=

0
= 1

0
=

0

0
=

0

=1

=0

=0

0
=
1

1 +

= =
1

=

0

0
=

0

=
0

/
ln(

1
) =

(
1

1

1

2
))
=

1 +

=

2
4
2


Reactors in Series and Parallel
PFR CSTR
Series Parallel Series, Equal Size Unequal Size
Treat as single PFR with
V=VTOTAL
Treat as single PFR with V = VTOTAL
if V/F = constant line

[(

)
1/
1]

=

1

0
=

1
()

Recycle: R = ratio of fluid returned to reactor, to volume of fluid leaving the system

1
= (

+ 1
)

0
=

0
= ( +1)

(

+1
)

| =

0

0
= ( + 1)

0
+

+1
|

=0

First Order, CD

+ 1
= ln[

0
+

( + 1)

] Second Order 2A->R, CD

+ 1
=

0
(
0

(
0
+

)

Reactions in Series: irreversible A -> R -> S [CA + CR + CS = CA0]
PFR CSTR

0
= (

2
)

2

,
=
ln (
2
/
1
)

2

1

0
=
1
[(
2
/
1
)
1/2
+ 1]
2

,
=
1

0
=
1
1 +
1

|

1

2
1 +
2

Instantaneous Frac. Yield Overall fractional yield Reactions in Parallel: A -> R; A -> S [R is desired product]
=

CSTR
=

=
1

= (
0

)
Residence Time Distribution F(t) = Integral of E(t) from 0 to t Segregation Model
() =
()
()

= ()

0

2
= (

)
2
()

0

3
=
1

3/2
(

)
3
()

()()

0

Normalised RTD Ideal CSTR Ideal PFR Tracer Balance LamFlow Rea. n Tanks in Series
=

()
= ()
() =
1

/
() = ( ) () =
0

/

() =

2
2
3
if

2

() =

1
( 1)!

Max. Mix.
Model
= life
expectancy

0
+
()
1 ()

As INF, X=0 or CA=CA0; Integrate numerically, starting at large and
ending with final conversion at =0


T-X
Charts:
Desired conversion must intersect locus of a rate curve actual rate found by accounting for initial concentration.
Slope of line linking this point to optimum temperature on x-axis is given by heat capacity divided by heat of reaction.
For a given
conversion:

)
T is the temperature at locus from above, and Tio is the temperature
reactant must be cooled to, to maintain optimum temperature.
To determine the volume of a PFR,
numerical integration is required:
Use conversions that correspond to each locus, and the associated corrected
rate, up to the maximum temperature; and a best guess rate at zero conversion.

aaaasdasd
Optimum Recycle Ratio
Best multiple reactor
scheme, when no
recycling occurs
Best reactor scheme,
when recycling occurs

Rate Equations obtained using the Integral Method of Analysis for a Constant Volume Batch Reactor

+(

+(

)
n
th
Order -r = kC
n
|

1

0
1
= ( 1)|
1

Zero-Order
<

0

=
0

=

0

= 0
Homogeneous Catalysed
A -> R
A + C -> R + C
ln (

0
) = ln(1

) = (
1
+
2

) =

Autocatalytic Reactions A + R -> R + R ln (
+

(1

)
) = ln (

0
(
0

(
0

0
)
) =
0
( +1) = (
0
+
0
)
Irreversible Parallel
Reactions
A -> R
A -> S
ln(

0
) = (
1
+
2
)

0
=

1

2

First Order Reversible A <-> R ln(1

) = ln (

) =
+ 1
+

1

Second Order Reversible
A + B <-> R + S
2A <-> R + S
2A <-> 2R
|ln (

(2

1)

) = 2
1
(
1

1)
0
|

0
=
0
||
0
=
0
=0

Steady State Conservation of Energy. Second CP term is CPROD - CREACTANT

)] = 0

=

0

CSTR
w/exchanger:

=
(
1

2
)
ln[(
1
)/(
2
)]

{(
1
) [1

]}
PFR: = (

Integrals

=
1
+1

+1


+
=
1

ln ( +)

( +)
2
=
1
+
( +)

=
( +)
+1
(( +1) )
( +1)( +2)

( + )

=
( +)
+1
+1

=
1

= (

2
)

( +)
2
=

+
+ln ( +)
ln() = ()
ln()

=
1
2
(ln())
2
()( ) = ()

2
+
2
=
1
2
ln (
2
+
2
)
Laplace Transforms
()
()
1
1

+1



2
2/3
()
1

!
( )
+1

( )

()
( )

()
1

()

1
2
1 3(2 1)

+1/2

()

0

()

()

()

()
() (0)
()

2
() (0) (0)

!

1

+1

1
( )( )

( )( )

!

1
( )
+1

Half-Life: CA = CA0/2 Integration by Parts Differential Equation

1/2
=
2
1
1
( 1)

0
1

= []

+ =

+
Variable-Volume Batch Reactor
Zero Order

ln(

0
) =

0

ln (1 +

) =
First Order ln(1

) = ln(1

0
) =
Second Order
(1 +

ln(1

) =
0

Performance Equations for n
th
-order kinetics, for constant density: A = 0
PFR or (Batch at CD) CSTR (Mixed Flow)
General Case
=
0

= |

0
|

=0
=

0

= |

=0

n = 0; -r = k

0
=

0
=

n = 1; -r = kC = (1 +

) ln(1

(1 +

)
1

= |

=0

n = 2; -r = kC
2

0
= 2

(1 +

) ln(1

) +

+(

+ 1)
2

0
=

(1 +

)
2
(1

)
2

n = n; -r = kC
n
|( 1)
0
1
= (

0
)
1
1 = (1

)
1
1|

=0

0
1
=

(1 +

(1

n = 1, rev.; CR0 =
0
A<->rR

1
=
+

+
[(1 +

) ln(1

(1 +