AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE


ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
LAB MANUAL FOR B.TECH-ECE
III-I SEMESTER












VAAGESWARI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Beside L.M.D Police station, Ramakrishna colony
KARIMNAGAR - 505481.





AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Amplitude Modulation &Demodulation
2. Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
3. Double Side-Band System
4. Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis
5. Phase Locked Loop
6. Single Side Band System
7. Frequency Synthesizer
8. Pulse Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation
9. Pulse Position Modulator and Demodulator
10. Pulse Width Modulator & Demodulator
11. Sampling Theorem Verification
12. Time Division Multiplexing & Demultiplexing
13. Automatic Gain Control Characteristics












AMPLITUDE MODULATION &DEMODULATION

AIM: To study the function of Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation (under modulation,
perfect modulation & over modulation) and also to calculate the modulation index.
AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE


APPARATUS:
1. Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation trainer kit.
2. C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Function generator (1MHz).
4. Connecting cords & probes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Modulator:

Demodulator:

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. As the circuit is already wired you just have to trace the circuit according to the circuit
diagram given above.
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Department of ECE

2. Connect the trainer to the mains and switch on the power supply.
3. Measure the output voltages of the regulated power supply circuit i.e. +12v and
_12v.
4. Observe outputs of RF and AF signal generator using CRO, note that RF voltage is
approximately 300mv pp of 1 MHz frequency and AF voltage is 10vpp of 2KHz
frequency.

Modulator:
5. Now connect RF and AF signals to the respective inputs of modulator.
6. Initially set both the signals at zero level.
7. Connect one of the input of oscilloscope to modulator output and other input to AF
signal.
8. Adjust RF signal amplitude with the help of potentiometer so the t output of the
modulator is 300mv pp by keeping AF signal at zero level.
9. Now vary the amplitude of af signal and observe the amplitude modulated wave at
output, note the percentage of modulation for different values of AF signal.
%modulation= ( B A / B + A ) X 100
10. Observe 100% amplitude modulation and over modulation by varying
amplitude of the AF signal.

Demodulator:

1. Now connect the modulator output to the demodulator input.
2. Observe demodulated signal at output of demodulator at approximately
50% modulation using oscilloscope.
3. Compare it with the original AF signal ( Note : only wave shape,
amplitude will be attenuated, phase may change. )
4. Find the detected signal is same as the AF signal applied. Thus no
information is lost in the process of modulation.
5. If you want to observe AM wave at different frequencies then connect
AF signal from external signal generator to the modulator and observe
amplitude modulated wave at different frequencies.

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Department of ECE


EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:-










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Department of ECE






RESULT:






FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To study the functioning of frequency modulation & demodulation and to calculate
the modulation index.

APPARATUS:
1. Frequency modulation & demodulation trainer kit.
2. C.R.O (20MHz)

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Department of ECE

3. Function generator (1MHz).
4. Connecting chords & probes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Modulator:




Demodulator:

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Department of ECE



EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the power supply of the kit (without making any connections).
2. Measure the frequency of the carrier signal at the FM output terminal with input
terminals open and plot the same on graph.
3. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.
4. Apply the modulating signal of 500HZ with 1Vp-p.
5. Trace the modulated wave on the C.R.O & plot the same on graph.
6. Find the modulation index by measuring minimum and maximum frequency
deviations from the carrier frequency using the CRO.

frequency signal modulating
deviation Frequency maximum
f
S
Mr
7. Repeat the steps 5& 6 by changing the amplitude and /or frequency of the
modulating Signal.
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Department of ECE

8. For demodulation apply the modulated signal as an input to demodulator circuit
and compare the demodulated signal with the input modulating signal & also draw
the same on the graph.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:



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Department of ECE




NOTE: Note down all the input and output wave forms of the signals applied and obtained
respectively.

RESULT:





DOUBLE SIDE-BAND SYSTEM
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Department of ECE

AIM: To study the following of the Balanced Modulator as a
1. Frequency Doublers
2. DSB-SC Generator.
APPARATUS:
1. DSB modulator and demodulator trainer kit
2. C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Connecting cords and probes
4. Function generator (1MHz)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Modulator:




Demodulator:

AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE











EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Frequency Doubler:
1. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power to the trainer kit.
3. Apply a 5 KHz signal to both RF and AF inputs of 0.1V
P-P
.
4. Measure the output signal frequency and amplitude by connecting the output to
CRO.
5. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 by changing the applied input signal frequency to
100KHZ and 500 KHz. And note down the output signals
NOTE: Amplitude decreases with increase in the applied input frequency.
Generation of DSB-SC:
1. For the same circuit apply the modulating signal(AF) frequency in between
1Khz to 5Khz having 0.4 V
P-P
and a carrier signal(RF) of 100KHz having 0.1
v
pp

2. Adjust the RF carrier null potentiometer to observe a DSB-SC
waveform at the output terminal on CRO and plot the same.
3. Repeat the above process by varying the amplitude and frequency
of AF but RF maintained constant.
DSB-SC
SIGNAL
PRODUCT
MODULATOR
OSCILLATOR
MESSAGE
SIGNAL
CARRIER
SIGNAL
LOW PASS
FILTER

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Department of ECE

NOTE: Note down all the waveforms for the applied inputs and their respective
outputs.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:





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Department of ECE



Note: In frequency doubling If the input time period is T after frequency doubling
the time period should be halfed.i.e,T/2.


RESULT:
















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Department of ECE

PRE-EMPHASIS & DE-EMPHASIS

AIM: To study the functioning of Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis circuits.
APPARATUS:
1. Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis trainer kits.
2. C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Function generator (1MHz).
4. Patch chords and Probes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:


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Department of ECE


EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Pre-Emphasis
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Apply a sine wave to the input terminals of 2 V
P-P (Vi)

3. By varying the input frequency with fixed amplitude, note down the output
amplitude (VO) with respect to the input frequency.
4. Calculate the gain using the formula
Gain = 20 log (V
O
/ V
I
) db
Where, V
O
= output voltage in volts.
V
I
= Input voltage in volts.
And plot the frequency response.
De-Emphasis
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Repeat steps 2, 3 & 4 of Pre-Emphasis to de-emphasis also.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:





Gain Gain
(-db) (-db)
Frequency (Hz-kHz) Frequency (Hz-kHz)

Fig: Pre-emphasis Fig: De-emphasis


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TABULAR COLUMN:

V
I
=2v
S.No Input Frequency
(50Hz to 20KHz)
Output voltage (Vo)
(volts)
GAIN
20 log (V
O
/ V
I
) db

















RESULT:





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PHASE LOCKED LOOP

AIM: To study the characteristics of PLL.

APPARATUS:
1. PLL Trainer Kit
2. C R O (20MHz)
3. Digital Multimeter


BLOCK DIAGRAM:


















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Department of ECE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:





EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Free running frequency:
1. Switch on the trainer and measure the output of the regulated power supplies i.e.,
+12V and 5V
2. Observe the output of the square wave generator-using oscilloscope and measure
the frequency range. The frequency range should be around 1KHz to 10KHz.
3. Calculate the free running frequency range of the circuit for different values of
timing capacitor and R
t
.
4. Connect 0.1F capacitor (C
C
) to the circuit and open the loop by removing short
between pin 4 and 5 . Measure the minimum and maximum free running
frequencies obtainable at the output of the PLL (Pin 4)by varying the pot.
Compare your results with your calculation from step 3 (theoretical value).
Simultaneously you can observe the output signal using CRO.

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R
t
value (pot resistance in
Ohms)
Theoretical value
(frequency in KHz)
Practical value
(frequency KHz)


Lock range:
5. Calculate the lock range of the circuit for a 5KHz free running frequency and
record in table 1.2.
6. Connect pins 4,5 with the help of springs and adjust potentiometer to get a free
running frequency of 5KHz . Connect square wave generator output to the input
of PLL circuit. Provide a 5KHz square signal of 1 V
pp
approximately (make this
input frequency as close to the V
cc
frequency as possible).
7. Observe the input & Output of the PLL.
8. Observe the input and output frequencies while slowly increasing the frequency of
the square wave at the input. For some range output and input are equal (This is
known as lock Range and PLL is said to be in lock with the input signal). Record
the frequency at which the PLL breaks lock. (Output frequency of the PLL will
be around V
CO
frequency and in oscilloscope you will see a jittery waveform
when it breaks lock instead of clean square wave). This frequency is called as
upper end of the lock range and records this as F
2
.
9. Beginning at 5KHz, slowly decrease the frequency of the input and determine the
frequency at which the PLL breaks lock on the low end record it as F
1

10. Find the lock range from F
2
F
1
and compare with the theoretical values from
step5.


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Theoretical Value
(frequency in KHz)
Practical Value
(frequency in KHz)


Capture range:
11. Calculate the capture range of the circuit for a 5KHz free-running frequency
(consider filter capacitor (C
C
) is 0.1F).
12. With the oscilloscope and counter still on pin 4, slowly increase the input
frequency from minimum (say 1KHz), Record frequency (as F
3
) at which the
input and output frequencies of the PLL are equal, this is known as lower end of
the capture range.
13. Now keep input frequency at maximum possible (say 10KHz) and slowly reduce
and record the frequency (as F
4
) at which the input and output frequencies of PLL
are equal. This is known as upper end of the capture range.
14. Find capture range from F
4
F
3
and compare it with the theoretical value (from
step 11)
15. Repeat the steps from 11 to 14 with C
C
value 0.2F


Filter Capacitor (C
C
) Theoretical value Practical value
0.1F
0.2F








AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE

Characteristics of PLL:






F
1
F
3
f
o
F
4
F
2
Capture range
Lock range


RESULT:



















AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE

SINGLE SIDE BAND SYSTEM

AIM: To generate SSB using phase method and demodulation of SSB signal using
Synchronous detector.
APPARATUS:
1. SSB modulator and demodulator trainer kit
2. C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Function Generator (1MHz).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Modulator:
Demodulator:








SSB-SC
SIGNAL
PRODUCT
MODULATOR
OSCILLATOR
MESSAGE
SIGNAL
CARRIER
SIGNAL
LOW PASS
FILTER

AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
SSB Modulation:
1. Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the kit and measure the output of regulated power supplies positive and
Negative voltages.
3. Observe the outputs of RF generators using CRO .Where one output is 0
0
phase the
Another is 90
0
phase shifted(or) is a sine wave and shifted w.r.t other (or) is a cosine
wave.
4. Adjust the RF output frequency as 100KHz and amplitude as 0.2 V
p-p

(Potentiometers are provided to vary the output amplitude & frequency).
5. Observe the two outputs of AF generator using CRO.
6. Select the required frequency (2kHz, 4kHz, 6kHz) form the switch positions for
A.F.
7. Adjust the gain of the oscillator by varying the AGC potentiometer and keep the
Amplitude of 10Vp-p.
8. Measure and record the above seen signals & their frequencies on CRO.
9. Set the amplitude of R.F signal to 0. 2Vp-p and A.F signal amplitude to
8Vp-p and connect AF-0
0
and RF-90
0
to inputs of balanced modulator A and
Observe DSB-SC(A) output on CRO. Connect AF-90
0
and RF-0
0
to inputs of
Balanced modulator B and observe the DSB-SC (B)out put on CRO and plot the
same on graph.
10. To get SSB lower side band signal connect balanced modulator outputs (DSB-SC)
to subtract or and observe the output wave form on CRO and plot the same on
graph.
11. To get SSB upper side band signal, connect the output of balanced modulator
Outputs to summer circuit and observe the output waveform on CRO and plot the
same on graph.
12. Calculate theoretical frequency of SSB (LSB & USB) and compare it with
Practical value.
USB = RF frequency + AF frequency.
LSB = RF frequency AF frequency.
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EXPECTED WAVE FORMS:






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Demodulated Signal:

RESULT:
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FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER

AIM: To study the operation of frequency synthesizer using PLL

APPARATUS:
1. Frequency synthesizer trainer AET -26A
2. Dual trace C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Digital frequency counter or multimeter
4. Patch chords


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:


Phase
Comparator
Amplifier Low pass
filter

V C O
Div. N Network
frequency divider
F
in
= f
out

N
f
in
F
out
=N.f
in
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Department of ECE



EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the trainer ad verify the output of the regulated power supply i.e. 5V.
These supplies are internally connected to the circuit so no extra connections are
required.
2. Observe output of the square wave generator using oscilloscope and measure the
range with the help of frequency counter, frequency range should be around 1 KHz
to 10 KHz.
3. Calculate the free running frequency range of the circuit (VCO output between 4
th
pin
and ground). For different values of timing resistor R
1
( to measure R
t
switch off the
trainer and measure R
t
value using digital multimeter between given test points). And
record the frequency values in tabular 1. F
out
= 0.3 / (R
t
C
t
) where R
t
is the timing
resistor and Ct is the timing capacitor = 0.01 f.
4. Connect 4
th
pin of LM 565 (F
out
) to the driver stage and 5
th
pin (Phase comparator)
connected to 11
th
pin of 7490. Output can be taken at the 11
th
pin of the 7490. It
should be divided by the 10, 2 times of the f
out
.




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EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:



TABULAR COLUMN:
F
in
KHz F
out
= N f
in
KHz Divided by 10, 2











RESULT:



AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM: To study the characteristics of Pulse amplitude modulation & Demodulation
APPARATUS:
1. Pulse amplitude modulation & Demodulation trainer kit.
2. C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Connecting chords & probes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PAM Modulator Circuit Diagram:

PAM Demodulator Circuit Diagram:


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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. As the circuitry is already wired you just have to trace the circuit according to the
circuit diagram given above.
2. Connect trainer to mains and switch on the power.
3. Measure the output voltages of regulated power supply circuit i.e. +12V.
4. Observe the output of AF generator and pulse generator using CRO and note that AF
signal is approximately 3V P-P of 400Hz frequency and pulse generator output is
pulse train of 10V P-P with frequency between 1 KHz and 6 KHz.

Modulator:
5. Connect pulse output and AF output to the respective inputs of modulator circuit.
6. Connect one of the input of oscilloscope to the modulator output and another to AF
signal.
7. Initially set the amplitude of the AF generator to minimum level and sampling
frequency to 1 KHz (by adjusting the preset provided in pulse generator block). Note
down the output of modulator, by varying amplitude of modulating signal observe the
modulator output so that you can notice the amplitude of the sampling pulses is
varying in accordance with the modulating signal.

Demodulator:
8. Connect PAM wave input to demodulator input and set sampling pulse frequency to
maximum (6 KHz).
9. Observe demodulated signals at output of demodulator, compare it with the original
AF signal.
i. (Note: Only shape, amplitude will be attenuated ).
10. You can observe the amplified signal by applying demodulated signal to amp.
11. Find the detected signal is same as the AF signal applied. Thus no information
lost in the process of modulation.



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INPUT & OUTPUT WAVE FORMS

AF Signal

Clock


PAM Output


Demodulated output



RESULT:


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PULSE WIDTH MODULATION & DEMODULATION


AIM: To study the characteristics of Pulse width modulation & Demodulation

APPARATUS:
1. Pulse width modulation & Demodulation trainer kit.
2. C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Connecting chords & probes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PWM Modulator:



PWM Demodulator:

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Observation of PWM with DC input voltage:

1. Study circuit operation thoroughly.
2. Switch on the trainer and measure the output voltages of the regulated power supply
i.e. +5V and 5V.
3. Observe the output of the AF generator using CRO, note that the output is 5V pp @
400 Hz frequency.
4. Observe the output of the control signal generator i.e. ramp and reference pulse using
CRO.
5. Connect ramp signal to the ramp input of the PWM modulator and dc source output to
AF input.
6. Connect one DMM to the dc source output and CH 1 input of the scope to the PWM
modulator output.
7. Measure the output pulse width at different input voltages starting from zero and note
down the readings. (By this we can observe the output pulse width is varying in
accordance with the input voltage as per theory of PWM, the amplitude and position
are fixed only width is varying)

Observation of PWM with AC input signal:

8. Now connect AF signal instead of dc voltage to the modulator and observe output
waveform (condition: scope is in dual mode, CH 1 is connected to AF signal and CH
2 is connected to PWM output, trigger source in CH 1,if you are using storage
oscilloscope after setting AF input voltage observe output in stop mode). .

PWM Demodulation:

9. Remove connection from monostable input and connect it to PWM demodulator
input.
10. Connect CH 1 to input AF signal and CH 2 to demodulator output and observe the
output, compare it with original AF signal

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INPUT & OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:


AF Signal




PWM Output






RESULT:









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PULSE POSITION MODULATION & DE MODULATION

AIM: To study the characteristics of Pulse Position modulation & Demodulation
APPARATUS:
1. Pulse Position modulation & Demodulation trainer kit.
2. C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Connecting chords & probes.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PWM Modulator Circuit Diagram:

PWM PPM (Monostable)

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PPM PWM (JK Flip-Flop)

PWM Demodulator

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Observation of PWM and PPM with DC input voltage:
1. Study circuit operation thoroughly.
2. Switch on the trainer and measure the output voltages of the regulated power
supply i.e. +5V and 5V.
3. Observe the output of the AF generator using CRO, note that the output is 5V pp
@ 400 Hz frequency.
4. Observe the output of the control signal generator i.e. ramp and reference pulse
using CRO.
5. Connect ramp signal to the ramp input of the PWM modulator and dc source
output to AF input.
6. Connect one DMM to the dc source output and CH 1 input of the scope to the
PWM modulator output.
7. Measure the output pulse width at different input voltages starting from zero and
note down the readings. (By this we can observe the output pulse width is varying
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in accordance with the input voltage as per theory of PWM, the amplitude and
position are fixed only width is varying)
8. Now connect output of the PWM modulator to monostable multivibrator input and
CH 2 input of the oscilloscope to the monostable output i.e. PPM output (Set
scope in dual mode and trigger source in CH 1).
9. Observe PWM and PPM waveforms for different values of the input voltage
starting from zero (By this we can notice the output of monostable is PPM i.e. the
pulse width is fixed and amplitude is constant only position is varying).

Observation of PWM and PPM with AC input signal:

10. Now connect AF signal instead of dc voltage to the modulator and observe output
waveform (condition: scope is in dual mode, CH 1 is connected to AF signal and
CH 2 is connected to PWM output, trigger source in CH 1,if you are using storage
oscilloscope after setting AF input voltage observe output in stop mode). Similarly
PPM waveform.

PWM Demodulation:

11. Remove connection from monostable input and connect it to PWM demodulator
input.
12. Connect CH 1 to input AF signal and CH 2 to demodulator output and observe the
output, compare it with original AF signal

PPM demodulation:

13. Connect PPM and reference pulse signals to respective inputs of PPM PWM
converter circuit and output of the same circuit to PWM demodulator. (Scope
should be set in dual mode, CH 1 is connected to input AF Signal, CH 2 to
demodulator output and trigger source to CH 1). Observe the output signal and
compare it with input AF signal.


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Note: The main problem in this experiment will be in triggering the oscilloscope to
observe the waveforms, especially PPM

INPUT & OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

AF Signal


PWM Output

PPM Output


RESULT:

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SAMPLING THEOREM VERIFICATION
AIM: To verify sampling theorem.
APPARATUS:
1. Sampling theorem verification trainer
2. C.R.O (30MHz)
3. Patch cords.
CRICUIT DIAGRAM:



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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Connect trainer to mains and switch on the power.
2. Observe the output of AF generator and pulse generator using CRO and note that
3. AF signal is approximately 3V
p-p
of 100HZ frequency and pulse generator
4. output is pulse train of 10V
P-P
with frequency between 200 HZ and 4KHz.
5. Connect pulse output and AF output to the respective inputs of sampling circuit.
6. Connect one of the input of oscilloscope to the sampling circuit output and another to
AF signal.
7. Initially set the amplitude of the AF generator to minimum level and sampling
frequency to 200Hz(by adjusting the potentiometer). Observe the output of sampling
circuit by varying the amplitude of modulating signal. You can notice the amplitude
of sampling pulse is varying in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating
signal.
8. Connect sampling circuit output to reconstructing circuit.
9. Observe the output of reconstructing circuit (AF signal) at 200Hz sampling frequency
until you get the original signal.

10. Statement: The Nyquist Theorem states that in order to recover the original signal
from the samples of the signal, the signal must be sampled at a minimum of twice the
maximum frequency of the signal.
11. Note: The sampling output is uni-polar sampled i.e, only positive side








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EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:
Waveforms for fs > 2fm











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Demodulated Output:











RESULT:




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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING & DEMULTIPLEXING
AIM: To study the characteristics of multiplexing & Demultiplexing for the given signal
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. TDM Multiplexer trainer
2. TDM De-Multiplexer trainer
3. Storage Oscilloscope
(Note: Storage oscilloscope is desired for satisfactory observation of TDM wave forms)
4. Digital Multimeter.
5. 2 Nos co-axial cables (standard accessories with trainer)

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Multiplexer:
1. Study the theory of operation.
2. Connect the trainer TDM multiplexer to the mains and switch on the power supply.
3. Measure the output of the regulated power supply i.e. +5v and -5v with the help of
digital multimeter.
4. Observe the output of the AF generator-1 using CRO; it should be a sine wave of
400 Hz frequency with 3v
pp
amplitude.
5. Observe the output of the AF generator-2 using CRO; it should be a sine wave of
200 Hz frequency with 3v
pp
amplitude.
6. Verify the operation of logic source with multimeter/scope, output should be +5v in
logic1 position and 0v in logic0 position.
7. Observe the output of clock generator using CRO; it should be a square wave of 500
Hz to 15 KHz frequency with 5V
pp
amplitude.
8. Now connect the CH1 and CH2 inputs of the TDM multiplexer to the outputs of the
AF generator1 and 2 respectively.
9. Connect control input of the TDM multiplexer to the output of the logic source.
10. Put control signal (logic source) at logic 1 condition and observe the output of the
TDM multiplexer with the help of oscilloscope, by this we can notice that the output
of the TDM multiplexer is a signal which has been connected to CH1 input. In this
condition the signal at CH2 input has no effect on multiplexer output.
11. Similarly Put control signal (logic source) at logic 0 condition and observe the output
of the TDM multiplexer, now notice that the output of the TDM multiplexer is a
signal which has been connected to CH2 input and the signal at CH1 input has no
effect on multiplexer output.
12. Now disconnect logic source and connect clock output to the control input.
13. Observe TDM wave form using CRO at different values of clock frequency, input
signal voltage levels and sketch them.
NOTE1: After setting the clock frequency and input signals to desire values put storage
scope in STOP mode so that you can view stable display of waveforms.
NOTE2: sample waveforms given in figure 1:3, 1:4 are drawn at 1 KHz sampling clock,
you can take at any clock frequency.
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14. Similarly you can observe and plot the TDM waveforms for different inputs i.e. DC
signals alone, AC&DC instead of AC signals.
NOTE1: DC signals (voltages) can be connected from an external sources and care
should be taken in case voltage levels i.e. maximum voltage input voltage must be in
range of 4.8v.
NOTE2: you can use even normal scope, when you observe the TDM waveform for DC
inputs.
De- Multiplexer:
1. Study the theory of operation.
2. Connect the trainer TDM de-multiplexer to the mains and switch on the power supply.
3. Measure the output of the regulated power supply i.e. +5v and -5v with the help of
digital multimeter.
4. Verify the operation of logic source with multimeter/scope, output should be +5v in
logic1 position and 0V in logic 0 position.
5. Observe the output of clock generator using CRO; it should be a square wave of 500
Hz to 15 KHz frequency with 5V
pp
amplitude.
6. Connect TDM-PAM signal to input of the TDM de-multiplexer from TDM
multiplexer with the help of co-axial cable (supplied with trainer)
7. Connect control input to the output of the logic source.
8. Keep CRO in dual mode; connect one input to CH1 output and another input to CH2
output.
9. Put control signal (logic source) at logic 1 condition and observe CH1 and CH2
outputs. You can notice that the entire TDM signal is transferred to CH1 output and
no signal at CH2 output.
10. Similarly Put control signal (logic source) at logic 0 condition and observe CH1 and
CH2 outputs. The entire TDM signal is transferred to CH2 output and no signal at
CH1 output. By the above two steps you can notice that the entire TDM signal is
transferred to CH1 output when control input is 1 and to CH2 when control input is 0.
11. Now disconnect logic source and connect clock from transmitter through a co-axial
cable.
12. Observe CH1 and CH2 outputs, you will notice that the outputs are natural top
sampled PAM signals.
AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE

13. Connect CH1, CH2 outputs to low pass filters and observe the output of the filters and
compare them with the original AF signals (at multiplexer inputs) using CRO. You
will notice that both the signals are same in frequency and shape. Signal amplitude
may be attenuated during smoothening process and this can be achieved by taking
amplifier output. Select AC/DC coupling depending on the input signal.

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:



RESULT:



AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE

AGC CHARACTERISTICS
AIM: To study the AGC Characteristics
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. AGC Characteristics circuit kit consists of wired circuitry:
2. RF Generator
3. AF Generator
4. Regulated power supply
5. AM Modulator
6. Demodulator (simple diode detector)
7. AGC circuit
8. Dual trace C.R.O
9. Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Department of ECE

EXPERIMENTRAL PROCEDURE:
1. As the circuit is already wired you just have to trace the circuit according to the
circuit diagram
2. Connect the trainer to the mains and switch on the power supply.
3. Measures the output voltages of the regulated power supply circuit i.e. +12v and -12v,
4. Observe outputs of RF and AF signal generator using CRO, note that RF voltage is
approximately 50mVpp of 455 KHz frequency and AF voltage is 5Vpp of1 KHz
frequency.
5. Now vary the amplitude of AF signal and observe the AM wave at output, note the
percentage of modulation for different values of AF signal.
i. % Modulation= (Emax -Emin) /(Emax+Emin) 100
6. Now adjust the modulation index to 30% by varying the amplitudes of RF & AF
signals simultaneously.
7. Connect AM output to the input of AGC and also to the CRO channel -1
8. Connect AGC link to the feedback network through OA79 diode
9. Now connect CRO channel - 2 at output. The detected audio signal of 1 KHz will be
observed.
10. Calculate the voltage gain by measuring the amplitude of output signal (Vo)
waveform, using Formula A = Vo/V i
11. Now vary input level of 455 KHz IF signal and observe detected 1 KHz audio signal
with and Without AGC link. The output will be distorted when AGC link removed i.e.
there is no AGC action.
12. This explains AGC effect in Radio circuit.









AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE

EXPECTED WAVEFORMS:

AM OUTPUT

AGC OUTPUT

RESULT:

AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE




























AC Lab Manual

Department of ECE