Courtney Takahashi
Anatomy 5 – Scalp, meninges, cranial cavity
29 September 2006
Anatomy 5 – Scalp, Meninges, Cranial Cavity
What are the first 5 layers of the scalp?
Name the 4 major cutaneous nerves of
the scalp
Name the 5 major arteries that supply the 1. Occipital from external carotid
scalp
Name the 4 major veins that drain the
scalp
What are the 3 meningeal layers that
cover the brain and spinal cord?
What vital, protective structure is formed Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). The pia and glia membrane endothelium
by the pia mater?
What vital contents are encased by the
arachnoid membrane?
What is the function of dura mater?
How is the dura mater different between
the brain and spinal cord?
What are the two layers in the brain
called?
What is the arterial supply to the
meninges of the brain?
What are the 3 nerve supplies to the
meninges of the brain?
What are the contents of the cavernous
sinus? Specifically nerves and arteries.
How does a patient have an epidural
hemorrhage? What artery is usually
ruptured? Where does the hemorrhage
occur?
How does a patient have a subdural
hemorrhage? What vessel is usually
ruptured? Where does the hemorrhage
occur?
How does a patient have an arachnoid
1. Skin, with sweat glands bound to underlying layer
2. Connective tissue: subQ, strong, fibrous
3. Aponeurosis (galae aponeurotica + epicranial muscles)
4. Loose connective tissue, allows movement of layers 1-3
5. Periosteal layer, periosteum of bone
1. Supraorbital, supratrochlear (from CN V1)
2. Auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3)
3. Greater occipital nerve (C2 dorsal spinal nerve)
4. Lesser occipital (C2, C3)
2. Posterior auricular from external carotid
3. Superficial temporal from external carotid
4. Supraorbital artery from ophthalmic artery
5. Supratrochlear artery from ophthalmic artery
1. Diploic veins, drain diploe
2. Emmisary veins, valveless veins that connect the internal and
external veins
3. Supraorbital and supratrochlear veins from angular and facial veins
NB: The supraorbital and supratrochlear veins communicate with
ophthalmic veins to cavernous sinus for disease spread
From superficial to deep:
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater
and basement membrane restrict free flow
Subarachnoid space encases the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Protection of brain and spinal cord
Single layered in the spinal cord, double layered in the brain
Outer layer = periosteum
Inner layer = meningeal layer
Middle meningeal artery
CN X, also some IX
1. Oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic and maxillary
branch of CN V
2. Internal carotid artery, abducens nerve
Patient usually has traumatic head injury and momentary
unconsciousness. Patient will regain consciousness (period of
lucidness) and rapidly degenerate into coma. Hemorrhage occurs
between the skull and dura.
Patient may have traumatic head injury or may occur spontaneously in
older individuals. Usually cerebral vein injury. Hemorrhage occurs
between the dura and arachnoid mater.
Patient usually has an aneurysm of in one of the arteries that
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hemorrhage? What vessel may be
damaged? Where does the hemorrhage
occur?
Trace the path of cerebrospinal fluid
from its creation to its end
contributes to the circle of Willis. Hemorrhage occurs in between the
arachnoid and pia mater.
Formed in choroid plexus  Travels to 3rd and 4th ventricles 
Foramen of Luschka  Foramen of Magendie  spinal cord

Structures to identify:
• Scalp aponeurosis
• Supraorbital foramen
• Supraorbital nerve and vessels
• Dura mater
• Arachnoid mater
• Pia mater
• Periosteum
• Meningeal layer
• Falx cerebri
• Tentorium cerebelli
• Falx cerebelli
• Arachnoid granulations
• Occipitofrontalis muscle
• Temporalis muscle
• Outer lamina
• Diploe
• Inner lamina
• Mastoid process
• External occipital protruberance
• Lamdoid suture
• Foramen magnum
• Groove for the superior sagittal sinus
• Grooves for transverse sinus
• Fossae for the cerebellum
• Fossae for the occipital poles of the cerebral hemisphere
• Middle meningeal artery (note that crosses the pterion)
• Grooves for branches of the middle meningeal artery
• Cerebral veins

Skull
• Crista galli (Grants 165)
• Cribiform plate (Grants 165)
• Anterior clinoid process (Grants 165)
• Posterior clinoid process (grants 165)
• Superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone (grants 165)
• Internal acoustic meatus
• Jugular foramen (grants 165)
• Hypoglossal canal (Grants 165)
• Foramen magnum
• Groove for sigmoid sinus
• Groove for transverse sinus (grants 165)
• Anterior cranial fossae

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 • Middle cranial fossae
• Posterior cranial fossae
• Foramen spinosum (grants 165)
• Superior petrosal sinus
• Foramen rotundum (V2) (grants 165)
• Foramen ovale (V3) (grants 165)
• Hypophyseal fossa (grants 165)
• Sellar diaphragm
• Frontal bone
o Orbital part (grants 165)
• Sphenoid bone
o Lesser wing (grants 165)
o Sphenoidal crest (grants 165)
o Superior orbital fissure (grants 165)
o Anterior clinoid process (grant 165)
o Sphenoidal limbus (grants 165)
o Optic canal (grants 165)
o Hypophyseal fossa (grants 165)
o Posterior clinoid process (grants 165)
o Greater wing – foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum (grants 165)
• Temporal bone
o Squamous part (grants 165)
o Petrous part (grant 165)
o Groove for sigmoid sinus (grants 165)
o Internal acoustic meatus (grants 165)
• Occipital bone (grants 165)
o Clivus
o Jugular foramen
o Hypoglossal canal
o Groove for sigmoid sinus
o Groove for transverse sinus
o Internal occipital protuberance

Internal Carotid arteries (grants 165)

• Ophthalmic artery
• Posterior communicating anastomoses with posterior cerebral of basilar
• Anterior cerebral communicate via anterior communicating artery
• Middle cerebral artery
• Circle of Willis
• Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
• Vertebral arteries
• Basilar artery
• Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
• Superior cerebellar artery
• Pontine branches
• Posterior cerebral arteries

Nerves (grants 165)

• Olfactory bulb and tract (CN I)

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 • Optic (CN II)
• Oculomotor (CN III)
• Trochlear (CN IV)
• Trigeminal (CN V)
• Abducent (CN VI)
• Facial (CN VII)
• Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
• Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
• Vagus (CN X)
• Accessory (XI)
• Hypoglossal (XII)

Venous sinuses (Netter plate 97-98)

• Superior sagittal sinus
• Inferior sagittal sinus
• Straight sinus
• Confluence
• Transverse sinus
• Sigmoid sinus (transverse sinus becomes sigmoid before becoming internal jugular vein)
• Cavernous sinus
• Great cerebral vein

Brain (Netter plate 99-101)

• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem
• Gyri (folds)
• Sulci (grooves)
• Fissure (clefts)
• Central sulcus
• Lateral sulcus
• Parieto-occipital sulcus
• Lateral ventricles
• 3rd ventricle
• 4th ventricle
• Frontal lobe
• Parietal lobe
• Occipital lobe
• Temporal lobe