance given in (6). Since j ( t ) is similar to a
DS spread-spectrum signal, being a pure tone spread by a DS
sequence, it may be expected to have a noiselike distribution. In (9), the argument of the sine' function R;I,is the offset
(e)

With this assumption, the signal into the envelope detector will of the jamming tone in the kth subslot of the jth slot from the
be Gaussian, and the output signals will be either Rician (for ith (one of M) signal center frequencies and is given by
the correct channel) or Rayleigh (for the incorrect channels).
We can now go back to the general case in which the FH (2i-2E-1 - 2k-K-1
slots do overlap. We modify the variance in (6) by noting Rtk =
2
that we must account not only for differences in a2 from
one transmitted signal to another, but also for the number and
placement of the jamming tones. In doing so, we obtain the
' ( M ( K - 1) +1
following expression: where -$ 5 6 < i.The jamming tones may be placed at
K the center of the subslots in this equation by setting 6 = 0, or
they may all be shifted by an equal amount toward either of
the extremes of the subslot.

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 2122
IV . NUMERICAL
RESULTS
In order to evaluate the susceptibility of the system to
worst case jamming, the optimal jamming strategy must first
be established. Performance may then be compared between
systems such as pure EH systems and hybrid SFH/DS MFSK
systems with overlapping and nonoverlapping slots.
A. Optimization of Jamming Strategy
The jamming strategy may be optimized over three parame-
ters: the number of tones, LT, the tone spacing represented by
ST(Z),and the tone offset from subslot centers represented by
the normalized value 6. Many of these combinations will be
equivalent, so only unique combinations need be considered.
An example of equivalent cases occurs when the tone spacing
is greater than the slot width; in this case only one tone
affects each jammed slot, so further increases in the spacing
will not change the outcome. In addition, it is reasonable to
place the restriction that the tones be evenly spaced since
this should best exploit the Communication system’s frequency
usage. For convenience, the normalized spacing is defined as
k = AT%/AFH where AT%is constant for all i. The effect of
varying 6 is not expected to be as significant as that of varying
the other two parameters; thus, it will be considered last.
The determination of optimal jamming strategies begins by
considering multitone jammers with fixed minimum spacing,
k = 1, and variable number of tones LT. Next, the spacing
is allowed to vary for a fixed number of tones. Finally, the
value of 6 is varied while keeping the other two variables
fixed. The graphs presented in this section are a direct result
of computations of (8), which is evaluated by numerical
integration.
For these tests, communication systems with M = 2 and
M = 16 and various degrees of overlap K are considered.
Initially, the system bandwidth expansion factor W/Wb is
fixed at 1OOO. Later, it is reduced to 320 in order to observe
the impact of overall system bandwidth.
I) Variable Number of Tones with Fixed Spacing: Beginning
with the number of jammer tones LT = 1 and progressing
geometrically to LT = L F H ,with minimum tone spacing,
k = 1, the BER is determined for each jammer configuration
over a range of values of X. Fig. 2 shows the results for a
communication system with M = 2 and K = 10. In this case,
the maximum number of tones considered is 491, and this
corresponds to full-band jamming. The minimum number of
tones is 1, and this corresponds to the highest concentration
attainable by the jammer. Although only eight values of LT
are considered between these two extremes, the results show
that a jammer could optimize its strategy by varying only
the number of tones while leaving the spacing unchanged,
assuming that 6 = 0. Similar results were produced for systems
having M = 2-16 and several values of K . In each case, the
jammer could be optimized by varying only the number of
tones.
2) Fixed Number of Tones with Variable Spacing: In order
to examine the capability of optimizing the jammer by varying
tone spacing alone, the results for minimum and maximum LT
are plotted to define the range over which optimization must
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 43, NO. 6, JUNE 1995
100, I I I I I , I , , ,
lo-’
10-2
E
m
W
I , , , 1I , , , 1, I
-4 o 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
X(dB)
Fig. 2. BER for 2-ary FSK system with overlap factor of K = 10 ( N = 18)
versus jammer with variable number of tones at minimum spacing.
occur. In the following cases, for each of two intermediate
values of LT, the spacing is varied from k = 1 to a maximum
value which is either the largest that locates all tones within
the system bandwidth, or is equal to K, whichever is smaller.
The reason for stopping at K is that, for K or greater spacing,
no two tones atfect any one slot, so the BER will be unchanged
with increases in k. In the extreme case in which the spacing
forces tones to be placed in the first or last (K - 1)/2 locations,
there will be a reduction in BER since each of these tones
will affect fewer slots; therefore, this suboptimal case is not
considered.
The results for a communication system configured with
M = 2 and K = 20, are shown in Fig. 3. Here, LT values
of 2 and 25 were considered along with the minimum and
maximum LT values. In order to examine how close it was
possible to get to the LT = 1 curve, LT = 2 was chosen. The
curve for LT = 2 with minimum tone spacing very nearly
overlaps the LT = 1 curve; however, this small number of
tones can only provide optimal jamming over a short range of
X. The case of LT = 25 represents the largest value for which
the maximum spacing is K. The curve for LT = 25 with
maximum spacing of k = 20 nearly overlaps the LT = 481
curve. The reduction of the spacing from k = 20 down to
k = 1 provides optimized jamming over most of the range
with poorer performance for X above 20 dB. It is probable
that a value of LT between 2 and 25 could be found that would
give acceptable results over the entire range of interest. Since
the intent of this analysis is only to demonstrate the jammer’s
potential capability to optimize its strategy, no further attempt
is made to determine exactly the best jammer configuration.
Fig. 4 shows the results for M = 16 with K = 5. A
maximum of five unique jamming states is possible for each
LT considered, and this low value limits the ability of the
jammer to optimize over the entire range with one or two
values of LT. The values of LT considered here are 5 and
50, based on the same criteria described for the first case.
Neither jammer configuration is capable of optimizing over
 LAXPATI AND GLUCK: OPTIMIZATION OF A HYBRID SFWDS MFSK LINK 2123

'2, r , I I I , I , I 1 OO

--,. - NONWERUP N-38

O M R W P , N-38

OVERUP. N-18

lo-'

10-2

w
m
,o-~

1 o-~ 10
-4
.

,0-5

-4 o 4 a 12 16 20 2 4 28 32 36 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
X(dB) X(dB)
Fig. BER for 2-ary FSK system with overlap factor of K = 20 (IV = 38) Fig. 5 . BER for overlapping and nonoverlapping 2-ary FSK systems with
versus jammers with 2 and 25 tones at variable spacing. W/Wb = 320 versus optimal multitone jamming.

1 oo or fourth significant figure. Since the effect of varying S is

-1 TONE negligible, it is not considered further.

s,
d of a nonoverlapping one. For this comparison, two system
-4 o 4 a 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
X(dB)
Fig. 4. BER for 16-ary FSK system with overlap factor of K = 5 ( N = 64)
versus jammers with 5 and 50 tones at variable spacing.
the entire range due to the fact that only five unique strategies
are possible. The communication system designed with small
DS spreading limits the jammer's strategy options.
While no attempt has been made in this analysis to de-
termine the minimum number of tones that can be used to
optimally jam a given system configuration, it is worthwhile to
note that the number required to provide optimized jamming is
quite small compared to the number of FH slots in the system
(231 in this example).
3) Variable Frequency Ofset: For each case considered
previously, as well as several others, the tests were repeated
with several values of 6, ranging from 0.1 to 0.5. In no
case was the change in BER of sufficient magnitude to be
discernible at the scale of the graphs used here. In each case,
any deviations from the b = 0.0 case were limited to the third
i
I
B. Perjomzance in Worst Case Jamming
In this section, it is assumed that the jammer uses whatever
technique is necessary to optimize its strategy. The curves
presented here are simply the envelopes of sets of curves such
as those presented in the previous section. They are formed
by computing sets of data for variable L T , as was done in
Section IV-A-1, and choosing the maximum value for each
value of X.
1 ) Overlapping Versus Nonoverlapping Systems: For a giv-
en system bandwidth and fixed M, it is possible to compare
the antijam (AJ) capability of an overlapping system to that
bandwidths are considered, along with two M values and for
each of these combinations, two values of N are selected,
where N = M(K - 1) for overlapping systems. In Fig. 5 ,
the results for W/Wb = 320 and M = 2 are given for
both N = 38 and N = 18. In both cases, the overlapping
system provides a small improvement in AJ capability. This
improvement, which is approximately constant over the range
of X, is due to the increased number of FH slots available in
the overlapping system.
For the same system bandwidth and M = 16, the systems
are compared in Fig. 6. Here it appears that the advantage
gained by the jammer against nonoverlapping systems in the
linear region due to small N is not achieved against the
overlapping system. This is because the multiple tones that
affect each jammed slot tend to jam all M signal tones more
equally than a single tone could. Also note that, for very large
X, the nonoverlapping and overlapping curves with the same
DS spreading factor begin to converge.
A larger system bandwidth expansion factor, W/Wb =
1000, was used in the final graph shown in Fig. 7. The effect
of changing the bandwidth while maintaining the same M

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LT
m
W
-4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
X(dB)
Fig. 6. BER for overlapping and nonoverlapping 16-ary FSK systems with
W/Wb = 320 versus optimal multitone jamming.
lo-’
10-2
Y
l
m
W
-4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
X(dB)
Fig. 7. BER for overlapping and nonoverlapping 2-ary FSK systems with
W/Wb = 1000 versus optimal multltone jamming.
and N is not completely evident when comparing Figs. 5 and
7 due to the fact that changing W also changes X (recall
that X = ( P / J ) ( W / & ) ) .If the data were plotted versus
the quantity P / ( J % ) the curves for W/Wb = 1000 would
be shifted left by almost 5 dB relative to the curves for
W/Wb = 320. However, the narrower band does limit the
jammer range of optimization, and these two effects balance
out in the minimum jammer bandwidth region. Similar results
can be found for the case of N = 144, in comparison to Fig. 6.
2) Comparison to Pure FH Systems: It is appropriate to
compare the overlapping system performance to that of a
pure FH system to determine whether or not the increased
AJ capability warrants the added complexity of the hybrid
system. In particular, one may wish to evaluate the advantage
of adding DS spreading to an existing FH system design with
fixed bandwidth.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 43, NO. 6, JUNE 1995
100, I I , I I , I I ,
-4 o 4 8 12 1 6 20 24 28 32 36
X(dB)
Fig. 8. BER for overlapping hybrid and pure FH 2-ary FSK systems and
W/Wb = 320 versus optimal multitone jamming.
The form of the BER equation for pure FH systems differs
from that for hybrid systems because the DS despreading,
which converts the jamming signal to an (approximately)
Gaussian-distributed random variable, is not present. The
following equation is used for the BER for tone jammed pure
FH systems.
{
( P W ) / ( J R b<
) 2M/i
BERFH = * o 2 M / l i ( P W ) / ( J R b ) W/Rb
W/Rb ( P W ) / ( J R b )
where the equation in [l] has been modified to correspond to
the system configuration used here.
For this comparison, the overlapping system configurations
considered in the previous section are used again. Figs. 8-10
represent the BER for these systems along with that for pure
FH systems with equal bandwidth and the same choice of
M. The advantage of the hybrid systems is most pronounced
for larger M and N and for smaller W/Wb, although even
the system with A4 = 2, N = 18, and W/wb = 1000,
shows an improvement of 5 dB in the linear region. The
greatest improvement is realized by the system with M = 16,
N = 144, and W/Wb = 320, where the results shown in
Fig. 9 indicate a 12 dB improvement in the linear region.
V. CONCLUDING
REMARKS
An equation for the BER of hybrid SFWDS MFSK systems
with overlapping FH slots under partial band multitone jam-
ming was developed. Because the optimal jamming strategy
could not be determined analytically, alternative jamming
strategies were examined for several system designs. It was
found that the jammer could optimize by varying the num-
ber of tones, the spacing between tones or both, the most
successful technique depending on the communication system
configuration.
Assuming worst case partial band multitone jamming, the
systems with overlapping FH slots were compared to those
 LAXPATI AND GLUCK: OPTlMIZATlON OF A HYBRID SFH/DS MFSK LINK 2125

improve the AJ capability of these systems. The results showed

a significant improvement of from 5 to 12 dEi depending on
-PURE FH
the system bandwidth, the value of M, and the mount of
10
-1 DS spreading. This improvement was due to the fact that
the DS despreading process spreads the j a m “ ~ r n epower
over a wide band, giving it the same pseudorandom (noiselike)
CharactEristics as has the DS modulated communication signal.
Against the pure FH MFSK system, the jafiamer toms appear
like the intended signal, having power concentrated in one of
the M-ary channels.
The equations developed here provide a means of evaluating
alternative system designs in terms of their AJ capability. With
these equations, and any additional design constraints in hand,
a hybrid system can be designed to have the maximum AJ
capability possible against a given partial band multitone jam-
ming threat. The merit in converting an existing system with
-4 0 4 8 1 2 1 6 20 2 4 2 8 3 2 36 nonoverlapping slots (be it FWDS MFSK or pure FH MFSK)
X(dB) to a system with overlapping slots can also be determined
Fig. 9. BER for overlapping hybrid and pure FH 16-ary FSK systems and through the use of these analytical tools.
W / W b = 320 versus optimal multitone jamming.
REFERENCES

100, , , , , [I] R. E. Ziemer and R. L. Peterson, Digital Communications and Spread

1
I I I I I

Spectrum Systems. New York: MacMillan, 1985.

[2] S. W. Houston, “Modulation techniques for communication-1, Tone
and noise jamming performance of spread spectrum M-ary FSK, and
10- 1
4-ary DPSK waveforms,” in IEEE Pmc. Nut. Aemsp. Electron, Con$,
1975, pp, 51-58.
131 G. K. Huth, “Optimization of coded spread spectrum system perfor-
mance,” IEEE Trans. Commun.,vol. COM-25, no. 8, pp. 763-770, Aug.
1 0-2 1977.
[4] D. L. Schilling, L. B. Milstein, R. L. Pickholtz, and R. W. Brown,
LT ‘Optimization of the processing gain of an M-ary direct sequence spread
m
w
spectrum communication system,” 1EEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-28,
1 o - ~ no. 8, pp. 1389-1398, Aug. 1980.
r.51 B. K. Levitt, “Effect of modulation format and jamming spectrum on
performance of direct sequence spread spectrum systems,” in NTC ’80,
Proc. 1980 Nut. Telecommun. Con$, 1980.
161 E. A. Geraniotis, “Direct-sequence spread-spectrum communications in
o-~
1 i a multiple-tone and repeat-back jamming environment,” in Proc. 1983
IEEE Military Commun. Con$, 1983.

10-51 , , , , , , , , ,I I
-4 0 4 E 12 1 6 2 0 2 4 28 3 2 36
X(dB)
Fig. 10. BER for overlapping hybrid and pure FH 2-ary FSK systems and
W/W‘b = 1000 versus optimal multitone jamming.

with nonoverlapping slots. l b o opposing factors were found

to arise when the DS-spread MFSK signal bandwidths were
allowed to exceed the FH slot spacing: the communication
system gained an advantage due to the increased spreading
capability; and the jammer gained some advantage due to
the fact that each tone affected multiple FH slots. Systems
with equal total bandwidth, the same value of M , and equal
amounts of DS spreading (hence, different numbers of FH
slots) were compared, and the overlapping systems were found
to have improved AJ capability on the order of 1-2 dB. Thus,
the advantage to the communicator of the increased spreading
outweighed the benefit to the jammer in having multiple slots
jammed by each tone.
A comparison to pure FH systems with equal bandwidth was
performed to determine if the addition of DS spreading could
Maureen A. Laxpsti was born on October 17,
1957, in Iowa City, IA.She received the B.S., M.S.,
and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the
University of IIlinois at Chicago in 1982, 1983, and
1990, respectively.
From 1983 to 1984 she worked for the Engi-
neering Division of Voice of America where she
was involved in propagation analysis and antenna
design. From 1984 to 1991 she was employed at
IIT Research Institute, Department of Microwave
and Electro-optics, where she performed analyses
of radars, sensors, and seekers on a vanety of government sponsored projects.
Since 1991, she has been working for LMS Engineering, a consulting firm.
Dr. Laxpati is a member of Tau Beta PI, Phi Kappa Phi, and Eta Kappa Nu
and is a Licensed Professional Engineer in the state of Illinois.

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 2126 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 43, NO. 6, JUNE 1995

Jeffrey W. Gluck (S’81-M”Y) was bom in Nor-

folk, VA, on July 26, 1960. He received the B.S.E.
degree from Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, in
1982, the M.S.E.C.E. degree from the Umversity
of Massacbasetts, Amherat, in 1984, and the Ph.D.
degree From the University of Maryland, College
Park,in 1988, all in electrical engineering.
Between February I984 and July 1985 he was
employed as an bgirueer in the Advanced Systems
Chmnp at WA-CQM LDWKABIT, Inc., Vienna, VA.
From August 1985 to August 1988 he was a Naval
How at the University of Maryland. From September
1988 to January 1993 he was with the Department of Ek~XricalEngineering
and Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Chcago. From February
I993 to July 1994 he was with Information Systems hboratories, Inc.,
Vienna, VA, where he was Director of Communication Systems Research. His
primary areas of research interest lie in the areas of multiuser communication
theorykommunicatian netwonks and spread-spectrum communications.

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