Unit 1 BANK & BANKING

BANK & BANKING Ngn hng v hot ng ca ngn

hng
Banks are closely concerned with the flow of
money into and out of the economy. They often
cooperate with gorvernments in efforts to stabilize
economies and prevent inflation. They are
specialist in the business of providing capital, and
in allocating funds on credit. Banks originated as
places to which people took their valuables for
safe-keeping, but today the great banks of the
world have many functions in addition to acting
as guardians of valuable private possessions.
Banks normally receive money from their
customers in two distinct forms: on current a/c
and on deposit a/c. ith a current a/c, a
customer can issue personal che!ues. "o
interest is paid by the bank on this type of a/c.
ith a deposit a/c, however, the customer
undertakes to leave his money in the bank for a
minimum specified period of time. #nterest is paid
on this money.
The bank in turn lends the deposited money to
customers who need capital. This activity earns
interest for the bank, and this interest is almost
always at a higher rate than any interest which
the bank pays to its depositors. #n this way, the
bank makes its main profits.
e can say the the primary function of a bank
today is to act an intermediary between
depositors who wish to make interest on their
savings, and borrowers who wish to obtain
capital. The bank is a reservoir of loanable
money, with streams of money flowing in and out.
$or this reason, economics and financies often
talk of money being li!uid, or of the li!uidity of
money. %any small sums which might not
otherwise be used as capital are rendered uesful
simply because the bank acts as a reservoir.
The system of banking rests upon a basis of
trust. #nnumerable acts of trust build up the
system of which bankers, depositors and
borrowers are part. They all agree to behave in
certain predictable ways in relation to each other
and in relation to the rapid fluctuations of credit
and debit. &onse!uently, business can be done
and che!ues can be written without any legal
tender visibly changing hands.
&'c ng(n h)ng ho*t +,ng li-n !uan +.n d/ng ti0n
l1u th2ng tr2ng n0n kinh t.. &'c ng(n h)ng th13ng
h4p t'c v5i ch6nh ph7 +8 9n +:nh n0n kinh t. v) ng;n
ch<n l*m ph't. => c? s@ chuy-n biAt v0 ho*t +,ng
kinh doanh trong viAc cung cBp vCn, v) cBp phDp c'c
h*n mEc t6n dFng. &'c ng(n h)ng bGt nguHn l) nIi
m) m>i ng13i l1u giJ bKo !uKn nhJng +H vLt c? gi'
tr:, nh1ng cho +.n nay c'c ng(n h)ng l5n tr-n th.
gi5i c? nhi0u chEc n;ng k8 +.n trong +? l) chEc
n;ng nh1 m,t vA sM bKo vA c'c gi' tr: c' nh(n.
&'c ng(n h)ng th13ng nhLn ti0n m<t tN kh'ch h)ng
c7a h> theo O hPnh thEc kh'c nhau: th8 hiAn tr-n t)i
khoKn vQng lai R t)i khoKn STTU ti0n gVi ti.t kiAm. W5i
m,t TT vQng lai, m,t kh'ch h)ng c? th8 ph't h)nh
XDc c' nh(n. Th2ng c? lQi +14c trK bYi ng(n h)ng
+Ci v5i lo*i t)i khoKn n)y. Tuy nhi-n, v5i m,t t)i
khoKn ti0n gVi, kh'ch h)ng bu,c phKi +8 ti0n c7a anh
ta t*i ng(n h)ng v5i sC d1 tCi thi8u trong m,t khoKng
th3i gian Z'c +:nh. XC ti0n n)y +14c h1Yng lQi.
"g(n h)ng theo +? cho vay sC ti0n gVi n)y +.n tay
c7a ng13i c[n vCn. =o*t +,ng n)y mang l*i l4i
nhuLn cho ng(n h)ng, v) khoKn lQi n)y h[u nh1 cao
hIn mEc lQi m) ng(n h)ng trK cho ng13i gVi ti0n.
B\ng c'ch n)y, ng(n h)ng t*o ra khoKn l4i nhuLn
ch6nh cho mPnh.
&h]ng ta c? th8 n?i chEc n;ng ch6nh c7a m,t ng(n
h)ng ng)y nay +?ng vai tr/ nh1 m,t trung gian cho
vay giJa ng13i gVi ti0n nhJng ng13i muCn thu lQi tN
khoKn ti.t kiAm c7a h>, v) nhJng ng13i c[n vCn.
"g(n h)ng giCng nh1 m,t kho !u^ v5i c'c d/ng ti0n
lu(n chuy8n ra v)o. BYi vLy, c'c ch7 th8 kinh t. v) t9
chEc t)i ch6nh th13ng n?i ti0n m<t t)i sKn thanh
khoKn nhBt hay c/n g>i l) s@ thanh khoKn c7a ti0n.
"hi0u khoKn vCn nh_ s` +14c tLp h4p t*i kho !u^
c7a ng(n h)ng v5i vai tr/ nh1 m,t trung gian nhLn
giJ ti0n.
=A thCng c7a ng(n h)ng ho*t +,ng d@a tr-n cI sY
tin t1Yng. ai' tr: v2 hPnh n)y +?ng vai tr/ Z(y d@ng
ni0m tin c7a hA thCng ng(n h)ng, ng13i gVi ti0n,
ng13i +i vay l) m,t ph[n trong +?. H u chp
nhn cho vay gia cc bn theo quan h tn chp
mt cch nhanh chng v thc hin vic ghi n!"
c# $%i vy m" cc &oanh nghip c th' thc
hin (inh &oanh v nhiu t) *+c ,!c pht hnh
m (h-ng c.n ch/ng nhn h!p php t0n n#
Unit 1 Money
MONEY I!N "
bll value in the economic is measured in terms of
money. cur goods and services are sold for money,
and that money is in turn eZchanged for our goods
and services. &oins are ade!uate for small
transactions while paper notes are used for general
business. There is additionally a wider sense of the
word money, covering anything which is used as a
means of eZchange whatever form it may take.
criginally, a valuable metal Sgold, silver or copperU
served as a constant store of value, and even today
the bmerica dollar is technically backed by the store
of gold which the dX government maintains.
Because gold has been universally regarded as a
very valueable metal, national currencies are
considered to be as strong as the national
economies which support them.
Waluable metal has generally been replaced by
paper notes. These notes are issued by government
authorized bank, and are known as elegal tenderf.
cther arrangements such as che!ues and money
orders are not legal tender. They perform the
function of subsititue money and are known as
einstrument of creditf. &redit is offered only when
creditors believe that they have a good chance of
obtaining legal tender when they present such
instruments at a bank or another authorized
institution. #f a mangs assets are known to be
considerable, then his credit will be good. #f his
assets are in doubt, then it may be difficult for him to
obtain large sums of credit or even to pay for goods
with a che!ue.
The value of money is bassically its value as a
medium of eZchange, or as economists put it, its
#$%cha&ing #o'e%. This puschasing power is
dependent on supply and demand. The demand for
money i& %ec(ona)*e as the !uantity needed to
effect business transactions. bn increase in
business re!uires an increase in the amount of
money coming into general circulation. But the
demand for money is related not only to the !uantity
of business but aslo to the %a#i+ity with which the
business is done. The supply of money, on the other
hand, is the actual amount in notes and coins
availble for business purposes. #f too much money
is availble, its value decreases, and it does not buy
as much as it did, say, five years earlier. This
condition is known as in,*ation-

TBt cK c'c gi' tr: c7a n0n kinh t. +0u +14c +o l13ng
bYi ti0n tA. &'c h)ng ho' v) d:ch vF cKu ch]ng ta +0u
+14c b'n +8 thu ti0n v) ta l*i dhng thE ti0n +? +8 trao
+9i lBy thE h)ng ho' v) d:ch vF ta c[n. "hJng +Hng
ti0n th6ch h4p cho c'c giao d:ch nh_ trong khi +? ti0n
giBy +14c sV dFng cho c'c giao d:ch th2ng th13ng.
"go)i ra tN ti0n tA c/n c? kh'i niAm r,ng hIn, bao
trhm bBt cE vLt gP +14c dhng l)m nh1 m,t ph1Ing
tiAn trao +9i. ii8n hPnh nh1 m,t mi.ng kim lo*i c? gi'
tr: Sv)ng, b*c ho<c +HngU phFc vF nh1 m,t th15c +o
gi' tr: chujn, v) thLm ch6 ng)y nay i2la %^ v0 m<t kM
thuLt vkn +14c +Km bKo bYi v)ng, ch]ng +14c &h6nh
lh7 %^ cBt giJ. mo v)ng +14c l1u th2ng r,ng rQi nh1
m,t lo*i ti0n kim lo*i rBt c? gi', ti0n tA c7a c'c n15c
+14c Zem ZDt m*nh hay kh2ng phF thu,c r\ng h>
cung cBp ra bao nhi0u ti0n v)ng kim lo*i.
iHng kim lo*i c? gi' +Q +14c thay th. r,ng rQi bYi c'c
lo*i giBy b*c c? gi'. "hJng lo*i giBy b*c n)y +14c
ph't h)nh bYi "g(n h)ng +14c &h6nh ph7 un !uy0n,
v) +14c bi.t +.n v5i t-n g>i eTi0n tA ch6nh thEcf. &'c
c2ng cF t)i ch6nh kh'c nh1 XDc v) ng(n phi.u kh2ng
+14c g>i l) Ti0n tA ch6nh thEc. &h]ng th@c hiAn c'c
chEc n;ng c7a ti0n tA v) +14c bi.t +.n nh1 nhJng
e&2ng cF cho vayf. ThoKn vay +14c cBp cho khi ng13i
cho vay tin t1Yng r\ng ch]ng c? cI h,i tCt +8 +14c
chBp nhLn nh1 l) ti0n tA ch6nh thEc khi +14c +1a ra
t*i m,t ng(n h)ng hay m,t t9 chEc n)o kh'c. ".u t)i
sKn Sth. chBpU m,t ng13i c? gi' tr: +'ng k8, thP khoKn
cho vay c7a anh ta s` +14c +Km bKo. ".u t)i sKn c7a
anh ta c? vBn +0, thP c? th8 rBt kh? +8 anh ta +14c vay
m,t khoKn ti0n l5n thLm ch6 l) chi trK h)ng ho' b\ng
XDc.
ai' tr: c7a ti0n v0 cI bKn l) gi' tr: c7a m,t ph1Ing
tiAn trao +9i, ho<c hi8u nh1 nhi0u nh) kinh t. +<t cho
n? p +? l) &.c /$a ca ti0n- XEc mua c7a ti0n phF
thu,c v)o !uan hA cung c[u. "hu c[u ti0n trong c'c
giao d:ch kinh doanh 12c 34c 5nh l) l14ng ti0n
c[n c? cho m,t giao d:ch. X@ t;ng c7a m,t +In v: giao
d:ch +/i h_i mEc t;ng t1Ing Eng m,t l14ng ti0n +8
+'p Eng v/ng tu[n ho)n chung. "h1ng nhu c[u ti0n tA
kh2ng cho li-n !uan +.n t[n suBt c'c giao d:ch m) n?
c/n th]c +jy c'c giao d:ch +i6n %a nhanh ch7ng.
&ung v0 ti0n tA, tr-n kh6a c*nh kh'c, l) l14ng ti0n
th@c t. gHm ti0n giBy v) ti0n +Hng +'p Eng mFc +6ch
c7a c'c th1Ing vF. ".u c? !u' nhi0u ti0n m<t +14c
l1u h)nh, ti0n s` b: giKm gi' tr:, khi +? n? s` kh2ng
mua +14c m,t l14ng h)ng ho' chng gi' tr: nh1 tr15c,
ng13i ta n?i, q n;m sau. i(y l) +i0u kiAn +14c bi.t
+.n nh1 8/ #h4t-

Unit 9: A ;he<$e
A ;he<$e Mt t= >?c
The great advantage of using che!ues for
payments is that you dongt have to carry large
amounts of cash around with you. rour money
remains in your bank a/c where it is safe form loss
or theft. b che!ue is simply an order in writing to
your bank to pay money form yougre a/c to
someone else. This can be done anywhere without
going near a bank.
rou simply make out the che!ue and give it to the
payee. rou are the drawer, your bank is the drawee
and the person you are paying is the payee
"owadays che!ues are usually printed with two
lines down the middle, which are called the
crossing. b crossed che!ue means the money can
only be paid into the a/c. #f the che!ue is crossed
sb/c payeeg it can only be paid into the a/c of the
person named on the che!ue. cn the other hand,
an open che!ue can be cashed, if the drawer has
written slay &ashg or slay Bearerg instead of the
name of payee. bnd if the drawer make out of a
che!ue to withdraw money from his a/c, he tust
writes slay &ashg or slay selfg instead of writing his
name as the payee.
&he!ues without the crossing lines printed on them
are open che!ues and can be cashed or paid into
the payeegs bank a/c. #n this case, a letter of
authority from the drawer and proof of identify from
the bearer are needed.
layment by some form of non-cash instrument,
such as che!ues, is so common in the dT that only
u per cent of the total money supply is in the form
of notes and coins. leople normally use cash only
for small purchases so the banks do not have to
keep much cash ci%c$*ation-
vu +i8m l5n nhBt c7a viAc sV dFng sDc cho thanh to'n l)
b*n kh2ng c[n phKi mang m,t l14ng ti0n m<t l5n b-n
ng13i. Ti0n c7a b*n n\m trong t)i khoKn t*i ng(n h)ng l)
m2t nIi an to)n tr'nh viAc mBt ho<c mBt tr,m. %,t t3 sDc
+In giKn l) m,t lAnh vi.t cho ng(n h)ng c7a b*n trK ti0n
v)o t)i khoKn m,t ai +?. "? c? th8 +14c th@c hiAn t*i bBt
cE +(u m) kh2ng c[n +.n ng(n h)ng.
B*n cho viAc kw ph't t3 XDc v) +1a n? cho ng13i thF
h1Yng. B*n l) ng13i trK ti0n, ng(n h)ng c7a b*n l) ng(n
h)ng chi trK v) ng13i b*n trK ti0n l) ng13i thF h1Yng.
"g)y nay, c'c t3 sDc th13ng +14c in sxn O g*ch Y giJa,
n? +14c g>i l) +13ng g*ch chDo. %,t t3 XDc g*ch chDo
c? nghMa khoKn ti0n cho +14c chi trK v)o t)i khoKn. ".u t3
sDc +14c g*ch chDo kym d/ng chJ eT)i khoKn ng13i thF
h1Yngf n? cho c? th8 trK ti0n v)o t)i khoKn c7a ng13i c?
t-n tr-n XDc. %<t kh'c, m,t t3 XDc th2ng th13ng c? th8
+9i ra ti0n m<t, n.u ng13i kw ph't vi.t l) eTrK ti0n m<tf
ho<c eTrK cho ng13i c[m XDcf thay cho nIi ghi t-n c7a
ng13i thF h1Yng. W) n.u ng13i kw ph't kw ph't m,t t3
XDc +8 r]t ti0n tN t)i khoKn c7a anh ta, anh ta cho c[n vi.t
eTrK ti0n m<tf ho<c eTrK theo lAnh c7a ch6nh t2if thay cho
viAc vi.t t-n anh ta l-n ph[n ghi t-n c7a ng13i thF h1Yng.
&'c t3 sDc kh2ng c? +13ng g*ch chDo in sxn g>i l) sDc
mY v) c? th8 +9i ra ti0n m<t ho<c chi trK ti0n v)o t)i khoKn
c7a ng13i thF h1Yng t*i ng(n h)ng. Trong nhJng tr13ng
h4p nh1 vLy, ng13i c[m sDc bGt bu,c c[n m,t l' th1 un
!uy0n tN ng13i kw ph't v) m,t t3 giBy chEng nhLn c'
nh(n

WiAc thanh to'n b\ng c'c c2ng cF phi ti0n m<t nh1 XDc rBt
ph9 bi.n Y %^ v) cho uz t9ng l14ng ti0n cung Eng l) d15i
d*ng ti0n giBy ho<c ti0n Zu. %>i ng13i th13ng sV dFng
ti0n m<t cho c'c giao d:ch nh_ do vLy ng(n h)ng kh2ng
c[n phKi giJ nhi0u ti0n m<t trong *1$ th@ng-
Unit 9: he g%o'th o, Ban( ;%e+it ca%+&
he g%o'th o, Ban( ;%e+it ca%+& >A #h4t t%iBn ca hC tDn +Eng ngn hng
In %ecent yea%&F lending associated
bank credit cards has been the fastest
growth area in consumer lending. Bank
credit cards first became popular nearly
{| years ago. bt that time, individual
banks issued the cards to their eZisting
customers and recruited local retailers
who agreed to accept them from the
customers. larticipating retailers daily
presented the bank with sales vouchers
signed by their card-using customers.
The retailergs bank a/cs then received
immediate credit, less the )an(G&
+i&co$nt-
This service provided benefits to all
three parties: i&&$ing )an(F ca%+ho*+e%
an+ %etai*e%- The bank collected fee
derived from discounting retailergs sales
vouchers and charged interest on
cardholder outstanding balances.
&ardholders entoyed un!uestionable
credit from participating retailers,
avoided the burden of carrying cash for
large purchases, and were not worried
about uncertain acceptance of written
checks. }etailers eZpanded their sales
appeal to a growing pool of cardholders.
=owever, the local bank credit card had
serious drawbacks. The cardgs
usefulness was restricted to a circle of
participating retailers in the card bankgs
market areas. blso, there was strong
competition among local banks that
issued credit cards. These drawbacks
were overcome in the late ~|s when
two national credit card authorities
emerged to replace the local bank
cards.
%ong nhHng nI/ gJn yF ho*t +,ng cho vay
th2ng !ua th t6n dFng ng(n h)ng +Q ph't tri8n
nhanh ch?ng trong ho*t +,ng cho vay ti-u dhng.
&'c tBm th t6n dFng ng(n h)ng +[u ti-n +Q trY
n-n ph9 bi.n tN c'ch +(y {| n;m. W)o th3i +i8m
+?, c'c ng(n h)ng t1 nh(n +Q ph't h)nh c'c tBm
th cho c'c kh'ch h)ng c7a h> v) li-n k.t v5i c'c
nh) b'n l +:a ph1Ing nhJng ng13i chBp nhLn
b'n h)ng cho kh'ch h)ng c7a ng(n h)ng. =)ng
ng)y, c'c nh) b'n l ZuBt trPnh c'c ho' +In mua
h)ng kw bYi kh'ch h)ng sV dFng th t6n dFng c7a
ng(n h)ng cho ng(n h)ng. T)i khoKn ng(n h)ng
c7a c'c nh) b'n l sau +? s` lLp tEc +14c ghi
"4, sau khi trN +i (hoKn chiLt (hM$ ca ngn
hng.
m:ch vF n)y +Q cung cBp nhi0u tiAn 6ch cho cK {
b-n: Ngn hng #h4t hnh thCF ch thC v
ng1=i )4n *C- "g(n h)ng thu +14c khoKn ph6 tN
viAc chi.t khBu c'c ho' +In b'n l v) t6nh ph6 tr-n
khoKn lQi m) ch7 th ti-u !u' sC d1. &'c ch7 th
th6ch +14c mua h)ng v5i khoKn t6n dFng kh2ng
h*n mEc tN b-n ng13i b'n l, viAc n)y tr'nh +14c
viAc phKi mang v'c nhi0u ti0n +8 mua h)ng ho'
sC l14ng l5n, v) kh2ng phKi lo lGng v0 viAc sC d1
trong t)i khoKn b: gi5i h*n. "g13i b'n l cng +Q
mY r,ng +14c viAc b'n h)ng chng v5i !u' trPnh
t;ng l-n c7a nhi0u ch7 sV dFng th.
Tuy nhi-n, c'c th t6n dFng c7a ng(n h)ng +:a
ph1Ing c? nhJng h*n ch. +'ng k8. X@ tiAn l4i
c7a th cho h*n ch. trong ph*m vi giao d:ch giJa
c'c b-n li-n !uan +.n th: tr13ng th c7a tNng
ng(n h)ng. mo vLy, c? m,t s@ canh tranh l5n giJa
c'c ng(n h)ng +:a ph1Ing khi ph't h)nh th t6n
dFng. "hJng h*n ch. n)y +Q b: +jy lhi v)o cuCi
thLp ni-n ~| khi O lo*i th t6n dFng !uCc t. ra
+3i thay th. c'c lo*i th c7a ng(n h)ng +:a
ph1Ing.
Unit N: O*a&tic Money
O*a&tic Money hC ti0n /Pt
(Note: This is simply an introduction. More details
about the different kinds of card will follow.)
llastic money is the name given to all types of
plastic card which are used in place of cash.
There are different names for these cards but in
general they have two main purpose: to ena)*e
#eo#*e to o)tain ca&h or to /a(e #ay/ent&
'itho$t $&ing ca&h o% che<$e&.
Banks now make available to their customers a
single card which does three things: it guarantees
che!ues Slike a bank card or che!ue guaranteed
cardU it o)tain& ca&h ,%o/ a$to/atic te**e%
/achine& SbT%sU and it #ay& ,o% goo+& )y
e*ect%ic ,$n+& t%an&,e% at #oint o, &a*e
S$TlcXU.
A ,o$%th $&e for plastic cards is to give
customers credit when they purchse goods or
services. &redit cards are issued by credit card
companies such as bccess, %astercard, Wisa,
bmerican Zpress. Xome of these are owned by
banks. ;ha%ge ca%+& Sbmerican Zpress, minergs
clubU are similar to credit cards e3ce#t that the
holder has to pay the a/c in full each month and
these is also an ann$a* /e/)e%&hi# to ,ee.
mebit cards are like credit cards eZcept that they
are used to debit S&$)t%actQ money to the
customergs bank a/c when a purchase is made.
bn eZisting credit balance is reduced. But when a
credit card is used, a debit balance is increased.
Sbddition uestion: hy: when we used a mebit card,
a credit balance is reduced bnd when we used a
&redit card then a debit balance is increased U
he *ate&t +eve*o#/ent in plastic money is the
>/a%t ;a%+. This carries a microchip on it with
a/c information on the holder. #t can also carry
information about previous transactions, which
can be viewed at en<$i%y te%/ina*&. ;*ea%*yF
such a cash card can also be used to carry non-
banking information, such as medical and other
personal details.
(Ghi ch: y l! m"t l#i $i%i thi&u '(n $i)n. Th*n$ tin
th+m ,- c.c lo/i th0 s1 '23c '- c4p sau)
Th ti0n m<t l) c'i t-n +14c +<t cho tBt cK c'c lo*i th
nh@a ch]ng +14c sV dFng thay cho ti0n m<t. &?
nhi0u lo*i t-n kh'c nhau c7a c'c lo*i th n)y nh1ng
nhPn chung ch]ng c? O chEc n;ng ch6nh l): cho #h?#
ng1=i +Rng %St ti0n /Pt ho<c thAc hiTn c4c (hoKn
thanh to4n (h@ng +Rng ti0n /Pt hoPc >?c.
&'c ng(n h)ng ng)y nay cho phDp c'c kh'ch h)ng
c7a h> m,t th +In n? c? { chEc n;ng ch6nh: n? bKo
+Km c'c t3 XDc SgiCng nh1 m,t tBm th ng(n h)ng
ho<c th +Km bKo XDcU n? %St ti0n /Pt tU c4c /4y
Vc thC tA ng SbT%sU v) chi t%K ti0n (hi /$a c4c
hng ho4 ti c4c iB/ )4n hng ch$yBn ti0n iTn
tW-
X$ iB/ th. Y c7a th nh@a l) n? cho kh'ch h)ng
ghi c? v)o t)i khoKn khi h> mua h)ng ho' ho<c sV
dFng d:ch vF. Th t6n dFng +14c ph't h)nh bYi c'c
c2ng ty ph't h)nh th t6n dFng nh1 bccess,
%astercard, Wisa, bmerican Zpress. %,t trong sC +?
tr@c thu,c c'c ng(n h)ng. Th ph6 Sth bmerican
Zpress, minergs clubU giCng v5i th t6n dFng tuy nhi-n
ch7 T)i khoKn phKi thanh to'n to)n b, c'c khoKn
h\ng th'ng v) n? c/n +14c g>i l) #hD thnh viZn
h[ng nI/
Th ghi n4 giCng th t6n dFng nh1ng ch]ng +14c sV
dFng +8 ghi n4 St%UU ti0n v)o t)i khoKn ng(n h)ng c7a
kh'ch h)ng khi m,t giao d:ch +14c th@c hiAn. XC d1
c? s` b: giKm ZuCng. "h1ng khi sV dFng m,t th t6n
dFng, sC d1 n4 l*i t;ng l-n
S&(u h_i phF: T*i sao khi dhng th ghi "4 thP sC d1 &?
giKm W) khi dhng th t6n dFng thP sC d1 "4 l*i t;ng U
B1\c #h4t t%iBn c$]i cRng c7a th nh@a l) Th
th@ng /inh. "? mang trong mPnh m,t con ch6p +iAn
tV v5i th2ng tin t)i khoKn c7a ch7 t)i khoKn. "? cng
c? th8 chEa c'c th2ng tin v0 c'c giao d:ch tr15c +?,
n? c? th8 +14c +>c t*i c'c /4y c7 J$ Vc thC chD#.
^_ %ngF v5i nhJng tBm th nh1 vLy ta c? th8 mang
theo cK nhJng th2ng tin phi ng(n h)ng, v6 dF nh1
th2ng tin v0 sEc kho ho<c c'c th2ng tin c' nh(n
kh'c.
Unit Y: ;a&h ca%+&
;a&h ca%+& hC ti0n /Pt
&ash dispenser, automatic teller machine
or cash-point are some of the name given
to machines from which customers can
withdraw money from their bank accounts,
using their cash cards. They can do this at
any branch of their bank and the branches
of other banks which are linked to their
bank.
S"ote: #n the dXb, the teller is a person
receiving and handing out money in a bank.
This occupation is called cashier in Britain.U
ith the cash card, customers also receive
a l#" or personal identification number
which they should memorise. This number
is kept secret even from staff of their
branch. hen using the dispenser,
customer insert the card and key the l#"
number in. By following a clear set of
instructions, which appear on the video
screen, they can-withdraw cash up to a
certain limit, check the balance of their a/c
or deposit money.
"ot all banks provide the same automatic
teller services. Zamples of services
avaible from customergs own branch
machines are account information, orders
for new che!ue books and deposits of
che!ues and cash. cwn-branch machines
may aslo issue mini-statements of account,
showing deposits tust made and the
current balance.

%'y +9i ti0n tN th ti0n m<t, m'y +>c th t@
+,ng ho<c +i8m +9i ti0n l) m,t trong nhi0u
c'i t-n c7a c'c m'y m) tN n? c'c kh'ch
h)ng c? th8 r]t ti0n tN t)i khoKn ng(n h)ng
c7a h> khi sV dFng c'c th ti0n m<t n)y. =>
c? th8 l)m viAc n)y S+9i ti0nU t*i bBt k chi
nh'nh n)o c7a ng(n h)ng h> mY t)i khoKn
ho<c c'c chi nh'nh c7a c'c ng(n h)ng kh'c
li-n k.t v5i ng(n h)ng c7a h>.
Sahi ch]: "g(n h)ng %^, ng13i thu ng(n l)
m,t ng13i nhLn v) cho vay ti0n trong m,t ng(n
h)ng. "? cng +Hng nghMa v5i t-n g>i Th7 !u^ Y
c'c "g(n h)ng bnhU
W5i th ti0n m<t, c'c kh'ch h)ng s` nhLn
+14c sC l#" hay c/n g>i l) %Q sC Z'c nhLn
kh'ch h)ng v) h> phKi nh5 n?. %Q sC n)y
+14c giJ b6 mLt thLm ch6 cK trong c'c nh(n
vi-n c7a chi nh'nh. Thi sV dFng m'y +9i
ti0n, kh'ch h)ng +1a th v)o m'y kym theo
sC l#" Z'c nhLn. B\ng m,t lo*t c'c cho dkn
kym theo, hiAn tr-n m)n hPnh +iAn tV, h> c?
th8 r]t ti0n t5i h*n mEc nhBt +:nh, v) c? th8
ki8m tra sC tr-n t)i khoKn c7a h> ho<c l14ng
ti0n gVi trong t)i khoKn.
Th2ng phKi tBt cK c'c ng(n h)ng +0u cung
cBp c'c d:ch vF m'y +>c th t@ +,ng giCng
nhau. By v6 dF nh1 c'c d:ch vF cung cBp
th2ng tin t)i khoKn tN m'y ch7 c7a chi
nh'nh, lAnh cBp s9 XDc m5i v) gVi ti0n m<t
hay XDc. &'c m'y ch7 t*i chi nh'nh c? th8
ph't h)nh c'c bKn sao k- nh_ c7a t)i khoKn,
cho thBy viAc gVi ti0n +Q +14c th@c hiAn v)
sC d1 t)i khoKn Y th3i +i8m hiAn t*i.
Bank Giro Credit System
Bank Giro Credit System H thng chuyn khon ngn
hng Giro Credit
A Giro system is commonly used
in Euroe! "t is credit clearing
since it is initiated #y the de#tor
making a re$uest to the aying
#ank that a credit #e made to
another indi%idual&s account!
'he ad%antage o( the Giro system
is the simlicity #ecause the
aers and in(ormation are sent in
only one direction )(rom the
dra*er&s #ank to the ayee&s #ank
through the Clearing House+! ,any
o( the costs in%o%led in che$ue
system are a%oided! Additionally-
#ecause the transactions in%ol%e
an initial de#it and su#se$uent
credit to a.c- the de(ault risk is
reduced once the transactions
#egin! 'he disad%antage o( the
Giro system is- ho*e%er- readily
aarent! "t relies on the de#tor
)uchaser+ initiating the
transaction! 'he Creditor thus
loses control o%er the
imlementation o( the ayment-
*hich until noti/cation is gi%en!
Conse$uently- Giro transactions
are not suita#le (or large num#er
o( transactions *here the seller o(
goods has no *ay o( making the
urchaser ay- and there may #e
a greater use o( cash (or day0to0
day transaction in comarision
*ith countries *hich use che$ues!
'he Giro system is articularly on
a regular #asis! 1ayments (or
electricity- gas and *ater are
o#%ious e2amles!
,3t h thng chuyn ti4n Giro 5in h6nh
578c s9 d:ng ; Chu <u! => l h thng
thanh to?n #@ trA #?o ghi =8 #Bt 5Cu tA
lDc ng7Ei 5i %ay g9i 5Fn 54 nghG 5Hn
ngn hng chi tr rIng hJ mun 2in %ay
tA m3t ti khon c? nhn kh?c!
Ku 5im cLa h thng chuyn ti4n Giro l
tMnh 5Fn gin #;i %6 chNng tA % c?c thOng
tin chP g9i theo m3t h7Qng )tA ngn hng
ng7Ei chi tr 5Hn ngn hng cLa ng7Ei th:
h7;ng thOng $ua 'rung tm thanh to?n #@
trA+! 'r?nh 578c nhi4u khon chi hM trong
$u? tr6nh 29 lR SSc! 'hTm nUa- #;i %6 c?c
giao dGch #ao gVm %ic ghi =8 tr7Qc % ghi
C> sau %o ti khon- rLi ro cF #n 5W 578c
gim thiu X khi tiHn hnh giao dGch! 'uy
nhiTn- 5im #Yt l8i cLa h thng Giro- 5i4u
hin nhiTn ta c> th thYy! => h: thu3c
%o uy tMn cLa con n8 )ng7Ei mua+ trong
mZi giao dGch! =g7Ei cho %ay theo 5> mYt
$uy4n kim so?t %ic th[c hin thanh to?n
5Hn khi nh\n 578c thOng #?o! B;i %\y- c?c
giao dGch chuyn khon Giro khOng h@
h8 %Qi hCn lQn c?c giao dGch #?n hng
ho?- c?c giao dGch ny ng7Ei #?n hng
khOng c?ch no #u3c ng7Ei ng7Ei mua
hng tr ti4n- % 5y l 7u 5im lQn cLa
%ic tr ti4n trong c?c giao dGch hIng ngy
giUa c?c n7Qc s9 d:ng SSc! H thng
chuyn khon Giro ho]t 53ng trTn m3t
h7Fng thNc thanh to?n cF #n ^ 5> l
hng ho? 578c Nng tr7Qc % th7Eng 2uyTn!
'hanh to?n cho ti4n 5in- gas % n7Qc l
c?c %M d: 5in h6nh!
Unit `: ;%e+it ca%+&
;%e+it ca%+& hC tDn +Eng
hen you buy something you show your credit card
to the seller. The seller takes the details of your card:
the number, the credit limit and the eZpiry date. rou
sign the sellergs voucher Smaking two copiesU which
he uses to collect payment from the credit card
company. $or this service the retailer pays a fee
Saround per cent of the value of the transactionU.
ach month the credit card company sends the
cardholder an a/c lists that monthgs which lists that
monthgs transactions and interest charges.
The advantages of credit cards to the customer are
convenience and security. They are convenient
because it is possible to buy an air ticket over the
telephone by giving the number of your credit card to
the travel agent. rou dongt have to carry so much
cash around, so you run less risk of being robbed or
mugged. blso if your card is lost or stolen, yougre a/c
cannot be used be another person, provided that you
report the loss immediately. bnother advantage with
some cards is that, if you pay yougre a/c in full each
month, you pay no interest. #n effect, you have a
contin$o$& inte%e&ta,%ee *oan-
The advantage of credit cards to retailers is that, by
making credit easily available, sales can be
increased, and because no money changes hands,
and there is less cash on the premises they have
added security. cn the other hand, because of the
per cent fee charged by the credit card company the
retailers faces increased costs. This cost is added to
the prices of goods. There is also an administration
cost because retailers have to keep records, total up
sales vouchers and pay them into their banks.
The cardholder signs three copies of each voucher p
one for himself, one for the retailer and one for the
bank. The bank credits the retailergs a/c for the value
of the vouchers, debits its credit card company a/c
and sends the vouchers to the credit card company.
The system varies form bank to bank. Xome bank
debit the commission due on the value of the
vouchers to the tradergs a/c.
hen the credit card company services the
vouchers it pays the bank through the clearing
system the value of each retailergs total sales minus
the commission. bt the same time it debits the
cardholdergs a/cs and sends them a statement each
month.
Thi b*n mua m,t c'i gP +?, b*n trPnh th t6n dFng c7a
b*n cho ng13i b'n h)ng. "g13i b'n h)ng sV dFng c'c
chi ti.t trong th t6n dFng c7a b*n: XC th, h*n mEc t6n
dFng v) ng)y +'o h*n. B*n kw v)o ho' +In c7a ng13i
b'n h)ng Schia l)m O bKn saoU v) ng13i b'n h)ng sV
dFng +8 th@c hiAn khoKn thanh to'n tN c2ng ty ph't
h)nh th t6n dFng. W5i d:ch vF n)y, ng13i b'n l chi trK
m,t khoKn ph6 SkhoKng z gi' tr: c7a m,t giao d:chU.
=\ng th'ng c2ng ty ph't h)nh th t6n dFng gVi cho ch7
th m,t danh s'ch cho thBy c'c giao d:ch trong th'ng +?
v) tNng khoKn ph6 phKi trK.
vu +i8m c7a th t6n dFng +Ci v5i kh'ch h)ng l) s@
thuLn tiAn v) an to)n. &h]ng thuLn tiAn bYi vP ch]ng c?
th8 mua +14c vD m'y bay !ua +iAn tho*i b\ng viAc gVi
sC th t6n dFng c7a b*n cho +*i lw du l:ch. B*n kh2ng c[n
phKi mang nhi0u ti0n b-n ng13i, do +? cng tr'nh kh_i
c'c r7i ro b: c15p ho<c tBn c2ng. Th2ng cho ti0n c7a b*n
kh2ng b: mBt ho<c mBt tr,m, m) t)i khoKn c7a b*n cng
kh2ng th8 sV dFng bYi m,t ng13i kh'c. %,t l4i th. kh'c
+Ci v5i th t6n dFng, n.u b*n thanh to'n +[y +7 ti0n trong
th'ng, b*n kh2ng phKi trK lQi. Tr-n th@c t., b*n c7 /t
(hoKn vay (h@ng tDnh *bi *iZn tEc-
vu +i8m c7a th t6n dFng +Ci v5i ng13i b'n l kh' r,
b\ng viAc cho phDp ghi &? d d)ng, c'c giao d:ch t;ng
l-n v) vP kh2ng c[n ti0n trao tay hay sC ti0n trao tay rBt 6t,
+i0u n)y khi.n ch]ng l*i c)ng th-m an to)n. %<t kh'c,
bYi vP ng13i b'n h)ng phKi +Ci m<t v5i viAc t;ng chi ph6
n-n m,t khoKn ph6 z +Q +14c t6nh th2ng !ua c'c c2ng
ty ph't h)nh th t6n dFng. &hi ph6 n)y +14c c,ng th-m
v)o gi' b'n h)ng ho'. ThoKn ph6 n)y cng bao gHm chi
ph6 !uKn lw vP ng13i b'n h)ng phKi giJ c'c bKn ghi chDp,
tBt cK c'c ho' +In mua h)ng v) chuy8n ch]ng t5i cho
ng(n h)ng c7a h>.
&h7 th kh6 v)o { bKn sao c7a tNng ho' +In m,t m,t
bKn kh'ch h)ng giJ, m,t bKn cho ng13i b'n h)ng v)
m,t bKn ng(n h)ng giJ. "g(n h)ng ghi c? v)o t)i khoKn
c7a ng13i b'n h)ng khoKn ti0n nh1 trong ho' +In, ghi
n4 khoKn ti0n +? v)o t)i khoKn c7a c2ng ty ph't h)nh
th t6n dFng v) chuy8n nhJng ho' +In t5i c2ng ty ph't
h)nh th t6n dFng. =A thCng giJa c'c ng(n h)ng v) ng(n
h)ng kh'c rBt kh'c nhau. m,t v)i ng(n h)ng ghi n4
khoKn ph6 d@a tr-n gi' tr: ho' +In v)o t)i khoKn ng13i
mua h)ng.
Thi c2ng ty ph't h)nh th t6n dFng cung cBp ho' +In h>
chuy8n n? cho ng(n h)ng th2ng !ua hA thCng thanh to'n
bh trN, gi' tr: c7a tNng khoKn doanh thu b'n h)ng s` trN
+i m,t khoKn ph6. &hng l]c +?, ng(n h)ng ghi n4 v)o t)i
khoKn ch7 th v) gVi t5i ch7 th m,t bKn sao k- th'ng
+?.
The numbers of lost and stolen cards are put into a
computer network, which list all lost credit cards.
These lists are con&tant*y $#+ate+ and card
shopkeepers and other retailers on the network can
!uickly check if a credit card presented by a
customer has been stolen or lost, by passing the
card through their computer terminal.
XC l14ng th b: mBt v) mBt cGp +14c nhLp v)o trong
m,t m*ng m'y t6nh, n? liAt k- danh s'ch c'c th t6n dFng
b: mBt. &'c danh s'ch n)y +14c cc# nhct th1=ng
3$yZn v) ng13i b'n h)ng ho<c bBt k ng13i b'n l n)o
th2ng !ua m*ng cng c? th8 nhanh ch?ng ki8m tra +14c
liAu m2t chi.c th t6n dFng +14c ZuBt trPnh bYi m,t kh'ch
h)ng c? b: mBt ho<c mBt tr,m kh2ng, th2ng !ua viAc +1a
chi.c th v)o m'y t6nh tr*m +<t Y cVa h)ng c7a h>.
Unit d: EeOO> f ge)it ca%+
EeOO> f ge)it ca%+ EeOO> f hC ghi N2
EeOO> is eZactly what it stand for:
lectronic $unds Transfer at loint of Xale.
The cost of good is transferred electronically
at the point of sale from the customergs bank
to the sellergs bank. The point of sale is at the
supermarket or petrol station where customer
use their plastic cards to pay for goods. The
saleperson swipes SpagesU the card through a
card reader which reads the information on
the magnetic strip on the back of credit card.
The card reader enables the cash terminal
computer to send the customergs details via
te*e#hone 'i%e& to a ;ent%a* >'itch. The
card details are encoded for security. The
&entral Xwitch selects the correct bank and
sends the card details to the customergs
bankgs processor which checks the following
information:
1utho0i2ation 3hec(4i5t6
~. &ard issue number.
O. =as the card been reported stolen
{. The eZpiry date of the card
. The value of the purchase.
q. #s there enough money in the
customergs a/c
. The retailergs identification number.
. The retailergs terminal number
#f everything terminal confirms the payment,
issues a receipt for customer to sign and the
customer can take the goods away. bt the
same time the &entral Xwitch transmits the
value of the transaction to the shopgs bank. #f
the payment is not authorized the customergs
bank debits the value of the purchase to his or
her a/c. %eanwhile, also three days, the
shopgs bank credit shopgs a/c with the value of
the goods.
EeOO> ch6nh Z'c nghMa l): ii8m b'n h)ng
chuy8n ti0n t@ +,ng. Ti0n mua h)ng ho' +14c
chuy8n m,t c'ch t@ +,ng t*i +i8m b'n h)ng tN
ng(n h)ng c7a kh'ch mua h)ng +.n ng(n h)ng
c7a ng13i b'n h)ng. ii8m b'n h)ng l) c'c si-u
th: ho<c tr*m Z;ng nIi m) kh'ch h)ng c? th8 sV
dFng th nh@a c7a h> +8 chi trK cho h)ng ho'.
"g13i b'n h)ng !ut th SchEng tNU th2ng !ua
+[u +>c th, n? +>c c'c th2ng tin tr-n dKi tN t6nh
Y +\ng sau th t6n dFng.
i[u +>c th cho m'y t6nh tr*m gVi th2ng tin
kh'ch h)ng th2ng !ua iTn thoi c] 5nh t5i
%$ng t/ ch$yBn /ch. "hJng chi ti.t c7a th
+14c mQ ho' +8 +Km bKo an to)n. Trung t(m
chuy8n m*ch ch>n +]ng ng(n h)ng v) gVi chi
ti.t c7a th tN m'y t6nh c7a ng(n h)ng c7a
kh'ch h)ng, n? s` ki8m tra c'c th2ng tin d15i
+(y:
7anh 5ch chp nhn thanh ton6
~. XC th +14c ph't h)nh.
O. Th n)y c? +14c b'o l) b: mBt kh2ng:
{. "g)y d'o h*n c7a th.
. ai' tr: khoKn mua h)ng.
q. iAu c? +7 ti0n trong t)i khoKn c7a kh'ch
h)ng hay kh2ng.
. XC Z'c nhLn c7a ng13i b'n l.
. XC Z'c nhLn m'y t6nh tr*m c7a ng13i b'n
l.
".u tBt cK m'y tr*m Z'c nhLn thanh to'n, ph't
h)nh m,t t3 giBy bi-n nhLn cho kh'ch h)ng v)
kw, sau +? kh'ch h)ng c? th8 mang h)ng ho' +i.
&hng l]c +?, Trung t(m chuy8n m*ch chuy8n gi'
tr: khoKn giao d:ch cho ng(n h)ng c7a cVa h)ng.
".u viAc thanh to'n kh2ng +14c chBp nhLn,
ng(n h)ng c7a kh'ch h)ng ghi n4 gi' tr: khoKn
mua h)ng v)o t)i khoKn c7a anh/ch: Sng13i mua
h)ngU. Trong th3i gian n)y, cng l) { ng)y, ng(n
h)ng c7a cVa h)ng ghi n4 v)o t)i khoKn c7a
ng13i b'n h)ng khoKn gi' tr: c7a h)ng ho' +Q
b'n.
Unit d: 8ette% o, c%e+it
8ette% o, c%e+it h1 tDn +Eng
b etter of credit S/&U is an agreement
in which a customer Sapplicant for /&U
asks a bank S/& issuing bankU to make
a commitment to pay or accept the bill
in favour of a third party SbeneficiaryU
when he/she presents the issuing bank
the correct documents. There are
various types of /& to meet the
different needs of customers such as
^evoca)*e c%e+it, I%%evoca)*e c%e+it,
;on,i%/e+ c%e+itF Uncon,i%/e+
c%e+it, ^evo*ving c%e+itF )ac(atoa
)ac( c%e+it, %e+ac*a$&e c%e+it,
&tan+)y c%e+it, t%an&,e%a)*e c%e+it-
^evoca)*e c%e+it: in the revocable
credit the opener SbuyerU can in&t%$ct
his bank to amend or cancel the credit
at any moment without notice to the
beneficiary SsellerU. #n view of
uncertainty of payment, this type of
credit is usually unacceptable to the
seller and is rarely in use in
international trade unless the partners
in a transaction are well known to each
other.
I%%evoca)*e c%e+it: This is the type of
credit most commonly in use in
international trade. bn irrevocable
credit is one that can not be amended
or cancelled unless all parties
concerned are agreeable to such
amended or cancellation. #t is legally
binding in the issuing bank which
guarantees payment to the beneficiary
against delivery of specified documents
drawn in accordance with the terms of
the credit.
;on,i%/e+ c%e+it: b confirmed credit is
an irrevocable credit in which the
advising bank will be re!uested by the
issuing bank to add its own
confirmation to the credit. The effect of
this confirmation is that both the issuing
%,t bEc th1 t6n dFng S/&U l) m,t thoK thuLn
giJa ~ kh'ch h)ng Sng13i +0 +In mY /&U
y-u c[u ~ ng(n h)ng Sng(n h)ng ph't h)nh
/&U th@c hiAn cam k.t thanh to'n ho<c chBp
nhLn t3 hCi phi.u ZuBt trPnh bYi ~ b-n thE {
Sng13i thF h1YngU khi anh/ ch: ta ZuBt trPnh
cho ng(n h)ng ph't h)nh b, chEng tN h4p lA.
&? nhi0u lo*i /& kh'c nhau +'p Eng c'c nhu
c[u kh'c nhau c7a kh'ch h)ng, v6 dF nh1:
h1 g c7 thB h$h ngang, th1 g (o thB
h$h ngang, th1 g b 34c nhcn, th1 g
ch1a 34c nhcn, th1 g t$Jn hon, th1 g
gi4# *1ng, th1 g i0$ (hoKn iF th1 g
+A #hjng, th1 g c7 thB ch$yBn nh12ng.
h1 g c7 thB h$h ngang: trong th1 Tm c?
th8 hun ngang, ng13i mY /& Sng13i muaU c?
th8 chk th5 ng(n h)ng anh ta +i0u chonh ho<c
hun b_ t6n dFng v)o bBt cE l]c n)o m) kh2ng
c[n th2ng b'o cho ng13i thF h1Yng Sng13i
b'nU. TN g?c +, kh2ng chGc chGn c7a viAc
thanh to'n, lo*i th1 Tm n)y th13ng kh2ng
nhLn +14c s@ chBp nhLn c7a ng13i b'n h)ng
v) hi.m khi +14c sV dFng trong th1Ing m*i
!uCc t. trN khi c'c b-n trong giao d:ch +Q c?
ti.ng t;m v) !uen bi.t nhau.
h1 g (o thB h$h ngang: ly l) lo*i th1
Tm th13ng sV dFng nhBt trong th1Ing m*i
!uCc t.. %,t bEc th1 Tm ko th8 hun ngang
kh2ng th8 tu chonh ho<c hun b_ trN khi tBt cK
c'c b-n li-n !uan chng chBp thuLn +i0u chonh
ho<c hun b_. &? c'c +i0u khoKn ph'p lw r)ng
bu,c giJa c'c b-n bKo +Km cho viAc thanh
to'n t5i ng13i thF h1Yng nh\m tr'nh viAc
chuy8n +i c'c chEng tN +14c kw ph't theo
c'c +i0u khoKn c7a th1 t6n dFng.
h1 g b 34c nhcn: %,t bEc th1 Tm +Q Z'c
nhLn l) m,t bEc th1 Tm kh2ng th8 hun ngang
giJa ng(n h)ng Z'c nhLn s` +14c ng(n h)ng
ph't h)nh y-u c[u th-m dBu Z'c nhLn c7a
"= Z'c nhLn l-n th1 Tm. T'c dFng c7a dBu
bank and the confirming bank will be
tointly responsible to the beneficiary. #n
the event of outbreak of war or in the
case when the issuing bank is not well
known, such a confirmation of credit
may become valuable because it gives
the greatest degree of security to the
beneficiary.
Uncon,i%/e+ c%e+it: b letter of credit
is said to be 5unconfirmed6 when it is
advised to the beneficiary without
commitment of that bank Sadvising
bankU. #n this case, the issuing bank is
the only party to be fully responsible to
the beneficiary. #n recent years this
type of credit has been increasing in
use for international trade.
Z'c nhLn l) +Hng th3i cK ng(n h)ng ph't
h)nh v) ng(n h)ng Z'c nhLn +0u +Hng w ch:u
tr'ch nhiAm +.n ng13i thF h1Yng. Trong
tr13ng h4p c? tranh chBp ho<c trong tr13ng
h4p ng(n h)ng ph't h)nh kh2ng c? t-n tu9i,
m,t s@ Z'c nhLn nh1 vLy c? th8 trY n-n c?
gi' tr: b3i vP n? +14c gVi +i v5i +, an to)n cao
nhBt t5i ng13i thF h1Yng
h1 g ch1a c7 +M$ 34c nhcn: %,t bEc th1
Tm +14c n?i l) 5ch2a 7.c nh4n6 khi n? +Q
+14c chuy8n cho ng13i thF h1Yng m) kh2ng
c? s@ Z'c nhLn c7a ng(n h)ng Z'c nhLn.
Trong tr13ng h4p, ng(n h)ng ph't h)nh cho l)
~ b-n c? to)n !uy0n +Ci v5i ng13i thF h1Yng.
Trong nhJng n;m g[n +(y, lo*i th1 Tm n)y +Q
v) +ang +14c sV dFng nhi0u hIn trong
th1Ing m*i !uCc t.
Unit m: Ban( 8oan&
Ban( *oan& ;4c (hoKn cho vay ca ngn hng
}ecently banks have offered many few ,aci*itie&
to their customers. There are new types of a/cs,
che!ue cards, cash cards, credit cards, insurance
cover, investment services.
no'eve%, one of the most important services
banks offer is that they lend money to their
customer. The methods available for a customer
to borrow from his bank and the rate of interest he
is charged vary from country to country and bank
to bank.
cne way of borrowing is to ove%+%a' on your a/c.
This is useful if you only wish to borrow a small
amount for a short time. The interest rate on
overdrafts depends upon the bank rate. #n the dT,
at the moment it is ~Oz over base rate i.e. O{z.
cf course you can only have an overdraft with
your managergs permission.
bnother way is to arrange a o#e%&ona*G *oan. b
personal loan is for a fiZed period of time usually
{-q years. %any people ta(e o$t a #e%&ona*
*oan, for eZample, to buy a car. ach month the
customer makes a payment on the loan on the
bank. The main advantage of a personal loan is
that the interest rate is fiZed. #n the dT, at the
moment it is z.
#n many countries it is possible to borrow money
for longer period e.g., up to Oq years. This is often
necessary where buying a house or a business.
The interest rate on long-term loans depends
upon the base rate. bt the moment it is ~,Oqz
over base.
cf course, for both a personal loan and a long-
term loan the bank re!uires some kind of security
e.g. Sfor eZampleU, &ha%e&-
a[n +(y, c'c ng(n h)ng +Q v) +ang cung cBp nhi0u tiAn
6ch cho c'c kh'ch h)ng c7a mPnh. "hJng tiAn 6ch +? c?
th8 k8 +.n nh1 c'c lo*i t)i khoKn m5i, th +Km bKo chi
XDc, th r]t ti0n m<t, th t6n dFng, thanh to'n bKo hi8m,
d:ch vF +[u t1.
$y nhiZn, m,t trong sC nhJng d:ch vF !uan tr>ng nhBt
m) ng(n h)ng cung cBp l) nhJng d:ch vF c? th8 cho vay
ti0n t5i c'c kh'ch h)ng c7a ng(n h)ng. lh1Ing thEc
n)y cho phDp m,t kh'ch h)ng vay ti0n tN ng(n h)ng c7a
anh ta v) tn lA lQi suBt +Ci v5i tNng kh'ch h)ng kh'c
nhau giJa tNng n15c cng nh1 tNng ng(n h)ng.
%,t c'ch cho vay +? l) thM$ chi t)i khoKn. i(y l)
ph1Ing thEc cho vay hJu hiAu n.u b*n muCn cho vay
m,t l14ng ti0n nh_ trong th3i gian ngGn. %Ec lQi suBt
c7a khoKn thBu chi phF thu,c v)o mEc lQi suBt ng(n
h)ng !uy +:nh. bnh, hiAn t*i mEc lQi suBt thBu chi n)y
l) ~Oz, cao hIn mEc lQi suBt cI bKn O{z. TBt nhi-n
b*n cho c? th8 th@c hiAn thBu chi v5i s@ cho phDp c7a
ng13i !uKn lw t*i ng(n h)ng c7a b*n.
%,t c'ch kh'c l) thu Z.p /t (hoKn vay c4 nhn. %,t
khoKn vay c' nh(n th13ng trong m,t th3i gian cC +:nh
khoKng { +.n q n;m. "hi0u ng13i muCn 3in /t (hoKn
vay c4 nhn, v6 dF +8 mua Ze hIi. =\ng th'ng, kh'ch
h)ng th@c hiAn thanh to'n khoKn cho vay +? t*i ng(n
h)ng. vu +i8m ch6nh c7a m,t khoKn vay c' nh(n l) n?
c? mEc lQi suBt cC +:nh. bnh, mEc lQi suBt cho vay c'
nh(n hiAn l) z.
nhi0u n15c, khoKn vay c' nh(n c? th8 th@c hiAn cho
vay ti0n trong th3i h*n d)i v6 dF tCi +a l-n +.n Oq n;m.
ii0u n)y rBt c[n thi.t Y nIi h> c[n mua nh) ho<c l)m
kinh doanh. %Ec lQi suBt khoKn vay c' nh(n d)i h*n phF
thu,c v)o mEc lQi suBt cI bKn. =iAn nay mEc lQi suBt
c7a n? SkhoKn vay c' nh(n d)i h*nU l) ~,Oqz cao hIn
mEc lQi suBt cI bKn.
TBt nhi-n, +Ci v5i cK khoKn vay c' nh(n v) khoKn vay c'
nh(n d)i h*n, ng(n h)ng +0u y-u c[u m,t sC hPnh thEc
+Km bKo v6 dF, +Km bKo b\ng cp #hiL$

O#en acco$nt
O#en acco$nt Ghi &p
The eZporters ship the goods ordered by the
importers. The importers sends payment either
immediately or monthly, according to
agreement. The payment itself maybe a
bankergs draft which is, in effect, a che!ue
drawn by a bank on itself. cf course it is
easiest when the eZportergs and importergs
banks have accounts with each other and are
correspondents.
#n the case of a payment from the dT to the
dXb in dollars, the dT bank will authorize the
dX bank to debit its a/c with them. The dT
bank will make a note of the credit entry in its
reconciliation a/c. #f payment is to be made in
&te%*ing, the dX bank will authorize the dT
bank to credit its &te%*ing a/c in ondon. The
dX bank will make a note of the debit entry in
its reconciliation a/c.
A+vantage&:
ittle paperwork
Ximple
Time p and money saving
gi&a+vantage&
To the importer: The eZporter may not
ship goods, or may not ship goods on
time or may not ship the right goods
To the eZporter: bfter receiving goods,
the importer may not pay or is unable to
pay or delay payment.
;on+ition&:
}egular shipments take place
b relationship or complete trust eZists
between eZporter and importer
There is political and economic stability
in both countries
"h) ZuBt khju chuy8n h)ng ho' theo y-u c[u c7a nh)
nhLp khju. "h) nhLp khju s` gVi khoKn thanh to'n
ngay lLp tEc ho<c h)ng th'ng theo nh1 thoK thuLn
trong h4p +Hng. WiAc thanh to'n c? th8 th@c hiAn b\ng
c'c hCi phi.u ng(n h)ng, trong th@c t., l) b\ng m,t t3
sDc +14c kw ph't bYi m,t ng(n h)ng. TBt nhi-n c'ch
d nhBt l) khi ng(n h)ng nh) ZuBt khju v) nh) nhLp
khju mY t)i khoKn v5i nhau
Trong tr13ng h4p ~ khoKn thanh to'n tN bnh t5i %^
b\ng i2la, ng(n h)ng bnh s` un !uy0n cho ng(n
h)ng %^ ghi n4 v)o t)i khoKn c7a ng(n h)ng bnh t*i
ng(n h)ng %^ sC ti0n +?. "g(n h)ng %^ s` ghi ~ b]t
to'n c? v)o t)i khoKn +Ci Eng. ".u viAc thanh to'n
b\ng qng )Kng AnhF ng(n h)ng %^ s` cho phDp
ng(n h)ng bnh ghi c? t)i khoKn +? b\ng qng )Kng
Anh Y ondon. "g(n h)ng %^ s` th@c hiAn b]t to'n
ghi n4 v)o t)i khoKn +Ci Eng c7a mPnh.
;4c 1$ iB/:
&[n 6t c'c c2ng viAc giBy t3
iIn giKn
Ti.t kiAm th3i gian v) ti0n b*c
;4c nh12c iB/:
iCi v5i nh) nhLp khju: "h) ZuBt khju c? th8
kh2ng chY h)ng ho', ho<c kh2ng chY h)ng
ho' +.n +]ng hn hay chY kh2ng +]ng lo*i
h)ng.
iCi v5i nh) ZuBt khju: Xau khi nhLn +14c
h)ng ho', nh) nhLp khju c? th8 kh2ng trK
ho<c kh2ng c? khK n;ng trK hay trP hoQn viAc
thanh to'n.
;4c i0$ (iTn:
=ai nIi mua h)ng phKi l) nIi th13ng Zuy-n
din ra viAc mua b'n h)ng ho'
%Ci li-n hA giJa O b-n phKi l) s@ tin t1Yng
tuyAt +Ci giJa nh) ZuBt khju v) nhLp khju
&K hai n15c phKi c? tPnh hPnh ch6nh tr:, kinh t.
9n +:nh
Unit r: A Ban( Acco$nt
A Ban( acco$nt satcQ Mt i (hoKn sKQ ngn hng
$or the safety, convenience and many other
benefits, more and more people open a bank a/c.
bn a/c is a record of a customergs money
transactions Sdeposits and withdrawlsU. #ts form is
like the letter T with mebits on the left and &redits
on the right. bn a/c can have either credit or debit
balance. b credit balance is the &tate/ent of an
a/c when more money is deposited than
withdrawn while a debit balance is when less
money is deposited than withdrawn. very month
a/c holders are given an a/c statement showing
the monthgs transactions, consiting gateF getai*F
ge)it&F ;%e+it& and Ba*ance and pay an a/c
charge, but if they can keep their a/c in credit, this
service will be ,%ee o, cha%ge.
Banks will /a(e a note of credit or debit entry in
customergs a/c when they pay money in or out
their a/cs. hen a customer deposits q| in his
a/c, the bank credits this amount to the customergs
a/c and at the &a/e ti/e debits q| to the
bankgs a/c. This is an eZample of +o$)*e ent%y-
meposits on an a/c may be +e/an+ or ti/e.
"ormally, the demand deposit a/c pays no or very
little interest whereas the time to pays interest.
The interest rates paid by banks vary from bank to
bank, depending on how long customers leave
their money in the bank: short, medium or long
term. he *onge% the /oney %e/ain& in the
)an(F the /o%e inte%e&t it ea%n&- ith time
deposits, a/c holders usually withdraw their money
at maturity date but they can take the money out
of the a/c before the maturity date if they want- In
thi& ca&e, some interest will be lost.
b withdrawal slip is usually used to withdraw
money from an a/c. =owever, current a/c holders
can withdraw money from their a/c by writing
che!ues. #n this case, they do not need to write
their names as the payee of the che!ue, but write
ecashf or eselff.
To open an a/c, the applicant is re!uired to ,i** in
an atc o#ening a##*ication ,o%/ and to
deposit some money. bn a/c can be opened for
individuals or a company. The former is the
personal while the latter is the coporate or a
business a/c. #n general, the #%oce+$%e& o,
o#ening a co#o%ate atc a%e
SX eThe procedures of opening a coporate a/cf
thatgs why we use earefU
W5i s@ an to)n, thuLn tiAn v) nhi0u tiAn 6ch kh'c, ng)y
c)ng c? nhi0u ng13i mY t)i khoKn ng(n h)ng. %,t t)i
khoKn l) bKng ghi chDp l*i c'c giao d:ch ti0n m<t c7a
m,t kh'ch h)ng SgVi ti0n v) r]t ti0nU. TT t*i ng(n h)ng
c? d*ng nh1 chJ c'i T v5i mFc e"4f b-n tr'i v) e&?f
b-n phKi. %,t TT c? th8 c? m1 c? ho<c m1 n4. XC d1
&? trong )Kn &ao (Z c7a m,t TT khi m) sC ti0n gVi
v)o hIn sC ti0n r]t ra v) T)i khoKn d1 "4 l) khi sC
ti0n gVi v)o 6t hIn sC ti0n r]t ra. =)ng th'ng, c'c ch7
TT nhLn +14c m,t bKn sao k- cho thBy c'c giao d:ch
c7a th'ng +?, bao gHm c'c c,t Ngy giao +5chF ;hi
tiLt giao +5chF Oh4t &inh N2F Oh4t &inh ;7 v)
>] +1F v) chi trK m,t khoKn ph6 duy trP TT, nh1ng
n.u h> c? th8 giJ t)i khoKn m1 c?, d:ch vF n)y s`
+14c /i6n #hD.
&'c ng(n h)ng s` thAc hiTn ghi b]t to'n ghi &?
ho<c ghi "4 v)o TT c7a c'c kh'ch h)ng khi h> chi trK
ti0n ho<c gVi ti0n v)o TT. Thi m,t kh'ch h)ng gVi q|
+2la v)o t)i khoKn anh ta, ng(n h)ng ghi &? sC ti0n +?
v)o t)i khoKn c7a kh'ch h)ng qng th=i ghi "4 q|
+2la v)o t)i khoKn c7a ng(n h)ng. i(y l) m,t v6 dF v0
BSt to4n (?#-
aVi ti0n v)o m,t TT c? th8 l) Ti0n gVi kh2ng k h*n
ho<c c? k h*n. Th2ng th13ng, TT ti0n gVi kh2ng k
h*n kh2ng +14c ho<c +14c trK lQi rBt thBp trong khi
TT ti0n gVi c? k h*n l*i +14c h1Yng lQi suBt. Tn lA lQi
suBt chi trK kh'c nhau giJa c'c ng(n h)ng, phF thu,c
v)o th3i gian kh'ch h)ng +8 ti0n c7a h> t*i ng(n
h)ng: ngGn h*n, trung h*n hay d)i h*n. >] ti0n
12c +$y t%u cng *$ thu *bi nhcn 12c cng
nhi0$. W5i TT ti0n gVi c? k h*n, ch7 TT th13ng r]t
ti0n c7a h> v)o ng)y +'o h*n tuy nhi-n h> c? th8 lBy
ti0n kh_i TT tr15c ng)y +'o h*n n.u h> muCn. %ong
t%1=ng h2# nh1 vcy, m,t sC lQi s` b: mBt.
%,t phi.u r]t ti0n th13ng +14c sV dFng +8 r]t ti0n tN
m,t TT. Tuy nhi-n ch7 TT vQng lai c? th8 r]t ti0n tN t)i
khoKn c7a h> b\ng viAc vi.t XDc. Trong tr13ng h4p
n)y, h> kh2ng c[n vi.t t-n c7a h> nh1 t-n ng13i thF
h1Yng tr-n sDc, m) cho c[n vi.t e}]t ti0nf ho<c e&ho
ch6nh t2if
i8 mY m,t TT, ng13i y-u c[u cJn i0n Jy c4c
th@ng tin v)o m,t /v$ lwn 3in /x K v) gVi
v)o m,t 6t ti0n. %,t TT c? th8 +14c mY cho c'c c'
nh(n ho<c m,t c2ng ty. &'i +[u ti-n g>i l) TT c' nh(n
trong khi c'i sau g>i l) TT c2ng ty ho<c TT doanh
nghiAp. "hPn chung, c4c th tEc /x /t K c@ng
ty *
S&h7 ngJ f&'c th7 tFc mY m,t t)i khoKn c2ng tyf do
+? ch]ng ta dhng earefU
more co/#*icate+ than a personal one.
To close an a/c, it is necessary to withdraw all the
blance on it.
There are different types of a/c to meet the various
needs customers: c$%%ent schec(ingQF +e#o&it
an+ &aving& atcF &o*e an+ yoint atc&F
#e%&ona* an+ co#o%ate atc&-
#h.c t# hIn khi mY m,t TT c' nh(n.
i8 +?ng m,t TT, +i0u c[n thi.t l) phKi r]t to)n b, sC
d1 trong TT +?.
&? nhi0u lo*i TT kh'c nhau +'p Eng c'c nhu c[u kh'c
nhau c7a c'c kh'ch h)ng: K vbng *ai sK (z #h4t
>?cQF K ti0n gWi v K tiLt (iT/F K %iZng v
K ch$ngF K c4 nhn v K +oanh nghiT#
Unit {: ;$%%ent acco$nt
;$%%ent Atc i (hoKn vbng *ai
b current a/c, known as checking a/c in dXb,
is the most popular bank a/c. #t provides both
safety and convenience. ike any other types
of bank a/c, it is safe because the a/c holders
do not need to carry cash, which can be
easily lost or stolen. #t is also convenient
since the holders are given a che!ue book-
small booklet full of che!ues p to pay their
daily bills easily and to withdraw money from
their a/cs. %oreover, current a/c holders may
be provided with a cash card, which can be
used to withdraw money from their a/cs by
using bT%s Sbutomated Teller %achinesU and
a debit card used to pay for goods or services
through auto-payment system without making
out a che!ue.
=owever, current a/c do not usually pay
interest since money on this is usually
demand deposit, which can be withdrawn at
any time. This does not allow banks to use
this deposit to lend out with interest to those
who need capital.
&urrent a/c holders may overdraw their a/cs
up to a limit called ag%ee+ ove%+%a,t *i/it.
Xometimes customers write a che!ue for
more money than they have in their a/c. This
is called )o$ncing a che<$e. bnd if a current
a/c holder bounces a che!ue the bank
usually charges a bounced che!ue fee. This
is necessary to prevent the holders from
writing bad che!ues. #n practice, however,
banks usually re!uire that the holders keep a
minimum amount of money in the a/c. This
guarantees that the banker will at least be
able to lend out a certain amount with interest
to pay the costs of processing che!ues. #f the
depositors withdraw money and the balance
falls below the minimum the bank will then
charge a service charge-a small fee each
month.
%,t t)i khoKn STTU vQng lai, giCng nh1 t)i khoKn
kw ph't sDc Y %^, l) TT ng(n h)ng +14c bi.t +.n
nhi0u nhBt. aiCng m,t sC lo*i TT ng(n h)ng
kh'c, n? an to)n bYi ch7 TT kh2ng c[n mang
theo ti0n m<t, rBt d b: mBt ho<c b: tr,m. TT vQng
lai cng mang l*i s@ tiAn l4i khi ch7 TT +14c
nhLn m,t !uy8n s9 XDc-m,t !uy8n s9 nh_ c? +[y
+7 c'c th2ng tin nh1 m,t t3 XDc p dhng +8 cho trK
c'c ho' +In h\ng ng)y m,t c'ch d d)ng v) r]t
ti0n tN t)i khoKn c7a c'c kh'ch h)ng. =In th.
nJa, TT vQng lai c? th8 +14c cung cBp kym m,t
th ti0n m<t, n? +14c dhng +8 r]t ti0n m<t tN t)i
khoKn c7a kh'ch h)ng khi sV dFng c'c m'y bT%
S%'y +>c th t@ +,ngU v) th ghi "4 +8 chi trK
c'c h)ng ho' ho<c c'c d:ch vF th2ng !ua hA
thCng thanh to'n t@ +,ng m) kh2ng c[n phKi kw
ph't m,t t3 XDc n)o.
Tuy vLy, TT vQng lai th13ng kh2ng +14c trK lQi
do ti0n trong TT th13ng l) ti0n gVi kh2ng k h*n,
n? c? th8 b: r]t bBt k l]c n)o. "? kh2ng cho
phDp ng(n h)ng sV dFng nh1 +Ci v5i ti0n gVi ti.t
kiAm +8 cho vay lBy lQi tN nh1ng ng13i c[n vCn.
&'c ch7 TT vQng lai c? th8 thBu chi TT c7a h>
+.n m,t gi5i h*n g>i l) hn /.c thM$ chi thoK
th$cn. i2i khi kh'ch h)ng kw ph't m,t t3 XDc v5i
sC ti0n l5n hIn sC ti0n h> c? trong TT. Tr13ng
h4p n)y g>i l) (z #h4t >?c <$4 &] +1. W) n.u
ch7 TT vQng lai kw ph't XDc !u' sC d1 ng(n
h)ng th13ng t6nh ph6 tr-n t3 XDc b: kw ph't !u'
+?. ii0u n)y rBt c[n thi.t nh\m tr'nh tr13ng h4p
ch7 TT kw ph't sDc ZBu. "h1ng trong th@c t., c'c
ng(n h)ng th13ng y-u c[u c'c ch7 TT giJ m,t
mEc ti0n tCi thi8u trong TT. "? +Km bKo r\ng
ng(n h)ng s` c? th8 6t nhBt cho vay v5i m,t sC
ti0n nhBt +:nh, sC lQi thu +14c s` dhng +8 trang
trKi cho !u' trPnh ZV lw XDc. ".u nhJng ng13i
gVi ti0n r]t ti0n v) sC d1 ZuCng thBp hIn mEc sC
d1 tCi thi8u, ng(n h)ng theo +? s` t6nh ph6 m,t
khoKn ph6 d:ch vF-m,t mEc ph6 nh_ h\ng th'ng.
EeOO> s|Q an+ ge)it ca%+&
EeOO> s|Q an+ ge)it ca%+& EeOO> v hC ghi n2
E*ect%onic e$n+& t%an&,e% at #oint o, &a*e&,
$TlcX for short, is a progress to enon-cash
societyf, where people do not need to carry
*a%ge a/o$nt o, ca&h 'ith the/, but what
they need is only some change. The system
allows the value of the transactions to be
automatically debited to customergs bank a/c
or credit a/c at point of sales and credited to
retailergs a/c respectively. #n addition to
reducing cash in circulation to minimum, the
system can reduce paperwork dramatically.
The $TlcX services are available at retail
points, allowing customers to choose goods
and swipe their card through a machine for
checking. The card is fed into a card reader
and the value of transaction is put into
computer. The customer confirms the payment
by signing the %ecei#t-
&ard used in $TlcX are debit cards. mebit
cards are like credit cards eZcept that they are
used to debit money to the customergs bank
a/c when a purchase is made. ith debit
cards, ca%+ $&e%& ,o%go SU check writing,
card-issuing banks need not prepare monthly
billings, and, in the simplest debit card system,
credit risk is eliminated. #f enough consumers
substitute debit cards for credit cards,
ultimately banks credit card lending might be
reduced. It i& *i(e*y, however, that banks will
offer to tie debit cards to personal lines of
credit in the form of overdraft protection. }ith
thi& a%%ange/ent if the customergs debit card
based purchases eZceed the funds in the
consumergs bank a/c, a prearranged line of
credit will be triggered. The size of the credit
line for overdraft protection for a consumer
presumably will be identical to the credit limit
on a credit card issued to that consumer. In
eithe% ca&eF the bank will be eZposed to the
same risk of default.
;h$yBn ti0n iTn tW ti c4c iB/ )4n *CF vi.t tGt l)
$TlcX, l) m,t b15c ti.n t5i eZQ h,i phi ti0n m<tf,
nIi m>i ng13i kh2ng c[n mang nhi0$ ti0n /Pt )Zn
ng1=i, bYi c'i h> c[n cho l) m,t v)i s@ trao +9i. =A
thCng cho phDp gi' tr: c7a c'c giao d:ch +14c t@
+,ng ghi n4 v)o t)i khoKn ng(n h)ng c7a kh'ch
h)ng ho<c ghi c? v)o t)i khoKn t*i +i8m b'n l l) t)i
khoKn c7a ng13i b'n l t1Ing Eng. "go)i ra +8
giKm thi8u ti0n m<t trong l1u th2ng +.n mEc nh_
nhBt, hA thCng $TlcX c? th8 giKm b5t +'ng k8
c'c c2ng viAc b)n giBy. m:ch vF $TlcX +14c sV
dFng t*i c'c +i8m b'n l, n? cho phDp c'c kh'ch
h)ng ch>n mua h)ng ho' v) !ut th c7a h> th2ng
!ua m'y +8 ki8m tra. TBm th +14c +1a v)o m,t
+[u +>c th v) gi' tr: c7a giao d:ch +14c +1a v)o
m'y t6nh. Th'ch h)ng Z'c nhLn thanh to'n b\ng
viAc kw v)o giMy )iZn nhcn-
Th +14c dhng trong hA thCng $TlcX l) c'c tBm
th ghi n4. Th ghi n4 cng giCng v5i th t6n dFng
ngo*i trN n? th13ng +14c dhng +8 ghi n4 ti0n m<t
v)o t)i khoKn ng(n h)ng c7a kh'ch h)ng khi viAc
mua h)ng +14c th@c hiAn. W5i th ghi n4, c4c ch
&W +Eng thC ki8m tra viAc k6 th, ng(n h)ng ph't
h)nh th kh2ng c[n chujn b: ho' +In h)ng th'ng,
v), trong hA thCng th ghi n4 +In giKn nhBt, r7i ro
t6n dFng +Q b: lo*i trN. ".u c? +7 kh'ch h)ng +8
thay th. th ghi n4 cho th t6n dFng, cuCi chng c'c
tBm th t6n dFng ng(n h)ng c? th8 s` 6t +i. ly *
i0$ h2# *z, tuy nhi-n, c'i m) c'c ng(n h)ng s`
cung cBp th2ng !u' th ghi n4 l) m,t mEc gi5i h*n
t6n dFng c' nh(n theo hPnh thEc thBu chi c? +Km
bKo. ~\i &A &# Pt nyF n.u th ghi n4 c7a kh'ch
h)ng cE mua h)ng v14t !u' sC ti0n trong t)i khoKn
t*i ng(n h)ng, /t hn /.c tDn +Eng )t )$c s`
+14c +1a ra. =*n mEc t6n dFng cho khoKn thBu chi
c? +Km bKo cho m,t kh'ch h)ng c? th8 +14c Z'c
+:nh bYi h*n mEc t6n dFng !ua th t6n dFng ph't
h)nh cho ch6nh kh'ch h)ng +?. %ong /Vi t%1=ng
h2#F ng(n h)ng cng s` ch:u r7i ro t1Ing t@.
SU $TlcX: E*ect%onic e$n+& t%an&,e% at #oint o, &a*e&, is the system which allows funds to
be switched automatically when goods are bought at point of sales (point of sales i.e are shops8
retailer9s shops8 shoppin$ centers: where ;<T=>? is installed)
SU $TlcX: ;h$yBn ti0n iTn tW ti c4c iB/ )4n *C, l) m,t hA thCng theo +? n? cho phDp
khoKn ti0n +14c chuy8n t@ +,ng khi h)ng ho' +14c mua t*i c'c +i8m b'n l (@.c 'iAm b.n l0
,B dC nh2 c.c cDa h!n$8 c.c cDa h!n$ cEa n$2#i b.n l08 c.c trun$ tm mua sFm :n(i h&
thGn$ ;<=>? '23c lFp 'Ht)
Unit 1: YOE> ANg U>E> Oe }O^KING ;AOIA8
TrlX b"m dXX c$ c}T#"a
&bl#Tb
&& c# W T& m"a &b W"
vd i"a
O%o,ita)i*ity is determined in part by the
way in which a company manages its
'o%(ing ca#ita*. Ba&ica**y there will be a
drop in profits if working capital is raised
without a co%%e&#on+ing rise in production.
Xo one of the principal functions of financial
management is to provide the correct
amount of working capital at the right time
and in the right place to %ea*ie the
g%eate&t %et$%n on inve&t/ent-
orking capital can initia**y be )%o(en
+o'n into two types: #e%/anent an+
te/#o%a%y. Oe%/anent 'o%(ing ca#ita* is
tied up in keeping the business flowing
throughout the year, while te/#o%a%y
'o%(ing ca#ita* is needed ,%o/ ti/e to
ti/e to take account of &ea&ona*F cyc*ica*
or $ne3#ecte+ ,*$ct$ation& in the
business. The latter type is usually serviced
from an overdraft facility
Both types of working capital have three
/ayo% a##*ication&: firstly inventories,
secondly debtors and finally cash.
#nventories can be further divided into
inventories of raw materials, work in
progress and finished goods. There three
can &oa( $# an eno%/o$& a/o$nt of
eZcess working capital if not well managed.
#t is the tob of the financial manager to
minimize the stocks of raw materials, the
level of work in progress and the !uantity of
finished goods. =owever, ove%a&t%ingent
control can lead to +i&%$#tion in production
caused by the delay in receiving raw
materials, a failure to ta(e acco$nt of
KhK nIng &inh *=i +14c Z'c +:nh l) m,t
ph[n trong c'c ho*t +,ng c7a c2ng ty, n?
+'nh gi' hiAu !uK m,t c2ng ty +Q t*o ra l4i
nhuLn th2ng !ua v]n *1$ ng nh1 th.
n)o. ~0 cw )Kn n.u vCn l1u +,ng t;ng l-n
nh1ng kh2ng t1Ing th6ch v5i s@ t;ng trong
!u' trPnh sKn ZuBt s` l)m giKm l4i nhuLn
c7a c2ng ty. mo vLy, m,t trong nhJng chEc
n;ng ch6nh c7a !uKn tr: t)i ch6nh doanh
nghiAp l) cung cBp ch6nh Z'c l14ng vCn l1u
+,ng c[n thi.t +]ng th3i +i8m, +]ng ch
nh\m th$ 12c t]i a +oanh th$ <$a hot
ng J$ t1-
i[u ti-n, WCn l1u +,ng c? th8 chia th)nh O
lo*i: +i hn v ngn hn. ~]n *1$ ng
+i hn n\m trong ho*t +,ng kinh doanh
c7a doanh nghiAp trong suCt ~ n;m, trong
khi v]n *1$ ng ngn hn lu2n c[n thi.t
vo )Mt c. *Sc no do t6nh th=i vEF vjng
*$n ch$yBn ho<c c4c #h4t &inh (h@ng
thB +A tDnh 12c trong ho*t +,ng kinh
doanh. o*i WCn l1u +,ng cuCi chng l) lo*i
vCn th13ng dhng +8 thanh to'n cho c'c
khoKn vay.
TBt cK c'c lo*i vCn l1u +,ng +0u c? { t4c
+Eng chDnh: +[u ti-n 8ch9ng: nh1 m,t
khoKn h)ng tHn kho, thE O l) 8' thanh
ton: c'c khoKn n4 v) cuCi chng l) 8mt
(ho;n: ti0n m<t.
=)ng tHn kho c? th8 +14c chia th)nh
nguy-n vLt liAu th2, b'n th)nh phjm v)
th)nh phjm. &K { lo*i n)y c? th8 l)m tiZ$
t]n /t *12ng *\n vCn l1u +,ng n.u kh2ng
c? biAn ph'p !uKn lw tCt. i? ch6nh l) c2ng
viAc c7a c'c nh) !uKn tr: t)i ch6nh nh\m tCi
thi8u l14ng h)ng tHn kho l) nguy-n vLt liAu,
tn lA b'nh th)nh phjm hay th)nh phjm. Tuy
nhi-n, ch6nh s'ch <$Kn *z yL$ (?/ c? th8
dkn +.n viAc chc/ t%6 trong sKn suBt do
chLm nh(n +14c nguy-n vLt liAu, thBt b*i
trong viTc hch to4n c'c y.u tC chi ph6
costly price %i&e& in the #i#e*ine, a failure
to keep the production volume re!uired by
future sales, and resulting eZpensive and
damaging effects on customer goodwill. bs
one can see from the ,o%egoing +iag%a/,
this can become a vicio$& ci%c*e where the
loss of goodwill finally leads to loss of sales
and results once again in &t%ingent co&t
controls
he y$&tainati/e #hi*o&o#hy, developed in
apan, is aimed at reconciling these often
conflicting interest and keeping inventory
cost to a minimum.
cn the debtor side, working capital is
re!uired to finance the gap between
payment due to suppliers and payment
owed by customers. #t is the ta&( of
financial management to see that gene%o$&
c%e+it te%/& are negotiate+ with suppliers
but minimal credit is offered to customers.
1gain a ba4ance must be achieved
bet<een getting an& giving goo& c0e&it
te0m5 in o%+e% to attract customers and
maintain relationship with suppliers on one
han+F and minimizing ca&h o$t*ay on the
other hand.
$inally, cash is needed for both normal and
a)no%/a* re!uirements. Xound cash
management will ensure that ade!uate
cash is available for meeting the companygs
day-to-day debts and there is also a &/a**
%e&e%ve on hand to meet contingencie&-

khi.n gi' th)nh )5 i *Zn, hay thBt b*i trong
viAc giJ l14ng h)ng ho' sKn ZuBt c[n thi.t
cho viAc b'n h)ng sau n)y, v) k.t !uK l) g(y
n-n Knh h1Yng ZBu +.n uy t6n kh'ch h)ng.
"h1 b*n c? th8 thBy trong &w q b 0 cc#
t%1\c, +i0u n)y c? th8 t*o ra m,t vjng *$n
<$n l)m mBt l/ng tin c7a kh'ch h)ng k.t
!uK l) doanh thu b'n h)ng giKm, cuCi chng
l)m cho ho*t +Hng ki8m so't chi #hD trY n-n
kh? kh;n.
Ng$yZn *z <$Kn *z nng tqn (ho t.c th=i,
+Q ph't tri8n Y "hLt BKn, nhGm t5i viAc giKm
thi8u v) ti.t kiAm c'c ph6 t9n trong !uKn lw
h)ng tHn kho t5i mEc tCi thi8u.
W0 ph6a ng13i mua h)ng, vCn l1u +,ng c[n
thi.t cho viAc t)i tr4 trong khoKng th3i gian
thanh to'n cho nh) cung cBo v) khoKng th3i
gian doanh nghiAp nhLn +14c thanh to'n n4
tN c'c kh'ch h)ng. i(y ch6nh l) nhiT/ vE
c7a nh) !uKn lw t)i ch6nh +8 thBy +14c c'c
i0$ (hoKn tDn +Eng %ng %bi +Q +)m ph'n
v5i nh) cung cBp l) nhJng khoKn t6n dFng
nh_ 12c cM# cho c'c kh'ch h)ng. =t 4.n
na 5 c>n b?ng gia nhn v cp cc
iu (ho;n tn &@ng tAt phKi +14c th2ng
!ua, /t /Pt B thu h]t +14c nhi0u kh'ch
v) duy trP +14c mCi !uan hA b*n h)ng v5i
nh) cung cBp, m<t kh'c tCi thi8u +14c
*12ng ti0n /Pt cJn chi tiZ$-
&uCi chng, l14ng sv]n *1$ ng *Q ti0n
m<t c[n cho cK c'c y-u c[u th2ng th13ng
v) )Mt th1=ng. WiAc !uKn lw ti0n m<t s`
chGc chGn r\ng c2ng ty c? +7 ti0n m<t d'p
Eng cho c'c khoKn n4 h\ng ng)y c7a c2ng
ty v) +? cng l) (hoKn +A t%H nhi +8
ph/ng tr'nh c4c t%1=ng h2# )Mt t%c-
Unit 11: ;he<$e ;*ea%ing >y&te/
;he<$e ;*ea%ing >y&te/ nT th]ng thanh to4n )R t%U >?c
The process of clearing may be defined as the
transmission and settlement of payments
between a/cs held at different banks or
different branches of the same bank.
hen a che!ue is paid into a customergs a/c at
a branch of a bank or other financial
institutions, it is necessary for the che!ue to
be sent to the branch on which it is drawn in
order to obtain payment. #n effect the customer
re!uests his branch to co**ect the payment
and his branch is therefore known as the
collecting branch rather than deal with each
che!ue individually. The collecting branch
uses the clearing system to obtain payment
from the branch on which the che!ue is drawn.
ach branch sends the che!ue which is has
accepted for collection to the c*ea%ing
+e#a%t/ent of its own bank which then
eZchanges che!ues with other banks at the
;*ea%ing no$&e. These dealings, which
involve two separate banks, are shown in the
c*ea%ing &tati&tic& as inter-bank items. hen
a collecting branch receives a che!ue drawn
on another branch of the same bank, the
che!ue will not go to the &learing =ouse but it
will be eZchanged in the &learing mepartment
of the bank concerned and will be processed
in the clearing statistics as an inte%a)%anch
ite/. &he!ues which are paid in at the branch
on which they are drawn do not need to be
cleared and are processed in ho$&e within
that branch. &ashed che!ues are processed in
a similar way to other che!ues, although a
larger number of these will be ein housef items
where the customer is drawing cash from his
own branch.
The clearing system is also available to
financial institutions which are not Xettlement
%embers of the clearings. Xeveral hundred
banks and building societies that lend money
allows them to obtain clearance of che!ues on
behalf of themselves of their customers. ithin
the clearing statistics banks having agency
arrangements are treated effectively as a
branch of the Xettlement %embers providing
the arrangements.

u' trPnh thanh to'n bh trN +14c hi8u nh1 l) m,t lo*i
giao v) c'c th)nh vi-n thanh to'n giJa c'c t)i khoKn
n\m Y c'c ng(n h)ng kh'c nhau ho<c c'c chi nh'nh
kh'c nhau c7a chng m,t ng(n h)ng.
Thi m,t t3 sDc +14c chi trK v)o m,t t)i khoKn kh'ch
h)ng Y m,t chi nh'nh c7a m,t ng(n h)ng ho<c c'c t9
chEc t)i ch6nh, +i0u c[n thi.t l) t3 XDc phKi +14c
chuy8n tN chi nh'nh nIi n? kw ph't theo lAnh +.n nIi
nhLn thanh to'n. Th@c t., kh'ch h)ng y-u c[u chi
nh'nh ng(n h)ng c7a anh ta th$ khoKn thanh to'n
v) do vLy chi nh'nh ng(n h)ng anh ta c/n +14c g>i l)
chi nh'nh thu h,, viAc n)y hIn viAc chi nh'nh ZV lw
tNng t3 XDc m,t. &hi nh'nh thu h, th13ng sV dFng hA
thCng thanh to'n bh trN +8 thu khoKn thanh to'n tN
chi nh'nh nIi t3 XDc +14c kw ph't.
%i chi nh'nh gVi t3 XDc +Q +14c chBp nhLn St3 sDc
h4p lAU +.n chi nh'nh thu h,, #hjng hanh to4n )R
t%U c7a chi nh'nh sau +? trao +9i t3 XDc v5i c'c ng(n
h)ng kh'c t*i %$ng t/ thanh to4n )R t%U- &'c !u'
trPnh ZV lw XDc n)y, bao gHm O ng(n h)ng ri-ng biAt,
ch]ng th8 hiAn trong )Kng th]ng (Z thanh to4n )R
t%U &?c thu,c c'c khoKn mFc li-n ng(n h)ng. Thi m,t
chi nh'nh nh3 thu nhLn m,t t3 XDc +Q +14c kw ph't
tN m,t chi nh'nh kh'c Y chng ng(n h)ng, t3 XDc s`
kh2ng chuy8n +.n Trung t(m thanh to'n bh trN m) n?
s` +14c chuy8n +9i t*i lh/ng Thanh to'n bh trN c7a
ng(n h)ng li-n !uan v) s` +14c ZV lw trong bKng
thCng k- thanh to'n bh trN nh1 /t (hoKn /Ec 8iZn
chi nh4nh- &'c t3 XDc +Q +14c trK ti0n t*i chi nh'nh
nIi h> kw ph't kh2ng c[n phKi thanh to'n bh trN v)
ho<c ZV lw t*i t%$ng t/ thanh to4n trong chi nh'nh
+?. i9i c'c t3 XDc ra ti0n m<t c? c'ch ZV lw t1Ing t@
v5i c'c t3 XDc kh'c, m<t dh m,t l14ng ti0n l5n c7a t3
XDc s` n\m trong khoKn mFc c7a eTrung t(m thanh
to'nf nIi m) kh'ch h)ng kw ph't sDc ra ti0n m<t tN chi
nh'nh c7a h>.
=A thCng thanh to'n bh trN cng cho phDp c'c t9 chEc
t)i ch6nh kh2ng phKi l) th)nh vi-n th@c hiAn ZV lw XDc.
=\ng tr;m ng(n h)ng v) c'c c;n nh) ZQ h,i cho vay
ti0n cho phDp h> nhLn thanh to'n c'c t3 XDc thay m<t
c'c kh'ch h)ng c7a h>. Trong bKng thCng k. thanh
to'n bh trN XDc, c'c ng(n h)ng sGp +<t c'c chi nh'nh
+8 ZV lw XDc sao cho thLt hiAu !uK v) ho*t +,ng nh1
m,t chi nh'nh c7a Th)nh vi-n th)nh to'n Scung cBp
c'c d:ch vF v0 XDcU.
Unit 12: LENDING
8ENgING not ng cho vay
The role of lending at commercial
bank in the dnited Xtate has changed
dramatically over the years. In the
+i&tant #a&t, short-term, self-
li!uidating loans were the standard.
Today, banks provide loans of all
maturities and methods of repayment.
The principal categories of loans are
commercial and industrial, real estate,
and individual SconsumerU loans.
This paper provides the background
information about commercial and
industrial loans. Xuch loans are used
to finance temporary and permanent
business assets. ines of credit and
transaction loans are used for
temporary assets and involving loans
and term loans are used for
permanent assets. b/cs receivable,
inventory, and real property and
e!uipment are the most commonly
used types of collateral for commercial
and industrial loans. The maZimum
amount that national banks can lend to
any customer is limited to Oqz of their
e!uity capital. %ost banks will not risk
too much on one customer. The
amount that they will loan depends on
thei% &ie, geographic location, and
the risk they are willing to face. Xome
of these limits of other are eZplained in
a bankgs written loan policies. The
Board of mirectors of the bank, which
has the ultimate responsibility for all
loans that are made, acts as a
guideline for those involved in the
lending process.

Wai tr/ c7a ho*t +,ng cho vay t*i m,t ng(n
h)ng th1Ing m*i Y bnh +Q c? nhi0u thay +9i
+'ng k8 !ua tNng n;m. ;4ch y (h@ng
*$, c'c khoKn cho vay ngGn h*n, c'c khoKn
vay t@ ho)n trK +14c th@c hiAn theo +]ng
ti-u chujn. "g)y nay, ng(n h)ng cung cBp
c'c khoKn cho vay v5i rBt nhi0u hPnh thEc v)
c'ch thEc +8 trK n4. WBn +0 ch6nh c7a c'c
khoKn vay th1Ing m*i v) sKn ZuBt c2ng
nghiAp, vay +[u t1 bBt +,ng sKn v) vay c'
nh(n SphFc vF cho ti-u dhngU.
&hEng tN n)y cung cBp c'c th2ng tin c[n
thi.t v0 c'c khoKn vay th1Ing m*i R vay sKn
ZuBt c2ng nghiAp. &'c khoKn vay nh1 vLy c?
t'c dFng cung cBp vCn kinh doanh m,t c'ch
b0n vJng v) t*m th3i. &'c khoKn t6n dFng v)
giao d:ch cho vay +14c dhng th. chBp b\ng
c'c t)i sKn t*m th3i v) c? bao gHm c'c
khoKn vay, +i0u kiAn ZV dFng ti0n vay +i kym
v5i t)i sKn +Q c[m cC. &'c khoKn phKi thu,
h)ng tHn kho v) bBt +,ng sKn hay trang thi.t
b: th2ng th13ng +14c dhng nh1 nhJng lo*i
t)i sKn +Km bKo cho c'c khoKn vay th1Ing
m*i v) vay cho sKn ZuBt c2ng nghiAp. ai' tr:
tCi +a m) ng(n h)ng trung 1Ing c? th8 cho
m,t kh'ch h)ng vay tCi +a b\ng Oqz ph[n
vCn ch7 sY hJu c7a h>. =[u nh1 c'c ng(n
h)ng s` kh2ng g<p r7i ro !u' l5n v5i m,t
kh'ch h)ng. 14ng ti0n m) ng(n h)ng s`
cho vay phF thu,c v)o <$y /@ hot ng
(inh +oanh ca (h4ch hng, v: tr6 +:a lw, v)
r7i ro m) ng(n h)ng s` c? th8 phKi g<p phKi.
%,t sC c'c gi5i h*n +14c giKi th6ch trong c'c
ch6nh s'ch cBp khoKn vay c7an ng(n h)ng.
Ban gi'm +Cc c7a ng(n h)ng ch:u tr'ch
nhiAm ra !uy.t +:nh cuCi chng cho tBt cK c'c
khoKn vay, h> +?ng vai tr/ nh1 m,t ng13i
h15ng dkn trong ng(n h)ng, bao gHm cK
ho*t +,ng cho vay.
%a+e% +e)t
%a+e% +e)t KhoKn n2 th1wng /i
%ost business rely on giving credit to their
customer. This is especially true in a free
market where there are many supplier
competing to supply one product or service.
These business have to ,ight co/#etition
to get &a*e&. #f their competitors are
providing credit, they have to provide as
well. They may not want to give credit but,
when faced with the choice between making
a sale with credit and not making sale, they
will prefer to give c%e+it. &ompetition
,o%ce& suppliers to provide credit for their
customers.
This situation gives rise to the problem of
+e)t co**ection. b customer might pay a
trade debt at the end of credit period, say
one month, or delay payment for as long as
possible. Xuch a situation is harmful to the
suppliers. Bhey may Cin& them5e4ve5
Cinancing thei0 cu5tome0D5 p0o&uction.
This is very eZpensive in times of high
interest rates because their customers are
using money on which the suppliers have to
pay interest. blso the suppliers may need
the money to finance their own production.
#n addition, they have to employ eZtra staff
to &en+ o$t invoice& and %e/in+e%&-
&ustomers who fail to pay at all can mean
+i&a&te% for a business and there need to
be some way of avoiding *ate #aye%& and
nona#aye%&. >o it i& ha%+*y &$%#%i&ing
that a 'ho*e in+$&t%y e3i&t& to han+*e
the&e #%o)*e/& o, )a+ +e)t&-
=[u nh1 c'c doanh nghiAp +0u d@a v)o
viAc b'n ch:u cho kh'ch h)ng c7a h>.
ii0u n)y +<c biAt +]ng trong m,t n0n kinh
t. th: tr13ng trong viAc cung cBp m,t sKn
phjm ho<c d:ch vF. "Ii nhJng doanh
nghiAp phKi cnh t%anh /nh / +8 )4n
12c hng ho4. ".u +Ci th7 c*nh tranh
c7a h> b'n ch:u h)ng ho', h> cng phKi
b'n ch:u nh1 vLy. => c? th8 kh2ng muCn
b'n ch:u, nh1ng khi +Ci m<t v5i viAc b'n
+14c h)ng v5i hPnh thEc b'n ch:u ho<c
kh2ng b'n +14c h)ng, h> s` ch>n hPnh
thEc )4n ch5$ hng ho4. X@ c*nh tranh
th@i thSc nh) cung cBp b'n ch:u h)ng
ho' cho kh'ch h)ng c7a h>.
ii0u n)y dkn +.n viAc t;ng l-n r7i ro c7a
viTc th$ hqi (hoKn n2. %,t kh'ch h)ng
c? th8 thanh to'n khoKn n4 th1Ing m*i
v)o cuCi k c7a khoKn t6n dFng. th13ng l)
~ th'ng, ho<c trP hoQn viAc thanh to'n
c)ng l(u c)ng tCt. Trong tr13ng h4p nh1
vLy s` g(y h*i +.n cho c'c nh) cung cBp.
H v- tEnh t0% thnh ng,)i ti t0! 8bt
Fc &G: cho chnh nhng (hch hng
cHa h. ii0u n)y rBt !uan tr>ng trong th3i
+i8m lQi suBt ng(n h)ng cao bYi vP c'c
kh'ch h)ng c7a h> +ang sV dFng ch6nh
khoKn ti0n m) nh) cung cBp phKi trK lQi
cho ch]ng. BYi vLy c'c nh) cung cBp c?
th8 c[n ti0n +8 t)i tr4 cho !u' trPnh sKn
ZuBt c7a h>. "go)i ra, h> phKi trK th-m
l1Ing cho c'c nh(n vi-n l)m viAc gWi i
c'c ho4 wn v) *=i nhc nhx +.n kh'ch
h)ng.
"hJng kh'ch h)ng kh2ng c? khK n;ng chi
trK c? th8 l) /t /]i ng$y *\n cho
doanh nghiAp v) c[n phKi c? c'c biAn
ph'p nh\m tr'nh viAc c4c (h4ch hng
t%K chc/ ho<c c4c (h4ch hng t%]n n2.
~u vcyF (h@ng c7 gu <$4 ngc nhiZn (hi
c7 /t ngnh c@ng nghiT# tqn ti B
giKi <$yLt vMn 0 ca c4c (hoKn n2
3M$-
Unit 13: he )an( o, Eng*an+
he )an( o, Eng*an+ Ngn hng n1\c Anh
The bank of ngland is the central bank of
the dT. $or historical reasons, it is divided
into #ssue mepartments, each with
separate balance sheets.
The #ssue mepartment is responsible for
issuing banknotes, shown as liabilities. To
introduce notes into circulation, the #ssue
mepartment purchases financial
securities: bills and bonds issued by the
government, commercial firms, or local
authorities. These are shown as assets of
the #ssue mepartment. The eZchange of
high powered money for financial
securities is called an open market
operation.
The Banking mepartment acts as banker
to the commercial banks and to the
government lublic meposits and Bankers
meposits are deposits by the government
and the commercial banking system.
}eserves and other a/cs are deposits by
central bank of other countries issued by
private firms or *oca* a$tho%itie&-
#n practice, the activities of the #ssued
mepartment and the Banking mepartment
are carefully coordinated. blthough much
of The Bankgs balance sheet %e&e/)*e&
the one of a commercial bank, there is
one crucial difference. There is no
possibility that the Bank can go bankrupt.
he $ni<$e ,eat$%e of the central bankgs
liabilities is that it can create them in
$n*i/ite+ !uantities without fear
bankruptcy. This was not always so. #n the
days of the gold standard, notes could be
cashed in for gold and the central bank
might not have had sufficient gold to pay.
"owadays there is no such obligation. The
bank can always meet withdrawals by its
depositors by printing new )an(note&-
"g(n h)ng n15c bnh l) "g(n h)ng Trung vIng c7a
bnh. W5i nhi0u lw do trong !u' khE, "g(n h)ng
Trung vIng bnh +14c chia cGt th)nh nhi0u lh/ng
ph't h)nh, mi ph/ng t'ch ri-ng biAt nhau v0 BKng
c(n +Ci k. to'n.
lh/ng ph't h)nh ch:u tr'ch nhiAm viAc ph't h)nh
giBy b*c ng(n h)ng, phKn 'nh b-n ph[n nguHn vCn.
i8 ph't h)nh ti0n giBy ra l1u th2ng, lh/ngp h't
h)nh mua c'c chEng kho'n ph'i sinh: giBy t3 c? gi'
v) c9 phi.u ph't h)nh bYi ch6nh ph7, c'c c2ng ty
th1Ing m*i, ho<c ch6nh !uy0n +:a ph1Ing. &h]ng
cho thBy t)i sKn c7a Ban ph't h)nh. WiAc trao +9i
c'c +Hng ti0n m*nh lBy c'c chEng kho'n ph'i sinh
+14c g>i l) ho*t +,ng th: tr13ng mY.
lh/ng nghiAp vF ng(n h)ng +?ng vai tr/ nh1 m,t
nh) cho vay t5i c'c ng(n h)ng th1Ing m*i v) t5i
ch6nh ph7, khoKn mFc ti0n gVi c7a ch6nh ph7 v) ti0n
gVi c7a ng(n h)ng l) c'c khoKn ti0n gVi bYi ch6nh
ph7 v) c'c hA thCng c'c ng(n h)ng th1Ing m*i.
&'c !u^ d@ trJ v) c'c t)i khoKn kh'c l) c'c khoKn
ti0n gVi tN ng(n h)ng trung 1Ing c7a c'c n15c
kh'c +14c ph't h)nh !ua c'c c2ng ty t1 nh(n ho<c
c4c chDnh <$y0n 5a #h1wng-
Trong th@c t., ho*t +,ng c7a lh/ng ph't h)nh v)
lh/ng nghiAp vF +0u +14c Z'c +:nh rBt cjn thLn.
%<c dh h[u h.t bKng c(n +Ci k. to'n c7a ng(n h)ng
+0u gi]ng nh1 m,t ng(n h)ng th1Ing m*i, n? vkn
c? m,t v)i y.u tC !uan tr>ng. +(y kh2ng th8 c?
chuyAn ng(n h)ng b: v n4. liB/ %iZng c7 c7a t)i
sKn n4 c7a "g(n h)ng Trung 1Ing dkn +.n "g(n
h)ng Trung 1Ing c? th8 t*o ra (h@ng gi\i hn ti0n
m<t m) kh2ng s4 b: ph' sKn. "h1ng ng(n h)ng
Trung 1Ing kh2ng th13ng Zuy-n l)m vLy. Trong th3i
k l1u h)nh bKn v: v)ng, ti0n giBy c? th8 +9i th)nh
v)ng v) "g(n h)ng Trung 1Ing c? th8 c? +7 v)ng
+8 thanh to'n. "g(n h)ng c? th8 lu2n lu2n g<p
tr13ng h4p r]t ti0n th2ng !ua ng13i gVi ti0n bYi viAc
ph't h)nh giMy )c m5i.
Unit 1Y: BANK g^Ae>
BANK g^Ae> nI OnIU NGN nNG
$inancial instruments, such as )an(
+%a,t& and letter of credit, reduce some
of the uncertainties of international
transactions. b &ight +%a,t is usually
prepared by the eZporter and
addressed to the importer, ordering the
importer to pay on receipt of the goods
and the draft. hen the draft is signed
and Iaccepte&J by the importer and
formally acknowledged by the
importergs bank, the eZporter can use
the draft as collateral to borrows funds
from his or her own bank, creating, in
effect, an international form of atc
%eceiva)*e financing. b sight draft
generally i/#*ie& only the i/#o%te%G&
#%o/i&e to #ay. =owever, acceptance
by the importergs bank makes the draft
an i%%evoca)*e in&t%$/ent o,
#ay/ent
An a*te%native ,o%/ of draft is the time
draft, which allows a specified period of
time after the goods are delivered and
the draft is presented before payment
is due. $or eZample, payment terms
might be {|, | or | daygs sight. b
&'c c2ng cF t)i ch6nh, nh1 h]i #hiL$ ngn
hng hay th1 t6n dFng, giKm thi8u +i m,t sC giao
d:ch kh2ng c[n thi.t trong th1Ing m*i !uCc t..
%,t t= h]i #hiL$ t%K ngay th2ng th13ng +14c
kw ph't bYi nh) ZuBt khju v) +14c gVi cho nh)
nhLp khju, y-u c[u nh) nhLp khju thanh to'n
c'c h)ng ho' nhLn +14c theo nh1 t3 hCi phi.u.
Thi t3 hCi phi.u +14c kw v) c? dBu IK chp
thunJ bYi nh) nhLp khju, th2ng th13ng l) bYi
ng(n h)ng nh) nhLp khju, nh) ZuBt khju c? th8
sV dFng t3 hCi phi.u n)y nh1 m,t vLt th. chBp
+8 vay vCn tN ng(n h)ng anh/ ch: ta, viAc t*o ra
hCi phi.u ng(n h)ng, c? t'c dFng nh1 l) m,t
c'ch thEc t)i tr4 !uCc t. cho c'c KhoKn #hKi
th$. %,t t3 hCi phi.u trK ngay cho ngE z &A ca/
(Lt thanh to4n ca nh nhc# (h$. Tuy nhi-n,
s@ chBp nhLn bYi ng(n h)ng c7a nh) nhLp khju
+Q bi.n t3 hCi phi.u trY th)nh /t c@ng cE
thanh to4n (h@ng thB h$h ngang-
%,t d*ng kh'c c7a hCi phi.u l) hCi phi.u k
h*n, n? cho phDp h)ng ho' +14c vLn chuy8n
trong m,t th3i gian nhBt +:nh v) t3 hCi phi.u s`
+14c ZuBt trPnh cho sau khi h)ng ho' +14c
chuy8n +.n nIi. W6 dF, th3i h*n thanh to'n c?
th8 l) {|, | ho<c | ng)y k8 tN ng)y kw ph't
hCi phi.u. %,t t3 hCi phi.u trK ngay +Q +1Ic
time draft that has been accepted by
the importergs bank is called )an(e%G&
acce#tance. hen the bank accepts
the draft, the bank guarantees that it
will pay the draft on maturity that is, it
effectively replaces the importergs credit
with its own credit. bs a rule the
eZporter, as well as the investment
markets, put greater stock in the bankgs
creditworthiness than the i/#o%te%G&
c%e+it'o%thine&&-
The eZporter /ay atte/#t to sell the
bankergs acceptance to an investor at a
discount that is consistent with the
market rate on bankergs acceptance at
the time. A*te%native*yF the bank may
effectively eZtend credit by buying the
acceptance from the eZporter at
a##%o#%iate +i&co$nt. The bank
typically sells it in the bankergs
acceptance market and later, at
maturity, pays off the investor at par as
the payment from the importer co/e&
+$e.
chBp nhLn bYi ng(n h)ng nh) nhLp khju +14c
g>i l) n]i #hiL$ 12c ngn hng chM# th$cn
83hp phiLu ng>n hng# Thi ng(n h)ng chBp
nhLn hCi phi.u, ng(n h)ng bKo +Km r\ng t3 hCi
phi.u s` +14c thanh to'n +]ng h*n +i0u n)y c?
nghMa, ng(n h)ng dhng uy t6n c7a mPnh bKo +Km
cho khK n;ng trK n4 c7a nh) nhLp khju. i(y l)
m,t nguy-n tGc c7a nh) ZuBt khju, cng nh1
tr-n th: tr13ng +[u t1, c9 phi.u c? +, tin cLy t6n
dFng c7a ng(n h)ng s` c? gi' hIn c9 phi.u
+Km bKo b\ng tin ccy tDn +Eng ca nh
nhc# (h$-
"h) ZuBt khju c7 thB /$]n b'n +i chBp phi.u
ng(n h)ng cho m,t nh) +[u t1 v5i gi' chi.t
khBu, mEc gi' +Q bao gHm lQi suBt th: tr13ng
c7a t3 chBp phi.u ng(n h)ng t*i th3i +i8m +?.
(hDa cnh (h4cF ng(n h)ng c? th8 mY r,ng
ho*t +,ng t6n dFng b\ng viAc mua c'c t3 chBp
phi.u tN nh) ZuBt khju v5i mEc gi' chiLt (hM$
hon *i. "g(n h)ng th13ng b'n c'c t3 chBp
phi.u tr-n th: tr13ng giao d:ch chBp phi.u ng(n
h)ng v) sau +?, t*i th3i +i8m +'o h*n, viAc
thanh to'n to)n b, c7a nh) +[u t1 cng giCng
nh1 viAc thanh to'n c7a nh) nhLp khju khi
(hoKn thanh to4n Ln hn
Unit 1`: Ove%+%a,t
Ove%+%a,t hM$ chi
bn overdraft occ$%& when a check is written
on uncollected funds. #n other words, an
overdraft is a facility which allows an
individual to with draw funds from his
checking a/c in eZcess of the credit balance.
#f a bank pays on a check written against
uncollected balances, it is an $n&ec$%e+
*oan. Xome overdraft loan are written with
prior permission of the bank, but most are
not. In the *atte% ca&eF overdraft loan can be
for less than one day S+ay*ight ove%+%a,tU,
such as when a check is written in the
morning and the deposit to cover that check
is not made until that afternoon, or for one or
more days. The customer is charged interest
only on the amount he uses and the rate of
interest is calculated daily on the prime rate.
"ormally no regular repayment is set. The
customer can repay any amount at any time
simply by paying money.
%,t khoKn thBu chi 3$Mt hiTn khi viAc ki8m tra +14c Z'c
nhLn tr-n c'c khoKn ti0n S/vCnU +Q b: r]t !u' sC d1 trong t)i
khoKn. =ay n?i c'ch kh'c, m,t khoKn thBu chi l) m,t c2ng
cF cho phDp c'c c' nh(n c? th8 r]t ti0n S/vCnU tN t)i khoKn
kw ph't XDc c7a anh ta v14t !u' sC d1 &?. ".u m,t ng(n
h)ng chi trK cho m,t t)i khoKn kw ph't nh\m tr'nh cho sC
d1 t)i khoKn b: r]t !u', +? l) /t (hoKn cho vay (h@ng
K/ )Ko. %,t v)i khoKn thBu chi cho +14c th@c hiAn theo
s@ cho phDp tr15c c7a ng(n h)ng, nh1ng h[u nh1 kh2ng
phKi vLy. %ong c4c t%1=ng h2# &a$ ny stlB 0 #hjngQF
khoKn cho vay thBu chi c? th8 +14c cho phDp +14c r]t
!u' sC d1 6t hIn m,t ng)y SthM$ chi t%ong ngyU, giCng
nh1 khi m,t lAnh kw ph't th@c hiAn v)o bu9i s'ng v)
khoKn ti0n gVi +14c ki8m tra l) b: r]t !u' +.n chng chi0u
ng)y h2m +?, ho<c c? th8 ~ ho<c hIn ~ ng)y. Th'ch h)ng
b: t6nh ph6 cho trong l14ng ti0n anh ta anh ta r]t !u', v)
khoKn ph6 n)y +14c t6nh theo lQi suBt cho vay cI bKn theo
ng)y. Th2ng th13ng, kh2ng c? !uy +:nh ho)n trK n)o
+14c 'p dFng. Th'ch h)ng c? th8 trK ti0n bBt cE l]c n)o,
+In giKn cho b\ng viAc trK b\ng ti0n m<t.
INE^NAIONA8 OAYMEN
INE^NAIONA8 OAYMEN nANn ON U;
Mnt0o&uction
Today every country in the world buys from other
countries and sells to them. he thing& a country
sells to another country are called e3#o%t&. The
things a country buys from another country are
called imports. layment for imports and eZports is
made through a system called foreign eZchange.
$oreign eZchange works like this. The value of the
money of one country in relation to the money of
other countries is agreed upon. #t is called rate of
eZchange. These rates of eZchange vary from time
to time. Xometimes a dnited Xtates dollar is worth
twelve pesos in %eZico. bnother time it may be
worth eight pesos.
#n transactions in #nternational Trade, actual money
does not usually change hands. Banks have used
the non-cash instruments such as etter of &redit
S/&U, Bill of Zchange, lromissory note to
facilitate the payment in #nternational Trade.
N)i m% .u
"g)y n)y c'c n15c tr-n th. gi5i mua tN c'c n15c
kh'c v) b'n cho h>. NhHng th. m,t !uCc gia b'n cho
m,t !uCc gia kh'c +14c g>i l) hng 3$Mt (h$. ThE
m,t !uCc gia mua tN m,t !uCc gia kh'c g>i l) h)ng
nhLp khju. Thanh to'n cho h)ng ho' ZuBt khju v)
nhLp khju th2ng !ua m,t hA thCng g>i l) th1Ing m*i
!uCc t.. i(y cng l) ph1Ing thEc ho*t +,ng c7a
Th1Ing m*i !uCc t. ho*t. ai' tr: ti0n giJa m,t n15c
li-n !uan +.n ti0n c7a n15c kh'c theo ~ tn lA nhBt
+:nh. i14c g>i l) tn gi'. &'c mEc tn gi' Y tNng th3i
+i8m lu2n kh'c nhau. i2i khi ~ dXm +9i +14c ~O l-
s2 %ehic2 nh1ng v)o th3i +i8m kh'c ~ dXCcc th8 cho
+9i +14c u l- s2.
Trong c'c giao d:ch Th1Ing m*i !uCc t., ti0n giao
ngay th13ng kh2ng trao tay. &'c ng(n h)ng th13ng
sV dFng c'c c2ng cF phi ti0n m<t, nh1 T6n dFng th1
S/&U, =Ci phi.u, Anh phi.u +8 thuLn tiAn trong
ho*t +,ng Th1Ing m*i uCc t..
Unit 1d: Eva*$ating a *oan %e<$e&t
Eva*$ating a *oan %e<$e&t 4c 5nh nh$ cJ$ 3in vay
sl5nh gi4 (hoKn cho vayQ
The bank must eva*$ate the *oan %e<$e&t and
+ete%/ine if a loan will be granted. This
evaluation involves the &gs of credit as follows:
~. &haracter Spersonal characteristics of
the borrower honesty and attitudes
about willingness and commitment to
pay debtsU
O. &apacity Sthe success of businessU
{. &apital Sfinancial conditionU
. &ollateral Spledged assetsU
q. &onditions Seconomic conditionsU
. &ompliance Slaws and regulationsU
;ha%acte%
Bank must 5know their customersf before
they make loans, and knowing their character
is the place to start. To some eZtent, the
words cha%acte% and %e#$tation overlap in
meaning. e use the term character to refer
to a )o%%o'e%G& hone&tyF %e&#on&i)i*ityF
integ%ityF an+ con&i&tency on which we can
determine their 'i**ingne&& to repay loans.
&haracter is the most important of the &gs.
Goo+ cha%acte% is a necessary, but not
sufficient condition on which to base a loan. #f
a borrower is +i&hone&ty, do not lend to that
person or firm. The dishonest person will find
a way to cheat you.
Evi+ence of character t%ait& can be found
in a firmgs credit record, which reveals if they
pay bills on time. &redit records may be
obtained from other banks, from c%e+it
)$%ea$&, and from c%e+it agencie&
;a#acity
&apacity refers to the success of the
borrowergs business as reflected in its
financial condition and ability to meet financial
obligations. Bank credit analysts evaluate a
prospective borrowergs financial condition
before the loans are granted. #n the case of a
small business, capacity depends on the
)o%%o'e%G& /anage%ia* e3#e%ience,
knowledge, and past accomplishments
running a business.
&apacity also refers to onegs legal capacity
to borrow funds. That is, a borrower
representing a corporation or partnership
must have their written authorization to make
"g(n h)ng phKi 34c 5nh nh$ cJ$ 3in vay v) 1\c
*12ng liAu khoKn vay c? +14c chBp nhLn. WiAc Z'c +:nh
n)y bao gHm &, gHm c'c +i0u khoKn t6n dFng nh1 sau:
~. dy t6n kh'ch h)ng Si<c +i8m c' nh(n c7a ng13i
+i vay, t6nh trung th@c, th'i +, sxn s)ng v) tLn
tPnh trK n4U
O. ThK n;ng t)i ch6nh S/khK n;ng trK n4U Ss@ th)nh c2ng
c7a ho*t +,ng kinh doanhU
{. WCn Sii0u kiAn t)i ch6nhU
. WLt th. chBp S"hJng t)i sKn c[m cCU
q. &'c +i0u khoKn S&'c +i0u kiAn kinh t.U
. ii0u khoKn th@c hiAn SuLt v) c'c !uy +:nhU
lPc iB/ (h4ch hng
"g(n h)ng phKi 5biIt ,- kh.ch h!n$ cEa hJ6 tr15c
khi h> cBp c'c khoKn vay, v) bi.t v0 +<c +i8m kh'ch
h)ng l) b15c +[u +8 ng(n h)ng ti.n h)nh cho vay.
Trong chNng m@c n)o +?, tN $y tDn (h4ch hng v) $y
tDn +14c hi8u nh1 nhau. &h]ng ta th13ng dhng thuLt
ngJ +<c +i8m kh'ch h)ng +8 cho t5i /t &A t%$ng
thAcF c7 t%4ch nhiT/F chDnh t%AcF v (iZn 5nh ca
ng1=i i vay !ua +? ta c? th8 15c l14ng &A tcn tunh
c7a h> +8 ho)n trK c'c khoKn n4.
dy t6n kh'ch h)ng l) !uan tr>ng nhBt trong ti-u chujn
&. dy t6n kh'ch h)ng tCt l) +i0u c[n thi.t, nh1ng ch1a
+7 +i0u kiAn +8 d@a v)o +? l)m cI sY cho m,t khoKn
vay. ".u m,t kh'ch h)ng kh2ng trung th@c, kh2ng n-n
cho vay dh l) c' nh(n hay c2ng ty. Th'ch h)ng kh2ng
trung th@c s` lu2n tPm c'ch +8 lNa +Ko b*n.
B[ng ch.ng kh'ch h)ng c? uy t6n tiZ$ )iB$ trong m,t
b'o c'o t6n dFng c7a m,t ng(n h)ng cho thBy liAu kh'ch
h)ng c? chi trK ho' +In +]ng hn hay kh2ng. &'c bKn
b'o c'o t6n dFng n)y c? th8 c? +14c tN nhJng ng(n
h)ng kh'c, tN c'c c2ng ty thjm +:nh t6n dFng, v) tN c'c
v;n ph/ng t6n dFng
KhK nIng ti chDnh
ThK n;ng t)i ch6nh 'm cho s@ th)nh c2ng trong ho*t
+,ng kinh doanh c7a ng13i +i vay, phKn 'nh tr-n c'c
+i0u kiAn v) n;ng l@c t)i ch6nh dkn +.n c'c tr'ch nhiAm
t)i ch6nh. "hJng nh(n vi-n ph(n t6ch t6n dFng ng(n h)ng
Z'c +:nh tPnh tr*ng t)i ch6nh t1Ing lai c7a ng13i +i vay
tr15c khi cBp khoKn vay. Trong tr13ng h4p v5i m,t
doanh nghiAp nh_, khK n;ng t)i ch6nh phF thu,c v)o
(inh nghiT/ <$Kn *z ca ng1=i i vay, s@ hi8u bi.t v)
nhJng th)nh t@u trong !u' khE khi kinh doanh c7a
ng13i +i vay.
ThK n;ng t)i ch6nh cng cho t5i m,t ph[n khK n;ng
t)i ch6nh ph'p +:nh +8 vay vCn. "ghMa l), m,t ng13i +i
vay +ang +*i diAn cho m,t c2ng ty hay !uan hA +Ci t'c
phKi c? s@ cho phDp +14c Z'c nhLn c7a c2ng ty, +8 cBp
a loan on their behalf.
;a#ita*
&apital represents the amount of e<$ity
ca#ita* that a firm has which can be
li!uidated for payment if all other means of
collection of the debt fail. E<$ity ca#ita* i&
e<$a* to tota* a&&et& *e&& tota* *ia)i*itie&. #t
is also referred to as net 'o%th or )oo(
va*$e. There may be considerable differences
between the )oo( va*$e o, a&&et&, the
/a%(et va*$e and the *i<$i+ation va*$e.
Book value is used to represent the value of
an asset in ,inancia* %e#o%ting and is usually
based on hi&to%ica* co&t. The book value of
certain assets may be ove%va*$e+ or
$n+e%va*$e+. Ma%(et va*$e is the price on
which willing buyers and sellers of an assets
can agree. i!uidation value is the amount
that one would receive in a ,o%ce+ &a*e# Mn
5pite oC the problems of valuing the book
value, bankers consider it as a c$&hion o,
a&&et& in the event of a loan default.
;o**ate%a*
&ollateral refers to assets that are pledged
for security in a credit transaction. Borrowers
want to get as much credit as possible
without giving any more collateral than it
necessary. #n contrast, banks want as much
collateral as possible to protect their interests.
Banks also take personal guarantees and
guarantees from a third party, such as a
government agency. Bankers prefer collateral
that is tangi)*eF +$%a)*eF an+ ea&i*y
i+enti,ia)*e, such as shopping center. Atc&
%eceiva)*e and invento%ie& are also widely
used as collateral.
;on+ition&
&onditions refers to e3te%na* ,acto%& that
are beyond the control of a film, but may
affect their ability to repay debts.
;o/#*iance
&ompliance with *a'&F %eg$*ation&F an+
co$%t +eci&ion& is an increasingly important
consideration in lending. dnder &o/e
ci%c$/&tance&, lenders /ay )e *ia)*e for
borrowergs acts of pollution. Therefore, lender
must enco$%age borrower to comply with
envi%on/enta* *a'&. enders must /onito%
borrowers to ensure compliance with such
laws.
khoKn vay tr-n s@ +*i diAn c7a c2ng ty +?.
~]n
WCn th8 hiAn d15i ph[n v]n g7# cp #hJn m) m,t
c2ng ty sY hJu v) ph[n vCn +? sxn sang th@c hiAn
thanh to'n n.u c'c khoKn +Km bKo kh'c c7a khoKn n4
kh2ng c/n. ~]n g7# cp #hJn )[ng png ti &Kn t%U i
png c4c (hoKn n2- "? cng c? nghMa t1Ing t@ nh1
gi4 t%5 ti &Kn %jng hay gi4 t%5 &p &4ch. &? s@ kh'c
nhau t1Ing +Ci giJa gi4 t%5 &p &4ch ca ti &KnF gi4 t%5
th5 t%1=ng v) gi4 t%5 thanh *z ca ti &Kn. ai' tr: s9
s'ch th13ng +14c dhng +8 cho gi' tr: c7a m,t t)i sKn ghi
trong )4o c4o ti chDnh v) n? th13ng d@a tr-n c'c ph't
sinh trong !u' khE. ai' tr: s9 s'ch c7a nhJng t)i sKn
nhBt +:nh c? th8 +14c Z'c +:nh cao hwn gi4 t%5 thAc
ho<c thM# hwn gi4 t%5 thAc- ai' tr: th: tr13ng l) mEc gi'
m) t*i +? ng13i mua sxn s)ng mua t)i sKn v) ng13i b'n
chBp nhLn b'n. ai' tr: thanh lw t)i sKn l) khoKn ti0n nhLn
+14c n.u nh1 t)i sKn +? +14c )4n M$ gi4 )t )$c.
MPc +R c? nhi0u rGc rCi +8 Z'c +:nh gi' tr: s9 s'ch, c'c
ch7 ng(n h)ng th13ng Zem n? nh1 /t tM/ T/ ti
&Kn K/ )Ko trong tr13ng h4p c7a m,t khoKn cho vay
theo ti-u chujn.
~ct thL chM#
WLt th. chBp cho c'c t)i sKn +14c dhng d8 c[m cC
bKo +Km trong m,t giao d:ch t6n dFng. "g13i +i vay lu2n
muCn vay +14c nhi0u nhBt c? th8 m) kh2ng phKi c[m cC
th-m bBt k t)i sKn li-n !uan n)o. "g14c l*i, c'c ng(n
h)ng muCn nhi0u nhBt c'c vLt th. chBp +8 bKo to)n l4i
nhuLn c7a h>.
&'c ng(n h)ng cng sV dFng c'c bKo +Km c' nh(n
v) giBy bKo lQnh tN m,t b-n thE ba, v6 dF nh1 m,t cI
!uan ch6nh ph7. &'c ch7 ng(n h)ng th6ch vLt th. chBp
l) c4c ti &Kn hH$ hunhF )0n v +6 nhcn )iLt, v6 dF
m,t trung t(m mua sGm. ;4c (hoKn #hKi th$ v) hng
tqn (ho cng +14c sV dFng r,ng ra nh1 m,t t)i sKn th.
chBp.
;4c i0$ (hoKn
&'c +i0u khoKn cho c4c nhn t] (h4ch <$an kh2ng
ki8m so't +14c, nh1ng c? th8 Knh h1Yng +.n khK n;ng
trK c'c khoKn n4 c7a kh'ch h)ng.
li0$ (hoKn thAc hiTn
ii0u khoKn th@c hiAn !uy +:nh bYi c4c i0$ *$ctF
c4c <$y 5nh v c4c <$yLt 5nh ca to 4n stcw <$an c7
th/ <$y0nQ nh\m t;ng th-m s@ !uan tr>ng S/t6nh ph'p lwU
trong cho vay. Trong m,t sC ho)n cKnh S/tr13ng h4pU,
ng13i cho vay c? th8 phKi c? tr'ch nhiAm t5i c'c ho*t
+,ng Knh h1Yng t5i m2i tr13ng c7a ng13i +i vay. WP vLy,
ng13i cho vay bu,c phKi (h$yLn (hDch ng13i +i vay
tu(n theo c4c i0$ *$ct )Ko vT /@i t%1=ng- "g13i cho
vay phKi gi4/ &4t ng13i +i vay +8 chGc chGn c'c +i0u
khoKn +14c th@c hiAn +]ng nh1 cam k.t.