Courtney Takahashi

8 September 2006
Deep Neck Anatomy

What type of tissue comprises the Mesoderm line by ectoderm and endoderm
pharyngeal arches?
What is the difference between the Clefts are external and pouches are internal
pharyngeal clefts and pouches?
What 3 components are present in every Nerve, artery, cartilage
arch?
Arch 1 derivatives (arch derivatives must be Maxilla, Mandible
memorized) Muscles of mastication
CN V
Arch 2 derivatives Styloid process, Lesser Cornu
CN VII
mm Facial expression
Arch 3 derivatives Greater Cornu
CN IX
Greater horn
Stylopharyngeus
Arch 4-6 (merge) derivatives Thyroid, cricoid cart
CN X
Pharyngeal constrictors
Laryngeal muscles
What are the derivatives of the pharyngeal Ext. auditory meatus
clefts? Tympanic membrane
Cleft 2 becomes overgrown
Cleft 3-5 merge and disappear
What are the derivatives of the pouches? Pouch 1: Auditory tube
Pouch 2: Palatine tonsil
Pouch 3: Parathyroid gland (inferior) and thymus
Pouch 4: Parathyroid glad (superior) and UB body
What do the neural crest cells form? Neural folds and resulting rhombomeres
Migrates to face and populates facial prominences
Carry Hox code and provide spatial information
What 3 syndromes result from defects in Pierre Robin, Digeorge, Treacher Collins syndromes
neural crest cells?
What week does the tongue start to develop? Week 4
What contributions does each of the arches 1st arch – lateral lingual swelling (LLS) and tuberculum
make to tongue formation? impair (T1)
2-4  hypobranchial eminence
4th  epiglottal swelling
How does the anterior portion of the tongue LLS overgrows T1 and makes anterior 2/3 of tongue
develop?
How does the posterior portion of the tongue Arch 3 overgrows 2,4 and forms posterior 1/3 of tongue
develop?
What nerve provides sensory innervation to CN V
the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
What nerve provides sensory innervation to CN IX
the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
What cranial nerve provides motor CN XII
innervation to the tongue?
What cranial nerve provides special sensory CN VII
information to the tongue?
What tissue is the secondary palate formed Endodermal derivative
from?
How does it form?
What is the position of the thyroid gland?
What is the nerve supply to the thyroid?
What are the main arteries to the thyroid?
What are the main veins to the thyroid?
What is the function of the parathyroid
glands?
What is the main consequence of removal?
Nerve supply to parathyroids?
Invagination of the foramen cecum. Thyroglossal duct
grows caudally but eventually degenerates
Deep the sternohyoid and sternothyroid, surrounded by
pretracheal fascia
Sympathetic innervation from the cervical ganglia
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
Superior, middle, and inferior veins
Calcium regulation
Tetany
Cervical sympathetic ganglia

Identify:
• Thoracocervical junction / superior thoracic aperature
• Brachiocephalic trunk with subclavian and common carotid arteries (right side)
• Aortic arch with independent CC and SC branches (left side)
• Vertebral artery
• Internal thoracic artery
• Thyrocervical trunk with inferior thyroid, suprascapular, transverse cervical branches
• Internal thoracic artery
• Costocervical trunk
• Deep cervical artery
• Supreme intercostal artery
• Dorsal scapular artery (3rd part of subclavian artery)
• Internal jugular vein that receives external and anterior jugular veins
• Subclavian veins as they join internal jugular and form branchiocephalic veins
• Vagus nerve
• Recurrent laryngeal nerve (inferior laryngeal)
• Superior laryngeal nerve
• Cardiac plexus
• Phrenic nerve
• Sympathetic trunks / 3 cervical ganglia
• Superficial cervical lymph nodes (follow external jugular)
• Deep cervical lymph nodes (follow internal jugular and receive from tongue, mouth, larynx,
pharynx)
• Thoracic duct
• Thyroid gland
• Superior thyroid artery
• Inferior thyroid artery
• Thyroid ima
• Superior thyroid vein
• Middle thyroid vein
• Inferior thyroid vein
• Parathyroid glands
• Isthmus of the thyroid
• Brachiocephalic vein
• Splenius capitus
• Levator scapulae
• Anterior, middle, posterior scalene muscles
• Roots of the brachial plexus