Orhodontics Lecture

(1) Orthodontics = the branch of dentistry that deals with the growth and
development of the face, oral structures and occlusion, and with the
diagnosis, interception and treatment of the occlusal anomalies

(2) Indications for orthodontic treatment:

- 1. Aesthetic reasons
2. Functional reasons
- 3. Prosthetic reasons
- 4. Prophylactic reason

(3) Malocclusion = the feature of dental alignment or occlusion that is variant from
ideal .

(4) Malocclusion can be the result of:
o Dental variation
o Skeletal variation

(5) For Dental Variation :
A- Intra-arch variation:
1. Anomalies in tooth position
2. Impaction
3. Crowding
4. Spacing
5. Midline Diastema
B- Inter-
1. Incisal inter-arch variation
2. Posterior inter-arch variation
(6) Incisal inter-arch variation:
1- Anterior-posterior incisal relationship
2- Vertical incisal relationship
3- Transverse incisal relationship
(7) - Incisal inter-arch relationship is divided to:
- incisal inter-arch relationship
-
posterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper central incisor
it is subdivided into:
A- incisors are proclined
B-
-
incisor bites or lies anterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper central
incisor


(8) When overbite is increased (deep bite) :
-Complete (the incisal edge of lower incisors is touching either the palatal
surface of upper incisors or the palatal soft tissue)
- Incomplete (the incisal edge of lower incisors isn't touching neither the
palatal surface of upper incisors nor the palatal soft tissue)
-Traumatic (the incisal edge of lower incisors is touching the palatal soft tissue
and traumatizing it)

(9)If there's no vertical overlap at all THEN it is anterior open bite.

(10) ** Buccal = toward cheek
** Lingual/palatal = toward tongue/palate
** Mesial = toward midline
** Distal = away from midline

(11) Angle classification is a molar inter-arch relationship consider as
Posterior inter-arch variation .
it includes :

- Class I (Normal ) it is when the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first
permanent molar occludes (exactly) in the buccal groove of the mandibular
first permanent molar
- Class II : it is when the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first permanent
molar occludes (anterior) to the buccal groove of the mandibular first
permanent molar
-
molar occludes (posterior) to the buccal groove of the mandibular first
permanent molar.



(12) -Buccal cross bite = buccal cusps of lower posterior teeth are (buccal) to
those of upper posterior teeth
- Lingual cross bite = buccal cusps of lower posterior teeth are (palatal) to
palatal cusps of upper posterior teeth.

(VIP) Cross bites can be either unilateral (just in one side) or bilateral (in both sides)

(13) Skeletal variation:
- The teeth are correctly positioned but the jaws are wrongly positioned and
so there's malocclusion










Pediatric Lecture




(1) Pediatric dentistry = an age-defined specialty that provides both primary
and comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health care for infants
and children through adolescence, including those with special health
care needs
(2) Who are the objects of Pediatric dentistry?
-Infants
-Children
-Adolescence
-Special health care needs.

(3)What does the Pediatric dentistry provide?
- preventive oral health care
- therapeutic oral health care

(4) Its preferable that pediatric patients are seen starting from the age of
6 months-1year, in order to establish whats called a dental home at an early age

(5) Pediatric dentists have the training and experience to evaluate and treat
patients, that are medically compromised.


(6) Objectives of Pediatric Dentistry:
- Giving comfort, relieving pain, removing infection, and restoring functions
-Allaying fear and anxiety and modifying the child behavior Promoting
optimal oral health by prevention and education
-To develop a positive attitude and behavior towards oral health
-Implement the principles of preventive dentistry from birth

(7) Pediatric dentists try to implement:
o Good oral habits
o Good diet
o Preventive measures:

(8) A pediatric dentist should monitor the child's occlusion during development
so that
the child won't need an orthodontic treatment in the future or to make the
malocclusion less severe

(9) Pediatric dentists manage dental trauma due to accidents from sports and
other activities affecting primary teeth




Prosthodontics

(1) PROSTHETICS: is the art and science of supplying artificial replacements for
missing parts of the human body

(2) PROSTHESIS: is an artificial replacement for an absent part of the human
body

(3) Prosthesis is the restoration
(4) In prosthodontics we do artificial replacements for the missing teeth and oral
tissues
(5) Restorations in dentistry are of 2 types:
1. Direct restorations:Done in one visit in the clinic
2. Indirect restorations: Not possible to treat it directly in a one visit.
The procedure is done on a replica (model) of the patients mouth in the lab

(6) In fixed prosthodontics we usually replace one, two or three missing teeth
by using bridges

(7) THE DIVISION OF PROSTHODONTICS:
Prosthodontics has four major divisions:
1. Fixed prosthodontics
2. Removable prosthodontics
3. Maxillofacial prosthetics
4. Implant prosthodontics
(8) Obturator: type of maxillofacial prosthesis that is used to close a congenital or
acquired tissue opening

(9) Implant Prosthesis: Any prosthesis (fixed or removable or maxillofacial) that
utilized dental implants in part or whole for retention, support and stability.
(10) Types of Cases
-Dentulous: Complete set of natural teeth are present in the mouth
- Edentulous: The mouth is without teeth. It can be completely or
partially edentulous
- Partially edentulous:some of the natural teeth are lost
-Residual ridge : a ridge of bone where teeth used to be situated

(11) Complete denture : A removable dental prosthesis that replaces
the entire dentition and associated structures of the maxilla or mandible

(12) Over denture : A removable partial or complete denture that covers
and rests on one or more remaining natural teeth , roots , and/or dental
implants

(13) Retention means keeping the prosthesis from coming out of its place

(14) Stability prevents the lateral movement of the prosthesis

(15) Support: the foundation area on which a dental prosthesis rest
1- In crowns and bridges, the support is from teeth
2- In dentures, the support is from gums and bones




(16) Notes ( Natural VS Artificial ) Teeth :

** Natural teeth are more stable since they are firmly rooted in the bone
of the jaws while artificial teeth are less stable since they rest on the
gums and are held by weak forces there

** Speech is much easier with natural teeth

** We can make artificial teeth almost as good as natural teeth and
even better sometimes


(17) Objective of complete dentures:
1- Restoration of masticatory efficiency
2- Restoration of facial contour and appearance
3- Correction of speech defects
4- Patient satisfaction and comfort
5- Preservation of the remaining tissues

(18) Denture surfaces:
(1) Fitting Surface (Intaglio) (2) Polished Surface (Cameo)
(3) Occlusal Surface

(19) Functions of the base:
1. To provide the retention and stability of the denture
2. To carry and support the teeth
3. To represent the gums
4. To assist the teeth in supporting the cheeks and lips




(20) Function of teeth:
1. To assist in preparing food for deglutition
2. To provide a pleasing and natural appearance
3. To assist in speech

(21) Impression = negative replica of the patient's mouth
(22) Model/cast = positive replica of the patient's mouth
(23) Jaw relationship registration = registration of the relationship between
upper and lower jaws in anterio-posterior, transverse and vertical
dimensions.