Thust Block Design

1
SHC 310 SHC 310 - - Hydraulics Hydraulics

THRUST BLOCK DESIGN THRUST BLOCK DESIGN
13 February 2006 13 February 2006
By: Marco van Dijk By: Marco van Dijk
Department of Civil & Department of Civil & Biosystems Biosystems
Engineering Engineering
Thrust Block Design Thrust Block Design
Introduction
Basic theory
Calculation procedures
Calculation of resultant force
Calculation of restraining method
Installation guidelines
Examples
Software program
Hand calculation
2
Piping systems are subject to unbalanced thrust
forces resulting from static and dynamic fluid
action on the pipe.
These forces must be balanced if the piping system
is to maintain its integrity.
Unbalanced thrust forces occur at change in
directions of flowsuch as elbows, tees, reducers,
valves and dead ends.
Reactive forces can be provided in the form of
thrust blocks, or transmitting forces to the pipe
wall by restrained, harnessed, flanged or welded
joints (Forces from the pipe shell transferred to the
soil).
Introduction
Basic theory
The fundamental equations of fluid dynamics:
leaving flow mass entering flow mass =
1. Conservation of matter (mass)
leaving entering
Q Q =
2. Conservation of energy
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2 2
z
g
v
g
p
z
g
v
g
p
+ + = + +

3. Conservation of momentum
( )
1 2
v v Q F =
dt
mdv
F =
l f
h h + +
3
Basic theory
Calculate the forces:
A p F
x Px
=
Pressure forces
( )
1x 2x Mx
V V ?Q F =
Momentum forces
Reaction forces ( )
+ =
Rx Px Mx
F F F
Calculation procedures
Step 2: Determine the pressures, velocities and
flow rates at the specific point
Step 3: Determine the forces using the
fundamental equations of fluid dynamics
Step 4: Determine the soil conditions (if
underground installation)
Step 5: Calculate thrust block dimensions/weight
Step 1: Select axis
X
Y
Z
4
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force
exerted by the T-junction
First find the three
velocities by continuity
m/s 1.886
A
Q
V
1
1
1
= =
m/s 122 . 2
A
Q
V
2
2
2
= =
m/s 775 . 4
A
Q
V
3
3
3
= =
Determine velocities
Apply Bernoullis
equation to find pressure
p
2
and p
3
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2 2
z
g
V
g
p
z
g
V
g
p
+ + = + +

( )
2
2
2
2
1
1 2
V V
p p

+ =

kN/m 499.53
2
= p
Determine pressures (energy equation)
5
Apply Bernoullis
equation to find pressure
p
2
and p
3
3
2
3 3
1
2
1 1
2 2
z
g
V
g
p
z
g
V
g
p
+ + = + +

( )
2
2
3
2
1
1 3
V V
p p

+ =

kN/m 490.38
3
= p
Determine pressures (energy equation)
Calculate pressure forces
x P x P x P Px
F F F F
3 2 1
+ + =
F
P1
0 0
1 1
+ + = A p F
x Px
kN 79.95 =
Px
F
X-direction:
F
P2
Y-direction:
y P y P y P Py
F F F F
3 2 1
+ + =
) ( ) ( 0
3 3 2 2
A p A p F
y y Py
+ + =
kN 19.96 - =
Py
F F
P3
Determine pressures forces
6
Calculate momentum
forces
[ ] [ ]
1 1
0 V ?Q F
Mx
=
kN 566 . 0 =
Mx
F
X-direction:
Y-direction:
[ ] [ ] 0
3 3 2 2
+ = ) V ( ?Q V ?Q F
My
kN 40 . 0 - =
My
F
V
1
V
3
V
2
Determine momentum forces
Calculate reactionforces
Px Mx Rx
F F F =
kN 09 . 80 =
Rx
F
X-direction:
Y-direction:
Py My Ry
F F F + =
kN 19.50 =
Ry
F
F
RY
F
Rx
kN 82.43
2 2
= + =
Ry Rx R
F F F
F
R
( ) = =

7 . 13 tan
1
Rx Ry
F F
?
Resultant force = - Reaction forces
Determine resultant force
7
Thrust block (bearing area)
Thrust block (friction between thrust
block and soil)
Anchor rings / Puddle flange
Harnessed joints (friction between soil and
pipe)
Combination of these methods
Thrust block (bearing area)
soil of capacity bearing horizontal Safe
force Thrust
required area Bearing =
F
u
= total thrust force (kN)
A = bearing area of thrust block (m)
P
bearing
= bearing capacity of soil (kPa or kN/m)
Safety factor ?
bearing
u
P
F
A =
8
Guidelines for bearing capacities
100
40
Loose Uniform Sand
Dry
Submerged
200
100
Loose Well -graded Sand, Gravel, Sand-gravel mixtures or Dense Uniform Sand
Dry
Submerged
400
200
Dense Well-graded Sand, Gravel and Sand-gravel mixture
Dry
Submerged
NON-COHESIVE SOILS
1 000 Very soft rock - Can be peeled with a knife: material crumbles under firm blows
with sharp end of a geological pick
2 000 Soft rock - Can just be scraped with a knife: indentation of 2 to 4 mm with firm
blow of the pick point.
5 000 Medium hard rock - Cannot be scraped or peeled with a knife: hand- held
specimen breaks with firm blow of the pick.
10 000 Hard sound rock - Broken with some difficulty and rig when struck.
ROCK
Bearing capacity (kPA) Soil type
Friction between thrust block and soil
( )g M M M M F
p s w c s
+ + + =
F
s
= total friction resistance between the thrust
block and soil (N)
M
c
= mass of concrete thrust block (kg)
M
w
= mass of water in pipe resting on thrust
block (kg)
M
s
= mass of soil on top of thrust block (kg)
M
p
= mass of pipe resting on thrust block (kg)
= friction coefficient between soil and
thrust block
g = gravitational acceleration (m/s)
9
( )g M M M M F
p s w c s
+ + + =
F
s
= total friction resistance between the thrust
block and soil (N)
M
c
= mass of concrete thrust block (kg)
M
w
= mass of water in pipe resting on thrust
block (kg)
M
s
= mass of soil on top of thrust block (kg)
M
p
= mass of pipe resting on thrust block (kg)
= friction coefficient between soil and
thrust block
g = gravitational acceleration (m/s)
0.40 to 0.50 Very firm and hard clay
0.30 to 0.35 Medium to hard clay and clay with silt
0.30 to 0.35 Fine sand with silt; non-plastic silt
0.35 to 0.45 Clean fine sand; fine to medium sand with silt or clay
0.45 to 0.55 Clean fine to medium sand, medium to coarse sand
with silt, gravel with silt or clay
0.55 to 0.60 Clean gravel to coarse sand
0.70 Clean hard rock
Friction coefficient
()
Soil
Friction coefficient () is affected by the degree of compaction
and moisture content
10
Anchor rings / puddle flange
Anchor rings / Puddle flange
23
39
61
85
103
134
170
210
302
472
679
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
4.8
4.8
1.9
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.3
3.7
4.2
4.7
5.6
7.0
8.4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
13
13
16
16
25
25
38
38
51
51
51
76
76
102
102
168
219
273
324
356
406
457
508
610
762
914
Maximum pipe pressure of 1034 kPa (150 Psi)
Permissible
load on ring
(kN)
Minimum
weld t
w
(mm)
t
y
(t
y
= t
s
+ t
r
)
(mm)
Ring thickness
B
(mm)
Ring width
A
(mm)
Pipe OD
(mm)
11
Harnessed joints (friction between soil and pipe)
Steel pipe A guide for design and installation
(AWWA M11) 3
rd
edition
Design for sleeve couplings
Harness plate thickness, bolt tensile stress,
spacing around pipe, tightening procedure etc.
Type P (smaller diameters)
12
Type RR (larger diameters)
Installation guidelines
Thrust blocks:
The sides and bottoms of excavations against which thrust
blocks are cast shall be sound and undisturbedand all loose
material shall be removed
Excess excavations shall be filled with concrete simultaneously
with the concrete of the thrust block
All joints should be leaved accessible
If it is a steel pipeline which is flanged or welded, no thrust
block is usually required
Valves and plugs at stop-end pipes
must also be adequately anchored
Compare pressure forces with
momentum forces
Balance upward forces through the
mass of the block
13
Examples
Above ground installation
Examples
0.054 300 400 400 800 75
0.075 300 500 500 1000 100
0.42 650 1300 500 1000 150
0.77 800 1600 600 1200 200
1.50 1100 2150 650 1300 250
2.55 1300 2700 700 1400 300
Vol
(m)
Y
(mm)
X
(mm)
Z
(mm)
D
(mm)
Dimentions Nominal
diameter
(mm)
T-piece underground
14
UP Thrust - Thrust block design program
(http://www.up.ac.za/academic/civil/divisions/water/software.html )
AISI Steel Water Pipe Design Software
(http://www.strucsoft.com)
Software options
Hand calculation
Water flows through a reducing 180
o
bend. The
bend is shown in plan. Determine the magnitude of
the force exerted on the bend in the x-direction.
Assume energy losses to be negligible.
15
THRUST BLOCK THRUST BLOCK
DESIGN DESIGN
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SHC 310 SHC 310 - - Hydraulics Hydraulics

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