light sensors arranged as shown in Fig. 22.21. Signal conditioning is used to obtain the average value of Cl, C2, C3 and C! the ", # and average C value are then anal$sed to %nd the re&uired ex'osure value. This, for exam'le, reveals whether the scene is a scene with a relativel$ constant luminosit$ or 'erha's a close u' of a 'erson so that there is a bright central (one surrounded b$ a dar) bac)ground., The t$'e of 'rogram that is used is* if# is e&ual to " and C minus # is less than + then ex'osure set on value of " if# is e&ual to " and C minus # is + then ex'osure set on value of C For the main microcontroller send start command to lens microcontroller ta)e in'ut from range sensor calculate lens movement re&uired, send lens movement data to lens microcontroller wait for veri%cation of lens movement from microcontroller send in-focus signal to view%nder dis'la$ For the lens microcontroller wait for start command from main microcontroller determine initial lens 'osition wait for lens movement data from main .microcontroller read lens movement data calculate new lens 'osition while lens is not in new 'osition drive the motor send veri%cation signal of in-focus to main microcontroller 22.3. Car engine management The modern car is li)el$ to include man$ electronic control s$stems involving microcontrollers, the engine control s$stem being one. Figure 22.2. shows a generalised bloc) diagram of such a s$stem, its aim being to ensure that the engine is o'erated at its o'timum settings. The s$stem consists of sensors su''l$ing, after suitable signal conditioning, the in'ut signals to the microcontroller and it 'roviding out'ut signals via drivers to actuate actuators. Figure 22.2/ shows some of these elements in relation to an engine, onl$ one c$linder being shown. The engine s'eed sensor is an inductive sensor and consists of a coil for which the inductance changes as the teeth of the sensor wheel 'ass it and so results in an oscillating voltage. The tem'erature sensor is usuall$ a thermistor. The mass air 0ow sensor ma$ be a hot wire sensor. "s air 'asses over a heated wire it will be cooled, the amount of cooling de'ending on the mass rate of 0ow. The ox$gen sensor is generall$ a closed-end tube made of (irconium oxide with 'orous 'latinum electrodes on the inner and outer surfaces. "bove about 3++1C the sensor becomes 'ermeable to ox$gen ions with the result that a voltage is 'roduced between the electrodes.