ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Programming with Intel 8086

Instruction et
It is a set of binary inputs which produce defined action during an instruction cycle. It must be
present at the data inputs to the microprocessor at a proper time in order to be interpreted as an
instruction.
Program
Is a sequence of instructions which cause a computer to perform a particular task. In binary,
sequence of instructions is a machine language or object program. Object programs cannot be
entered directly by the programmer due to its various disadvantages (slow to enter, long and
tiresome, careless mistakes, difficult to understand or debug ad task undefined) if the instructions
are keyed in e!adecimal, the microprocessor need to convert it using a "he!adecimal loader.
Instruction co!e an! mnemonic
Instruction code can be assigned names called memory joggers. #nemonics should describe in
some way what the instruction does. #anufacturers provide a set of mnemonics for any
processor product and the name of the processor registers.
#O$ %&, '& ( #O$ is the mnemonic while %& (destination) and '& (source) are
registers used by the instruction. #O$ is the Op)code while '& and %&
form the Operand. *he instruction should be +,%- .#ove or copy data
from the source to the destination./
o"tware
Is all activities associated with successive development and operation of a computing system
other than the hardware pieces themselves. ardware does the actual computing.
Areas o" so"tware Acti#ities
0oftware covers three main areas
1. %pplication 2rograms 3reated, written and loaded into the computer memory to
perform a specific well)defined task for a particular field.
4. 0ystems 2rogram %id in the creation of application programs. 3onsist of all
programs associated with computing system other than
application programs
3. -ocumentation Include anything put down on paper or te!t (Instruction set,
coding or flowcharts)
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Assem$ler
% computer may have a program which translates the codes and also knows how many
words and what format each instruction requires. *his program is termed the assembler. %
program written such that one can distinguish an instruction, data and address is termed as
an assembly program.
%ssembler translates user (source program in mnemonics) into object program.
+56,0 )2lacing of markers (spaces, commas, semi colons or colons)
)3orrect spelling
)2roper control information
)3orrect placement of names and numbers
7ote8 %ssembler is only limited by the instruction set hence cannot perform a very wide
variety of tasks like high level languages do.
9,%*5+,0
%ssembly language statements have four fields. %se TA& 'e( to se)arate the "iel!s
La$el 5sed to represent an address that is not specifically known. It consists of one to
si! characters. *he first character should be a letter. La$els shoul! en! with a
colon* 'egin in the second space after the line number.
O)+Co!e #nemonic for the instruction
O)eran! +egisters, data or address on which the instruction is to be performed. 3omma ,-.
is the separator of registers or data.
Comment ,/. references made by the programmer for better understanding of the program.
T()es o" instructions "or Intel 8086 can $e grou)e! into "i#e namel(0
1. %ccessing immediate and register data (+egister and immediate modes)
4. %ccessing data in memory (#emory modes)
:. %ccessing I;O ports (I;O modes)
<. +elative addressing mode
=. Implied addressing mode
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