Heating and Cooling

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8I Heating and cooling

What is temperature?
Heat on the move
Energy waste
What a state!
What is temperature?
8I Temperature quiz
8I But what is temperature?
Temperature is a measure of hotness or
coolness. But what do we mean by hotness?
Well, we know if something is hotter than
something else.
We can measure temperature (or hotness) using a
thermometer.
The most common unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.
What is the temperature of boiling water in degrees
Celsius?
And melting ice?
8I Heat and energy
Think of something that is used to remove heat
from things.
To make something hotter you have to give it some
energy.
This energy is called thermal energy or heat energy.
So, a metal pan contains more heat energy when it
is hot than when it is cold.
Cookers and fires are used to add energy to things
to heat things.
Heat on the move
8I Now were cooking!
8I But what is heat?
We know heat energy makes something hot. How does
it do it?
Everything is made of small particles. In a solid these
particles are held together quite tightly.
The particles can move by wobbling or vibrating in their
fixed positions like bottles in a crate.
Heat energy makes the particles wobble more. We feel
this increase in vibration as the object getting hotter.
8I Explaining conduction
What happens if we heat part of a metal rod?
The particles in that part of the rod vibrate more.
The particles pass on the vibration to other particles along
the rod.
The colder area warms up. We call this transfer of energy
conduction.
1. Conduction happens when the vibrations
of the particles in an object move from one
particle to the next.
2. Conduction cannot happen in space
because there are no particles to vibrate.
3. Particles that are closer together pass on
vibrations less easily than particles that
are far apart.
4. The difference in temperature between
one area and another has no effect on the
rate of conduction.
8I True conduction
Decide if these statements are true or false.
TRUE

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE
1. Most liquids cannot conduct heat well.
2. Gases conduct heat very well.
3. Metals tend to be better conductors of
heat than plastics.
4. Heat is conducted along a metal bar as
the metal particles move from the hot end
to the cold end.
8I True conduction
Decide if these statements are true or false.
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE

FALSE
8I Convection
Think about the vibrating particles again when
they vibrate they take up more space. The object
they are part of expands.
This happens in solids, liquids, and gases.
In liquids and gases the heated part is less dense.
So it floats up through the cooler liquid
or gas above it.
This is called convection.
How does this hot air balloon rise?
Can you think of another example of
convection?
8I Watching convection
When you switch on a lava lamp it takes a while for
the lava to start moving. Why?
Why does the lava start to fall here?
Why does the lava start to rise here?
Think about how a lava lamp works.
8I Radiation
Can you think of an example of heat transfer
through empty space?
(Clue: think big!)
Radiation does not depend on particles to transmit
the heat.
Heat energy is transferred as radiation even when
no particles are present.
8I Radiation
8I Good radiators
Which ceramic mug of tea cools down fastest?
Can you think of another example of radiation?
These mugs of tea cool at different rates. Why?
Energy waste
8I Heat loss from a house
Losing energy costs money!
Study this table and then try our energy quiz.
Insulation method Money saved per year ()
loft insulation (installing from
scratch)
157
loft insulation (making it thicker) 40
double glazing 34
cavity wall insulation 70
draught excluders 8
lagging hot water tank 11
1. Double glazing cuts down heat loss from a house
because
a) heat cannot pass through glass
b) the layer of air in the middle is a very good insulator
c) people cant afford to turn the heating up after theyve
bought double glazing.
2. A well insulated loft cuts down heat loss because...
a) loft insulation does not let heat pass through easily
b) loft insulation is waterproof
c) loft insulation stops cold air leaking into the house.
8I Saving energy quiz
3. Which of the following should you do first to cut your
heating bill?
a) fit loft insulation
b) fit double glazing
c) fit draught excluders.
4. Birds often sit on roofs of houses that do not have loft
insulation in winter. This is because
a) the roofs feel warmer as heat rises from the house
b) the roofs tend to be flatter so the birds do not fall off
c) birds are allergic to the material used for loft insulation.
8I Saving energy quiz
What a state!
We can use the idea of particles to explain:
8I What a state!
how heat moves.
what happens to substances when they are heated.
Study these diagrams and then try our true-false
quiz.
solid
liquid gas
1. Particles in solids are much closer
together than the particles in gases.
2. Particles in liquids cannot move around at
all.
3. Solids hold their particles very tightly.
4. When a solid melts it is because the
forces between the particles get weaker.
8I The truth about particles
True or false?
TRUE

FALSE

TRUE
TRUE
1. Gases conduct heat well because the
particles are far apart.
2. When a solid melts the distance between
the particles increases.
3. Liquids are difficult to compress because
the particles are close together.
4. Gases can be compressed because there
is so much empty space between the
particles.
8I The truth about particles
True or false?
FALSE

TRUE

TRUE

TRUE

Heating and Cooling

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Heating and Cooling

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8I Heating and cooling

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