Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The body of this statement has been directed, as was no more than
proper, to the assumptions and presuppositions which were implicit
in the reports of the committee staff and some of the friendly testi-
mony which the committee heard . But the council cannot let this
opportunity pass without saying vigorously and directly that it does
not share a number of those assumptions and preconceptions .
It believes that, far from being committed to any particular body
of doctrine, America is a land of boundless experiment, of constant
and relentless search for better ways of doing things, for richer
experience, to make human life fuller and more attractive . Nothing
could be less American than an assumption that Americans had
reached the ultimate boundary of thought-political, economic, social,
or cultural as well as physical-in 1903 or 1953, or are destined to
reach it in 2003 .
A corollary of this interpretation of our tradition is the belief in
the maintenance of a completely free market in ideas, no matter how
unpalatable they may be to our preconceived notions . The moment
we have to protect any mature American from any idea whatsoever,
that moment we must stop boasting about American democracy .
The American Council of Learned Societies is concerned with
thought, with ideas, with mankind's concept of itself and its place in
nature . It believes that the best interests of America require uncom-
promising exploration of any thinking that mankind has ever done
or is doing. There is no subversion comparable with an interference
in the traffic in ideas .
Ideas are explosive materials . They must not be handled carelessly
nor ignorantly . All the activities of the American Council of Learned
Societies have been directed at creating and fostering in America the
mechanisms through which ideas can be handled understandingly and
without fear.
To this end it has done whatever it could to develop Americans
trained to participate fully in the pursuit and communication of all
humanistic knowledge and to provide the tools of study, teaching,
and research with which such trained Americans have to work .
The council is proud of its record in these activities . It holds, more-
over, that in the harsh decades ahead, many of our most pressing
problems will lie in the very fields of the humanities with which the
council is concerned . In its opinion no work is more important to
the future security and welfare of the Nation .
County o f Essex, ss
I, Mortimer Graves, swear and affirm that I am executive director of
the American Council of Learned Societies ; that I have read and am
familiar with the contents of the foregoing statement; and that to
the best of my knowledge and belief every statement of fact con-
tained therein is true .
MORTIMER GRAVES,
Executive Director, American Couuncil o f Learned Societies_
Subscribed and sworn to before me this 19th day of July 1954 .
My commission expires November 30, 1956 .
[SEAL] KATHLEEN T. FLYNN,
Notary Public .
ANNEX TO STATEMENT SUBMITTED BY THE AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED
SOCIETIES OF THE SELECT COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES To
INVESTIGATE TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATkONS
ADMINISTRATION
Officers
C . W . de Kiewiet, University of Rochester, chairman .
Theodore C. Blegen, University of Minnesota, vice chairman .
William R . Parker, New York University, secretary .
Sidney Painter, Johns Hopkins University, treasurer .
Board of directors
Walter R. Agard, University of Wisconsin .
Curt F. Biihler, Pierpont Morgan Library.
Irwin Edman, Columbia University .
Rensselaer Lee, Columbia University .
Roger P . McCutcheon, Tulane University .
Henri Peyre, Yale University .
Robert Redfield, University of Chicago .
B. J . Whiting, Harvard University .
STAFF OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICES, WASHINGTON, D . 0.
Mortimer Graves, executive director . Shirley D. Hudson, public affairs officer .
D . H. Daugherty, assistant to the di- Alice M . Harger, bursar .
rector . Catherine E . Berry .
J . F . Wellemeyer, adviser on personnel Elizabeth H . Cizek .
studies . M. Frances Cochran.
William A . Parker, secretary for fel- Hilda H . Melby.
lowships . Anna Stern .
Y
,
on January 20, 1954 . After reviewing the matter at their next meet-
the trustees of the Ford Foundation approved the final payment
the grant, which payment was made on February 16, 1954 .
I do not wish to discuss the details of the fund's program to date,
since I understand the committee is going to obtain that information
from the fund's distinguished chairman, Mr . Paul G . Hoffman. How-
ever, I would like to discuss one of its activities, which was used as
a basis for criticizing the foundation for establishing : the fund . I refer
to the fund's proposal to study some aspects of legislative investiga-
tions. In our preliminary thinking about the fund, it was apparent
that a study of legislative investigations was an appropriate activity
for the fund . Shortly after its establishment, the fund made a grant
of $50,000 to the American Bar Foundation to support such a study
by a special committee of the American Bar Association . This com-
mittee is headed by Mr . Whitney North Seymour and made up of
eminent members of the bar . Such a study is appropriate, it is needed,
and I hope the trustees of the fund take the necessary action to see the
need is filled . As the Supreme Court of the United States said in U. S.
v . Rumley in 1952, and I quote
There Is wide concern, both in and out of congress, over some aspects of
the exercise of the congressional power of investigation .
I need hardly labor the point . The President of the United States
has similarly expressed concern over some of these problems and it is
clearly in the national interest and in the best American tradition that
a philanthropic foundation give support to students of the subject .
I would like to point out that the critics of such a study did not even
wait to see whether the study would be fair, would. be objective, or
even whether it would be made . Instead, through distortion of the
its investigating powers in particular . This was not true ; and it
would have been clear that it was not true to anyone who had sought
to determine the truth before he spoke .
The trusteess of the Ford Foundation are proud of their act in
creating the fund for the Republic . The problems which the fund
was created to help solve are increasinglycrucial ones . The threat of
communism concerns every American . The need for restating and
defending the basic traditions of American freedom, especially in the
light of tensions, events, and implications in the present world situa-
tion, similarly becomes more pressing .
I am sure that when this committee reviews the facts it will agree
with the trustees of the foundation that the creation of the fund' was
appropriate and patriotic, and that the fund's activities constitute a
promising start on a vital and noble task .
STATEMENT OF PAUL G. HOFFMAN, CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD,
THE FUND FOR THE REPUBLIC, INC .
I ex ected to testify on June 29 at the request of the special commit-
tee. A day or two before the 29th I was told that the hearings had
been terminated or suspended, that my engagement was canceled
I am sorry I have thus been kept from testifying in person as to
the purposes, program, and activities of the fund for the Republic and
from answering questions.
I submit this statement not because the transscript of hearings con-
tains evidence concerning the fund-for none has been offered so far
-but because Representative Reece's speech of July 27, 1953, now a
part of the record of the investigation, contains references to the fund,
and to me personally, which, in the interest of accuracy and fair-
ness, require comment.
Mr. Reece said
The Members of this House were amazed when they read just recently that
the Ford Foundation * * * had just appropriated $15 million to be used to
"investigate" the investigating powers of Congress, from the critical point of
view (transcript 57) .
No Congressman * * * could fail to be alarmed at the fact that $15 million
* * * was to be expended to attack the Congress for inquiring into the nature
and extent of the Communist conspiracy * * * (transcript 58) .
The Communists have their own agency to smear the committees of the
United States Congress and to defend Communists hailed before them . It is
called the Civil Rights Congress and has been listed by the Attorney General
as Communist and subversive. To give it liberal respectability, Mr . Paul Hoff
man, former president of the Ford Foundation, was made chairman of this
king-sized civil rights congress endowed by the Ford Foundation . The Fund
for the Republic, as this Ford Foundation agency is named, has announced
that it will make grants for an immediate and thorough investigation of Congress
(transcript 58-59) .
* * * the previously mentioned Ford Foundation grant makes available $15
million for investigating congressional methods of inquiries into communism
and subversion . * * * (transcript 74) .
* * a grant of $15 million, to protect the civil liberties of Communists and
to investigate the Congress of the United States * * * is really peanuts to the
Ford Foundation . * * * Here is the last of the great American industrial for-
tunes * *' * being used to undermine and subvert' our institutions, $15 million
being set aside to investigate the Congress of the United States * * * (tran
script 103),'
I See ibid ., pp . 25 et seq .
by my appointment as chairman-would be actionable as slander but
for the fact that it was uttered by Representative Reece on the floor
of the House. But I pass that, not without feelings of chagrin and
shock that the privilege of the House should be so abused.
The documents and data requested by the special committee have
been supplied ; and it is hoped that the committee will refer to this
body of information rather than to the Reece speech for the facts .
The plain truth is that there is no basis whatever for the charge that .
the Fund for the Republic was established to attack the Congress ..
The facts pertinent to the charges are as follows
In December 1952 the fund approved a grant of $50,000 to Ameri-
can Bar Foundation, a tax-exempt organization, to finance seven dif-
ferent studies bearing on individual rights as affected by national
security proposed and to be conducted by a special committee of the
American Bar Association . A description of the grant is contained.
in materials submitted to your counsel and staff . One of the seven
proposed studies was-The extent to which Congress should limit the
scope and regulate procedures of its investigations-a topic con-
cerning which many Members of Congress have manifested interest .
In a speech in the House on August 1, 1953, shortly before his resigna
tion from Congress to become president of the Fund for the Republic,,
former Representative Clifford P . Case, of New Jersey, described his
personal familiarity with the plans of the ABA committee, pointed .
out that the ABA committee was approaching its task with full appre-
ciation of the importance of the congressional investigating process, .
and made it a matter of record that he himself had introduced the
chairman of the ABA committee to the Speaker and to the minority
leader of the House of Representatives-both of whom expressed inter-
est in, and offered suggestions concerning, the study and plans out-
est
lined by the ABA committee chairman .
Your counsel and staff have been supplied with the statement of
William J. Jameson, president of the American Bar Association,
printed in the January 1954 issue of the ABA Journal, describing the :
study which is being made with the fund's grant . In an editorial in
the July 1954 issue the ABA Journal it is said
The American Bar Association will welcome at its annual meeting in August
the forthcoming report of its special committee on individual rights as affected
by national security headed by the highly respected, highly competent Whitney
North Seymour, of New York City . Mr . Seymour is already nationally recog-
nized as an outstanding lawyer in the field of civil liberties . His committee will, .
no doubt, have proposals relating to procedures for our investigating agencies . .
These proposals will be based upon the sober second thought of the capable, .
qualified lawyers whose loyalty to our American institutions is unimpeachable ..
Congress and the public are much in need of such sound advice today. Our-
people recognize that we need investigating procedures and procedural standards .
which will be fair as well as effective . In such fair procedural standards we will .
find security both for our lives and our liberties .
Meanwhile, as your committee knows, the Congress itself, aware
of abuses and of the need for satisfactory procedures, is looking for-
the answer to a serious problem .
The notion suggested by Mr . Reece that $15 million was to be ex-
pended "to attack the Congress for inquiring into the nature and .
extent of the Communist conspiracy" is met by the fact that the Fund
quiry into the nature and extent of the internal Communist menace .
The consultants on this project-an undertaking in which I have been
greatly interested since before the establishment of the fund-are
Prof . Arthur E . Sutherland of the Harvard Law School, Prof .
Clinton Rossiter of Cornell, and Father Joseph M . Snee, S . J., of
Georgetown . Briefly, the study about to be completed consists of
the preparation of a comprehensive bibliography of materials con-
cerning communism in the United States and a definitive digest of
public proceedings in which communism was involved. The bibli-
ography and digest, together with microfilm copies of the principal
records of public proceedings, will be reproduced in such form as to
be widely available to interested persons throughout the country . The
directors of the fund take some satisfaction in the fact that in one of
the fund's first endeavors it is making available for the first time in
convenient form basic information of incalculable value not only to
the Government and to the Congress but to all persons and agencies
engaged in fighting the Communist menace .
In his speech of July 1953 Representative Reece said "some large
foundations must answer" the following question
Have they financed studies regarding the excellence of the American Constitu-
tion, the importance of the Declaration of Independence, and the profundity of
the philosophy of the Founding Fathers? And, if not, what is their excuse for
neglecting the study of the basis of the American Republic': (Transcript 68-9 .) 1
I am happy to say that it has been the purpose of the Fund for the
Republic since it was established to reexamine, with a view to greater
understanding and wider application, the sources of strength in our
society as expressed in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitu-
tion, and in our free institutions, and that projects suggested for this
purpose are being considered and advanced as rapidly as circumstances
permit .
In conclusion, I want to emphasize that the officers and directors and
staff and resources of the Fund for the Republic are devoted ex-
clusively to the purposes and program of the fund itself . The fund is
a tax-exempt membership corporation engaged in research and educa-
tion . Its financial resources consist of $15 million granted by the Ford
Foundation but administered by the fund's own board of directors_
The Fund for the Republic is completely independent of the Ford
Foundation-except that it is obliged by the terms of its grant to en-
gage in activities consistent with its tax-exempt status .
STATE OF NEw YORK,
County of New York, ss :
Paul G . Hoffman, being duly sworn, says
I am chairman of the board of directors of the Fund for the Republic, Inc . I
have read and know the contents of the foregoing statement, and the same is true
to the best of my knowledge, information, and belief .
PAUL G. HOFFMAN .
Sworn to before me this 21st day of July, 1954 .
RosE BERLIN,
Notary Public, State of New York, No . 31-5288500 .
' Ibid ., p . 29 .
49720-54-pt . 2
ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE
INTRODUCTION
The Cox committee reported to the Congress that it had been "allot-
ted insufficient time for the magnitude of its task ." 7 We respectfully
submit that the present committee faces even greater limitations of
time and staff if, even though giving attention to fewer foundations
than did the Cox committee, it extends its inquiry into a half century
of social, economic, and political change in the United States .
The committee has before it a number of reports prepared by its
own staff which purport to deal with these complex events . They
have been widely regarded as a confused and inadequate review of the
decades they purport to cover and are particularly deficient at the
I Final report, p . 6.
We ourselves do not find them to be a competent review of the trends
they discuss, more particularly as to their sweeping generalizations,
their proposed definitions of key terms, the accuracy and relevance of
their charts and tables, and the imbalance of the selected quotations
which they contain . We assume that we are not called upon to per-
suade staff members that they have been wrong about views which
they have now placed in the public record as sworn testimony and that
the committee will adopt procedures which will not permit staff to par-
ticipate in both an accusatory and an adjudicating role .
Although several sections of this statement have a direct bearing
upon these staff reports, we offer here brief comments on three of them .
s
Report o f the director o f research
The committee's director of research described the logic used in the
preparation of his initial report as "reasoning from a total effect to its
primary or secondary causes ." 9 If we read his report fairly in the
context of this investigation, his logic produces the following : (1)
A revolution occurred in the United States in the years 1933-36 ; (2)
this revolution occurred without violence and with the full consent of
an overwhelming majority of the electorate ; (3) this could not have
happened had not education in the United States prepared in advance
to endorse it ; (4) the foundations contributed funds and ideas to edu-
cation ; (5) therefore, the foundations are responsible for the revolu-
tion.
The report in question seems to give little weight to the great de-
pression of the early 1930's, to World War I, and to World War II .
Since the foundations have been charged with some undefined respon-
sibility for an increase in the powers and functions of government,
surely it is relevant that war and depression brought about an in-
creased exercise of power by both the executive and legislative arms
of the National Government under the Constitution . Surely it is
also relevant that, while some measures adopted by Government dur-
ing these decades were abandoned, others have continued, despite
changes in party control, as a part of ongoing public policy . In any
event, a number of allegations heard in the course of these hearings
appear to be directed, not at foundations, but at the executive, legis-
lative, and judicial branches of the Government and at the electorate .
We must strongly protest any attempt to involve our two nonpolitical
organizations in questions which are so basically political, both be-
cause the charges are unsupported and because it would be out of
character for our two philanthropies to attempt to reply to such attacks
in effective political terms .
We must also comment upon the use of the word "revolution" in
the report of the director of research . The word has strong emo-
tional associations . It is frequently used in debate between political
parties and between factions within a political party-and in such
use, it is ordinarily accepted as a forensic figure of speech .
We object, however, to the use of the word "revolution" in an official
proceeding where the implication is a charge of wrongdoing . Such
a figure of speech should not be used as a basis for alleging improper
conduct or for impugning the reputations of respectable and law-
8 Transcript, p . 12 ff., ibid ., p. 5.
0 Transcript, p . 46, ibid., p . 20.
these become lost. It does not help to say, at the beginning of the
report, "In no sense should they [i . e ., the statements in the report]
be considered as proof" 10 for such statements are overlooked . It does
not even help that the report came only from a member of the staff,
for it has already been attributed in the press to the committee itself
As a recent statement of the American tradition on such matters, we
cite the following portion of an address made by President Eisenhower
on 31, 1954, at the Columbia University bicentennial dinner in
New MYork :
Whenever, and for whatever alleged reason, people attempt to crush ideas, to
mask their convictions, to view every neighbor as a possible enemy, to seek
some kind of divining rod by which to test for conformity, a free society is in
danger . Wherever man's right to knowledge and the use thereof is restricted,
man's freedom in the same measure disappears .
Here in America we are descended in blood and in spirit from revolutionaries
and rebels-men and women who dared to dissent from accepted doctrine . As
their heirs, may we never confuse honest dissent with disloyal subversion .
Without exhaustive debate-even heated debate-of ideas and programs, free
government would weaken and wither . But if we allow ourselves to be per-
suaded that every individual-or party-that takes issue with our own convic-
tions is necessarily wicked or treasonous-then indeed we are approaching the
end of freedom's road ."
Report of the Assistant Director of Research on "Economics and the
Public Interest" 12
A further issue of major importance is raised by this report, which
is entitled "Economics and the Public Interest ."
In his introduction, the writer of the report says
This report is made for the purpose of showing the nature and increasing costs
of governmental participation in economic and welfare activities of the Nation .
The body of the report contains a number of tables reflecting the
upward trend of Federal Government expenditures for such purposes
as housing and slum clearance, social security and health, education
(including the GI bill of rights), public works, food programs, etc .
The foundations are brought into the picture by statements in the
preface to the report to the effect that "Most, if not all of these newer
activities of government are recommended in * * * reports by various
educational groups, social science, and others, supported by founda-
tion grants," 11 and that "Much of this planning was done with the
aid of social scientists in government employ * * * [many of whom]
were directly or indirectly connected with educational organizations
who have and still are receiving very substantial aid from the large
foundations." 14
The implication of these statements is that a grant by a foundation
to educational groups or institutions, or for the training of individuals
through fellowships, makes the foundation responsible for the views of
such groups, organizations and individuals on public issues . The re-
port in question seems to assign this responsibility to us even in the
case of employees of Government who are known to work under the
policy direction of the President, Cabinet officers, and the Congress
10 Transcript, p . 42, ibid., p . 19.
11 The Department of State Bulletin, vol . XXX, No. 781, Publication 5503 (Washington,
D.12C. : U . S. Government Printing Office, June 14, 1954), p . 902 .
Transcript, p . 1407, ibid ., p . 628 .
18 Transcript, p . 1403, Ibid., p . 627 .
14 Transcript, p . 1405, ibid ., p. 627 .
trary to public policy to give foundations the power to exercise it .
Nor do we see why funds from foundation sources should be considered
as so different in this respect from funds from all other sources.
Let us assume, however, for the sake of argument, that if the state-
ments in the report were borne out by the facts, the foundations would
be properly chargeable with a share of the responsibility for the in-
creases in governmental expenditure resulting from "these newer
activities of government." Would this be reprehensible "error,"
amounting to misconduct on the part of the foundations? If so, how
much graver must be the responsibility of the Members of Congress
who actually determined the policies and voted the funds in support
of measures which, according to the words of the report, "may be said
to be subversive, un-American, and contrary to public interest ." 15
And how has the Supreme Court of the United States escaped impeach-
ment for sustaining the constitutionality of such measures?
We respectfully urge the committee to reread the report and to com-
pare the views of the Federal Constitution expressed by its author
with those of the Supreme Court as set forth by Justice Cardozo (an
appointee of President Hoover) in Helvering v. Davis (301 U . S . 619
(1937) ), upholding the constitutionality of the old-age benefit pro-
visions of the Social Security Act
Congress may spend money in aid of the "general welfare ." Constitution, art.
I . sec. 8 ; United States v . Butler (297 U . S . 1, 65) ; Steward Machine Co . v. Davis,
supra . There have been great statesmen in our history who have stood for other
views . We will not resurrect the contest. It is now settled by decision . United
States v . Butler, supra . The conception of the spending power advocated by Ham-
ilton and strongly reinforced by Story has prevailed over that of Madison, which
has not been lacking in adherents * * * (p. 640) .
* * * Counsel for respondent has recalled to us the virtues of self-reliance and
frugality. There is a possibility, he says, that aid from a paternal government
may sap those sturdy virtues and breed a race of weaklings . If Massachusetts so
believes and chaps her laws in that conviction, must her breed of sons be changed,
he asks, because some other philosophy of government finds favor in the Halls
of Congress? But the answer is not doubtful . One might ask with equal reason
whether the system of protective tariffs is to be set aside at will in one State or
another whenever local policy prefers the rule of laissez faire . The issue is a
closed one . It was fought out long ago . 10 When money is spent to promote the
general welfare, the concept of welfare or the opposite is shaped by Congress,
not the States . So the concept be not arbitrary, the locality must yield * * *
(pp. 644-645) .
10 IV Channing, History of the United States, p
. 404 (South Carolina. Nullification) ; 8
Adams, History of the United States (New England Nullification and the Hartford Con-
vention) .
Our foundations have taken no position either for or against social-
security legislation . We are not quoting the opinion of Justice Car-
dozo as an expression of the views of our foundations on the broad
question of constitutional interpretation which he discusses . Again
our foundations have no corporate opinion on such issues . But we
respectfully submit that on such matters, as on the other controversial
matters covered in the assistant research director's report, where the
legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the Government have
spoken in their support, the measures in question cannot properly be
characterized as "revolutionary," "subversive," or "un-American ."
'- Transcript, p. 1412 . Ibid ., p . 629.
The policy issues presented by this report, parts I and II, are dis-
cussed in other sections of this statement . This report contains, how-
ever, statistical information about our grants which, on the basis of
our own records and published reports, is so inaccurate as to be
seriously misleading . The following items illustrate these inaccuracies
Regarding grants by General Education Board to Dec . 31, 1952
According to-
Report of Rockefeller
legal ana- Foundation
list,' pt . II records
The allegation has again been made before this committee that the
trustees of foundations abdicate their responsibility . The Cox com-
mittee inquired into this point in 1952 hearing considerable testimony
upon it, and reached a finding favorable to foundation trustees which
concluded with the following statement
As to the delegation by trustees of their duties and responsibilities, the prob-
lem is basically the same one that confronts the directors of a business corpora-
tion. Both must rely in large measure upon their staffs . There is this one
important difference, in the opinion of the committee . The trustees of a public
trust carry a heavier burden of responsibility than the directors of a business
corporation . In fairness it should be said that in the opinion of the committee
this principle is fully recognized by the trustees of foundations and that they
make a determined effort to meet the challenge!'
It is difficult to understand the allegation in the case of the General
Education Board prior to the recent curtailment of its activities, or its
survival in the case of the Rockefeller Foundation, where the facts
conclusively refute it. The explanation may lie in the quandary in
which a hostile critic finds himself when he wishes to attack a grant
which has been made by a board of trustees of distinguished citizens
whose broad experience, public service, and loyalty cannot be effec-
tively questioned . He elects to retreat into the position that "These
men obviously didn't do it," rather than face the fact that such men
might disagree with him .
The trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation, a complete list of whom
is attached '23 fully recognize a heavy responsibility for the trust which
has been placed in their hands . They meet it in the following manner
n As of July 21, 1954 .
21 Final report, p. 11.
22
Appendix C.
in December (2 full days) . The 1st day of the December meeting is ordinarily
given over to a general discussion of the policies and procedures of the'founda-
tion ; it is here that the trustees are afforded an opportunity to raise new ideas
and offer criticisms and suggestions about the work of the foundation in it
broadest aspects. As for the appropriations of funds to be considered at the 2
full meetings, the trustees are provided a docket at least 10 days in advance,
which contains a description of the activities for which funds are recommended
by the officers . The distribution of such a docket prior to each meeting gives
the trustees an opportunity to study proposed actions in advance and to be
prepared to offer suggestions or raise questions or consult with others before
final action is taken . At each meeting, proposed appropriations are presented
orally by the officers and are subject to discussion, approval, modification, or
rejection by the full board . This consideration is not merely formal in character
but includes the type of exchange which develops a consensus in the board and
between the board and the officers which gives direction and guidance to the
work of the foundation.
(B) Executive committee
The executive committee of the board of trustees has seven regular and two
alternate members under the chairmanship of the president . It meets at least
six times a year at the offices of the foundation . It receives an advance docket
and considers proposed appropriations with the same procedures used by the
full board. It is limited in the amounts it may expend between board meetings
without the express authorization of the board .
(C) Special policy committees
From time to time the chairman of the board of trustees may appoint a special
policy committee of the trustees to review the policies and operations of the
foundation. Such reviews extend over a period of months and require sub-
stantial commitment of time and interest from the trustee members of such
committees. Their conclusions and recommendations are reported to the full
board where thorough discussion serves to clarify policy and to readjust the
work of the foundation to changing conditions .
(D) Other trustee committees
Other standing committees of the board are the finance committee, the nom-
inating committee and the committee on audit, whose functions are indicated by
their titles.
(E) informal discussion
The trustees take a lively interest in the work of the foundation which leads
to a considerable amount of informal discussion among themselves, between
trustees and officers, and between trustees and individuals outside the founda-
tion.
(F) Publications
The trustees receive and read the publications of the foundation, including a
monthly confidential report prepared by the officers for the information of the
trustees . The latter report is "confidential" largely because it is intended only
for use within the foundation itself and because it occasionally discusses the
progress of scientific and scholarly studies before the scientists and scholars
themselves are ready to make their findings public .
(G) Visits to foundation activities
Many of the trustees have an opportunity from time to time to see firsthand
some of the work being supported by foundation appropriations, both in the
United States and abroad . On occasion, 2 or 3 members of the board may be
asked specifically to visit a particular activity, such as the Mexican agri-
cultural program, on behalf of the foundation . Since trustees are men whose
other interests require travel, they frequently avail thmselves of opportunities
to discuss foundation affairs with our representatives stationed abroad and to
visit one or another project.
(H) Election of officers
One of the most important duties resting upon trustees is the election
of the officers of the foundation . This is particularly true in the case of the
president, the two vice presidents, the secretary, the treasurer, the comptroller,
give the trustees an excellent opportunity to know and to judge the personalities,
character, and quality of work of the principal officers of the foundation .
It should be obvious from the above summary account that the role
of a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation is an active one, particu-
larly for those trustees who serve on one or more of its committees .
Despite the demands made upon trustees' time, the attendance of
trustees at board and committee meetings establishes a remarkable
record of attention to duty on a voluntary and unremunerated basis .
Absences are almost invariably limited to those who are ill, out of
the country, or prevented from attending by some other clearly over-
riding consideration . Over the past 5 years, for example, if we ex-
cludes only trustees actually abroad or on formal leave of absence,
attendance at board and executive committee meetings has averaged
86 percent of the membership . This compares most favorably with
the experience of large business corporations .
We conclude these remarks about the role of trustees by repeating
here a portion of the testimony given before the Cox committee by
Chester I . Barnard, former president of the foundation and general
education board
* * * I have been a director of business corporations and still am for 40 years .
I never have seen any board that I have been on-and I know how many of the
others operate-in which the attention to the policies and the details by the
directors or trustees, whichever they use, were such as it is in the Rockefeller
Foundation . I do not know any organization in which a week in advance you
have a complete docket book with the explanation of every item over $10,000
that you are going to be asked to vote on, and that includes with it a detailed
list of every grant-in-aid, of every scholarship or fellowship that has been
granted and any other action taken, and that has attached a list of the declina-
tions . That is just as important from a trustee's point of view as the approvals .
Nor have I ever known of any organization in which so much careful atten-
tion was given to it .
In 12 years I have missed no meetings of the board of trustees of the Rocke-
feller Foundation and only 3 of its executive committee meetings, and that is
not unique at all . That is some record for people who are busy, and every one
of the members on this board is busy . They read the docket book in advance .
In addition to the docket book every single item in most circumstances has to
be presented by the director of the division which proposes it, and he has to
subject himself to cross-examination, and he gets it . He doesn't get it on every
item, of course, but he gets it . So the matters that come before the board of
trustees of this foundation in my experience have been given more careful at-
tention by more competent people than I have seen in any other institution .
There is just nothing like it, and the idea that this thing has been run without
adequate attention by the trustees, that it is just in the hands of a bureaucracy
of officers, just certainly isn't true, and it ought to be recorded here that it
isn't true ."
C . OFFICER AND STAFF RESPONSIBILITY
More has been said about trustees than about the officers and full-
time professional staff, since the role of the latter is better under-
stood. The officers and staff of the Rockefeller Foundation are or-
ganized, broadly speaking, into the divisions of medicine and public
health, natural sciences and agriculture, social sciences, humanities,
and in administration . The full-time personnel of the general edu-
cation board has now been sharply reduced because of the liquidation
of its activities.
as U . S . Congress (82d, 2d sess), House Select Committee To Investigate Foundations
and Comparable Organizations . Hearings (Washington, IT. C. : U . S. Government Printing
Office, 1953, p . 562) .
heavily upon the officers for the effective performance of the founda-
tion's tasks . The officers make recommendations on policy, seek the
most promising opportunities for the application of foundation
funds, review and investigate requests, propose grants for trustee
consideration, and keep in touch with educational, scholarly and
scientific leadership in many countries . Some are engaged directly
in scientific research in such fields as virology and agriculture . In
addition to handling the extensive administrative business of the
foundation, the officers are responsible for the approval of small
grants and the award of fellowships under general policies estab-
lished by the trustees and from funds made available by them for
that purpose.
It should be noted that the officers act as a group ; their decisions
and recommendations are not made individually but in a process of
discussion which brings to bear a variety of experience and judg-
ment. The divisions hold frequent staff meetings on requests falling
within their respective fields of interest ; discussions between divi-
sions occur where proposals involve more than one ; finally, proposals
to the trustees are considered in a conference of the principal officers
of the foundation, where criticism and discussion can take place on
the broadest basis .
The bylaws of the Rockefeller Foundation provide that the presi-
dent is the only officer eligible to serve as a trustee . Among the
principal officers of the foundation are always a number who by ex-
perience and capacity would be entirely qualified to serve as trustees
and, were they not officers, might well be invited to join the board
In fact, then, the affairs of the foundation are in the hands of a board
or trustees of 21 distinguished citizens an officer group of highly
qualified individuals, all of whom can be relied upon to carry the
heavy burdens of their philanthropic trust with care and a deep con-
cern for the public interest .
D . TYPES OF GRANTS
The trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation determine, on recom-
mendation of the officers, what grants are to be made by the Founda-
tion, but the trustees delegate to the officers restricted authority to
make certain smaller grants in categories described below. The trustees
also determine, upon recommendations of the officers, what expendi-
tures are to be made for administration and similar purposes .
The foundation makes grants both to individuals and institutions
Grants to individuals are in the form of fellowships or of travel grants
and are limited in amount and duration . Grants to institutions are,
in accordance with the policy of the foundation, made only to other
tax-exempt institutions in the United States and to such institutions
abroad as are comparable in character and purpose to those receiv-
ing tax exemption in this country . By following this policy, the foun-
dation is assured that its grants to institutions in the United States
are limited to those which the Government itself has recognized as
being philanthropic in character .
In brief, the foundation's grants are handled as follows
1. The board of trustees, at its meetings, may make grants without
limit in amount, from either income or principal .
49720-54-pt. 2 -10
make grants from either income or principal, subject, however, to the
following limitations
(a) Each grant must be in accordance with the general policies
approved by the board ;
(b) No grant may increase by more than $500,000 a grant previ-
ously made by the board ;
c) No new grant may exceed $500,000 ; and
(d) Total grants between meetings of the board may not ex-
ceed $5 million unless authorized by the board .
A summary of the minutes of each meeting of the board and of the
executive committee, listing all grants, is sent to all trustees immedi-
ately following the meeting . All actions of the executive committee
are reported to the board at the first board meeting following such
actions.
3 . The trustees delegate to the officers authority to make certain
smaller grants in the following categories
(a) Grants-in-aid.-These are allocations made by the officers
from funds appropriated for this purpose annually fr each divi-
sion of the foundation by the trustees . Each allocation is limited
to $10,000 ; total allocations to a project may not exceed $10,000
in any one year, and total support of a project through grants in
aid may not extend beyond 3 years or be in excess of $30,000 . The
formal action authorizing the grant in aid must be signed by the
director of the division concerned, by the president or vice presi-
dent, after examining the supporting materials, and by the comp-
troller, who certifies the availability of funds for the purpose .
The usual grant in aid is about $2,000 ; not more than about 7
percent are for as much as $10,000 . All allocations are reported
promptly to the executive committee of the board of trustees .
(b) Director's fund grants.-A director's fund of not more
than $5,000 is set up annually for each division (as an allocation
from the grant-in-aid appropriation made by the trustees) . Indi-
vidual allocations from this fund may not exceed $500 and are
made through a written action signed by a division director and
certified by the comptroller . All such allocations are reported
twice a year to the trustees. The fund provides a flexible mecha-
nism for prompt response to the needs of individual scholars and
scientists at strategic times in the development of their work .
The grants are used for such things as equipment, honoraria,
travel, materials and research assistance .
(c) Fellowship awards .-These are awards made by the offi-
cers from funds appropriated annually for this purpose by the
trustees . The action making the foundation's award is signed by
the director of the division concerned, the president or vice presi-
dent, and the comptroller . All fellowship appointments are re-
ported promptly to the executive committee .
IV . FOUNDATION SUPPORT FOR SOCIAL STUDIES
A . BACKGROUND OF FOUNDATION INTEREST
In a formal sense, the Rockefeller Foundation undertook financial
support for social studies when, in 1929, it was consolidated with the
In much broader terms, the foundation came to believe that its com-
mitment to promote "the well-being of mankind throughout the
world" compelled it to give attention to the baffling complexities of
human relations-to the processes by which men earn a living and the
difficulties they encounter in working out tolerable relations among
individuals, groups, and nations.
From the beginning the foundation never considered that it had
or should have solutions to social problems behind which it should
throw its funds and influence . It has had no nostrums to sell. Its
approach rested upon a faith that the moral and rational nature of
man would convert an extrusion of knowledge into an extension of
virtue, and that he could make better decisions if his understanding
could be widened and deepened .
The experiences of World War I and the painful uncertainties of
the postwar and depression period seemed to reflect a growing and
menacing gap between man's technical and scientific capacity and his
apparent inability to deal with his own affairs on a rational basis . In
any event, it did not appear that we could escape fundamental poli-
tical, economic, moral, and social problems by concentrating upon
"safe" scientific subjects . Successes in public health were to mean
rapidly falling death rates and increased population pressures upon
resources. The study of nuclear physics, at first only a brilliant exten-
sion of man's intellectual curiosity, was to lead to hydrogen weapons
There was no illusion about the rudimentary character of the so-
called social sciences or about the severe limitations which are encoun-
tered in attempting to apply the methods of the physical sciences to
man's own behavior . Nevertheless, it was felt that there might be
.sufficient regularity about human behavior to permit fruitful study,
.and that a scientific approach might evolve methods of study which,
if not a direct application of techniques developed in the older sciences,
-might lead to surer bases of knowledge than we now have . In any
-event, the possibility was worth the effort and the very attempt might
uncover promising leads which would increase our knowledge to a
constructive degree .
A further impulse behind the interest in social studies was a con-
viction that the strengthening of our own free institutions required a
better understanding of the processes of a free society and the frame-
work within which a citizen enjoys the privileges and bears the re-
.sponsibilities of liberty itself . At a period when free institutions
came under challenge from totalitarian ideology of both the left and
the right, it was felt that penetrating studies of our own free economic
. .and political institutions would help them to withstand assault .
It was fully appreciated that social studies would involve contro-
versial subjects. It was felt, however, that a private foundation
could, without itself taking sides on controversial issues, make a con
tribution by supporting objective studies which might illuminate
such issues and reduce contention .
Three-brief excerpts from our records throw light upon the way in
which the foundation has approached the support of the social
sciences . The first is a memorandum prepared by the executive com-
mittee of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial in 1924, referred
to by Dr. Thomas Henry Briggs in his testimony before this com-
The present memorandum proposes to indicate principles which affect the
ability of the memorial to become associated with projects in the field of social
science . Certain principles would seem to make association undesirable . It
appears advisable :
1 . Not to contribute to organizations whose purposes and activties are cen-
tered largely in the procurement of legislation .
2. Not to attempt directly under the memorial to secure any social, economic,
or political reform .
3 . Not to contribute more than a conservative proportion toward the current
expense of organizations engaged in direct activity for social welfare .
4 . Not to carry on investigations and research directly under the memorial, ex-
cept for the guidance of the memorial .
5 . Not to attempt to influence the findings or conclusions of research and in-
vestigations through the designation of either personnel, specific problems to
be attacked, or methods of inquiry to be adopted ; or through indirect influence
in giving inadequate assurances of continuity of support .
6 . Not to concentrate too narrowly on particular research institutions . incur-
ring thereby the danger of institutional bias .
Certain principles would seem to make assistance from the memorial desirable .
It appears appropriate :
1 . To offer fellowships to students of competence and maturity for study and
reseach under the supervision of responsible educational and scientific insti-
tutions .
2. To contribute to agencies which may advance in indirect ways scientific
activity in the social field .
3. To make possible the publication of scientific investigations sponsored by
responsible institutions or organizations through general appropriations to be
administered in detail by the sponsoring agency .
4 . To contribute toward the expenses of conferences of scientific men for
scientific purposes .
5 . To make possible, under the auspices of scientific institutions, governmental
agencies or voluntary organizations, demonstrations which may serve to test, to
illustrate or to lead to more general adoption of measures of a social, economic
or governmental character which have been devised, studied and recommended
by responsible agencies.
6. To support scientific research on social, economic and governmental ques-
tions when responsible educational or scientific institutions initiate the request,
sponsor the research and assume responsibility for the selection and competence
of the staff and the scientific spirit of the investigations ."
The second quotation is a brief statement on controversy adopted
by the trustees of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial and sub-
sequently by the trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation, following the
merger in 1929 of the two philanthropies
Subjects of a controversial nature cannot be avoided if the program is to con-
cern itself with the more important aspects of modern social life . In fact, suc-
cessful treatment of issues of a controversial sort would be so important a con-
tribution to the fundamental objectives of the program that the existence of
militant differences of opinion cannot be thought to preclude the promotion of
inquiry under appropriate auspicesS 4
The last is taken from a memorandum prepared by the director of
the division of social sciences of the foundation in 1944
1 . Though the degree of social need is always pressing toward grandiosity,
modest work will, in the long run, be most effective .
2 . In recommending grants officers should try to anticipate the future-never
merely ride the coattails of an already discernible trend .
3. The social sciences division has no "nostrums" to sell . In choosing the ob-
jects of grants the guiding tendency should be not to pronounce answers but to
2s Transcript, p . 271 ff. Ibid ., p . 102 .
2' Raymond B. Fosdick, The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation (New York
: Harper
& Bros ., 1952), pp. 200-201 .
E' Ibid ., p . 202 .
B. EMPIRICAL STUDIES
The first question cited above is whether foundations have used their
resources for purposes contrary to those for which they were estab-
lished. As to the Rockefeller Foundation and General Education
Board, the answer is clearly "No ."
Let us first consider the foundation . It would surely be hard to find
words of broader import than those used in its charter to describe its
purpose, "to promote the well-being of mankind throughout the
world ." Only one inference can fairly be drawn from this wording
that the intent of the founder was to place no limitation on the dis-
cretion of those who from time to time would be responsible for con-
trolling the destinies of the foundation, so long as their decisions could
reasonably be regarded as contributing to the well-being of mankind .
This was the determination of Mr . Rockefeller, based upon his long
experience of personal giving, and his knowledge of the pitfalls await-
ing donors who attempt to circumscribe too narrowly the purposes for
which philanthropic funds will be available over a considerable period
of years . He preferred to leave the decision as to program and policy
in the hands of succeeding boards of trustees, believing that a trust in
their wisdom and experience was less likely to be frustrated than an
attempt on his part to anticipate the needs of later generations .
Where the charter uses such broad language to describe the organ-
ization's purpose, a strong presumption of validity attaches to the
determinations of its trustee, unless they fall clearly beyond the gen-
erally recognized area of permissible philanthropic giving. Whose
judgment is to be substituted for that of the trustees, as better quali-
fied to determine the purposes for which the Rokefeller Foundation
was established? Is a grant to be condemned as not within those pur-
poses because, for example, it is in support of studies relating to the
United Nations? True, there was no United Nations when the founda-
tion was established in 1913 . But the foundation's charter was framed
to meet the needs of an unforeseeable future. That was the precise
reason for stating the organization's purpose in such comprehensive
terms . Those who would impose a restrictive interpretation on such
language have a heavy burden of proof to carry, and may fairly be
said to expose themselves to the suspicion of wishing to substitute
their own political and economic predilections for the open-minded,
farseeing vision of the foundation's creator .
Turning to the General Education Board, we find that its charter
expresses a similar breadth of purpose . The special act of Congress
incorporating the board in 1902 declared its object to be "the promo-
tion of education within the United States of America without distinc-
tion of race, sex, or creed ." The types of education to be encouraged,
the methods to be pursued, the institutions to be benefited, were wisely
left to the discretion of the Board's trustees . With respect to the
General Education Board we repeat what we have said as to the foun-
80 Transcript, p . 47, ibid., p . 21 .
expressed in its charter have a heavy burden of proof to carry, and
one which, we submit, has been far from sustained in this investigation
A criticism has at times been made that the interest of the Rocke
feller Foundation in the social sciences represented a departure from
"the wishes of the founder ." There was discussion in the foundation
from the beginning about a possible interest in the social sciences ;
Mr. Rockefeller himself established the Laura Spelman Rockefeller
Memorial to carry on his wife's interest in social-welfare activities
At an early stage the memorial decided to concentrate largely in the
social-science field ; this interest became a part of the program of the
Rockefeller Foundation upon the consolidation of the two philan-
thropies in 1929.
It should be pointed out that John D . Rockefeller, Jr., served as
chairman of the board of trustees of the foundation for 22 years
(1917-39) . He had been intimately associated with his father's devel-
oping philanthropy and served the foundation during the period
when the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities were added
to its program .
John D . Rockefeller 3d, the present chairman of the board, testified
at some length on this point before the Cox committee in 1952 . 31
There is no credible evidence to support the assertion that our two
foundations have in some reprehensible way departed from the pur-
poses of our founder or the purposes inscribed by public authority in
our charter .
C . ALLEGED SUPPORT OF UN-AMERICAN OR SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES
We come next to allegations that the foundations have promoted
"un-American" or "subversive" action . This has been defined to this
committee by its director of research as "any action having as its
purpose the alteration of either the principles or the form of the United
States Government by other than constitutional means." 32
The Rockefeller Foundation and General Education Board would
never knowingly participate in or support un-American or subversive
action. We were requested to report to the Cox committee the names
of recipients of grants who had been listed by the Attorney General
as subversive or who had been cited or critized by the House Un-
American Activities Committee or the Senate Internal Security Sub-
committee . No grant has ever been made by either foundation to a
recipient whose name appears on the Attorney General's list of Sub-
. This list, however, applies to organizations only, not
versives
individuals, and to the best of our knowledge there is no similar
comprehensive list of individuals who have been officially designated
by government as subversive . Consequently, independent philan-
thropic bodies such as our foundations, whose earnest desire is to
avoid gifts to subversive individuals, are without reliable and positive
guidance in making their grants . The House Un-American Activi-
ties Committee has published Cumulative Index V to its publications,
but this document states : "The fact that a name appears in this index
is not per se an indication of a record of subversive activities . It
31 Hearings, pp . 565-568 .
34 Transcript, p . 37, ibid ., p . 17 .
with testimony or a report submitted ." 33
In making their reports to the Cox committee, our two foundations
revealed the names of all grant recipients who, so far as we could dis-
cover, had ever been commented upon adversely by either of the
House or Senate committees above mentioned, or who had been listed
in any report of either committee as having been identified by a wit-
ness as a Communist, as one of a group affiliated with an alleged Com-
munist-front organization, or as one of the participants in some form
of pro-Communist activity . Because they came within one or another
of these categories, the Rockefeller Foundation named 2 organiza-
tions and 23 individuals who had benefited from its grants, and the
General Education Board named an additional six individuals to
whom or for whose support it had made grants.
The reporting of these names was by no means an acknowledgment
by our foundations that the organizations and individuals were in
fact subversive. On the contrary, a number of them have steadfastly
denied under oath any Communist affiliations, and now occupy posi-
tions inconsistent with any serious doubt as to their loyalty . Two of
the individuals have admitted that they were Communists at one time,
-but they have publicly renounced the party . Neither of the two or-
ganizations has been placed on the Attorney General's list of sub-
versive organizations . Furthermore, in most cases the grants were
made by our foundations long before the recipients were named even
in the manner above mentioned, and also before the slightest question
had been raised about them .
Our foundations refrain as a matter of policy from making grants
to known Communists . This rests upon two elements, the clearly ex-
pressed public policies of the United States, within which our founda-
tions operate, and the increasing assaults by communism upon science
and scholarship which would lead our foundations, . on intellectual
grounds alone, to withhold support .
We recognize the necessity for Government to seek out and deal
with subversive activity from any quarter. In this, Government is
entitled to the sympathetic assistance of all responsible citizens .
Where freedom and security are balanced against each other and it
becomes necessary to locate the line which separates permitted and
prohibited conduct, difficult decisions have to be made which reach
into the fundamentals of our society . For example, the definition of
subversion is a matter of extreme difficulty .
On broad grounds of public policy, we believe that private citizens
and organizations should approach unofficial definitions of subversion
with the greatest caution . This is not merely because the task is dif-
ficult, as the Congress has found it to be on the official plane . If pp ri-
vate organizations and associations should produce their own defini-
tions of subversion and should act toward their fellow citizens on the
-basis of such private definitions rather than of those furnished by
duly constituted authority, the mutual confidence and trust which are
the cement of our democratic society would rapidly crumble away .
'The presumption of innocence is more than a luxury to be enjoyed in
settled times ; it is a vital element in a society of freemen who work
-together by consent and not by force . Under the American system,
8° Cumulative Index to Publications of the Committee on Un-American Activities : Index
(Washington, D. C. : U. S . Government Printing Office, 1953), p. 1 .
if these organizations intrude upon security activities which are at the
heart of the governmental function .
A private citizen or organization can properly look to Government
for guidance in matters affecting loyalty and subversion . When one
turns to public laws and to official declarations of public policy for a
definition of the term "subversive," one finds a lack of precision which
itself may reflect differences about what constitutes wise policy in this
field as well as possible concern about the impact of applicable con-
stitutional provisions . For such constitutional provisions as those
concerning treason, bills of attainder, free speech, free press, and due
process of law enjoin caution upon Government lest the voice of the
opposition be silenced by public authority and fair differences of
opinion lead to the persecution of those with whom we do not agree .
We attempt to set standards for our activities and appropriations
which go far beyond any definition of subversion . We believe objec-
tive scholarship to be inconsistent with attitudes predetermined by a
totalitarian ideology or with conclusions which are reached to con-
form to a dictated pattern . The search for the highest quality, for
scholars and scientists of complete integrity, for men and women of
fine character and acknowledged capacity for leadership necessarily
means that questions of loyalty' arise only in the rarest instances .
But we have always kept in mind the importance of the noncon-
formist in the advancement of human thought . This is not com-
munism-it is the antithesis of communism, which regiments its fol-
lowers and tolerates no dissent from the dogma of the Kremlin . Mis-
takes can and will be made and private organizations cannot guar-
antee a perfect record, any more than can an intelligence agency of
Government itself . So long as there is alertness to the dangers in-
volved, and reasonable effort to avoid them, we believe that the public
interest will be adequately protected . It would be gravely injurious
to the public interest if fear should lead to such restrictive procedures
as to impair seriously the work of the foundations at the frontiers
of human knowledge.
We expect Government, acting under the law and the Constitution,
to identify what is subversive. We expect that the standard of con-
duct thus defined will be applied by due process . We believe that
private citizens and organizations are entitled to rely upon a man's
reputation among his fellows for character, honesty, loyalty, and
good citizenship and that private citizens and organizations should
not enter upon certain of the techniques of investigation appropriate
only to Government . We recognize that this is a field of infinite com-
plexity and are prepared to cooperate in any reasonable way to take
account of dangers from any source .
D. SUPPORT OF PRO-AMERICAN PROJECTS
We turn next to the related question whether our foundations have
adequately supported pro-American projects .
Our grants are made almost exclusively to colleges, universities, and
other research and scholarly organizations . We affirm our confidence
in them as patriotic institutions which recognize their obligation to
serve the public interest. The diversity of interest and aspiration
among the American people forbids our thinking of pro-American
economic, social, artistic, and cultural values of our society are, in
the deepest and best sense, pro-American in character . We know;
of no class of institutions more alive to our basic values and more-
concerned to see them understood and appreciated than are our col-
leges and universities . We know of no better investment in the-
future of our country than our substantial grants to such institutions . .
If we think, not of institutions, but of the kinds of work performed :
or supported, again we believe that our two foundations have con-
tributed immeasurable benefits to our country . We mention, but do~
not emphasize, that a very large portion of our funds has been spent
in the United States . We would suppose that a 35-year campaign
against yellow fever was pro-American and that those who gave their -
lives in the foundation's successful fight against this pestilence served.
America, as well as the rest of mankind, as truly as did the soldier
who gave his life in battle . The building of a giant telescope oni
Mount Palomar, the campaign against hookworm, the large and sus-
tained interest in Negro education, large-scale support for the study
of the economics of a free-enterprise system, the provision for thou-
sands of fellowships, are all examples of activities of which America .
has been a major beneficiary . It does not diminish America's gain_
to know that others benefited as well, nor does it subtract from the-
end result to know that the impetus came from a desire to "promote
the well-being of mankind throughout the world ."
In a somewhat narrower sense, however, our two organizations .
have consciously sought ways and means of contributing to the-
strengthening of our national life . This has been expressed in large
support for medical education in the United States, in grants for ex-
tensive studies of our own economy, in support for studies of our
legal and constitutional system, our State and local governments, by
interest in national, regional, and local history, in support for both
creation and appreciation in the arts . Materials available to the
committee will show many hundreds of grants for such purposes . In
American history, for example, they will show 33 grants in 1953, 27 in
1948, and 25 in 1943-just to take 3 typical years .
In addition to American studies in the United States, we have en-
couraged American studies abroad, parallel to area studies of other
cultures in this country, as a means of establishing a base of knowl-
edge for broader and more accurate understanding between Ameri-
cans and the peoples of other cultures . Grants for this purpose have
gone to such universities as Oslo, Munich, Ankara, Tokyo, Kyoto, and
Doshisha, to name a few .
We see no basis for any assertion that we have been negligent about
the interests of our own country in carrying out the mandates of our
charters.
From the context in which the question of pro-American projects
was introduced, we infer that it was intended to raise the question of
foundation support specifically for patriotic organizations . Nothing
we say is intended to depricate in any way the value of patriotic and
civic societies, which keep alive a love of country and a respect for the
American tradition . In a free society, particularly where there is a
strong emphasis upon individual liberty and initiative, there is an
important role for those who regularly remind us of the claims of the
particular claimants upon philanthropic funds which are entrusted
by law to the judgment and discretion of boards of trustees . Such
claims, if officially supported, would quickly multiply until they en-
-compassed every worthwhile purpose in our society and would not
.obviate the ultimate need to make difficult choices in applying limited
funds to vast human needs . It is not surprising that our foundations,
-which have largely concentrated upon basic research and support in
-certain fields for institutions of higher education, should have had
Tittle or no contact with patriotic, veteran, or civic groups whose ac-
tivities are of a quite different nature . We have supposed that it has
:been well understood that we have elected to work in other directions,
since we have very little correspondence in our files from such groups
raising the possibility of foundation support. Such as we have con-
- cerns itself largely with local hospitals or other local charities which,
from the beginning, it has been the policy of our organizations not to
.assist .
There are some indications in the record of these hearings that the
-term "pro-American" includes repentant Communists. We know of
repentant Communists who have benefited directly or indirectly from
our grants . If it transpires that a former Communist is to be in-
cluded among those to benefit from a proposed grant, our inclination
would be to make a judgment, however hazardous it might be, on the
merits of each particular case-a judgment as to the ability, charac-
ter, integrity, and present loyalty of the individual concerned . The
fact that a person may in earlier years have been a Communist would
not in itself disqualify him for a foundation grant . Nor does the fact
-that he has repented give him a claim to foundation assistance superior
to that of persons without a Communist record .
The committee will recognize that the problem is not a simple one
For it, apparently, is only in very special cases that a former Commu-
nist and his sponsoring institution gain immunity from continual
harassment . Further, a difficulty arises in applying our usual tests of
high intelligence, strong character, qualities of leadership, and unus-
ua1 promise for the future. One questions whether there is particu-
larly fertile ground for foundation aid among those who have already
demonstrated political naivete, and have shown a willingness to sub-
mit their minds and spirits to totalitarian discipline . We are not pre-
pared to express a general view on such cases ; it is a matter to which
we have given considerable thought and which will continue to re-
, ceive our attention . It is also one of the questions about which public
policy needs clarification by those in responsible authority .
E . ALLEGED "POLITICAL" ACTIVITIES
Another allegation has been that foundations have promoted "polit-
ical" activities . On this the Rockefeller Foundation and General
Education Board enter a categorical denial and observe that no evi-
dence whatever has been produced which relates us in any way to
support for any political candidate or any political party .
On our boards of trustees are some who, quite outside of their service
to our foundations, have publicly identified themselves with one o
the other major political party . Some trustees have accepted public
Many trustees, however, have not indicated a political position, even
to their fellow trustees . We do not ask trustees or prospective trustees
about their politics and have no intention of doing so . Emphasis is
upon the nonpolitical and nonpartisan character of our work . The
same holds true insofar as our officers are concerned . It is clearly
understood that no one connected with our foundations may properly
identify these philanthropic institutions with political partisanship in
any form.
Since it is well understood that we do not participate in partisan
politics, the criticism has taken the form of a charge that we have
favored "attitudes normally expected to lead to legislative action." s'
Such a charge eludes examination . The Rockefeller Foundation and
General Education Board do not adopt "attitudes normally expected
to lead to legislative action." We have supported studies about a
wide range of human affairs, the purpose of which has been to add to
our knowledge and to illuminate problems with fact by seeking out the
underlying acts and principles . If legislatures make use of such
knowledge in the course of lawmaking, the relation is much too remote,
and the intervening factors far too complex, to sustain a charge that
the work of our foundations has promoted "political activities ."
F . ALLEGED "PROPAGANDA"
We turn next to the charge that "only a few [colleges] had partici-
pated in the grants which had been made" by foundations and that
foundations have been guilty of "favoritism in making * *
grants." 48 Such charges have no basis in fact when applied to the
Rockefeller Foundation and the .General Education Board, but we
would not wish the wide scope of our grants to becloud an underlying
issue. Our position is that the concentration or dispersion of grants
is a matter which lies within the discretion of our trustees . They
have no obligation to effect a wide distribution of their funds ; the test
is whether they have reasonable ground to believe that their appro-
priations promote our charter purposes . In stating the facts as to the
wide range of institutions which have received our grants, we wish to
avoid even the appearance of criticism of any foundation which might
have concentrated upon a single or a few institutions .
A study of grants made by the foundation since its establishment in
1913 and of grants made by the General Education Board since it was
chartered in 1903 reveals the following facts as of December 31, 1953 .
The number of institutions and organizations in this country that
have received grants from one or both of these boards totals 1,061 .
These institutions are distributed in 45 States and the District of
Columbia. If assistance given through the foundation's operating
program in public health is included, the distribution of funds covers
all 48 States .
The Rockefeller Foundation has made grants to 611 institutions
and organizations in the United States, involving a total of over $216
million . This figure does not include grants for our operating pro-
grams in public health and agriculture, or for fellowships and travel
grants. The 611 recipient institutions were located in 41 States and
in the District of Columbia . They were both public and private and
included great universities, small independent colleges, agricultural
colleges and institutes of technology, medical schools and teaching
hospitals, special laboratories, art institutes, symphony societies, mu-
4s Hearings, pp . 18, 19, 20 .
The General Education Board's record also shows a wide distribu-
tion and a great variety in the types of institutions to which grants
were made . Grants have been made in 44 States to 598 organizations .
They were made to public and private universities, small liberal arts
colleges, State departments of education and agriculture, State
teachers colleges and normal schools, agricultural and technical insti-
tutes, libraries, community schools, medical colleges, museums, and
various scholarly and professional organizations .
It should be stressed, however, that it has not been the objective of
the Rockefeller boards to distribute their funds with a view to secur-
ing extensive institutional representation or geographic coverage .
Rather they have sought to place their funds wherever they would
most effective in carrying out the purposes of their charters .
Thus, in an effort to improve knowledge and practice in the field of
public health, the foundation made large grants to Harvard Univer-
sity and John Hopkins University, institutions which were prepared
to establish strong schools of public health, whose faculties could fur-
nish leadership not only within their own institution and locality but
for the field of public health as a whole .
Likewise in seeking to advance knowledge of the biological sciences,
grants were made to institutions that had built up strong departments
in this field and had attracted to their faculties scientists who were en-
gaged in significant research . Advanced research in this field is car-
ried on most effectively where there is ready association with scientists
working in related fields, such as physics and chemistry, where con
tact is possible with doctors trained in medicine, surgery, dermatol-
ogy, etc., where laboratory facilities are generous and graduate as-
sistants are available . Hence, large grants for the expenses of
research in biology have been made to such institutions as the Massa .
chusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, Johns Hop .
kins University, and California Institute of Technology, not because
these institutions were located in particular sections of the country,
or because they were favored institutions, but because they offered
exceptionally good opportunities to advance knowledge in a certain
field.
While it is true that the total funds given to such great universities
as Columbia, Harvard, Chicago, and California were considerably
larger than those given to many other institutions, the reasons for
this lay not in any favoritism toward the institutions but in the fact
that they gave clear evidence of interest and significant achievement
in important fields of learning and had demonstrated their ability to
provide an especially favorable setting for the advancement of re-
search and training in these fields .
Support for our great universities results in direct benefits to insti -
tutions in all parts of the world through the advanced training which
they are able to offer . For example, the Rockefeller Foundation
has given large grants in support of chemistry and biology at the Cali-
fornia Institute of Technology . In the last 5 years alone, 314 post-
doctoral faculty members of some 200 colleges and universities in the
United States and abroad have taken advanced training in these 2
departments alone . Ninety-nine doctor of philosophy degrees have
The Rockefeller Foundation has given $4,687,083 .90 to the Harvard
University School of Public Health . In the years 1950, 1951, and-
1952, 119 graduates were distributed across the length and breadth of
the country, with 21 going to the Army, Navy, and Air Force ; 22 to
the United States Public Health Service ; 42 to local and State health
services ; 19 to teach in other centers ; and the remaining 15 to other
posts.
It is also relevant, in view of the charge that foundations tend to
favor the large institutions, to point out that some of them became
large and strong because of substantial foundation assistance . Chi-
cago, Emory, Vanderbilt, Tulane, California Institute of Technology
are among those whose growth has been actively encouraged by funds
from the Rockefeller boards ; Duke is an example where large sup-
port has come from another foundation.
In all these grants, no individual project or institution has been
considered an end in itself . Rather an effort has been made to choose
for assistance only those projects or persons that gave promise of
becoming, in the words of one of our early trustees, "the, seed corn for
the future." The idea is to help establish standards that will lead to
continuous improvement in the quality of research and scholarship .
This has been true in the program of the General Education Board
as well as in that of the foundation, although geographical considera-
tions played a greater role in the work of the board, which recognized
a special regional interest in the South . From the beginning, the
board stressed the importance of establishing standards of excellence
and strove, not to help all institutions, or even those whose need was
greatest, but rather to strengthen a number of soundly established
colleges and universities in strategic locations so that they would set
standards and stimulate similar development in other institutions of
the region, and thereby contribute enduring benefits to all education
in this country . Grants involving more than $190 million (in amounts
of $1 million or more) for endowment, buildings and equipment, and
for the increase of teachers' salaries, were made to 37 colleges and uni-
versities scattered throughout the country . Because of the special
needs of the southern region 21 of these institutions were in the South.
If some of them received substantially more than others, the answer
may be found both in their needs and in the opportunities they offered
for contributing to the strength of American education . A further
explanation lies in the high cost of certain kinds of education-such
as medical education. For example, board grants for the building,
equipment, and endowment of the School of Medicine and a Teaching
Hospital at Vanderbilt University ; Nashville, Tenn ., totaled $15 mil-
lion . Similarly, grants for Meharry Medical College in Nashville,
for the training of Negro doctors, totaled $4,800,000 .
We are very much aware that the legitimate needs of the Nation's
schools and colleges are vastlyy greater than the total resources of our
two organizations. We have not taken the view, however, that since
we could not do the entire job we should do none of it . Consequently,
choices had to be made.
The General Education Board has spent over 80 percent of its re-
sources in direct support of institutions of higher education . That en-
dowment, capital plant, and other forms of basic support were con-
spent its capital and income, as well as substantial grants from the
Rockefeller Foundation, for the purposes for which it was created .
There has been no regret that the continued activity of the board it-
self seemed less important than the encouragement which its funds
could give to our colleges and universities . There was regret that more
funds were not available to continue a job which was in no sense com-
pleted . We hope that others will see in the experience of the General
Education Board the deep and enduring satisfaction which comes
from investment in vital institutions of learning .
In the case of the Rockefeller Foundation it continues to commit a
large share of its resources to institutions of higher education (over
50 percent in 1953) . Some indication of the relation between our
assets and the existing need is given by the fact that our colleges and
universities, in the United Statees alone, could wisely use in a single
year additional funds equal to the present assets of the foundation .
It has been alleged that the foundations have decreased the "depend-
ency of education upon the resources of the local community ." 60
What are the facts? In 1920 public expenditures for education in
the United States amounted to $1,151,748,000 . 61 By 1950 this had in-
creased to $7,011,768,000 . 62 In other words, the public, far from re-
linquishing its responsibility for its schools, had increased its support
of them from taxes by more than sixfold . In 1920 the total expendi-
tures of the Rockefeller Foundation and the General Education Board
were $8,959,942 or just less than eight-tenths of 1 percent of what the
public was then spending for education . In 1950 the expenditures of
both boards totaled $14,414,736, an amount equal to two-tenths of 1
percent of the funds being spent for public education .
In fact the total expenditures of some 100 philanthropic foundations
for education and a wide variety of other things have been estimated at
"s Victor Brudney, Legislative Regulation of the Social Studies in Secondary Schools,
School Law, reprinted for the National Committee for the Social Studies . (Washington,
D. C . : American Council on Education, 1941), p . 141 .
w Ibid ., n. 20 .
81 IT . S . Bureau of the Census . Statistical Abstract : 1943 . table 231, p . 218.
62 U. S. Office of Education, Biennial Survey, 1948-50, ch . I, table 9, p. 11 .
Obviously the contributions of the Rockefeller boards or, for that
matter, of all philanthropic foundations, were not relieving the public
of its responsibility to support education . Thus, education continues
to be paid for at an expanding rate by the local community and is con-
trolled by States and local school boards . Far from decreasing de-
pendency on the local community, the gifts of the Rockefeller boards
have served to encourage from public and private sources increased
support of needed educational services . From the beginning it has
been a policy of these boards to make grants only were there has
existed a strong institutional commitment to the work supported and
where there has been evidence of a sound base of community support
for the institution.
Among the devices used for encouraging the assumption of increas-
ing responsibility on the part of the community has been the making
of appropriations payable against matching funds raised from other
sources . The success of this device is shown by the fact that a sample
of 10 such conditional grants made by the Rockefeller Foundation,
totaling $6,025,000, shows that they encouraged $9,300 .248 in contribu-
tions from other sources for the same purposes . Similarly, 10 typical
conditional grants made by the General Education Board, totaling
$3,850,000, were in large part responsible for gifts to the recipient in-
stitutions of about $13 million .
Another device for discouraging dependency upon foundation gifts
is the tapering grant . In writing about this, Raymond B . Fosdick
says :
The proper objective of a foundation, unless created for a particularized pur-
pose, is to prime the pump, never to act as a permanent reservoir . * * * The
proportion of a budget which it provides should not be so large as to discourage
support from other sources . Its contributions should not dry up the springs of
popular giving . On the other hand, when a foundation withdraws from a project,
its withdrawal should not be so precipitate as to wreck the enterprise . A taper-
ing down of contributions over a period of years will, under ordinary circum-
stances, give an organization a chance to build up stable support from its own
natural sources."
This persisting concern for a project's ability to secure "stable sup-
port from its own natural sources" has been characteristic of the pro-
grams off both Rockefeller boards . From the beginning they have been
conscious of the importance of avoiding the assumption of obligations
that are properly a public responsibility .
At the end of a report (pt . I) furnished to this committee by its legal
analyst, she makes the extraordinary contention that the great gifts
which foundations have poured into education in this country have
involved an "encroachment on State powers" and that in order to ac-
complish this the States, or at least many of them, have been "invaded
as it were through the back door ." 65 So far as the General Education
Board is concerned, nothing could be further from the truth . Before
the committee accepts this conclusion of its legal analyst, why should
it not go to the sources, and inquire of the State departments of educa-
tion with whom the General Education Board has had cordial work-
ing relations for 50 years, whether they feel that State prerogatives
63 F, Emerson Andrews, Philanthropic Giving (New York : Russell Sage Foundation,
1950), p . 93.
64 Fosdick, The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation, pp . 294-295 .
B° Hearings, p . 709.
nce in contradiction of this perversion of the facts, so far as the
General Education Board is concerned .
L . TRAINING FOR PUBLIC SERVICE
The research director of the committee has called its attention to
foundation grants for "trainin individuals and servicing agencies to
r ender advice to the executive branch of the Federal Government ." 66
Our two foundations have provided funds to a large number of
institutions which have trained individuals for participation in all
aspects of our national life ; Federal, State and local governments,
schools, colleges and universities, business, law, medicine, agriculture,
scientific research, the creative arts, etc .
We make no apologies for the devotion of funds to the training of
individuals for service in executive branch-or any branch-of the
Federal Government . We can imagine few better uses, or more pro-
American uses, of funds dedicated to the public interest .
M . ALLEGED INTERLOCK
Distribution by institutions and organ- (1) University ofChicago, $14,576,044 (1) University of Chicago, $25,090,562 (1) University of Chicago,
izations in United States (10 largest (2) Harvard University, $12,363,430 (2) Vanderbilt University, $22,642,314 (2) Vanderbilt University
amounts) . (3) Johns Hopkins University, $12,027,871_- (3) Johns Hopkins University, $11,476,113--- (3) Johns Hopkins Univers
NOTE : Donations to American Red (4) Yale University, $9,765,120 (4) Emory University, $9,381,225 (4) Yale University, $17,7
Cross and United War Work (5) National Research Council, $9,698,552___ (5) Meharry Medical College, $8,317,609 (5) Harvard University, $
Fund, and Rockefeller Institute, (6) Social Science Research Council, (6) Cornell University, $8,220,966 (6) Cornell University, $1
General Education Board, and $9,580,990.
China Medical Board, Inc., not (7) Columbia University, $6,480,231 (7) California Institute of Technology, (7) California Institute
taken into account . $8,082,298. $10,251,497.
(8) National Bureau of Economic Research, (8) Yale University, $8,010,491 (8) National Research Coun
$5,845,974 .
(9) American Council of Learned Societies (9) Washington University, $7,928,035 (9) Social Science Re
$4,419,262. $9,823,172.
(10) Woods Bole Oceanographic Institute, (10) University of Rochester, $7,833,470 (10) Washington Universit
$3,341,234.
Distribution to colleges and universities (1) Massachusetts, $15,341,901 (1) Tennessee, $45,156,651 (1) Tennessee, $47,466,541
by States (10 largest amounts) . (2) Illinois, $15,304,888 (2) Illinois, $28,022,677 (2) Illinois, $43,327,565 .
(3) Maryland, $12,053,132 (3) Georgia, $25 656,912 (3) New York, $35,813,066
(4) New York, $11,149,857 (4) New York, 424,663,209 (4) Georgia, $26,719,112.
(5) Connecticut, $9,811,230 (5) Maryland, $12,436,974 (5) Massachusetts, $26,117
(6) California, $8,668,195 (6) Cali ornia, $10,943,898 (6) Maryland, $24,490,106
(7) Iowa, $2,376 054 (7) Massachusetts,$10,775,227 (7) Cali ornia, $19,612,093
(8) Tennessee 42,309,890 (8) Missouri, $9,527,479 (8) Connecticut, $18,511,4
(9) Missouri, 12,022,529 (9) Louisiana, $9,056,974 (9) Missouri, $11,550,008 .
(10) Pennsylvania, $1,860,093 (10) Connecticut, $8,700,234 (10) Louisian8, $9,623,491
Total number of fellowship grants :
Direct 7,097 2,369 9,466.
Indirect 3,917 220 4,137 .
Total amount of fellowship grants :
Indirect $23,170,940 $5,016,451 $28,187,391 .
Indirect $11,811,069 $474,761 $12,285,830.
Dec. 81, 1953
Division of medicine and public health (May 22,
1913, to Dec . 31, 1953)
Investigation and control of specific diseases
and deficiencies $27,387,000
State and local health services 9,975,000
Medical care 1,041,000
Public health education 34,103,000
Medical education 91,434,000
Psychiatry, neurology, and allied subjects 20, 041, 000
Fellowships 16,454,000
Endocrinology 2,248,000
Other public health and medical subjects 10, 012, 000
Field staff 25,910,000
1 $238,605,000
Division of natural sciences and agriculture (May 22,
1913, to Dec . 31,1953)
Experimental biology 25, 928, 000
Physics, mathematics, and other nonbiological
sciences 8,630,000
Astronomy 1,462,000
Agriculture 5,854,000
General support of science 1,057,000
Other special projects 1,609,000
Fellowships
Direct $3,134,000
Indirect 4,519,000
7,653,000
Grants in aid (since 1944) 2,850,000
1 55, 043, 000
Division of social sciences (Jan . 1, 1929, to Dec. 31,
1953)
General social science including fellowships and
research aid 15,932,900
Economics 14,205,575
International relations 9,896,957
Institutional centers for research and advanced
training 5,693,975
Public administration 7,716,475
Community organization 2,600,400
Group relations 2,390,320
Development of social sciences in Europe 2,336,030
Other, including cultural anthropology, popula-
tion, ethics, etc 6,027,025
Unpaid balances of Laura Spelman Rockefeller
Memorial appropriations as of Dec . 31, 1928,
transferred to the Rockefeller Foundation____ 12, 283, 193
1 79, 082, 850
I These totals represent gross appropriations ; actual expenditures are slightly less .
Division of the humanities (Jan . 1, 1929, to Dec . 31,1953)
Scholarship and the arts
History $1,046,653
Philosophy 507,857
Language, logic, and symbolism 1,053,804
General education 345,875
General purposes 5,514,927
Literature 1,129,001
The arts 2,883,978
$12,482,095
Intercultural understanding
General 307,865
European studies 68,020
American studies 1,950,151
Near Eastern studies 811,944
Slavic studies 1,287,718
South and Southeast Asian studies 468,040
Far Eastern studies 2,231,689
Latin American studies 902,929
African studies 90,900
8,119,256
Other interests
Film and radio 1,420,776
Communication research 552,870
Library service 4,962,207
Archaeology 4,759,716
11, 695, 569
1 32, 296, 920
1 These totals represent gross appropriations ; actual expenditures are slightly less.
The Rockefeller Foundation-Board of trustees, July 1, 1954
Name I and address Terms of service
Bowles, Chester Former Governor of Connecticut and Apr . 7, 1954, to Apr . 6, 1955.
former United States Ambassador to
India and Nepal, Essex, Conn .
Bronk, Detlev W President, the Rockefeller Institute for Apr . 1, 1953, to Apr . 6, 1955 .
Medical Research, York Ave. and 66th
St., New York, N . Y.
Claflin, William H., Jr President, Soledad Sugar Co ., room 1006, Apr . 5, 1950, to Apr . 6, 1955 .
75 Federal St ., Boston, Mass .
Dickey, John S President, Dartmouth College, Hanover, Apr . 2, 1947, to Apr. 4, 1956 .
N. H.
Douglas, Lewis W Chairman of the board, Mutual Life Apr . 10, 1935, to Apr . 2, 1947 ;
Insurance Co . of New York, 1740 Broad- Dec . 6,1950, to Apr . 6,1955 .
way, New York, N . Y., former Ambas-
sador to Great Britain.
Harrison, Wallace K Harrison & Abramovitz, architects, 630 July 1, 1951, to Apr . 4,1956 .
5th Ave., New York, N . Y.
Kimberly, John R .. President, Kimberly-Clark Corp ., Neenah, Apr. 1, 1953, to Apr . 3, 1957.
Wis .
Loeb, Robert F Bard professor of medicine, Columbia Apr . 2, 1947, to Apr . 3, 1957.
University, 620 West 168th St ., New
York, N . Y.
Lovett, Robert A Brown Bros ., Harriman & Co ., 59 Wall May 20, 1949, to Apr . 3, 1957 .
St ., New York, N. Y ., former Secretary
of Defense .
McCloy, John J Chairman of the board, the Chase Na- Apr . 3, 1946, to June 11, 1949 ;
tional Bank of the City of New York, Apr . 1, 1953, to Apr. 6,1955.
18 Pine St., New York, N . Y ., former
High Commissioner for Germany .
Moe, Henry Allen Secretary general, John Simon Guggen- Apr. 5, 1944, to Apr . 4, 1956.
heim Memorial Foundation, 551 5th
Ave ., New York, N. Y .
Myers. William I Dean, New York State College of Agri- Apr . 2, 1941, to Apr . 4, 1956.
culture, Cornell University, Ithaca,
N. Y .
Parran, Thomas Dean, Graduate School of Public Health, Apr. 2, 1941, to Apr. 4, 1956 .
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
Pa .
Rockefeller, John D ., 3d Business and Philanthropy, 30 Rockefeller Dec. 16, 1931, to Apr . 4, 1946.
Plaza, New York, N . Y .
Rusk, Dean President, the Rockefeller Foundation Apr. 5, 1950, to Apr. 3, 1957 .
and the General Education Board, 49
West 49th St ., New York, N . Y ., former
Assistant Secretary of State .
Smith, Geoffrey S President, Girard Trust Corn Exchange Apr !5, 1950, to Apr. 6, 1955 .
Bank, Broad and Chestnut Sts ., Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Sproul, Robert G-- . President, University of California, Apr. 3, 1940, to Apr. 6, 1955.
Berkeley, Calif .
Sulzberger, Arthur Hays Publisher, the New York Times, and Apr . 5, 1939, to Apr. 3, 1957.
resident and director, the New York
Mmes Co., 229 West 43d St ., New York,
N. Y.
Van Dusen, Henry P President, Union Theological Seminary, Apr . 2, 1947, to Apr . 3, 1957.
Broadway and 120th St ., New York,
N. Y.
Wood, W . Barry, Jr Professor of medicine, School of Medicine, July 1, 1954, to Apr . 3, 1957 .
Washington University, St . Louis, Mo .
Name Position and address Terms of service
Branscomb, Bennett Harvie__ Chancellor, Vanderbilt University, Nash- Apr. 3, 1947, to Apr. 4, 1957.
ville, Tenn .
Brook, Detlev W President, the Rockefeller Institute for Apr . 8, 1954, to Apr. 5, 1956.
Medical Research, 66th St . and York
Ave ., New York, N. Y .
Coolidge, T . Jefferson Chairman of Board, United Fruit Co., and Apr. 6, 1950, to Apr. 4, 1957 .
Old Colony Trust Co ., 80 Federal St .,
Boston, Mass .
DeVane, William C Dean, Yale College, Yale University, New Apr. 6, 1950, to Apr . 7, 1955 .
Haven, Conn .
Douglas, Lewis W Chairman of board, Mutual Life Insur- Apr. 8, 1937, to Apr . 3, 1947;
ance Co. of New York, 1740 Broadway, Dec . 7, 1950, to Apr . 7, 1955 .
New York, N. Y., former Ambassador
to Great Britain.
Myers, William I Dean, New York State College of Agricul- Apr. 3,1941, to Apr . 7, 1955 .
ture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N . Y.
Norton, Edward L Chairman of board, Voice of Alabama, Apr. 6, 1944, to Apr . 5, 1956 .
(WAPI, WAFM-TV), 701 Protective
Life Bldg ., Birmingham, Ala .
Parran, Thomas Dean, Graduate School of Public Health, Apr. 3, 1947, to Apr . 5, 1956 .
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
Pa .
Rockefeller, John D ., 3d Business and Philanthropy, 30 Rocke- Jan . 1, 1932, to Apr. 5, 1956 .
feller Plaza, New York, N . Y .
Rusk, Dean President, General Education Board and Dec . 6, 1951, to Apr . 7, 1955 .
the Rockefeller Foundation, 49 West
49th St ., New York, N . Y., former
Assistant Secretary of State .
Sproul, Robert G .___ President, University of California, Apr . 4, 1940, to Apr . 4, 1957 .
Berkeley, Calif.
Van Dusen, Henry P__._ . President, Union Theological Seminary, Apr . 8, 1948, to Apr . 4, 1957.
Broadway and 120th St ., New York,
N . Y.
"At the dinner, we shall consider methods labor must use when col-
lective bargaining does not work, especially methods o f dealing with
the Government." [Italics ours.]
The agenda for the 1947 ALES Midwest Workers' Education Con-
ference (weekend of November 1-2 at Hotel Moraine, Highland Park,
Ill .) notes the following discussion groups on the subject of Defin-
ing and Advancing Labor's Objectives in 1947-48 : A. Collective
Bargaining Under New Federal and State Legislation ; B. Labor's
Community Relations ; C . How to Maintain Union Strength in the
Face of Inflation and Depression ; D. Political Action for Labor
[Italics by ALES .]
Workshops on Education, according to the same agenda, included
these topics : "F. Developing Radio Program; G . Utilization of the
Relations ." [Italics by ALES .] These are the kind of workshops
that would be appropriate for a gathering of politicians ; they do not
suggest the ordinary seminar .
An ALES letter, dated January 30, 1948, which announces the
annual conference for that year, reads in part
This year special emphasis will be placed on workships for the discusssion
of practical problems of current interest to those working in the field . * * *
Six technical workshops are scheduled from 2 to 5 o'clock on Saturday after-
noon, the topics for which will be : how to integrate educational work in the
unions, the use of sociodrama in the training of shop stewards, specific curric-
ulum and content needs for labor education activities, practical methods for
developing labor's interest as consumers, techniques for more effective farmer-
labor cooperation, and advances recently made in the use of audiovisual aids .
The first three workshops listed on the enclosed program will be open to all
those engaged in any form of workers' education . The second three will be
open to those who carry on labor education in unions .
On Sunday morning a panel of experts will discuss methods and materials
which will implement labor's foreign policy .
Developing farmer-labor cooperation and "implementing labor's
foreign policy" might be characterized as education for labor in order
to obtain political objectives, rather than education of labor .
An ALES letter, dated June 4, 1948, asking for financial aid from
friends reads in part
Two trends, in American life make workers' education an issue of paramount
importance. One is the attempt to eliminate racial discrimination in trade
unions and the other is the Taft-Hartley labor bill and what it symbolizes . * * *
Certainly, the passage of the Taft-Hartley bill indicates among other things,
the need for an intensive "push" in labor education . The American Labor Edu-
cation Service is equipped to furnish this "push," equipped in every way save
one, namely adequate budget . I am writing, therefore, to ALES friends, who
realize the strategic role which organized labor must play in our democratic
struggle, asking for continued financial help . * * *
"Pushing" against the Taft-Hartley bill-and soliciting funds for
such a "push"-would seem to be activities related to lobbying and,
therefore, not tax exempt.
The tentative program of the ALES Midwest Workers' Education
Conference, November 13-14, 1948, in Milwaukee, Wis ., noted that
the keynote session would be "The union's responsibility in forward-
ing democracy in the world scene today ." Workshops dealt with the
problem of "How can workers' education stimulate democratic partici-
pation * * * through legislative activity, through winning commu-
nity understanding and more effective participation in community or-
ganization, through political activity and farmer-labor cooperation ."
The dinner meeting on Saturday evening was concerned with the
"Development of program of the Economic Cooperation Administra-
tion and labor's responsibility for supporting it ."
An ALES conference at the New School for Social Research, held
February 25-26, 1950, discussed The Contribution of Labor in Re-
building Democratic Society and the Role of Workers' Education in
Political Action . (See p . 2 of ALES Agenda that date .) It was
noted that a "panel discussion will cover the urgency of participation
in political action by labor, and the reevaluation of education in re-
lation to political action ."
It seems clear that a significant portion of the ALES program is
devoted to planning and promoting political action . It appears to
be especially active in recruiting mass labor support for a private
nomic security . Some of the money for "discussion programs in in-
ternational affairs for labor-union representatives" has been granted
to ALES by a subsidiary of the Ford Foundation, the Fund for
Adult Education . On page 34 of the fund's report of its grants from
January 1, 1952 ; to June 30, 1953, it is noted that ALES had been
granted a total of $190,000 of which $95,000 was still unpaid.
It is admittedly difficult to draw the line between discussion pro-
grams which are truly "educational" and those which are designed to
proselytize for a particular viewpoint . But it would be safe to say
that no one can accuse the ALES of leaning over backward to pre-
sent both sides of the "great debate" on foreign policy .
Here is an extract from the 1953 Annual Report of the ALES (p . 9)
which described an ALES-CIO World Affairs Institute, a 2-week
affair at Haven Hill Lodge, north of Detroit, Mich .
The study program will be developed around these topics : World Popula-
tion and Food ; the U . N. and Its Specialized Agencies ; the Economics of Foreign
Trade ; Comparative Labor Movements ; the Role of the CIO in World Affairs ;
How Foreign Policy Is Made . Throughout the course there will be considera-
tion of how attitudes are formed and of educational methods for local work .
Among those who will serve as faculty and discussion leaders will be : Isidor
Lubin, former United States Representative on the Economic and Social Coun-
cil of the U . N. ; Victor Reuther, assistant to Walter Reuther, president of the
CIO ; James Calderwood, associate professor of economics at Ohio State Univer-
sity (now on leave) ; Stanley H . Ruttenberg, CIO director of education and re-
search ; and Paul Nitze, former Chief of the Policy Planning Board in the State
Department . These will be supplemented by staff and officials from the United
States Labor Department, the ILO, and UNESCO ; delegates from foreign coun-
tries, including Sweden, Germany, Haiti, Tunisia, the Philippines, and New
Zealand ; trade union leaders with experience in Latin America, Europe, the
Middle East, and the Far East .
ALES also runs a Philadelphia center for leadership training in
world affairs. On page 6 of the 1953 annual report it is noted
A variety of techniques are used : discussion groups, classes, institutes, con-
ferences, film discussion, planning sessions, board and committee meetings, mem-
bership meetings . It is true here, as in all parts of the ALES international
project, that the study of world affairs has covered many topics including, for
example, foreign trade, economic aid,' labor movements abroad, and world
economic conditions.
During the period of the Philadelphia project, the study groups on the U . N . and
the U . N . trips have increased in number and have proved effective in broadening
international outlook and sense of responsibility . Preparations for the trips
include always a review of the general purposes of the U . N ., the issues under dis-
cussion, the foreign policy of this country and its position on current U . N . issues,
and a briefing or film about the nation whose delegates the group is to meet .
The work of special agencies always is emphasized, particularly the Social and
Economic Council, the Trusteeship Council, and UNICEF . There always is keen
interest in underdeveloped countries .
ALES sponsors a number of short, regional conferences throughout
the year. In 1952 it organized a Second Annual North Dakota Confer-
ence of Farmers and Workers. Delegates from unions, farm organ-
izations, and cooperatives discussed goals and methods of economic
action by organized farmers and organized workers (p . 7, 1953 annual
report) .
Discussion moved from everyday problems of farmers and workers-the effects
of price supports, the need for organization, opportunities for joint farmer-labor
action-to such questions as the needs of underdeveloped countries, the im-
portance of foreign trade, and the relationships between foreign aid and military
purposes.
Other excerpts from the 1953 annual report which indicate the
nature and scope of the ALES activity include these
Since the curriculum and study programs relate to the many-sided interests of
adult workers with special reference to their economic and social outlook, ALES
also has cooperative relationships with many types of educational, governmental,
and community agencies (p . 14) .
In its work with organizations outside the labor movement, ALES serves as a
bridge between labor education organizations and many community and educa-
tional bodies (p . 14) .
It goes without saying that the ALES international project has worked in
many ways with community and governmental organizations chiefly concerned
with world affairs and foreign policy (p . 14) .
Cooperative relationships of great educational value to the ALES program
have been developed with members of the Secretariat and the delegations at the
United Nations (p . 14) .
On the local level, ALES works constantly with such organizations as the
American Association for the United Nations * * * (p . 14) .
* * * the entire ALES program may be described as leadership training, since
it is planned for those who carry responsibilities within the labor movement-
union officers, committee chairmen, shop stewards, delegates, and others (p . 14) .
As a national agency giving service to a great variety of groups concerned with
labor education in this country, it has become the accepted function of ALES to
carry extensive responsibilities for interpreting labor education to friends, critics,
and the uninformed (p . 13) . [Italics ours .]
Cooperation also is extended to student bodies and to social and community
agencies . Board and staff members of ALES serve on the committees of these
organizations * * * (p.13) .
In recent years, ALES has given special attention to areas of work where the
labor movement believes that, through education, responsible action might be
strengthened (p .1) . [Italics ours,]
Our work with foreign trade unionists has included helping to plan programs ;
to make contacts ; and to utilize the skills of unionists from 33 * * * widely
scattered countries * * * . Among the visitors have been experienced labor edu-
cators, teachers, in labor schools, officers of trade unions, and government de-
partment and adult education personnel concerned in labor education (p . 1) .
In carrying out its exchange activities, ALES cooperates with various organ-
izations, among them the Institute of International Education, UNESCO, the
National Social Welfare Assembly * * * (p . 1) .
ALES * * * itself sponsors foreign trade union visitors * * * ALES extends
opportunities to American workers to study abroad * * * (p . 2) .
The ALES director and certain members of the board now serve as members
of the National Selection Committee on Workers' and Adult Education ; of the
American Selection Committee for Ruskin College Scholarships (both of the Insti-
tute of International Education) ; and of the Advisory Selection Committee for
Workers' Education of the Conference Board of the Associated Research Coun-
cil's Committee on International Exchange of Persons (p . 2) .
With every passing year it becomes more urgent for white-collar workers to
face their economic realities and to establish their rightful place in the labor
movement * * * . This is the challenge that White Collar Workshops sets out
to meet through its unique resident labor school planned to serve these work-
ers * * * (p.11) .
White Collar Workshops this year planned a shorter school-1 week-where
intensive work could be carried on, focused on a common concern . The em-
phasis throughout the week was on how white-collar workers themselves, as citi-
zens and trade unionists, can make themselves felt in the local and national
scene (p .12) .
The study program included an analysis of the factors affecting the business
cycle, with special reference to the current situation ; the economics of collective
bargaining ; the legislative and political scene in Washington ; with special em-
discussions of the significance and the social attitudes of white-collar workers .
There was also a series of workshops, highlighted by a stimulating panel on
organizing and strengthening white-collar unions in which union staff members,
experienced in handling the problems of white-collar workers, participated
(p . 12) . [Italics ours .]
By its own admission, therefore, ALES is in the center of a network
of educational groups, many of whose activities border on propaganda
and political action . ALES is in a position to make its impact felt on
a wide front by virtue of its staffing of interlocking directorates . It
feels that a legitimate function is to convince white-collar workers that
they should join in economic and political action with unionists . It
outlines the legislative terrain in Washington and trains troops for the
battle.
It would appear that ALES relates education to action favored by
the labor movement. It interprets the meaning of education to the
general public. It staffs the committees of student groups and social
agencies. It provides the funds for a two-way transmission belt that
carries American trade unionists to Socialist Europe and brings
Socialist leaders here. It serves as a bridge between many govern-
mental agencies and community groups interested in world affairs . It
trains the leadership of the labor movement, and that leadership, of
course, has a great responsibility for planning and implementing
political action .
In 1938, ALES published for sale a 45-page pamphlet entitled
"Annotated List of Pamphlet Material for Workers Classes ." While
this pamplet is now 16 years old, it should be noted that it contains a
foreword by Eleanor G . Coit, the then and now director of ALES . In
addition, the sections on The Labor Movement, Labor Economics,
English and On Methods and Materials were prepared by Orlie Pell,
who is still listed on the ALES staff as the publications and research
associate . In reading ALES' own description of the contents of some
of the books which it recommends for use in workers' classes and in
also considering the organizations which sponsored the publication of
such books, one seriously questions how education is served and rather
asks oneself why tax exempt moneys should be used to further class
hatred, social unrest, and economic warfare . One of the books recom-
mended is entitled "Toward a Farmer-Labor Party" written by Harry
W . Laidler, and published by the League for Industrial Democracy,
of which he is the executive director . As stated by ALES, this book
contains :
A brief analysis of the problems confronting an independent Farmer-Labor
Party in America, and an account of past and present developments in that di-
rection. Labor party movements in Minnesota, Wisconsin, New Year, Illinois,
Detroit, Pennsylvania, California, and Oregon included.
On the question of regulating labor unions, the recommended book
is Should Labor Unions be Regulated? by Hubert Herring and Harold
0. Hatcher, published by the Council for Social Action . Arguments
for and against compulsory incorporation of trade unions are con-
tained in this volume "with conclusion in favor of the negative" as
described by ALES .
Another'book entitled "Shall Strikes Be Outlawed? " by Joel Seid-
man, and published by the League for Industrial Democracy, deals
with "discussion of compulsory arbitration of labor disputes, its dan-
."
Another book published by the League for Industrial Democracy
and written by Carl Raushenbush is entitled "Eordism", and is rec-
ommended by ALES as being "useful for workers' classes in showing
concretely some of the methods used to combat organization among
workers, and some of the influences a large company can have on the
surrounding community ."
The ALES pamphlet also contains a bibliography of labor plays,
some of which deserve special mention . For instance, two plays spon-
sored by the Highlander Folk School (referred to in appendix IX as
a revolutionary theater organization) are Gumbo where racial and
antiunion discrimination is depicted and Labor Spy which "shows
methods used by antiunion detective agency to `hook' an innocent
worker into being a labor spy ."
. Many plays are recommended which were sponsored by the Brook-
wood Labor College, on which comment has already been made . For
instance, there is the play Step which is described as a "mass recita-
tion on psychology of unemployed", and Uncle Sam Wants You, the
message of which is "a reminder of what recruiting posters really ask
for . Excellent for trained speech chorus ."
Under the sponsorship of Southern Summer School, we find other
labor plays depicting "standing in line before a closed bank" in Bank
Run, and "plight of unemployed and hungry southern millworkers
in Job-Huntin', and "Southern mill strikers around a fire on a picket
line at night . Effective use of real strike songs," in On The Picket
Line .
Then there are found additional plays about labor and organization
as Black Pit by Albert Maltz (cited by House of Representatives
on October 24, 1947, for contempt of Congress) which ALES describes
as follows
A miner, framed because of union activity, after coming out of jail, attempts
to find work but is blacklisted everywhere because of union record . Is driven to
accept position as stool pigeon. . Requires convincing use of Slavic dialect and
intelligent direction .
A play which has been particularly marked "recommended" b,Y
ALES is Rehearsal by Albert Maltz, which revolves around the fol-
lowing situation
During a rehearsal of a stirring mass chant on the Detroit auto strike, one
actress finally succeeds in playing the part with almost too much realism . Excel-
lent drama ; one rich emotional part .
Also winning the highly recommended award is Waiting for Lefty
by Clifford Odets, described as : "One of the best plays for labor and
leftwing groups . Realistic treatment of strikes, rackets, and stool
pigeons . Requires intelligent directing ."
Also recommended is The Maker of Swords by Sterling Olmsted,
described as follows
Fantasy laid in imaginary country . A maker of swords has become fabulously
rich through selling his product and then stirring up international hatred to the
point of war . Caught and convicted of his crimes, he is condemned to die but
cleverly plants the seeds of mistrust in the hearts of his keepers, two brother
princes, who in their turn declare war against each other, and each secretly or-
ders more swords from the swordmaker . Play ends on ironic note, with no solu-
tion offered .
Theater, which is :
A powerful satire in which Green Worker and Tan Worker symbolize all the .
masses forced unwillingly to war, while the Green Man and the Tan Man sym-
bolize all the leaders, generals, and capitalists making war without engaging
in it.
Finally, ALES refers to two plays from Soviet Russia, one being
Bread by Vladimir Kirshom, and described as "the best known and
most significant Soviet play of the gigantic effort to change the life
and economic organization of the Russian peasantry ."
In 1942, ALES published and distributed a pamphlet entitled
"Songs Useful for Workers' Groups," which is hoped "would be
helpful to groups of workers who want to sing together ."
Among the song collections listed in said pamphlet was the fol-
lowing
Rebel Song Book, compiled and edited by Samuel H . Friedman ; music editor,
Dorothy Bachman . Rand School Press, 7 East 15th St ., New York . Paper .
92 pages. 50 cents.
"87 Socialist and Labor Songs," including a number of revolutionary songs
translated from the Russian German, Finnish, Italian, and so on . Also, union
and organzing songs, IWW and strike songs . In most cases the text is set
to old familiar melodies, but there is also some stirring original music by Hanns
Eisler, Herman Epstein, Liebich, and others . The songs are well adapted for
mass singing in unison, with moderately easy accompaniments .
Certainly the question arises whether a tax-exempt fund should be
used to further the sale and use of a rebel song book which contains
among other things organizing songs, IWW and strike songs, many
of which are set to the "stirring original music by Hanns Eisler ."
ALES distributes a reprint of a symposium on Some Trends in
Adult Education, originally published in the November 1952 issue
of Adult Education, an organ of the Adult Education Association of
the United States of America . Eleanor G . Coit, director, and Orlie
A. H . Pell, education and research associate of ALES, took part in
the symposium.
It was pointed out by the two ALES participants that labor edu-
cation is no longer a frill but "well on the way to being considered
an integral part of the process of building a strong, effective labor
movement." The reasons why labor education is changing from a
utilitarian approach, with emphasis on techniques, to the kind of edu-
cation appropriate for successful political action were clearly pointed
out :
As our lives in the 20th century become more complex and interdependent,
unions are finding themselves concerned with a wider range of problems . Less
and less is collective bargaining with the employer a fully adequate answer to
their needs ; price levels that affect their standard of living, the housing condi-
tions under which they live, the effects of the cold war, the atmosphere of
loyalty oaths and suspicion-these problems can be met only with action on the
community, national and international scenes (p . 2) . (Italics ours.)
Consequently labor education has increased the scope of its responsibility .
The study program for example, of the 1952 union summer institutes held in
all parts of the country, includes among their areas of work such fields as inter-
national affairs (including point 4), wage stabilization, community services,
human relations, political action, public relations, and civic rights * * * (p . 2) .
One of the outstanding developments of recent years has been the increased
involvement in international affairs on the part of labor leaders (p . 2) .
As we look to the future, we see, perhaps, an intensification of the trend al-
ready apparent . A sober, responsible labor movement, aware of its increasing
responsibilities in a world at crisis, turning to its educational arm for help in
meeting its responsibilities ; seeking to understand the problems faced on the
community, the national, and above all, the international levels . Here may lie
the direction of growth during the coming years * * * so that the labor move-
ment may take the lead in the development of insight and action that will be
worldwide in scope (p . 3) .
Irvine L . H. Kerrison, chairman, labor program, Institute of Man-
agement and Labor Relations, Rutgers University, took part in the
same symposium . Here is his concept of "successful" labor education
at the university level, as set forth in the reprint circulated by ALES
Institutions of higher learning now achieving the greatest success in workers'
education * * * believe that effective workers' education helps the worker be-
come a better individual, a contributing member of his union group, and a par-
ticipating citizen in his community . They base all their work with unions on
three operating principles
(1) Every activity planned jointly by the union and the university .
(2) Every activity designed to deal with individual problems of union
groups requesting service .
(3) Close cooperation with the labor movement maintained through union
advisory committee members and regular consultation with National, regional,
and State union education directors
University officials, in these troubled times, are fond of extolling aca-
demic freedom and the right of scholars to teach the facts without
fear or favor, pressure or censorship . Yet, in the field of labor edu-
cation, it would seem that union leaders exercise the right of veto and
the privilege of constant consultation . Mr . Kerrison, the author of
this concept of controlled education, then asserts that
* * * organized labor is one of the few bulwarks, and perhaps strongest of the
few, against a violent dropping of the Iron Curtain on modern civilization (pp .
4-5) .
Larry Rogin, vice-chairman and a director of ALES, and a director
of the education department, Textile Workers Union of America,
also participated at the symposium and emphasized the point that
the purpose of labor "education" is to make a good union man
To the extent that the educational needs and desires of workers are more
widely met, the workers will become more effective trade unionists and better
citizens of their country and of the world (p . 6) .
Mr. Rogin raises another question which may be central to labor
education
Finally, in these days of Taft-Hartley and McCarthy and Zell, will the educa-
tor stand up for the right to deal with controversial subjects honestly and with-
out fear? From how many subjects will he beg off, saying, "This is a job for the
union?" (p .6) .
Another project of the ALES is the holding of conferences which
promote Farmer-Labor Understanding-And Action (the title of a
reprint from the Journal of Educational Sociology, February, 1952,
which is currently circulated by ALES) . The author noted that some
of the following were points agreed upon by a joint committee at the
1951 Northwest Farmers' and Workers' Education Conference
The official publications of people's organizations such as labor unions, cooper-
atives, and farmer organizations are important instruments for translating the
common agreements of educational conferences into better rank-and-file under-
their price-support program by showing urban consumers that working farmers
get a veiy small percentage of the dollar paid by the consumer for food and
clothing (p . 5) .
Cooperative publications and Farmers Union papers have carried the story to
farmers about the very small percentage of the price of farm machinery and
supplies which goes to the worker in the form of wages . These same publica-
tions have informmed farmers of the basic threat, not only to organized labor
but to organized farmers, in such legislation as the Taft-Hartley Act (p . 5) .
As an example of substantial "interlock" it might be pointer out
that the vice chairman of the American Labor Education Service,
Mark Starr, has also been a chairman of the board of the League for
Industrial Democracy . Further, he is the director of education for
the ILGWU and a member of the United States Advisory Commission
on Educational Exchange. He has been appointed to responsible
policy positions in the field of education : as labor consultant to tha
Office of War Administration ; as a member of the American delega-
tion to establish UNESCO ; as a labor education consultant to Ameri-
can military government in Japan ; as a member of President Truman's
Commission on Higher Education during the period 1945-47 .
Mr . Starr is also listed as chairman of the board of the Public Affairs
Committee which publishes a great many pamphlets on significant
topics of the day . In view of his prominence in the field of educa-
tion and his position as a key link in the interlocking directorate of
certain groups whose activities border on propaganda and political
action, it is perhaps desirable to examine his philosophy of education
in some detail . Following are excerpts from Labor Looks at Educa-
tion by Mark Starr, published by the League for Industrial Democracy
in 1947
Later they (the poor) read Marx and Veblen, to name only two of the most
effective intellectual commandos who utilized their own college training as
bombs to blast away the intellectual girders supporting the modern economic
system . Inevitably such individuals are rejected as heretics because the ideas
which they espouse do not support things as they are (p . 4) .
This passage is characteristic of Mark Starr and his associates in
ALES who regard education as a weapon which should be used to de-
stroy the foundations of the present social order . Certainly he had in
mind the use of education as a weapon in what Socialists love to refer
to as the class struggle when he wrote
The labor movement cannot rest content until there are 30 million people or-
ganized in the trade unions of the United States . This means that workers' edu-
cation should keep in mind the conversion of the community to labor's point of
view.
(See Mark Starr's article entitled "Worker's Education, 1900-1940,"
published in May-June 1940 issue of the Workmen's Circle Call) .
Note in the following passage Mr . Starr's contempt for the dis-
passionate search after truth . To him, education is propaganda-
there is no distinction.
Some educators endeavor to satisfy their consciences by suggesting that edu-
cation with an aim is propaganda and that true education deals only in immut-
able, unalterable, fundamental truths, as if abstract ideals could be isolated from
their daily changing content . After all, there is only a relative distinction be-
tween education and propaganda . Your education is always propaganda to the
other fellow (p. 5) .
A new philosophy of education is striving to be born-a planned community to
replace the jerry-built dwellings produced by the haphazard efforts of the past
(p.10) .
49720-54-pt . 2 15
"group -think" The "haphazard, jerry-built dwellings of the past"
housed Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Milton, Dante, Chaucer,
Tolstoy, Newton, Darwin, Emerson, Edison, Locke, Hume, Kent,
Luther, and a handful of others whose contributions to civilization
should not be overlooked in the new passion for the intellectual
collective .
Mr . Starr whose own projects have been heavily subsidized by the
Ford Foundation's fund for adult education, has a few words to say
about foundations and their work . He leaves no doubt that the busi-
ness of education is to change society .
One factor in influencing the relation of colleges and universities to labor and
to the type of education which would facilitate necessary social changes by con-
sent, is the role of the foundations . Educational activity in the United States
cannot be fully studied without evaluating the effects of the foundations thereon
(p . 11) .
But colleges too often have to go cap in hand and exploit personal contacts
with the uncrowned kings and agents of philanthropy * * * . There are, of
course, some foundations which delouse effectively the millions accumulated by
monopolies and dynastic fortunes ; but if one could choose a way for the long-time
support of education, it would be done by community intelligence rather than the
caprice of the big shots of big business who wish to perpetuate their names in a
spectacular fashion, a process which may not in all cases coincide with the real
educational activity of the college (p.12) .
Mr . Starr constantly reverts to the premise of "progressive" edu-
cation-that the school should build a new social order .
Our frame of reference needs revision . Can the school help us to meet the
changed world? Perverted and misused in the past, education can be a cure for
many social ills and labor can help to make it so . Labor's consistent support of
education in the past and its role as the largest organized unit of parents gives
it the right to speak in constructive criticism (p . 14) .
Mr. Starr defines "workers' education" in a way which suggests that
it is almost equivalent to "political action ."
At its best, workers' education serves simultaneously as a discipline, a direc-
tive, and a dynamic force to labor organizations . It emphasizes the study of
group problems to the end of group action for their solution (p . 22) .
The CIO department of education and research undertakes extensive activity
in public relations among religious, educational, and civic groups in addition to
education for its own membership . Its activity heads up politically into the
political action committee * * * over 500 labor papers, and other publications
ranging from first readers, colored comics, striking posters, and lively leaflets
to ponderous tomes of union history and research use the printed word as an
agency for education and propaganda (p. 23) .
Mr. Starr urges that the public schools be used to sell the concept
of the closed shop
Permit me to make some specific suggestions on what schools and textbooks
should say about trade unionism
(1) They should give an explanation of the "closed shop" and the "union
shop" to show that they are no more tyrannical or unfair than our system of
public taxation under which the individual cannot escape his contribution to the
public revenues from which he benefits * * * (p. 37) .
(2) The school and the textbook should be at pains to describe the actual
functions of trade unions in improving the wages, hours, working condi-
tions * * *
20, if at all . They should be able to understand the "lusty immaturity" of unions
originating in the New Deal decade, which had to fight bitterly to keep alive in
previous years * * * (p . 38) .
(3) Textbooks-should also let the facts of experience speak concerning the
results of technological unemployment-and also the effects of the centraliza-
tion of power in the hands of the banks and the big corporations, with the re-
sulting dangers of monopoly prices as well as unemployment .
(4) The textbooks and the school should also examine carefully the role
played by the middleman and the speculator, who often escape the censure which
falls on high wages as an alleged cause of high prices (p . 39) .
Finally, it would appear that political science and civics classes are
to indoctrinate students with the notion that labor unions and their
leaders have a monopoly on patriotism, while Congress, business, and
everbody else are selfish .
Teachers should currently help their students to see the real factors behind
the industrial unrest and strikes of 1946, namely, the strain of overwork and the ,
accumulated grievances unexpressed, for patriotic reasons, in wartime ; the dis-
appointment of the unions because Congress failed to act in * * * securing
full employment ; and the indignation against * * * huge wartime profits (pp .
41-42) .
Another important member of the ALES board of directors was
Hilda W. Smith, who, like Starr, has played an important role in
labor movements . She has been referred to on pages 565 and 703 of the
Dies committee report as an endorser of Brookwood Labor College,
which was finally disavowed by the A . F . of L . because of its commu-
nistic activities . Hilda Smith also served as a member of the advisory
committee of Commonwealth College of Mena, Ark . (cited in
Attorney General's list) which was finally closed by the State legis-
lature because of its questionable practices . She is also listed in vol-
ume 10, page 6404, of the House committee report on Un-American
activities, and a member of American League for Peace and Democ-
racy, which was branded as a Communist-front organization by the
Government.
We respectfully submit that the activities of ALES, spearheaded as
they have been by such dynamic persons as Mark Starr and Hilda W.
Smith, raise a serious question whether they have not gone far beyond
the ordinary field of education, and is actually engaged in political
propaganda.
Submitted herewith, with the request that they be deemed part of
the record, are the following documents issued or published by ALES
1. Invitation for conference on February 25-26, 1950 .
2. Letter to members, October 2, 1946 .
3. Invitation for conference on November 1-2, 1947 .
4. Letter to members, January 30, 1948 .
5. Letter to members, June 4, 1948 .
6. Tentative program for conference on November 13-14, 1948.
7. Annual report, 1953.
8. Annotated list of pamphlet material for workers' classes.
9. Pamphlet entitled "Songs Useful for Workers' Groups ."
DIES COMMITTEE
(Listed as Eleanor Copenhaver)
Pag
Brookwood College (endorser) 565,70
American Friends of Spanish Democracy (executive committee) 56
(Listed as Mrs . Sherwood Anderson)
National Citizens' Political Action Committee (member) 1029
Shown as having belonged to one organization which the Attorney General
has characterized as subversive or Communist 1030
American League Against War and Fascism 1030
Shown as having been connected with a Communist front for farmers, con-
sumers, unemployed, and social and economic legislation 10341
Shown as having been connected with two Communist fronts on war, peace,
and .foreign relations 1034
Shown as having been connected with a Communist front for youth and
education 1034
Shown as having been connected with a Communist front in the miscel-
laneous field 1034
Shown with a total of five front organizations (listed above) 1034
TESTIMONY OF WALTER S . STEELE REGARDING COMMUNIST ACTIV-
ITIES IN THE UNITED STATES-HEARINGS BEFORE THE HOUSE
UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE, JULY 21, 1947
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship-call to a conference on
women of the United States of America and the U . S . S . R . in the
postwar world, held on November 18, 1944 (sponsor) 8
(Listed as Eleanor Copenhaver)
APPENDIX IX
American Friends of Spanish Democracy (executive committee) 38
American League Against War and Fascism (national executive com-
mittee) 41
National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners 117
National Committee for People's Rights 117
National Religion and Labor Foundation 130
Nonpartisan Committee for the Reelection of Congressman Vito Marcan-
tonio (committee member) 137
Student Congress Against War (national committee) 162
(Listed as Elinore Coper haver)
Committee To Aid the Striking Fleischer Artists 177
(Listed as Mrs . Sherwood Anderson)
National Citizens' Political Action Committee 26
American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom (spon-
sor) 323, 33
International Women's Congress Against War and Fascism 84
The League of Women's Shoppers, Inc . (sponsor) 100
National Committee To Abolish the Poll Tax (sponsor) 116
People's Institute of Applied Religion 146
(Listed as Eleanor C . Anderson)
People's Institute of Applied Religion 147
(Listed as Eleanor Copenhaver Anderson)
Conference on Constitutional Liberties (sponsor) 65
Consumers National Federation (sponsor) 65
Coordinating Committee To Lift the Embargo (representative individual) - 67
Council for Pan American Democracy (sponsor) 67
National Federation for Constitutional Liberties (sponsor) 122
DIES COMMITTEE
Pat.
American Friends of Spanish Democracy (committee) 56&
National Citizens' Political Action Committee, Max Lerner, author, editor,
PM, New York 10299,
Shown as having been connected with six organizations which the Attorney
General has characterized as subversive and Communist 10301
American League for Peace and Democracy 10304
Citizens Committee to Free Earl Browder, Communist Party, statements
defending 10305
League of American Writers, Michigan Civil Rights Federation, National
Federation for Constitutional Liberties 10306
NEW MASSES
"* * * Max Lerner, one of the editors of the newspaper, PM, and also a
radio broadcaster for Sante Cream Cheese, has a total of 26 affiliations,
covering every category listed here 10332
Shown as connected with two Communist fronts dealing with racial,
refugee, and alien questions 10340
Shown as connected with four Communist fronts for defense, support, or
honoring of avowed Communists 10341
Shown as connected with two Communist fronts for farmers, consumers,
unemployed, and social and economic legislation 10342
Shown as connected with three Communist fronts for legal defense and civil
rights. Also shown as connected with two Communist fronts for pro-
fessional groups 10343
Shown as connected with three Communist fronts on the Spanish Civil
War 10344
Shown as connected with three Communist fronts for support or praise of
the Soviet Union . Also shown as connected with two Communist fronts
on war, peace, and foreign relations 10345
Shown as connected with two Communist fronts for youth and education- 10346
Shown as connected with one Communist magazine, book or other litera-
ture . Also shown as connected with two miscellaneous Communist
fronts 10347
APPENDIX IX
National Citizens' Political Action Committee 265
Allied Voters Against Coudert (sponsor) 316
American Committee for Anti-Nazi German Seaman 319
American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, signatory
to petition to discontinue the Dies committee "Max Lerner, professor,
Williams College"-_
-- 322
American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born :
Guest of honor 347
Sponsor-- - 350
American Friends of the Soviet Union 379
American Friends of Spanish Democracy (sponsor) 380-382
American Investors Union, Inc . (sponsor), "Max Lerner, professor of
political science, Williams College" 388
American League for Peace and Democracy (signatory) 392, 411
Golden Book of American Friendship With the Soviet Union (signatory),
project of the American Friends of the Soviet Union 461, 467, 771
Russian War Relief, Inc 476
American Youth Congress (endorser) "Max Lerner editor the Nation"_ 548
Appeal for Pardon of German Communist (Robert Stamm) (signatory)-_- 571
Ben Leider Memorial Fund (committee member) 585
Citizens Committee for Harry Bridges, "Dr . Max Lerner, Williams
College" 599
Citizens Committee To Free Earl Browcfer, "Prof . Max Lerner, Williams
College" 619,621
649
Consumers National Federation (sponsor) 659
Coordinating Committee To Lift the Embargo (representative individual) - 668
Conference for Pan American Democracy (sponsor) 673
Frontier Films (advisory board) 732
Michigan Civil Rights Federation (speaker) 1058-1059
Supporters .of Anti-Nazi Seamen (sponsor) 1152
National Emergency Conference (signatory) 1206
National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights (board of spon-
sors) 1210
Non-Partisan Committee for the Reelection of Congressman Vito Mar-
cantonio (committee member) 1375
Open Letter to American Liberals (signatory) "Max Lerner, editor, The
Nation" 1379
Open letter for closer cooperation with the Soviet Union (signatory)
"Prof. Max Lerner, Professor of Government, Williams College" 1384
Prestes defense (signatory) "Max Lerner, editor, The Nation 1474
Soviet Russia Today, a party-line publication (contributor) 1603
J . RAYMOND WALSH
Twentieth Century Fund, Committee on Cartels and Monopoly
DIES COMMITTEE
49720--54-pt . 2---16
EXCHANGE OF CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN GENERAL COUNSEL AND
SELECTED UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS
Shortly after the committee began its hearings in May 1954 the
general counsel wrote the following letter to professors at leading uni-
versities soliciting their comments on the operation of foundations in
the social sciences :
MAY 13, 1954.
DEAR PROFESSOR : In connection with the current hearings of the House
of Representatives committee investigating foundations, we shall consider,
among other things, the criticism that the foundations and associated organiza-
tions having to do with social-science research have promoted an excess of
empiricism. It has been suggested that you might be good enough to give us
your reflections in that area.
Would you be good enough, therefore, at your early convenience, to give us
any comments which you might be willing to offer, particularly on these points
1 . Whether there has been an unfair or undesirable preponderance of empirical
research .
2 . Whether this has had any unfortunate results and if so what .
3 . Whether the apparent emphasis on training researchers in the empirical
approach almost to the exclusion of the theoretical approach is desirable for our
society.
We would appreciate any further comments of any kind which you might wish
to make regarding the operation of the foundations and/or the associated research
organizations in the social sciences .
We would, of course, expect to be permitted to use your comments in our
record.
I would deeply appreciate an early reply .
Sincerely yours,
RENE A . WORMSER, General Counsel .
The professors to whom it was sent were
Prof . Theodore Abel, sociology department, Columbia University, New York, N . Y.
Prof. C . Arnold Anderson, department of sociology, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Ky.
Prof . Herbert Blumer, chairman, department of sociology and social institu-
tions, University of California, Berkeley 4, Calif .
Prof . James H. S . Bossard, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 4, Pa .
Prof . R . E. DuWars, chairman, sociology department, Bucknell University, Lewis-
burg, Pa .
Prof. Charles S . Hyneman, professor of political science, Harris Hall 105, North-
western University, Evanston, Ill .
Prof. Oliver Martin, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R . I.
Prof. William M. McGovern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill .
Dr . Helmut Schoeck, visting research fellow in sociology, Yale University, 206
Highland Avenue, West Haven, Conn .
Prof. Pitirim A . Sorokin, Harvard University, Emerson Hall, Cambridge 38,
Mass.
Prof. Ludwig von Mises, 777 West End Avenue, New York 25, N. Y .
Dr . K . A . Wittfogel, Chinese history project, Low Memorial Library, Columbia
University, 420 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y.
Prof . Carle C. Zimmerman, department of social relations, Harvard University,
Cambridge 38, Mass.
1184
others arranged alphabetically follows
UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY,
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES,
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY,
Lexington, May 26, 1954 .
Mr . RENE A . WoRMSER, General Counsel,
DEAR MR . WoRMsER : Your inquiry about the work of tax-exempt foundations
is most difficult to answer . It will be necessary for me to write at some length
in order to avoid giving you an ambiguous statement . The delay in sending you
this statement has been occasioned by my taking the time to read with some care
the report of the 1952 hearings on this same subject.
The following comments should be regarded as my professional judgments, not
merely opinions. I am, however, expressing my own judgments and not those
of my university, department, or any group of scholars to which I may belong
In order that you may interpret my remarks, I should state that I am not con-
nected in any way with a foundation . At one time I received a stipend from a
foundation for a year of graduate study. Some years ago, also, I was an editor
for a publication by a foundation . On the other hand, two applications within
recent years for research grants were rejected by foundations . My knowledge
of foundation-supported research is nonetheless rather extensive in that I at-
tempt to read very widely in both my own and related scientific disciplines . I
am also on the advisory editorial board of a professional journal ; in that con
nection I read a considerable number of manuscripts, including some that do not
receive publication.
It is not within the scope of questions raised by your letter for me to consider
the problem of registration or other methods of insuring that foundations con-
form to the stipulations implied in their tax-exempt status . A clear distinction
between foundations engaged in partisan propaganda or mere tax-evasion and
those engaged in research is obviously necessary . So far as my limited acquain-
tance or that of my colleagues extends, the foundations devoted to the sponsoring
of research and learned studies have an excellent record .
It would seem to be clearly imperative that no effort should be made to
influence by governmental means the manner in which foundations carry out
their support of scholarly work . It would seem prudent to leave the balance
between various kinds of research to be decided by the foundations and the
learned disciplines. Too many efforts are being made today to control science
because one or another group does not find the results of research palatable .
In judging the work of scientists it is too often forgotten that any researc
in either the physical or the social sciences has practical implications . Suc
research will inevitably affect adversely the prestige or the prosperity of some
groups, agencies, or interests in the Nation . Thus, for example, to demonstrat
that one metal is superior to another for some engineering use favors the manu-
facturers of that metal and injures the interests of the makers of competing
metals . In a world of change where we can exist and prosper only with the
aid of research, such effects are inevitable, and indeed desirable. To have judge
research by whether its results were congenial to the buggy industry woul
have stifled the automobile industry .
I should like to comment particularly on the relationship of what you hav
called the "empirical approach" to the "theoretical approach ." Insofar as w
are hopeful that the American way of life may be safeguarded by scholarly re
search and study, we must recognize that it is impossible to have too man
empirical facts. The reason for this situation is simply stated . It is eas
to draw up the blueprint for an ideal society ; there have been thousands of suc
utopias in human history . But to improve actual societies has proven mor
difficult . That our society has manifested a high degree of freedom and prog
ress is demonstrated by facts . It is empirical fact also that demonstrates the
wide gap between utopian blueprints of communism and communism in practice
Facts are the most convincing answer to any who may be swayed by communisti
propaganda .
A democratic society cannot be preserved without freedom of inquiry . Free
dom of inquiry is the only road to truth . For any body of men to use power o
the regulative agencies to constrict the field of scientific study would be t
imitate the worst features of Soviet society . The future welfare of America
pleading . The answer to inadequate facts is more facts .
Critics of the social sciences forget that social scientists are responsible
scholars . The ethical code of science is a strict disciplinarian . We social
scientists spend a large part of our time-and the professional journals devote
a large portion of their space-to debating the merits of one type of facts or
method for obtaining the facts against the merits of other methods . We con-
stantly weigh the importance of particular facts against the analytical concepts
or theories by which we organize those facts into generalizations that will accu-
rately portray the structure of society . Theories and facts are Siamese twins .
The best searchers for facts are usually also the best organizers of facts into
sound theories and vice versa . Fact and theory are constantly at play, one
upon the other. Every reputable social scientist strives constantly to balance
and integrate those two facets of scientific work .
An enticing theory can be developed while stretched out in an easy chair ;
all that is needed is pencil and paper . But of the thousands of theories, how-
ever conscientiously conceived, only a handful will prove valid when subjected to
the crucible of facts . Unfortuntely, to obtain facts requires money . Knowl-
edge is the most expensive commodity in the world. Few professors have private
wealth to underwrite their research . Few colleges or universities have money
to support more than a meager research program . The uniquely sustaining
service of foundations in America has been to provide the money for this indis-
pensable purpose .
If one reads the prefaces of current books or the footnotes of technical articles,
whether they be reports of empirical research or works devoted primarily to
theory, he must be impressed with the large proportion of contemporary scholarly
work that has received subsidy from some foundation . Unless we are to turn
almost exclusively to the Government for such aid-and this would entail results :
more deplorable than any charge that can be brought against the foundations-
scholarship will wither without foundation assistance .
At one time I was an editor for a publication by the Social Science Research
Council . In that publication an effort was made to integrate theory and re-
search . At no time during the work was any influence brought to bear by the
sponsoring foundation . I read most of the publications by this council . To
ale they balance very sagely the needs for fact gathering and the need for
integrating theory . Most of the major foundations, at least, so far as I can
observe or hear, are similarly scrupulous and farsighted.
More than anything else, the foundations desire the good opinion of the world
of scholars. Scholars are the first to censure loaded or biased work . They are-
the first to condemn poor work . They are constantly scrutinizing the operations
of the foundations . There is no surer path to professional fame than to have
one's name associated with an acceptable theory and no easier path than to
demonstrate that some grand project has been bumbled .
By its very nature, science is a self-correcting activity . No other human
agency-except a free enterprise econonmy-bas a mechanism for correcting error
built into its very structure .
Every study, whether or not subsidized by a foundation, has defects . But
we have to apply the test of prudential judgment to the work of foundations as
we do to that of any other group in Government or private life . And by that
test, in my judgment, it can be shown that only a small portion of foundation-
supported research studies have been biased or poorly conducted .
To answer your specific questions categorically, on the understanding that these
categoric comments will not be used without the foregoing discussion, I would
make these statements
1 . There has not been an unfair or undesirable preponderance of empirical
research . What the social sciences need is enormously more money for the
collection of facts, and for the testing of theories by facts.
2 . The only unfortunate result has been the all too slow accumulation of facts .
The more rapidly we can accumulate reliable facts, the more rapid will be the
codification of sound theory and reliable principles of human behavior-for the
use of our political representatives or other responsible individuals and organi-
zations .
3 . There has not been, in my judgment, a disproportionate emphasis in train-
ing researchers in the empirical approach . To refer to my own year of train-
ing by courtesy of a foundation, I was enabled to attend one of our best uni- -
a current committee supported by a foundation leads me to conclude that once
more a strong emphasis is laid upon adequate theory to guide the collection
of facts with which to develop better theory . Theories by themselves cost little
but sound theory must rest on valid facts, which are enormously expensive .
If I may judge by news items in the New York Times during recent days, the
purposes being expressed through your inquiry are not only multiple but per-
haps contradictory . It seems to me to be imperative that research work be
judged by those who are trained in scientific methods . It is to be hoped that
the conclusions of the committee may be praised in later years principally for
having encouraged the launching of new foundations devoted to the advance-
ment of human knowledge .
It has been a pleasure and a privilege to have the opportunity of contributing
my judgments on this important question . I should be happy to extend my
remarks in a further communication, or in person, at your pleasure .
Sincerely yours,
C . ARNOLD ANDERSON .
JUNE 7, 1954 .
Prof . C . ARNOLD ANDERSON,
Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky .
DEAR PROFESSOR ANDERSON : Many thanks for your letter of May 25, which
I have read with great interest . I wish I had time to answer it in considerable
detail, but the pressure of work prevents .
I would like to suggest, however, that the accounts in the newspapers cannot
give you any fair understanding of the objectives of our inquiry, or of the
limitations which the committee has put upon itself . It stands unanimously
behind the theory of free inquiry, whereas the newspapers have rather broadly
given the impression that ours is an attempt at censorship .
There is, of course, one factor of possible "censorship" involved. The tax law
itself proscribes certain areas of activity (principally subversion and political
propaganda) . After all, these are tax-free funds with which we are concerned
and, thus, public trusts. The public is entrusted to be protected against having
tax-free money used for things against the public interest. Outside of this
element of what might be called (but unfairly) "censorship," foundations are
free to do as they choose .
Far from being against free inquiry, we are concerned with the validity of
frequent criticism that the major foundations which operate in some close asso-
ciation through intermediate organizations, etc ., have virtually exercised a form
of censorship themselves . This consists of supporting primarily certain ap-
proaches in research in the social sciences to the virtual exclusion of the
opposites . As research in the social sciences in the United States is now almost
entirely foundation supported (except for that financed by the Government it-
self-and this, in turn, seems under the control or direction of organizations
and individuals financed by the foundations) it seems to us necessary to
inquire whether this criticism is justified . There should obviously be free com-
petition in matters of the intellect as well as in business .
Nor is there any validity to any newspaper suggestions that this inquiry is
directed against foundations as such . The committee is unanimous in its ap-
preciation of the desirability of foundations . Its interest is in discovering what
abuses may exist, to the end of doing what it can to make these organizations
even more socially desirable than they now are . It may well be that the dis-
closure of criticisms and the airing of abuses may help the foundations to in-
crease their acceptability and utility .
May I thank you again for taking the trouble to answer my letter in detail .
Sincerely,
RENE A. WORMSER, General Counsel.
WHARTON SCHOOL OF FINANCE AND COMMERCE,
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA,
Philadelphia 4, June 1, 1954.
Hon. RENE A . WoEMSER, General Counsel.
DEAR MR. WORMSER : To answer your letter of May 13, I must first attempt to
qualify, and then to disqualify, myself as a witness .
First, as to qualifications . I have been a professor of sociology now for 44
years . This includes services at the University of Pennsylvania, the University
volumes and contributed about 75 articles to scientific journals . Research activi-
ties include the direction of two nationwide surveys and the development of-sev-
eral volumes of research papers . Since 1938, I have devoted myself largely to the
development of research studies in the field of child behavior .
As to disqualifying myself, I am indicating the reasonable suspicion that I
may be prejudiced, in that I have never been able to obtain a single grant from
any research foundation or organization . On the other hand, I have a number
of times asked for, and I have always been granted promptly, research moneys
from the faculty committee of my university . I have also obtained, without a
single refusal, money for research purposes from people of means who are
familiar with my work .
As a lifelong student of social problems and policies, I am impressed with the
great difficulties and grave responsibilities of administering large amounts of
money for research or any other social purpose . Naturally, this makes me hesi-
tant to criticize those persons who are charged with these responsibilities . I am
willing, however, to express a viewpoint, in the hope that it may in some slight
way contribute to the formation of sound judgments .
For some years, I have regarded with increasing apprehension the develop-
ment of what I have called the comptometer school of research in social science .
By this I mean the gathering of detailed social data and their manipulation by
all the available statistical techniques . Not that I am objecting to such
methods-my reluctance rather lies in an unwillingness to accept these as the
core of research in human behavior.
My own interest lies more in the development of qualitative insights . This
accords with my judgment of the nature of the life process, that it cannot be
reduced to statistical formulas but that it is a richly diversified complex of re-
lationships. The chief purpose of research for university people, most of whom
are limited to working with small groups, should be weighted heavily in the direc-
tion of research in qualitative insights rather than manipulation of mass data .
I am particularly concerned with the impression which the recent emphasis
upon the comptometer approach has created among younger sociologists as to
what constitutes social research . The moneys and the influences of the large
foundations naturally do a great deal to set the norms of professional acceptance
in a given field, and it is in this respect, difficult to measure statistically but
possibly of very great importance, that a distinct disservice may be done to
sociological research by an undue emphasis upon any particular emphasis or
methodology .
Cordially yours,
JAMES H. S . BOSSARD,
Professor of Sociology .
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS,
Berkeley 4, Calif ., May 21, 1951 .
Mr. RENE A. WORMSER, General Counsel .
DEAR MR. . WORMSER : I am relying to your gracious inquiry of May 13 soliciting
an expression of my judgment on the character of social science research fostered
by foundations and associated organizations .
I have been critical and am critical of much of this research . However, ques-
tions of what is appropriate in social science research-are not in the competency
of congressional committees, but should be determined, properly, by the scientific
professions in whose fields such issues fall . Good avenues of communications
exist between the social science societies and the foundations interested in
social science research . Such channels are the proper medium for the considera-
tion of criticisms and the correction of whatever foundation policies are judged
to be faulty by members of the professions . Since I am wholly unsympathetic to
placing the determination of these matters in the hands of legislative groups, I
am refraining from answering your points.
I trust that this letter will be entered on the records of your committee .
Respectfully yours,
HERBERT BLUMER, Chairman.
Evanston, Ill ., July 22, 1954 .
Mr. RENT A . WORM SEE, General Counsel.
DEAR MR . WORMSER : I did not sooner reply to your letter of June 24 because I
wanted to think over the questions you put to me. I will take them up in the
order of their appearance in your letter .
1. I have always supposed that there is indeed a "close interlock or a concen-
tration of power" between the foundations on the one hand and the so-called
learned societies, such as the Social Science Research Council and the American
Council of Learned Societies, on the other hand . I have long understood that
few, if any, of the learned societies have an endowment of notable size or receive
current income from memberships . It is my understanding that these learned
societies have depended mainly upon the foundations for the principal part Of
their financial support . If they did not get money out of the foundations, I
don't know how they would ever be able to do anything of genuine significance .
Where a learned society is dependent on foundations for money, I think it is
inevitable that the men who direct the learned society will try to maintain
close and friendly personal relations with the men in the foundations who decide
whether they will hand over any money and how much . I have never heard
from any source that the foundation people try to dictate or influence the ap-
pointment of men to positions of any character in any of the learned societies .
When an important position in a learned society is to be filled, it is probable
that the people who must make the choice will try to , find out whether people in
the foundations have respect for and confidence in the man they propose to
appoint . I have been told, that both the Carnegie Corp . and the Rockefeller
Foundation have pretty consistently, if not in all cases, refused to make any
expression on this point . But you can read men's minds ; you don't always have
to be told who the foundation officials have confidence in and who they don't
have confidence in . I think it is a safe guess that the selection of men for high
positions in learned societies i& influenced by such a reading of the minds of
people who are high up in the foundations . I have more than once been told
by people who manage colleges and universities that "we want to find" a man
for president, or dean, or department head, "who can get money out of founda-
tions ." I suppose that people who choose men for positions in learned societies
are just as conscious of the need for winning or maintaining good will in the
foundations.
2a . This question asks whether the relationship between foundations and
learned societies has resulted in promotion of empirical research, and if so,
whether that promotion has been excessive. Certainly the foundations have
underwritten empirical research . I don't know to what extent their support of
empirical research is due to a close relation between the men who manage the
foundations and the men who manage the learned societies . One can form a
judgment as to whether the promotion of empirical research is excessive only
by considering other purposes for which the money is needed and might have
been used. Empirical research is inquiry into factual evidence . This costs
money. For several years I have been trying to make a comparative study of
American State legislatures to see what we can learn in the experience of one
State which will help people in other States decide whether they want to do
something and what they can do to improve the legislative process at home .
This means, among other things, that you have to travel about the country to
talk to a lot of people who have had experience in State legislatures and who
have thoughtfully observed the lawmaking process . I can tell you that it
costs a lot of money to do this kind of job . The alternative to underwriting
empirical study, if a foundation wants to support scholarly research, is to
underwrite men who sit in the library and read books and think . These people
don't need much money. So I would say that a fair balancing of empirical study
in comparison with historical and speculative study requires that much more
than half the money be put into empirical study . I can add to this my personal
belief that what we need more than anything else in the social sciences right
now is a whole lot more effort to get at the facts . Personally I don't think that
either the learned societies or the foundations have been giving excessive sup-
port to empirical research .
2b. Your question inquires whether there is a general political slanting of
research toward the left and whether such a slanting, if it exists, is due to a
tie-up among the foundations and the learned societies . I suppose I am a mid-
dle-of-the-roader in politics ; I voted for Dewey in 1948, for Dirksen in 1950, and
Furthermore, I think that many of them show a near disgraceful tendency to
overstate the liberal cause and deride the position of people who hold more con-
servative or right-wing views . I think many of these people show entirely too
little respect for what I consider to be the obligations of a man who claims that
he is an objective student and a scientist . But I must say that I have no evi-
dence whatever to support a view that either the foundations or the learned
societies have supported or wish to support this lack of objectivity and favoring
of the left-wing position . If a foundation or learned society wants to be neutral
in the matter of politics, the safest thing for it to do, in underwriting the social
sciences, is to give its money for empirical research . As I said above, empirical
study is search for factual evidence . In picking the thing he is going to study,
the empirical researcher can choose a problem in terms of his own political be-
liefs. But when he is looking for and examining factual data, he is of necessity
restrained from shooting the works in favor of his political views .
2c . The question asks whether there is a tendency toward monopoly and con-
formity, and, if so, whether this is due to a tieup between foundations and
learned societies . I don't see any tendency which I think leads to monopoly,
but I do think there is a piling up of foundation money for support of research
in universities on the east coast . I think this is due to twa things : First, the
eastern universities are close to the headquarters of the older foundations and
the headquarters of the learned societies . They find it easy to talk their prob-
lems over with these people . They are in a better position to make a case for
what they want to do than are the rest of us who live in the South, Middle West,
and far West. The second factor in favor of the East is that generally those peo-
ple have smaller teaching loads, have more time fo plan research and get it
started, and eastern universities on the whole have more men who have actually
gotten forward with research . Now the foundations and learned societies could
follow a policy of trying to find and underwrite the really good men who have not
had a good chance to do research . I personally, think they ought to do more of
this. But on the other hand, they can with good reason argue that they ought to
invest their money in men who have already shown what they can and will do . I
suppose they avoid criticism by doing the latter . If they put their money in men
who are already going ahead with research the foundations and learned socie-
ties can say that they are not trying to remake the country or cause it to go in
different directions from the way it is already going . If they go about hunting
up men and underwriting men who have not yet done much research, they will
be accused of trying to determine the direction in which research will go and of
trying to remake the mind of the Nation to suit the people who manage the foun-
dations and learned societies .
3 . I have no evidence to cause me to think that the foundations have any wish
or intention to slant research or slant the mind of the Nation toward collectivism .
But I do think that an overwhelming part of the social science professors in this
county lean toward collectivism . Insofar as the foundations underwrite social
science professors they probably help along more men who favor collectivism
than men who oppose collectivism . Furthermore, many social science college
.professors present their personal beliefs when they ought to be trying to do
objective inquiry. Now it may be that the foundations ought to give every man
a test before they give him any money, the purpose of the test being to find out
whether he is really an objective scholar and not a preacher . I will not offer
an opinion as to what they ought to do on this point .
I have tried to address myself to the specific questions you put . Now I will tell
you about my experience with one learned society, the Social Science Research
Council . For 3 years I was a member of its committee which awarded grants-in-
aid for research . The top amount we were permitted to grant any man was $1,000
for a period of 1 year. When we had more applications than we had money to
satisfy we always favored the little fellow and the man who seemed to be over-
looked . If a man had a salary of $9,000 it was a rare case indeed when we gave
him any money. We gave our money to the youngsters who were having trouble
making a living and to men who had heavy teaching loans in colleges and uni-
versities with limited resources . The questions we asked about all applicants
were these : (a) Is he an intelligent man ; (b) can he actually do the job he is
trying to do ; (c) can we be sure he will carry this project to completion ; (d) is
the thing he proposes to do worth doing? We gave money for both empirical re-
search and historical and speculative study . I never knew any member of the
committee to raise the question as to whether this man is conservative or lib-
any member of the committee had ever raised either question he would have
been smacked down promptly by other members of the committee .
Now I suppose you need to know what kind of a man I am so that you can
judge whether I may be speaking honestly or trying to pull the wool over your
eyes. I have already told you how I voted in the last three elections . I may add
that I have insisted in conversation with my friends on this faculty that there
are two sides to the McCarthy question . I have furthermore spoken in favor of
McCarthy in these conversations in order to counter what I consider to be
extremism and unwillingness to look at evidence on the part of the anti-McCarthy-
ites I talk to . The consequence of this is that I hear I am a pro-McCarthy man
who wants to destroy freedom of speech for the Nation and render the university
incapable of functioning as a place for freemen to make objective inquiry .
Finally, the total amount of money I have personally received from all founda-
tions and learned societies for my own research is $750 .
Sincerely yours,
CHARLES S . HYNEMAN,
Professor of Political Science, Northwestern University.
YALE UNIVERSITY,
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY,
New Haven, Conn ., May 17, 1954 .
Mr. RENE A . WORMSER, General Counsel .
DEAR MR. WORMSER : Your letter of May 13 was missent and reached me with
considerable delay . I shall be very glad to send you my comments on the points
mentioned in your letter . However, in view of the fact that you might use my
comments in your record I should like to have a few days for drafting the reply .
I appreciate your interest in whatever I may be able to contribute .
Sincerely yours,
HELMUT SCHOECK, Ph . D .,
Visiting Research Fellow in Sociology.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY,
RESEARCH CENTER IN CREATIVE ALTRUISM,
Cambridge 38, Mass ., May 18, 1954 .
Mr. RENA A . WORM SEE, General Counsel.
DEAR MR. WoRMSER : My brief answers to your three questions are as follows
In regard to the first question, I can state that so far as social sciences are
concerned, most of the foundations certainly favor to an excessive degree empiri-
cal research and greatly discriminate against theoretical, historical, and other
forms of nonempirical research . This one-sidedness by itself would not be ob-
jectionable if (a) empirical research were not still more narrowed and reduced
to either statistical research or research along the line of the so-called mathe-
matical and mechanical models, or other imitative varieties of so-called natural
science sociology ; (b) if the topics investigated were of some theoretical or prac-
tical importance ; and (c) if most of the favored researchers were competent
social scientists. Unfortunately, in cases of overwhelming bulk of granted
financial help, these three conditions were absent .
As to your second question, the results of the above kind of research (which
has been prevalent for, roughly, during the last 30 years in American social
sciences), with very rare exception, have been of 2 kinds : (1) the bulk of this
sort of research has been perfectly fruitless and almost sterile from a theoretical
or practical standpoint ; (2) some of the investigations, made especially along
Freudian and similar theories (or popularizing these sort of views), have been
rather destructive morally and mentally for this Nation .
Third, my answer to the second question partly answers your third question,
namely, that such an exceptional emphasis on training researchers along the
above-mentioned lines, with almost complete exclusion of the theoretical ap-
proach, is certainly undesirable for our society, either from a purely scientific
or from a practical standpoint.
These, in brief, are my answers to your questions . In giving these answers I
want you to keep in mind that I am not giving them offhand and on the spur of
the moment . For some 32 years I have been in the midst of American social
science, particularly sociology, and correspondingly have been closely following
chiatry, and Cultural Anthropology . In this volume which I hope to complete by
the end of June or July of this year, I am critically examining exactly all the
main currents of impirical research in the social sciences particularly favored
by the foundations-sometimes by colleges and regularly by the United States
Navy, Army, and Air Corps-spending a considerable amount of funds for this
sort of research.
The final conclusions which I have reached in this volume are identical with
the answers which I have given to your questions . I hope that the volume gives
the necessary minimum of evidence to corroborate that my conclusions are
correct. The futility of excessively favoring this sort of research particularly is
well demonstrated by its sterility, in spite of the many millions of dollars, enor-
mous amount of time and energy expended by research staffs . Almost all of the
enormous mass of research along this line in the United States of America for
the last 25 or 30 years has not produced either any new significant social theory
or any new method, or any new technique, or any scientifically valid test, or even
any limited casual uniformity . This sterility is perhaps the most convincing
evidence of unwise policies of the foundations, colleges, and Army, Navy, and
Air Corps research directors .
My book is going to be published by the Henry Regnery Co. I do not know
exactly when it will be published, but probably in 1955 ; or, if it is somewhat
urgently hurried, it may be published at the end of this year . I hope, anyhow,
to deliver my manuscript to the publisher sometime the end of June or July .
I hope, also, that when it is published this volume may be of some help to your
committee .
With my best wishes .
Sincerely yours,
PITIRIM A. SOROBIN .
Bishop, Wm . Rowley, Jr____ Assistant professor, history Albright College, Reading, Pa.
Crapster, Basil Long __ Instructor in history Gettysburg College.
Edwards, Marvin Louis Lecturer in history Columbia University.
Free, Henry John, Jr Graduate instructor, history .___ Northwestern University .
Gossman, Norbert Joseph- __ Instructor in history State University of Iowa
Motlow John D -----do Sacramento State Ccllege .
Raymond, Harold Bradford . Instructor in history (September University of Delaware.
1998-September 1951) .
Shane, Theodore King Teaching fellow, European history, Indiana University .
1950-51 .
Umscheid, Arthur George___ Professor of history Creighton University, Omaha,
Nebr.
Wilbur, Wm . Cuttino, Jr____ Instructor in history Muhlenberg College .
UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
Ander, Oscar Fritiof Professor of history Augustus College, Rock Island, Ill .
Anderson, Albin Theodore__ Assistant professor of history University of Nebraska.
Bowman, Francis J . E Professor of history University of Southern California .
Clausen, Clarence Arthur -_- Cultural attachi, American Em- Department of State .
bassy, Stockholm .
Falnes, Oscar J Associate professor of history New York University.
Hovde, Bryn I Visiting professor of Scandinavian University of Wisconsin (1951-52) .
area studies .
Lindgren, Raymond E Associate professor of history Vanderbilt University .
Schodt, Eddie W Acting Branch Chief for Northern Department of State .
European Branch in OIR .
Scott, Franklin Daniel_ __ _ Professor of history Northwestern University .
Sorensen, Roland A____. Visiting professor of history Delaware State College, Dover, Del .
Wuorinen, John Henry Professor of history Columbia University.
Bach, .Otto Karl Lecturer, art history Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colo .
Faulkner, Ray Nelson Director, art gallery and museum ; Stanford University .
executive head, department of art
and archaeology ; associate dean,
School of Humanities and Sciences .
Frankenstein Alfred V Music and art critic San Francisco Chronicle .
Kwiat, Josepli J Assistant professor of English and University of Minnesota .
general studies .
Phillips, John Marshall Director, art gallery; curator, Amer- Yale University .
ican art .
Rathbone, Perry I Director City Art Museum, St . Louis, Mo.
Smith, John B Dean Kansas City Art Institute .
Stout, George Leslie Director Worcester Art Museum, Worcester,
Mass.
REED COLLEGE
A. W . Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust . A report of its work, for the
five years, 1946 through 1950 . Washington, 1951 . 49 p .
(not catalogued)
American foundations and their fields . [V. 1]-1931-New York, Twentieth
Century Fund, Inc . [1931]-35 ; Raymond Rich Associates, 1939-
AS911 .A2A6
Andrews, Frank . Corporation giving . New York, Russell Sage Foundation,
1952 . 361 p. HV95.A76
Philanthropic giving . New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1950 .
HV91 .A47
Anthony, Alfred W . Changing conditions in public giving. New York, Federal
Council of the Churches of Christ in America, 1929 . 139 p. HV41.C63
Ayres, Leonard P . Seven great foundations . New York, Russell Sage Foun-
dation, 1911 . 79 p. LC 243.A8
,Casey, William J . Tax planning for foundations and charitable giving, by
William J . Casey, J . K. Lasser [and] Walter Lord . [Roslyn, N . Y .] Business
Reports [1953] 234 p . (not catalogued)
. Use of the foundation in your estate planning . New York University
6th Annual Institute on Federal Taxation, 1947 . Albany, Matthew-Bender,
1948 . p . 98-107 . HJ2360.I63
Chambers, Merritt M . Charters of philanthropies ; a study of selected trust
instruments, charters, bylaws, and court decisions . New York, 1948. 247 p.
HV88.C45
Charles Hayden Foundation . To the ultimate benefit of mankind ; the story of
the Charles Hayden Foundation. 71 p . (not catalogued)
, Clague, Ewan . Charitable trusts . Philadelphia, 1935 . 138 p . ([Joint Com-
mittee on Research of the Community Council of Philadelphia and the
Pennsylvania School of Social Work] Publication No . 10) HV99 .P5C63
, Coffman, Harold C . American foundations : a study of their role in the child
welfare movement . New York, Association Press, 1936 . 213 p. HV741 .C54
'Commission on Financing Higher Education . Higher education and American
business. New York [1952] 37 p . LB2336.C6
,Coon, Horace. Money to burn ; what great American philanthropic founda-
tions do with their money . New York, Longmans, Green, 1938, 352 p.
HV97.A306 1938
Dillard, James H., and others. Twenty-year report of the Phelps-Stokes Fund,
1932. 127 p. LC243 .P5
Edward W. Hazen Foundation . The Edward W. Hazen Foundation, 1925-1950 .
New Haven, 1951 . 59 p . (not catalogued)
Elliott, Edward D . and M . M. Chambers . Charters of philanthropies : a study
of the charters of twenty-nine American philanthropic foundations . New
York, 1939 . 744 p. HV97.A3.E55
Faris, Ellsworth, and others . Intelligent philanthropy . Chicago, University
of Chicago Press, 1930. 322 p . HV40 .F3
Flexner, Abraham . Funds and foundations . New York, Harper, 1952' . 146 p.
AS911 .A2F6
Ford Foundation . Report of the study for the Ford Foundation on policy and
program, November, 1949 . Detroit, 1949. 139 p. AS911 .F6A446
Fosdick, Raymond B. The story of the Rockefeller Foundation . New York,
Harper, 1952 . 336 p. HV97.RGF6
1235
Russell Sage Foundation, 1947. 2 v . HV97 .R8.G55
Golden Rule Foundation . Constructive philanthrophy : an historical sketch, a
review, and an interpretation of the Golden Rule Foundation . [New York,
1941?] HV97 .G56A5 1941
Goldthorpe, John H. Higher education, philanthropy and federal tax exemption
Washington, American Council on Education, 1944 . 40 p. L13 .A384 no . 7
Hanover, New York. The fine arts in philanthropy . New York, Dept . of Philan
thropic Information, Central Hanover Bank and Trust Co . [1937] 61 p .
N6505 .H27
Harrison, Shelby M . and Frank Andrews. American Foundations for social
welfare . New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1946 . 249 p. AS911 .A2H3
Hollis, Ernest V . Philanthropic foundations and higher education. New York,
Columbia University Press, 1938. 365 p. LC243 .H6 1938 a
Howard Heinz Endowment . A report of its work, to December 31, 1950 . 1951
40 p . (not catalogued)
Jenkins, Edward C. Philanthropy in America . New York, Association Press,
1950. 183 p. HV91 .J4
Jenks, Thomas E. The use and misuse of Sec . 101 (6) . New York University
7th Annual Institute on Federal Taxation, 1948. Albany, Matthew Bender,
1949 . p. 1051-1062. HJ2360.163
Josephson, Emanuel Mann . Rockefeller, "internationalist," the man who mis-
rules the world . New York, Chedney Press [1952] 448 p. E744 .R65J6
Keppel, Frederick P . The foundation : its place in American life . New York,
Macmillan, 1930. 113 p . AS911 .A2K4
. Philanthropy and learning . New York, Columbia University Press,
1936. 175 p. LA7 .K4
Kiplinger Washington agency. Tax exempt foundations, 1951. 4 p. (The
Kiplinger tax letter) HC101 .K5
Lasser, Jacob K . How tax laws make giving to charity easy, a check list of
federal tax aids for the solicitor and the giver. New York, Funk and
Wagnalls [1948] 106 p. Law library
Leavell, Ullin W . Philanthropy in Negro education . Nashville, George Pea-
body College for Teachers, 1930 . 188 p. LC2801 .L37 1930
Lester, Robert M . Forty years of Carnegie giving . New York, Scribner's, 1941
186 p. AS911 .C3L4
. A thirty-year catalog of grants. New York, Carnegie Corporation of
New York, 1942. 147 p . AS911 .C3L42
Lindeman, Eduard C. Wealth and culture : a study of one hundred foundations
and community trusts during the decade 1921-1930. New York, Harcourt,
Brace, 1936. 135 p. AS911 .A2L5
National Planning Association. The manual of corporate giving, by Beardsley
Ruml. Washington, 1952. 415 p . HV95 .N38
Ogg, Frederic A. Foundations and endowments in relation to research . New
York, Century, 1928. p . 323-361 AZ105 .A6
Orton, William A. Endowments and foundations . Encyclopaedia of the social
sciences . New York, Macmillan, 1931 . v . 5 : 531-537 . H41 .E6
Rockefeller Foundation. Directory of fellowship awards for the years 1917-
1950 . With an introd . by Chester I . Barnard. New York [1951] . 286 p
LB2338 .R6
Russell Sage Foundation . American foundations for social welfare . New York,
Russell Sage Foundation, 1938 . 66 p. HV97 .R8A5 1938
Sattgast, Charles R . The administration of college and university endowments
New York, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1940 . 125 p . (contribu-
tions to education, no . 808) LB2336 .S3 1940 a
Savage, Howard J . Fruit of an impulse ; forty-five years of the Carnegie Foun-
dation, 1905-1950. New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1953 . 407 p.
LC243 .C35S3
Scudder, Stevens and Clark . Survey of university and college endowment funds
[Prepared by the] Institutional Department. New York [1937]
LB2336 .S35
Taylor, Eleanor K . Public accountability, of foundations and charitable trusts .
New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1953 . 231 p . (not catalogued)
dictions of the United States . [ ] 1952 . 821. Law library
U. S . Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Hearings, revenue
revision, 1947-1948. Washington, U . S . Govt . Print. Off., 1948
HJ2377.A2
Hearings, revenue revision of 1950. Washing-
ton, U . S . Govt . Print Off., 1950 HJ2377 .A3 1950
Senate . Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce . In-
vestigation of closing of Nashua, N . H ., mills and operations of Textron,
Inc . Hearings . Washington, U . S. Govt.' Print. Off., 1948-49 . 2 v.
HD9940 .U4A55
U. S. Congress . Senate . Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
Investigation of closing of Nashua, N . H., mills and operations of Textron,
Inc. Report. Washington, U . S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949. 32 p.
HD9859.T4U5 1949
House. Select Committee to Investigate Foundations and Other
Organizations. Final report . Washington, U . S. Govt . Print. Off., 1953
15 p. (82d Cong ., 2d sess. House report no. 2514)
AS911 .A2U52 1953
Select Committee to investigate Tax-Exempt Founda-
tions and Other Organizations . Final report. Washington, U . S . Govt. Print
Off., 1953 . 15 p. (82d Cong., 2d sess . House report no . 2514)
AS911 .A2U52 1953
Select Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Founda-
tions and Comparable Organizations . Tax-exempt foundations . Hearings
before the Select Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations and
Comparable Organizations. House of Representatives, Eighty-second Con-
gress, second session on H. R. 561 . . . Nov . 18 . . . 25, Dec . 2 . . . 30, 1952
Washington, U . S . Govt . Print . Off., 1953 792 p .
AS911 .A2U5
Office of Internal Revenue . Cumulative list of organizations contribu-
tions to which are deductible . . . Washington, U. S. Govt . Print . Off., 1950
331 p. Law library
Viking Fund . The first ten years, 1941-1951 : including a report on the Fund's
activities, for the year ended January 31, 1951 . , 1951. 202 p.
(not catalogued)
Werner, Morris R . Julius Rosenwald. New York, Harper, 1939 . 381 p .
HV28.R6W4
World almanac and book of facts for 1953 . New York, New York World Telegram
and Sun, 1953 . p. 573-576. AY67 .N5W7
The Yearbook of Philanthropy, 1940-Presenting information and statistics cov-
ering American philanthropy since the year 1920 . New York, Inter-River
Press [1940- HV88 .Y4
ARTICLES
Anderson, H . A. Ford millions for education : fund for the advancement of edu-
cation and fund for adult education . School review (Chicago ) v. 59,
Sept. 1951 : 316-320. L11 .S55
Andrews, Frank E . The business of giving. Atlantic (Boston) v . 191, Feb . 1953 :
63-66 . AP2 .A8
. Foundations, a modern Maecenas . Publishers' weekly (New York v .
151, March 8, 1947 : 1464-1468. Z1219.P98
. New challenges for our foundations . New York Times magazine (New
York) April 3, 1949 : 16
Andrews, Frank . New trends in corporate giving . Social work journal (New
York), v. 33, Oct . 1952 : 172-176, 204 . HV1 .S647
. Philanthropy's venture capital . Educational record (Garden City,
N . Y.), v. 32, Oct. 1950 : 361-370. L11.E46
Aydelotte, Frank . Educational foundations with reference to international
fellowships . School and society (New York), v . 22, Dec. 26, 1925 : 799-803.
L11 . S36
Baker, Lawrence G . Community trusts-the new look in charitable giving. State
bar journal of California (San Francisco), v .'26, May-June 1951 : 177-181.
Law library
Bendiner, R. Report on the Ford Foundation . New York Times magazine
(New York), Feb. 1, 1953 : 12-13 .
Bleicken, Gerhard D . Corporate contributions to charities : the modern rule
American Bar Association journal (Chicago), v . 38, Dec. 1952 : 999-1002,
1059-1060. Law library
Bliven, Bruce. Ford's new venture . New republic (Washington), April 9, 1951 :
13-14. AP2 .N624
Brown, Robert C . The new restrictions on charitable exemptions and deduc-
tions for federal tax purposes . University of Pittsburg law review (Pitts-
burgh), v . 13, Summer 1952 : 623-646. Law library
Burke, Earl . The Giannini Foundation : how income from a $1,000,000 trust
will be spent for specialized banking training, other worthy purposes .
Burroughs clearing house (Detroit), Jan . 1953 : 31 . HG1501 .B9
But it's not easy to give money away . Business week (New York), Jan. 12,
1952 : 66-70. HF5001.1189
Carnegie Corporation investment saga . Business week (New York), Mar. 8,
1947 : 62-66 . HF5001 .B89
Charitable trusts for political purposes . Virginia law review (Charlottesville),
v. 37, Nov . 1951 : 988-1000 . Law library
Chodorov, Frank . Bribery by tax exemption . Human events (Washington),
v. 9, Sept . 17, 1952 . D410.118
Clarke, C. M . The Ford Foundation-Arkansas experiment . Journal of teacher
education (Washington), v. 3, Dec. 1952 : 260-264. LB1705 .N7
Company gifts : all time high . U. S . news and world report (Washington), v . 32,
Jan . 18, 1952 : 56-58 . JK1 .U65
Company gifts : bars go down . U. S. news and world report (Washington), v . 35,
Nov . 13, 1953 : 104-107. JK1.U65
Cooper, James W. Charitable community trusts, with special reference to New
Haven Foundation . Connecticut bar journal (Bridgeport), v . 25, March
1951 : 17-29 . Law library
Cox, Eugene E. Investigation of certain educational and philanthropic founda-
tions . Congressional record (Washington), 82d Cong ., 1st . sess ., v . 97 :
A4833-A4834 . J11 .R5, v . 97
Davis, Malcolm . The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Journeys
behind the news (Denver), v . 12, Sept . 20, 1950 : 317-320. D414.D4
Duling, G . Harold . Approach to foundations. Association of American Colleges
bulletin (Lancaster, Pa .), v. 39, May 1953 : 329-336. LB2301.A5
Dutton, William S . The Rockefeller foundation story : "Our mightiest ghost ."
Collier's (New York), April 28, 1951 : 18-19+ . May 5, 1951 : 22-23+ . May
12,1951 :24-25+ . May 19, 1951 : 28-29+ . AP2.C65
Eaton, Berrien C . Charitable foundations and related matters under the 1950
revenue act. Virginia law review (Charlottesville), v . 37, Jan. 1951 : 1-54.
v . 37, Feb . 1951 : 253-296. Law library
Charitable foundations tax avoidance and business expediency . Virginia
law review (Charlottesville), v . 35, Nov . 1949 : 809-861 . Law library .
Use of charitable foundations for avoidance of taxes . Virginia law
review (Charlottesville), v . 34, Feb. 1948 : 182-209. Law library
Edwards, Joel : $500,000,000 grubstaker . New York herald tribune, Feb . 1,
1953, sec. 7 : 13. [Concerns Bernard Gladieux]
Embree, Edwin R . The business of giving money away . Harper's magazine
(New York), v. 161, Aug. 1930 : 320-329 . AP2.H3
Timid billions. Harper's magazine (New York), v. 198, March 1949 :
28-37 . AP2 .H3
Faust, C. H . Role of the foundation in education . Saturday review (New York),
v . 35, Sept . 13, 1952 : 13-14+ . Z1219 .S25
Finkelstein, Maurice . Tax exempt charitable corporations : Revenue act of
1950 . Michigan law review (Ann Arbor), v . 50, Jan. 1952 : 427-434 .
Law library
Flexner, Abraham . Private fortunes and public future. Atlantic monthly
(Boston), v. 156, Aug . 1935 : 215-224 . AP2.A8
Ford Foundation . Fifteen million dollars to study peace . Business week
(New York), Oct . 7, 1950 : 30-32+ HF5001 .B89
. Social service review (Chicago), v . 26, March 1952 : 90-92 . HVl . S6
Foundations for health . American journal of public health (New York), v .
43, Feb. 1953 : 224-225 . RA421 .A41
Fulton, William . Let's look at our foundations . American Legion magazine
(Indianapolis), v . 53, Aug . 1952 : 22-23, 42+ D570.A1A32
Glenn, John . M. The Russell Sage Foundation : forty years of social work
leadership. Compass (New York), Jan . 1948 : 14-18 . HV1.S647
Grubstakers. Time (Chicago), v . 60, Dec. 22, 1952 : 38-39 . AP2 .T37
Haines, Aubrey B . A half-billion for humanity : nature and work of the
Ford Foundation. America (New York), v . 90, Nov. 14, 1953 : 169-
171. BX801'.A5
Harrison, S . M . Foundations and public service. American journal of eco-
nomics and sociology (New York), v . 9, Oct. 1949 : 107-115 . H1 .A48
Heilbroner, Robert L. The fabulous Ford Foundation . Harper's magazine
(New York), v . 203, Dec. 1951 : 25-32. AP2.H3
High, Stanley . Design for giving. Saturday evening post (Phila .), v . 213,
Aug. 10, 1940 : 12-13, 53+ AP2 .S2
Hollis, Ernest V . Evolution of the philanthropic foundation . Educational rec-
ord (Garden City, N. Y.), v. 20, Oct. 1939 : 575-588 . L11 .E46
How to have your own foundation . Fortune (New York), v . 36, Aug. 1947
108-109+ HF5001 .F7
Hutchins, Clayton D . Planning foundation programs . School life (Washing--
ton) , v. 35, Dec . 19.52 : 46-47 . L11 . S445
Kandel, I . L . Educational foundations and progress . School and society (Lan,
caster, Pa .), v. 76, July 26,1952 : 59. L11 .S36
Kandel, I . L. Educational foundations and the quality of higher education,,
School and society (Lancaster, Pa .), v. 77, Feb . 14, 1953 : 105-106 .
L11 . S36
Those subversive foundations . School and society (Lancaster, Pa .), v
74, Oct . 1951 : 91-92 . L11 .S36
Xeatley, V . B . They work to give millions away. Coronet (New York), v . 30,
Oct. 1951 : 133-136. AP2. C767
Keppel, Frederick P . Opportunities and dangers of educational foundations_
School and society (New York), v. 22, Dec. 26, 1925 : 793-799 L11 .S36
. Philanthropic foundations . Science (Washington), n . c., v. 92, Dec . 26
1940 : 581-583 . Q1 .835
Laprade, William T . Funds and foundations : a neglected phase . American
Association of University Professors bulletin (Washington), v . 38, Winter
1952-53 : 559-576. LB2301 .A3
1Lasser, J. K. Why do so many businessmen start foundations? Dun's review
(New York), Feb. 1949 : 15-17, 35+ HF1 .D8
and W. J . Casey . The family foundation . Dun's review (New York),
Aug. 1951 : 22-23+ HF1 .D8
Latcham, Franklin C . Charitable organizations and federal taxation . Western
Reserve law review (Cleveland), v . 3, Dec . 1951 : 99-138 . Law library
Private charitable foundations : income tax and policy implications
University of Pennsylvania law review (Philadelphia), April 1950 : 617-653
Law library
Lucas, Scott W. Income-tax deductions for donations to allegedly subversive
groups. Congressional record (Washington), 80th Cong ., 2d sess., v. 94
A826-827 . J11 .115 v. 94
Lundborg, Louis B . American business and the independent college : the future
supply of human resources . Vital speeches (Washington), v. 19, May 1, 1953
445-448 . PN6121 .V5
McDaniel, Joseph M . The Ford Foundation . Fortnightly (London) no . 1027,
n . s., July 1952 : 47-52. AP4.F7
Melch, Holmes. Philanthrophy uninhibited : the Ford Foundation . Reporter
(New York), v . 8, Mar . 17, 1953 : 22--26 . D839 .R385
Melcher, F . G . Foundations and their support of scholarly publishing . Publish-
er's weekly (New York), v. 162, Nov . 29, 1952 : 2169 . Z1219.P98
Men of the Ford Foundation . Fortune (New York), v . 44, Dec. 1951 : 116-117
HF5001 .F7
Mezerik, A . G . Foundation racket . New republic (New York) v . 122, Jan . 30,
1950 : 11-13 . Correction . v. 122, March 6, 1952 : 4. AP2.N624
Miller, James R . He's got to give away $25,000,000 a year . This week magazine
(New York), Sept . 2,1951 : 5, 10-11 . [Concerns Paul Hoffman] . AP2.T326
The Modern philanthropic foundation : a critique and a proposal . Yale law
journal (New Haven), Feb . 1950 : 477-509 . Law library
Morphet, Edgar L. The foundation program and public school finance . State
Government (Chicago), v. 25, Sept . 1952 : 192-196, 215-16 . JK2403 .S7
Nabrit, S . M . Carnegie grants-in-aid program . Phylon (Atlanta), v . 10, no . 4,
1949 : 389-391. E185.5 .P5
Now the foundations . Nation (New York), v. 174, May 17, 1952 : 465-466.
AP2.N2
Paepoke, Walter P . The fruits of philanthropy. Saturday review (New York),
v . 36, Apr. 4, 1953 : 13-14, 66 . Z1219.S25
Patch, Buel W. Tax exempt foundations . Editorial research reports (Wash-
ington), v. 1, Jan . 5, 1949 : 3-20 . H35.E35
Peattie, Donald Culross . Grubstaking the best folks : the Guggenheim Founda-
tion's way. Survey graphic (New York), v . 28, Aug. 1939 : 508-510.
HV1 .S82
Pollard, John A. Corporation support of higher education. Harvard business
review (Boston), v . 30, Sept./Oct . 1952 : 111-126 . HF5001 .H3
Pritchett, Henry S. The use and abuse of endowments . Atlantic monthly (Bos-
ton), v . 144, Oct. 1929 : 517-524. AP2.A8
Ragan, Philip H . Industrial foundations and community progress . Harvard
business review (Boston), v. 30, Nov .-Dec. 1952 : 69-83 . HF5001 .H3
Reece, B. Carroll . Tax-exempt foundations . Statement in the House of Repre-
sentatives of the United States, Apr . 23, 1953 . Congressional Record [daily
ed.] (Washington), v. 99, Apr . 23, 1953 : 3776-3777.
Report on foundations. Higher education (Washington), v . 9, Apr . 15, 1953 :
189-191 . Government Publications Reading Room
Rockefeller, Winthrop . Philanthropy faces a change . American Mercury (New
York), v. 76, Feb. 1953 : 29-33 . AP2 .A37
The role of the foundation in education . Saturday review (New York), v. 35,
Sept . 13, 1952 : 13-14, 45 . Z1219 .S25
Rosenwald, Julius . Principles of giving . Atlantic monthly. (Boston), v . 143,
May 1929 : 599-606. AP2.A8
Ross, Milton . A primer on charitable foundations and the estate tax . Taxes
(Chicago), v . 27, Feb. 1949 : 117-123. HJ2360 .T4
Russell Sage Foundation. Social service review (Chicago), v . 23, June 1949 :
247-248. HY1.S6
Scott, Austin W . Trusts for charitable and benevolent purposes . Harvard Law
review (Cambridge), v. 58, 1945 : 548-572. Law library
Scott, Hugh. . the greatest of these is charity. Philadelphia Inquirer mag-
azine (Philadelphia), April 13, 1952 : 10-11, 47 .
Select Committee To Study Tax Exemption of Certain Foundations and Or-
ganizations . Congressional record (Washington), 82d Cong., 2d sess., v . 98 :
3491-3504.
Seybold, Geneva . Company giving through foundations. Conference Board man-
agement record (New York), v. 14, Jan. 1952 : 2-5, 35-37 HD4802.C6
Seyfert, W . 0. Role of foundation in public affairs . School review (Chicago),
v . 57, May 1949 : 251-252. L11.S55
Sides, Virginia V. National Science Foundation fellowship program . Higher
education (Washington), v. 9, Nov . 15, 1952 : 67-69.
Government Publications Reading Room
Sligh, Charles R., Jr. Industry support for our colleges-moral and financial.
Association of American Colleges bulletin (Lancaster, Pa .), v. 39, May 1953
317-28 . LB2301 .A5
Sloan, H. S . Role of the foundations in postwar planning. School and society
(Lancaster, Pa .), v. 59, March 4, 1944 : 166-167. L11 .836
Sloan experiment in applied economics . National Education Association journal
(Washington), v . 36 . Jan . 1947 : 14-17 ; v . 36, Feb. 1947 : 88-91 ; v . 36,
March 1947 : 202-205 ; v. 36, Apr . 1947 : 296-298. L11.N15
. . . So they gave the $500,000,000 away . Changing times (Washington .), Feb.
1952 : 40-42. HC101.047
Taylor, Eleanor K . The public accountability of charitable trusts and founda-
tions : historical definition of the problem in the United States . Social
service review (Chicago), v . 25, Sept . 1951 : 299-319 . HV1 .S6
Text of the Trustees of the Ford Foundation's plans to aid world welfare.
New York times, Sept. 27, 1950 : 20.
Un-tory activities probe. New republic (New York), v. 129, Aug 10, 1953 : 3.
AP2 .N624
1948- 50+ AP2 .C65
We lch, Aolmes. Philanthropy uninhibited : the Ford Foundation . Reporter
(New York), March 17, 1953 : 22-26. D839 .R385
Widener, Alice . Who's running the Ford Foundation? American Mercury
(New York), v. 76, June 1953 : 3-7 . AP2.A37
Wiley, Alexander. News releases by American Heritage Foundation . Exten-
sion of remarks of the Hon . Alexander Wiley, of Wisconsin, in the Senate
of the United States, May 18, 1953 . Congressional record [daily ed .]
(Washington), 83d Cong ., 1st sess ., v . 99, May 18, 1953 : A2846-A2848 .
Winterich, J . Q . How science aids the golden rule . Nation's business (Wash-
ington), v. 36, Nov. 1948 : 50-52 . HF1 .N4
Wooster, J. W., Jr . Current trends and developments in the investment practices
of endowments and pension funds. Law and contemporary problems (Dur-
ham, N. C .), v. 17, winter 1952 : 162-171 . Law library
PERIODICALS PUBLISHED BY FOUNDATIONS
[This listing does not include annual reports nor monographic series]
Alfred P . Sloan Foundation, Inc .
Bulletin A . P . New York, May 1940 . H62.A1A57
Grants-in-aid authorized, publications released and financial statement .
New York, 1940 . H62.A1A58
Alma Egan Hyatt Foundation
Aethiopica : . revue philologique . New York, April 1933 . PJ9001 .A42
Egyptian religion . New York, 1933. BL2441 .A1E4
Carl Shurz Memorial Foundation
American-German review. Philadelphia, 1934 . E183 .8.G3A6
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace :
Bulletin bibliographique de documentation internationale contemporaine .
Paris, 1929 . Z7136.B936
L'Esprit international : the international mind . Paris, Jan. 1, 1927 .
JC362 .A1E8
Experience in international administration . Washington, 1943
JX1906.A29
Fortnightly summary of international events . New York . D410 .F75
International conciliation . New York, 1907 . JX1907.A8
United Nations studies . New York, 1947 . JX1977.A1U57
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
Review of legal education in the United States and Canada . New York,
1926/27 . LC1141 .C3
Cranbrook Institute of Science :
Cranbrook Institute of Science newsletter . Bloomfield Hills, Mich ., 1931 .
Q11 .C955
Edward W. Hazen Foundation
The Hazen pamphlets . Haddam, Conn ., 1942(?) . AC901 .H34.
Ford Foundation
Financial statements. Detroit. AS911.F6A44
Foundation for Foreign Affairs, Washington
American perspectives : a monthly analysis . Washington, April 1947.
E744.A537
Milbank Memorial Fund
Milbank Memorial Fund quarterly. New York, 1923 . HV97 .M6A32
Rockefeller Foundation
Methods and problems of medical education . New York, 1924-1930. 17 v .
R735 .R6
Russell Sage Foundation
Social work yearbook . New York, 1929 . HV35.S6
Woodrow Wilson Foundation
United Nations news . Washington (?) . January 1946.
Periodical Reading Room
TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS
SPECIAL COMMITTEE
TO
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
54607 WASHINGTON : 1954
SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATION
B . CARROLL REECE, Tennessee, Chairman
JESSE P . WOLCOTT, Michigan WAYNE L. HAYS, Ohio
ANGIER L. GOODWIN, Massachusetts GRACIE PFOST, Idaho
RENE A. WORMSER, General Counsel
KATHRYN CASEY, Legal Analyst
NORMAN DODD, Research Director
ARNOLD KOCH, Associate Counsel
JOHN MARSHALL, Jr ., Chief Clerk
THOMAS MCNIECE, Assistant Research Director
II
It is apparent from the Cox committee hearings and from the available litera-
ture on the subject that there is relatively little information from which the
magnitude and growth of charitable foundations can be judged .
It seems rather illogical to devote serious and extended consideration to
this complex problem without having some idea of the number, size, and char-
acteristic of these charitable organizations that must exert such a great
influence on our social and economic life.
The Russell Sage Foundation has published some excellent studies in which
the actual data available have been limited to a relatively small number
of foundations .
The Cox committee reported that it had sent questionnaires to more than
1,500 organizations. Based on the record in the files, there was a return from
approximately 70 percent of these organizations . These returns have provided
the basis for the analysis in this report .
The Internal Revenue Bureau every 4 years publishes a list of tax-exempt
organizations in the United States . In the intermediate 2-year . period a sup-
plement is published . The latest major list is revised to June 30, 1950, and
the supplement to June 30, 1952 . These are the latest lists available at the
present time and it will be some time after midyear of this year before a new
list is available . It so happens that there is quite a close agreement between
these publication dates just mentioned and the effective dates of the question-
naires from the Cox committee . A large number of them were as of December
31, 1951, and a small number at the end of some fiscal period prior to 1952 .
Analysis of this Internal Revenue Bureau list indicates that as of this
period there were approximately 38,000 tax-exempt organizations in the United
States . A sampling of the pages in an attempt to identify foundations included
in this list indicated that there may be an approximate total of 6,300 out of the
38,000 organizations that might be called foundations . We believe that we are
within close limits of accuracy if we state that there are between 6,000 and 7,000
foundations in existence as of this period .
ACCURACY OF DATA AND DERIVED ESTIMATES
It should be realized that the ensuing tabulations cannot be accurate from the
standpoint of good accounting standards . A large proportion of the small
foundations is not endowed but derives its capital from recurring contributions .
Some endowments are reported at book value and others at market value . These
must be accepted as reported . It is believed that the greater part of the total
value is based on market value . In the case of foundations with capital of $10
million and over, essentially all are endowed .
The questionnaires included in the analysis are of two types : the large and
form A as described by the Cox committee . Of the total of 952 included in the
financial summaries, 65 cover foundations with capital in excess of $10 million
and 887 of less than $10 million capital . Approximately 150 of the form A ques-
-tionnaries were excluded from the financial summaries because information on
capital, income, or both were omitted from the answers returned. These were
included, however, in the numerical growth data .
In the tabulations of capital, endowment capital and current contributory
capital are added to obtain total values .
ESTIMATED TOTAL VALUES
Data from 46 of the large foundations as included in this tabulation were cov-
ered by the large questionnaires . These are the big-name foundations and were
specifically and individually selected as such by the Cox committee . The total
values applying to this group were included without change in the grand totals.
Nineteen foundations with capital in excess of $10 million were included in
the tabulations with the 887 that are under $10 million because nearly all of
these were included with a form A questionnaire . This makes 906 question-
naires included in the form A group and these are considered to be about 15
percent of the total remaining foundations in the Bureau of Internal Revenue
list as previously mentioned .
arrive at a total capital value of the foundations estimated to be in the Inter
Revenue Bureau tax-exempt list . This estimate is considered to be on
conservative side and in any event sufficiently accurate as a good indication
growth trends and total values involved .
TABLE I
[In thousands of dollars]
Endowment classification,' Form A Number of Total en- Total Adjusted en- Adjus
questionnaires foundation .- dowment 1 income dowment 1 inco
The rate of growth both numerically and in capital values of these lar
foundations during the last 50 years is shown in table IV .
TABLE IV . Foundations with capital $10 million and over (includes only tho
reporting on questionnaires)
[In thousands of dollars]
Million
Carnegie Corp 1911 $25,000 $161
Rockefeller 1913 100,000 323
Co mm onwealth 1918 10,000 81
Kresge 1924 1,300 79
Duke 1924 40,000 131
Kellogg 1930 22,000 51
Ford ` 1936 25,000 503
Hayden 1937 17,000 52
Pew 1948 46,000 105
CHART 1 • _
..
WI-
z, . . ~.
VA
I
17
.. 11
The Cox Committee files contained about 1,100 questionnaires . We hav
classified these numerically according to the year of their origin . The numerica
growth of these regardless of type or size is shown for each year since 1900 an
the accumulated increase year by year in table VI . These data are also show
in graphic form on chart II. The numerical-growth trend shown in table VI an
on chart II is of course confined to the Cox Committee list . It should be reason
ably indicative of the growth trend of the whole group of foundations on the tax
exempt list .
TABLE VI
Accumu- Accumu
Number lated Number lated
number numbe
1
70
700
k I
I ` 60
4
1 I11 600
1C 1 W ft
1 H
1 Q
00
1 Z
c
H
1
Q
1
0 1 R
V
Z 1 1 j
Q
2 ACCUMULATED INCREASE ;
Z 1 1 1 so
1
I ` 1
I
so
a too
I1
jb
Thou- Thou-
sands sands
Altman Foundation 1913 $498 $825 165.0 4
M . D . Anderson Foundation 1936 1,231 424 34.0 5
Avalon Foundation 1940 687 470 6.9 3
Hall Brothers Foundation 1926 232 975 420.0 3
Louis D . Beaumont Foundation 1949 701 416 59.0 4
Buhl Foundation 1927 581 315 54.0 4
Carnegie Corp . of New York 1911 5,941 425 7.0 3
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1910 646 117 18.0 4
Carnegie Foundation for Advancement of teaching__ 1906 1,698 ________ _ ________ _ 15.
Carnegie Institution 1926 989 109 11.0 9
A . C . Carter Foundation 1945 1,734 570 33.0 14
Cullen Foundation 1947 1,171 760 65.0 22
The Commonwealth Fund 1918 1,996 1,235 62.0 2
Danforth Foundation 1927 865 23 26.2 7
Donner Foundation 1945 697 403 57.9 4
Duke Endowment 1924 4,913 816 17.0 3
El Pomar Foundation 1937 507 169 33 .0 3.
Maurice and Laura Falk Foundation 1929 417 226 54.0 3.
Samuel S . Fels Fund 1936 248 332 134.0 2.
The Field Foundation 1940 696 449 64.0 5
Max C . Fleischman Foundation 1951 9 1 11 .0 .
Ford Foundation 1936 29,061 2,580 9 .0 5.
Henry Clay Frick Educational Commission 1909 62 307 495 .0 2
Firestone Foundation 1947 57 1,575 2,765 .0 2.
General Education Board 1903 520 788 152 .0 10
Edwin Gould Foundation for Children 1923 315 241 76 .4 2.
J. Simon Guggenheim Foundation 1925 1,083 461 43 .0 3.
Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation 1937 108 84 73.0 2.
John A . Hartford Foundation 1929 88 702 798 .0 5.
Charles Hayden Foundation 1937 1,746 800 46 .0 3.
Louis and Maud Hill Family Foundation 1934 334 2.
Higgins Scientific Trust 1948 1,000 (2) (7)
Houston Endowment 1937 1,622 435 27.0 52 .
Godfrey M . Hyams Trust 1921 601 480 80 .0 4.
Institute for Advanced Study 1930 687 374 41 .5 3.
James Foundation of New York 1941 2,130 3,388 159.0 6.
Juilliard Musical Foundation 1920 519 390 75.0 3.
Henry J . Kaiser Family Foundation 1948 13 83 639.0 .
W . K. Kellogg Foundation 1930 3 253 356 11 .0 6.
KresgeFoundation 1924 4,776 1,094 24 .0 6.
Kate Macy Ladd Fund 1946 440 249 57.0 3.
E . D . Libbey Trust 1925 565 51 9 .0 3.
Lilly Endowment 1937 1,462 826 56 .0 5.
John and Mary Markle Foundation 1927 728 2 0 .3 4.
Josiah Macy Foundation 1930 378 65 17.0 1.
A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust____ 1930 1,763 644 37.0 5.
Mellon Institute of Industrial Research 1927 3,568 274 7.7 23.
R . K. Mellon Foundation 1947 482 250 51 .8 3.
Millbank Memorial Fund 1905 601 841 140 .0 5.
William H. Minor Foundation 1923 1,052 87 8 .0 8.
Charles Stewart Mott Foundation 1926 420 1,552 370.0 2.
William Rockhill Nelson Trust 1926 633 77 12.0 5.
New York Foundation 1909 465 719 154.0 3.
Old Dominion Foundation 1941 669 301 45 .0 5.
Olin Foundation 1938 978 2,650 271 .0 3.
Permanent Charity Fund 1917 367 181 49.3 3.
Pew Memorial Foundation 1948 4,125 487 12.0 3.
Z . S . Reynolds Foundation 1936 376 9 2.5 3.
RockefellerFoundation 1913 11,364 6,535 58.0 3.
Rosenberg Foundation 1935 196 424 216.0 2.
Sarah Mellon Scaife Foundation 1941 200 1 0.6 1.
Russell Sage Foundation 1907 542 381 70.0 3.
Alfred P . Sloan Foundation 1934 1,329 1,747 132.0 4.
Surdna Foundation 1917 756 558 74.0 4.
Twentieth Century 1919 457' 657 144.0 4.
Estate of Harry C . Trexler 1934 433 242 558.0 3.
William C . Whitney Foundation 1936 75 10 13.0 5.
William VolkerCharities 1932 1,027 1,032 100.0 6.
It is believed that the data portrayed in this report, while not of provable
accuracy, are sufficiently representative of actual conditions to provide reason-
able guidance in appraising the magnitude of the problems involved . This
should assist in the consideration of any suggestions that may seem advisable for
possible legislative action .
T. M. MoNracel.
0
TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS
SPECIAL COMMITTEE
TO
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
54608 WASHINGTON : 1954
SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE TAX-EX] MPT FOUNDATIO
B. CARROLL REECE, Tennessee, Chairman
JESSE P . WOLCOTT, Michigan WAYNE L. HAYS, Ohio
ANGIER L . GOODWIN, Massachusetts GRACIE PFOST, Idaho
RENE A. WORMSER, General Counsel .'. . .
KATHRYN CASEY, Legal Analyst
NORMAN DODD, Research Director
ARNOLD KOCH, Associate Counsel
JOHN MARSHALL, Jr ., Chief Clerk
THOMAS MCNIECE, Assistant Research Director
11
STATEMENT OF THOMAS M. McNIECE, . A:S TANT RESEARCH
DIRECTOR, SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE TAX-EXEMPT
FOUNDATIONS
PRErATORX( STATEMEtf .
Mr. McNscE. From the jungle of semantics various people may de=
rive different interpretations from thesAme statement . In the simplest
terms possible, we wish to'say that in this report,, regardless of other
interpretations, we intend to draw no conclusions but rather to portray
such available facts as we have been able to gather on this complex
subject., This report covers but one phase of the larger work that is
being done .
Furthermore, we are not criticizing change as such. Rather does
the evidence which will be offered seem to show thatt the=,pattern is
one of evolving collectivism, the ultimate aim of several varieties o
political thought with different names and a common objective.
To explain our reference to a common objective we wish to quote
from the sources indicated a number of statements- on this subject .
Report of the Joint Le 'slative Committee Investigating Seditious
Activities, filed in 'New ork State' 1920 , I, believe that was known
as the Lusk committee. "
In the report here presented the committee seeks to give a clear, : unbiased
statement and history of the purposes and objects, tactics and methods, of the
various forces now at work in the United States . . which are. seeking to under-
mine and . destroy, not only the government under which we live, but also the
very structure of American society ;
. , In the section of this report dealing with American conditions, the com-
mittee has attempted to describe in detail the various organizations masquerad-
ing as political parties, giving the principles and objects, for which they stand,
as well as methods and tactics they employ in order to bring about the social
revolution.
In every instance the committee has relied upon the so-called party or organ
ization's own statements with respect to these matters :.
Those (organizations) representing the Socialist-point of view are the Socialist
Party of America, the Communist Party of America, the,Qommunist Labor Party,
and the Socialist Labor Party . Each of these groups" claim to be the most
modern and aggressive body representing Marxian theories .
A study of, their platforms and official pronouncements, shows that they do
not differ fundamentally in their objectives
These organizations differ but slightly in the means advocated to bring
about the social revolution : . . they differ slightly in the matter of em-
phasis . . .
League for Industrial Democracy : Definition of 'Democracy", New
Frontiers, Vol . IV, No. 4, June 1936
The fight for democracy is at one and the same time also a fight for, socialism,
democracy, to be sure, rests on liberty, but its substance is equality .
But finally, equality is social equality . All political institutions of- democracy
are perverted by private property in the means of production. Personal, legal,
political equality-they, all can be fully realized only when private property
is abolished, when men have an equal control over ptbpertyt
Democratic Socialism by Roger Payne and George''W. Hartman,
1948, page 77 .
467
In the socialist society of the future there will be two things in which it w
be fundamentally different from the present society . One of these is collec
ownership of the means of production and distribution ; the other is a comp
democracy under which the political, economic, social and international
will be complete democratized .
,The-Socialist
. Call (officiall organ of the Socialist Party), Apr
1954, page 5 ~
Socialists regard the capitalist system of private property 'relati
with its complex, disputable, sometimes unfathomable inner economic laws
relationships, as a wall that stands between humanity and its goals in econ
affairs, between man .and, his bread and-peace of mind .
THE INTRODUCTION
Oil page A1161 of the, appendix of the Congressional Record
February-16, 1954 there appears the copy of an article by Seymo
E. Harris, professor of economics at Harvard University. This ar
cle is entitled, "The Old Deal," and appeared originally in the mag
zine Progressive' 7n the' issue of December 1953 . We are quoting
first paragraph of this article
In the 20 years ,between 1933, . and 1953 the politicians, college profess
and lawyers,. with` a little . help from business, wrought' a revolution in
economic policies of the United States . They repudiated laissez-faire . T
saw the simple fact that if capitalism were to survive, Government must t
some responsibility for developing the Nation's resources, putting a floor un
spending, achieving, a more equitable distribution of income, and protecting
weak against the , strong . The' price of continuing the free society was t
limited intervention by Government .
Stepping backward for a span of 9 years, we wish to sub
another quotation, this time from the issue of October 15, 1943,
the m agazine Frontiers' of ,Democracy, the successor to an earl
one to which reference will be made later and which was called "Soc
Frontier," Dr . Harold Rugg of Teachers College, Columbia Univ
sity,''was the editor of the latter magazine and the author of
article from which this excerpt is made .
Thirteen months will elapse between the publication of this issue of Front
and the national election- of ,1944 . In those months the American people m
make one of the great,decisions in their history . They will elect the Presi
and the Congress that will make the peace and that will carry on the nati
productive system 'in the transition years . The decisions made by that
ernment, in collaboration with the British and Russian Governments, will
the mold of, political and economic life for a generation to come . * * * We
suddenly come out upon a new frontier and must chart a new course . I
a psychological frontier, an unmarked wilderness of competing desires
possessions, of`propertyownerships and power complexes . On such a fron
wisdom is the supreme need, rather than technological efficiency and phys
strength in which our people are so competent.
We are strong enough but are we wise enough? We shall soon see for
testing moment is now . Our"measure will be' taken in these 13 months .
test is whether enough of our people-perhaps a compact minority of 10 mil
will be enough--can grasp the established fact that, in company with o
industrializing peoples, we are living in a worldwide social revolution .
We propose 'to. offer evidence which seems to indicate that t
"revolution" has. been promoted . Included within this support
evidence will be documented, records that will show how the flow
money, men, and ideas combined to promote this so-called revolut
just mentioned.
cieties supported by this money and found their way into the power-
ful agencies of education and Government . Here in these pivotal
centers were combined the professors, the politicians, and the lawyers
mentioned a moment ago .
Foundations, education, and Government form a triangle of influ-
ences, natural under the circumstances and certainly without criti-
cism in itself as long as the three entities exist and the liaison is
not abused or misused in the furtherance of questionable activities .
THE ORGANIZATION CHART
The nature of these threefold relationships can be most clearly and
q uickly illustrated by reference to the chart prepared for the pur-
pose and entitled, "Relationships Between Foundations, Education,
and Government." Let it be emphasized again that there is no ele-
ment of criticism or condemnation to be inferred from this chart . It
is what is commonly considered as a functional organization chart,
and its purpose is to display graphically what it is difficult to describe,
to see and to understand by verbal description only.
As previously suggested, the chart is basically in the form of a
triangle with appended rectangles to indicate the functional activi-
ties in their relationship to each other . At the apex we have placed
the foundations . At the lateral or base angles, on the left and right,
respectively, are the educational and governmental members of the
triad . Suspended from the rectangle representing the foundations
are those representing the intellectual groups which are dependent
to a large extent upon the foundations for their support .
The relationships between and among these organized intellectual
groups are far more complex than is indicated on the chart . Some
of these organizations have many constituent member groups . The
American Council of Learned Societies has 24 constituent societies,
the Social Science Research Council 7, the American Council on
Education 79 constituent members, 64 associate members, and 954
institutional members . In numbers and interlocking combinations
they are too numerous and complex to picture on this art.
Mr. Kocx . May I suggest that this chart he refers to should be
deemed in evidence and part of the record?
The CHAIRMAN. I so understood.
Mr. Kocx . Go ahead .
Mr. HAYS . Where will it be inserted, not that it makes any differ-
ence. Will it be at the end of his statement or at the middle?
Mr. KOCH . I should think right here where he is talking about it .
The CHAIRMAN . Under the caption "Organization Chart ."
Mr . McNIECE. I would think that would be the natural place for it .
Mr. KocH . Go ahead .
Mr. McNIECE . These types of intellectual societies may be con-
sidered as clearing houses or perhaps as wholesalers of money received
from foundations inasmuch as they are frequently the recipients of
relatively large grants which they often distribute in subdivided
amounts to member groups and individuals.
For illustrative purposes, the following four societies are listed
American Council of Learned Societies, including the American His
INTER-RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
FOUNDATIONS, EDUCATIONAND GOVERNMENT
FOUNDATIONS
AMERICAN COUNCIL
OF LEARNED SOCIETIES_
AMERICAN HISTORICAL -
ASSOCIATION
SOCIAL SCIENCE
RESEARCH COUNCIL
NATIONAL ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES
AMERICAN COUNCIL
ON EDUCATION
B
EDUCATION FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
OFFICE OF EDUCATION
0 P
NATIONAL STATE SOCIAL
ADULT MILITARY
UNIVERSITIES EDUCATION
EDUCATION DEPARTMENT PLANNING
ASSOCIATION
GRANTS ADULT EDUCATION S RESEARCH : NATIONAL EDUCATIO
FELLOWSHIPS ECONOMIC PLANNING BOARD PSYCHOLOGI
ASSOCIATION WARFARE
BIOGRAPHIC 1933-34
SOCIAL SCIENCES NATIONAL RESOURCES
INTERNATIONAL AREAS PLANNING BOARD
1939-43
T U I
NOTE.-The foregoing grants follow the lines AD, thence CB on the chart .
Period Amount
STAFF REPORT NO . 3
ECONOMICS AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST
(Page numbers are from printed hearings)
May 1954
Prepared by Thomas M . McNiece, Assistant Research Director
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
54609 WASHINGTON : 1954
SPECIAL COMMITTEE, TO INVESTIGATE TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIO
B. CARROLL REECE, Tennessee, Chairman
JESSE P . WOLCOTT, Michigan WAYNE L . HAYS, Ohio
ANGIER L. GOODWIN, Massachusetts GRACIE PFOST, Idaho
RENE A. WORMSER, General Counsel
KATHRYN CASEY, Legal Analyst
NORMAN DODD, Research Director
ARNOLD KocH, Associate Counsel
JOHN MARSHALL, Jr., Chief Clerk
THOMAS McNIEcE, Assistant Research Director
11
Over the past 50 years sweeping changes have occurred in this country in the
functions and activities of the Federal Government . Some of these changes are
to be expected as a result of increasing population, industrial, and commercial
growth and our greater participation in world affairs .
By no means have all of the changes resulted from the foregoing causes . On
the contrary other deviations have occurred which are totally unrelated to chang-
ing requirements of Government and which in fact have not been considered as
functions of Government under our Constitution and its enumerated powers .
Among these is the increasing participation of the Federal Government in edu-
cation, slum clearance, nutrition and health, power generation, subsidization of
agriculture, scientific research, wage control, mortgage insurance, and other activ-
ities . Most if not all of these were politically conceived and depression born .
They represent new ventures in our Federal Government's activities.
Most, if not all of these newer activities of Government are recommended in
one place or another in publications of socially minded committees of Govern-
ment and of reports by various educational groups, social science and others,
supported by foundation grants .
They are so foreign to the conception of our Government of enumerated pow-
ers as we have known it under the Constitution, that the departure has been
referred to as a "revolution" by one of its proponents who will be quoted later .
While the groundwork for these changes has been underway for a long time,
the real acceleration of progress toward these objectives began about 20 years
ago. Since then, the movement has grown apace with little or no sign of slow-
ing down.
The word "revolution" is commonly associated with a physical conflict or
development of some sort accompanied by publicity that marks its progress one
way or another. Not all revolutions are accomplished in this manner .
The lower the social stratum in which a revolution originates, the noisier
it is likely to be . On the contrary a revolution planned in higher circles by some
segment of people at policymaking levels may be very far advanced toward
successful accomplishment before the general public is aware of it .
A plan may be formulated with some objective in mind, agreement reached,
organization effected, and action begun initially with a minimum of publicity .
Such a program has been in progress in this country for years . Originally, the
thought of such a revolutionary change was probably confined to very few peo-
ple-the organizers of the movement . With the passage of time and under the
Influence of the growing emphasis on the so-called social sciences, the Federal
Government began to push forward into areas of activity formerly occupied by
State and local government and private enterprise .
As an indication of this trend, a statement may be quoted from regional
planning, a report issued by the National Resources Committee in June 1938.
"More than 70 Federal agencies have found regional organization necessary
and there are over 108 different ways in which the country has been organized
for the efficient administration of Federal services ."
Arrangements of this type facilitate the gradual expansion of governmental
action and control through executive directives as distinguished from specific
legislative authorization.
Much of this planning was done with the aid of social scientists in Govern-
ment employ and of outside individuals or groups with similar Ideas and ob-
jectives . Many of these were directly or indirectly connected with educational
organizations who have and still are receiving very substantial aid from the
large foundations .
Some of these activities were undertaken under the guise of temporary aid
during depression but they have been continued on an increasing scale as will
be shown In the ensuing report .
Evidence indicates that a relatively large percentage of foundation giving
was originally in the form of grants to endowment funds of educational insti-
tutions . There has been a sizable shift in later years from grants for endow-
ment to grants for specific purposes or objectives but still through educational
channels .
As far as the economic influence on Government is concerned, the resnlts
were manifested first through the planning agencies. The recommendations :
made by these groups finally evolved into more or less routine matters in which
Congress is now asked to approve each year a series of appropriations to cover
the cost . These various classes of expenditures are listed and discussed in the
It should be understood that not everyone who has assisted in furthering the
objectives is guilty of conscious participation in questionable action . Those w
have studied these developments know that many well-meaning people ha
been drawn into the activities without knowledge of understanding of the fin
objectives . A well-organized central core of administrators with a large nu
ber of uninformed followers is standard practice in such organized effort .
ECONOMICS AND-THE PUBLIC INTEREST
INTRODUCTION
This report is made for the purpose of showing the nature and increasing co
of governmental participation in economic and welfare activities of the Nati
These were formerly considered as foreign to the responsibilities, particular
of the Federal Government .
The nature of these recent activities is briefly described and data shown
tables 1 to 8 . The results are shown annually in these tables since 1948 in ord
to indicate the generally increasing trends in recent years .
Tables 9 to 16 and charts 1 to 12, together with the accompanying data she
from which the charts are constructed, afford some measure, both volumetr
and financial, of the effect these activities have had on national debt, taxes,
personal income of the people .
Finally, the conclusion is drawn that the financial integrity of the Nat
will be jeopardized by a continuation of the policies which may be ineffect
in the end as far as their stated objectives are concerned .
INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1 . New permanent housing units started in nonfarm areas .
Table 2. Federal contracts awards for new construction .
Table 3 . Federal food programs .
Table 4. Federal expenditures for promotion of public health .
Table 5 . Federal expenditures for social security and health .
Table 6 . Federal expenditures for vocational education .
Table 7. Federal educational expenditures .
Table 8. Federal funds allotted for education for school year 1951 .
Table 9. Government civilian employees per 1,000 United States populati
Table 10. Government civilian employees versus other civilian employees .
Table 11 . Departments and agencies in the executive branch .
Table 12. Ordinary Federal receipts and expenditures .
Table 13 . Comparative increases in taxes and population-excluding social
curity taxes .
Table 14. National income versus total Federal, State and local taxes .
Table 15 . National income and national debt per family .
Table 16 . Comparative debt and income per family .
Table 17 . Gross national product and national debt .
Table 18 . Gross national product, Federal debt and disposable personal inc
Table 19 . Percentage of gross national product-Personal versus governmen
purchases .
Table 20. Price decline 8 years after war .
REVOLUTION
In the 20 years between 1933 and 1953, the politicians, college professors,
lawyers, with little help from business, wrought a revolution in the econ
policies of the United States . They repudiated laissez-faire. They saw
simple fact that if capitalism were to survive, Government must take s
responsibility for developing the Nation's resources, putting a floor under s
ing, achieving a more equitable distribution of income and protecting the
against the strong . The price of continuing the free society was to be lim
intervention by Government . [Italics added.]
The foregoing statement is the opening paragraph in an article by a Har
professor (Seymour E . Harris, professor of economics, Harvard Universit
the Progressive, December 1953) as printed in a recent issue of a magazine
as included in the appendix of the Congressional Record of February 15, 1
professors, and lawyers" comprise a very minute percentage of the total popula-
tion of the country-a minute percentage of the people who, under, the Constitu-
tion are responsible for effecting "revolutionary" changes in governmental prac-
tice. Certainly these changes as enumerated have never been submitted to nor
ratified as such by the people or their duly elected representatives .
Rvolution accomplished : How then could a departure so drastic as to be
called a "revolution" be accomplished?
Normally a revolution is not accomplished without a considerable measure of
publicity attained through fuss and fireworks that attend such efforts . In the
absence of such developments, it could only be achieved through carefully coor-
dinated effort by a relatively small group centered at policy making levels .
In connection with this latter throught, it is interesting to compare the state-
ment quoted in the first paragraph with the five points for Federal action
enumerated shortly hereafter .
Evidence of such changes in Federal policy, their direction and effect will
be submitted later, but it will be first in order to mention that the Federal Gov-
ernment is a government of enumerated powers . Certainly the powers enum-
erate do not mention the "development of the Nation's resources, putting a floor
under spending, achieving a more equitable distribution of income and pro-
tecting the weak against the strong ." Neither has the Government itself prior
to the period mentioned in the opening paragraph, assumed such rights and
responsibilities .
These and other changes which have been effected are revolutionary . They
have been accomplished not openly but indirectly and without the full knowl-
edge, and understanding of the people most affected .
Subversion : In fact, the methods used suggest a form of subversion . Sub-
version may be defined as the act of changing or overthrowing such things as
the form or purpose of government, religion, or morality by concealed or insidi-
ous methods that tend to undermine its supports or weaken its foundations.
Public interest : It may be said by the proponents of such procedure that
it is warranted by the "public interest ." Public interest is difficult to define but
for the purpose of this study, we can probably do no better than to refer to
the preamble of the Constitution of the United States wherein it is stated that
the Constitution is established-
"in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic
tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity ."
The last three words in the foregoing quotation impose a responsibility for
the future upon us of the present . A risk for the future is implicit in some
of the measures advanced for the advantage of the present and such measures
may be said to be subversive, un-American and contrary to the public interest .
To subvert or circumvent the Constitution or to change authorized procedure
under its provisions by other than the methods established by the Constitution
itself may with certainty be called un-American . The Constitution is not a
static or dead document . It has been amended with reasonable frequency and
can always be modified if a real need for change develops .
Methods of procedure : Mr . A . A . Berle, Jr ., formerly Assistant Secretary
of State and one of the active proponents of increased governmental participa-
tion in economic life made the suggestion that the Federal Government supply
cash or credit for the following purposes after World War II (The New Phi-
losophy of Public Debt by Harold G . Moulton, the Brookings Institution, Wash-
ington, D . C .) .
(1) An urban reconstruction program .
(2) A program of public works along conventional lines.
(3) A program of rehousing on a very large scale .
(4) A program of nutrition for about 40 percent of our population .
(5) A program of public health .
Progress toward objectives : It will be informative to record a few measures
of progress toward the objectives that focus so sharply on paternalism and
socialism in government .
This Nation has attained a standard of living that is higher and more widely
distributed than that reached by any other nation in history . It has been
accomplished in a very short span of years as compared with the lives of other
nations and it is still increasing . Impatience and envy unrestrained may con-
ceivably wreck the future for the sake of the present . The possibilities of this
are indicated in factual evidence of today . The public interest will not be
served thereby.
3 and such data as are available will pertain largely to both .
TABLE 1 . New permanent housing units started in nonfarm areas publicly owne
Number
Period
Total Average p
year
1935-39 87,000 17
1940-44 224,800 44
1945-49 67,000 13
1950-52 173,500 57
Total 532,300 30
1945 --------------
1946 $351 85
1941 2,122 66
1948 2,506 65
1949 2,703 75
1950 2,596 123
1951 1,943 115
1952 1,326 171
Total 13,547 858
Under the limitations of the law, the cost of veterans' education should c
tinue to decline rapidly. If another war should ensue and the GI bill of rig
be taken as a precedent, the cost of veterans' education would become a t
mendous economic burden on the country . The former bill was passed with
any consideration of the capacity of the educational system to absorb the grea
increased number of students. Chaotic conditions due to crowding existe
many educational institutions .
Still another form of tabulation of educational funds made available by
Federal Government is of interest. It pertains to funds allotted for 1951
includes those made available to agricultural experiment stations and Coope
tive Agricultural Extensions Service .
TABLE 8 .-Federal funds allotted for education for school year 1951'
Administered by
Federal Security Agency $171,720,
Department of Agriculture 161, 658
Veterans' Administration 2, 120, 216
Other 97, 049,
Total 2, 550, 643
1 Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1953 (p . 137) .
The trend of Federal educational expenditures, aside from those made
veterans' education is unquestionably upward . That further increases are ur
especially by those in the educational field, is illustrated by the following ext
from the discussion by Alvin H . Hansen, Professor of Political Economy, Har
University, before the meeting of the joint committee of the Senate and Ho
on the President's economic report . This meeting was held on February 18, 1
The quotation follows :
"There is no recognition of the fact, well known to everyone who has stud
State and local finance, that the poorer States which contain nearly half of
children fall far short of decent educational standards ; yet they spend more
education in relation to total income of their citizens than do the wealth
States. For this situation there is no solution except Federal Aid ."
General comments : The foregoing evidence and discussion have been p
sented in an effort to show why the statement of revolution accomplished se
to be supported by the facts . That a continuation of the policies is prob
seems apparent from the statistical trends as presented .
Quite regardless of the real propriety of this great and revolutionary depar
from our former constitutional principles of government, a serious quest
must be raised about its effect on the future life of the Nation . Most of t
new Federal objectives of expenditure have hitherto been accepted as lying wi
in the province of the State and local governments. It is of course absur
assume that aside from the printing press, the Federal Government has acc
to any greater supply of funds than exists within the States themselves .
yet greater funds are necessary when the Federal Government embarks u
all of these security and welfare activities . Each new or increased channel
very conditions of distribution imposed by the Federal Government are appar-
ently causing some similar increases in State and local governmental costs.
The tremendously high level of taxes and debt and the pressure for still higher
debt limits and greater expenditures should convince any thoughtful and under-
standing people that danger is in the offing, that the public interest is not being
well served, but on the contrary is being placed in jeopardy. Our obligation to
posterity is apparently submerged in our sea of current self-interest .
The following discussion, with the aid of data and charts will show in both
physical and financial terms the increasing burdens imposed on the populace by
these governmental policies originating during the past twenty years .
Civilian employees in Government : The ensuing table shows the drastic
increases in governmental civilian employes that have occurred since 1930 . The
peak was encountered in 1945 from which time there was a gradual reduction
to 1948 . Note the level of stability attained in 1948, 1949, and 1950 at 280 percent
of the 1930 figure .
TABLE 9.-Government civilian employee per 1,000 United States population
Percentage of 1929
Federal State and Total
local
Federal State and Total
local
Note that Federal civilian employees are now over three times as numerous
in proportion to the total population as they were in 1929 while State and
lccal employees are about one-third greater . For government as a whole, the
civilian employees per capita of total population have increased nearly 70 per-
cent over those of 1929.
These trends are shown graphically on charts 1 and 2 and the supporting
data as they exist for the period from 1900 to 1953 on the accompanying data
sheet 1 .
Because governmental employees have no part in the production of eco-
nomic goods and on the contrary must be supported by those who do, it will
be informative to show the comparison between governmental civilian employees
and the nongovernmental labor force. This comparison is shown in table 10
herewith
TABLE 10.-Government civilian employees versus other civilian employees
Government civilian .em-
ployees per 100 other em.
Total gov- Other than ployees
ernment government
Actual Percent of
1929
Millions Millions
1930 3.15 46.1 6.7 100
1940----- 4.19 51 .4 8.2 122
1945 5.97 47.9 12.5 187
1950 5.99 57.1 10.5 157
1951 6.37 56.5 11 .3 169
1952 6.63 56.4 11 .8 176
1953 6.67 56.7 11 .8 176
54609-54-2
11930 has been 76 percent . From the economic standpoint a parasitic load of
employees for every 100 others is quite a burden to bear .
The military forces of the United States have purposely been omitted f
consideration in the two foregoing tables. It is of interest to note, howev
that the inclusion of these military forces for the years 1951 and 1952 respectiv
would show 16 .7 and 18.2 total governmental employees that must be suppor
by each 100 other workers in the United States. Indeed a heavy load .
Trends for all years from 1929 to 1953 are shown on chart 3 and in the acc
panying data sheet 2 .
It should be noted that the trends for the years 1948-53 shown on charts 1,
and 3 are continuations of the upward trends which began in the early 193
and show no indication of change . Here in physical rather than financial te
is evidence of the "revolution" mentioned in the beginning of this report . T
observation will be confirmed by still another instance of expansion measu
by the increase in the number of departments and agencies in the executi
branch of the Federal Government . These data apply only to major groups
not to their recognized subdivisions or components .
TABLE 11.Departments and agencies in the executive branch
1926 31 1930 37 1952
1927 31 1940 47 1953
1928 31 1950 61
1929 31 1951 69
The data which follow will measure the increased operations in financial ter
Federal receipts and expenditures : The ensuing as well as the forego
data are shown upon a per capita basis rather than in totals only as it is to
expected that total expenditures and taxes will normally rise as the populat
Increases. An increase on a per capita basis calls for analysis and explanat
In the following table a comparison is shown on both a total and a per cap
basis between Federal receipts and expenditures . The term "receipts" natura
Includes income from all forms of taxation including income, capital gai
excises, customs, etc.
TABLE 12.-Ordinary Federal receipts and expenditures
In billions Revenue Expendit
per per
Revenue Expenditures capita capit
These data in per capital trends since 1900 are shown graphically on char
As in the prior tables, there is no evidence of a declining trend in the act
data .
Federal, State, and local taxes : Further light is thrown on tax trends by c
paring increases in population and taxes since 1930. This information is gi
in table 13.
[In millions]
Percentage of 1929
Population Federal State and
taxes local taxes Federal State and
Population taxes local taxes
Maximum activity in the Korean war occurred in 1952 and in World War II
In 1945 . Despite the relatively smaller operation represented by the Korean
war, Federal taxes in 1952 were 45 percent greater than in 1945 . In the mean-
time the Federal debt has not been decreased but is rising and pressure for
higher debt limit has not been removed . The reasons for some of this great
increase have been indicated in the prior tables .
Annual data including those shown in table 13 for the period from 1 .916 to
1951 are given in data sheet 3 and are shown graphically on chart 5 . The strik-
ing comparison between the increases of Federal taxation and of State and
local taxation and of both in comparison with the increase of population justi-
fies some comment on the difference . Obviously State and local taxation by
1951 had increased 173 percent since 1929 while population has increased but
54 percent.
Federal taxation in the same time has increased 1,278 percent or nearly 13
times with no decrease in Federal debt and strong prospects of further increase .
The prstwar trend merely continues that established before World War II,
although it is of course higher than it would have been had the war not occurred .
On the other hand tables 9 and 10 and charts 1, 2 and 3 indicate conclusively
that civilian employees in Government show an increasing trend, particularly in
the Federal Government since the early thirties . This measure is quite inde-
pendent of continuing financial increases due to costs introduced by war .
It seems natural to assume that real "welfare" needs should be most apparent
in the localities where they exist and that State and local taxes would show
a responsive trend. The fact that such "on-the-spot" trends are but a fraction
of the Federal trends may indicate the correctness of the early statement that
the revolution "could only be achieved through carefully coordinated effort
by a relatively small . group centered at policy making levels," a group possibly
composed of "politicians, college professors and lawyers" as quoted in the first
paragraph . The comparison also warrants the inference that local control
of spending and taxes is more effective than remote control which impairs both
knowledge and understanding .
Taxes as a percentage of national income : It will be of informative value
to show the trend of taxes as a percentage of national income which provides
the fund out of which taxes must be paid . The following table for the years
shown will indicate such percentage and the trend .
National Taxes as
income Total taxes percent of
income
1 Estimated .
National income per family increased 250 percent in current dollars while
the Federal debt per family increased 855 percent .
The foregoing data in decennial terms from 1900 to 1930 and in annual term
from 1929 to 1953 are shown on data sheet 6 and income and debt per family
on chart 7.
The amount of debt overhanging a nation has a tremendous influence on tha
nation's solvency and therefore its stability under impact caused either by eco
nomic depression or additional forced expenditures to relieve depression or t
prosecute another war . It has been stated many times that we as a Nation were
in a vulnerable debt or credit condition when the collapse began in 1929. It wil
therefore be interesting to compare the conditions of 1929 with those of th
present and of the time intervening.
compared with national income per family . The data follow in the next table
TABLE 16 .-Comparative debt and income per family
Private Total public National
debt and private income
debt per family
While the total debt per family has nearly doubled, national income has some-
what more than kept pace with it . The disturbing factor from the standpoint
of Federal financial stability is the fact that in the interval from 1929 to 1951,
the Federal proportion of the total debt has increased from 15 to 46 .5 percent.
The foregoing data in annual terms from 1929 to 1951 are given in data sheet
7 while the trends of private debt and total debt are shown on chart 8 .
Gross national product : It is contended by some that internal Federal debt is
of little importance and that no attempt should be made to place a ceiling upon
it . Rather is it argued that an increase in public debt will be a needed stimulant
to keep national production in step with our expanding population . It has also
been argued as a part of this philosophy that the only safeguarding thing to
watch is the ratio between national debt and gross national product and that
the ratio now existing will provide a safe guide in such control . It will be of
value to examine these factors in the light of these claims .
Gross national product may be defined as the total value of all goods and
services produced in a period of time and usually valued in terms of current
prices . It does not include allowances for capital consumption such as depletion,
depreciation, and certain other adjustments. Efforts have been made to compute
the value of gross national product at intervals over many years past . Gross
national product has been tabulated for each year since 1929 . The comparative
data on gross national product and national debt are shown in table 17 .
TABLE 17.-Gross national product and national debt values in billions
Gross na- Gross na-
tional prod- tional prod-
uct at cur- Federal debt uct at 1929
rent prices prices I
1 Consumer's prices .
2 Estimated.
interval Federal debt increased 1475 percent in current prices . It is this i
crease in Federal debt which in this recent philosophy is of no practical si
nificance . The measure of control under this theory is the ratio between d
and gross national product .
Data in the foregoing table are shown from 1900 to date in data sheet
trend values only for 1900 to 1920 . This information is shown in chart fo
on Chart 9. The dotted line shows what gross national product would ha
been at constant prices, in this case at consumers' prices of 1929, a year of hig
level production. The lightly shaded area between the adjusted and una
justed values after 1943 shows the inflationary spread due to postwar risi
prices or in other words to the increased cost of living . A still greater ar
of inflation must be expected if the dollar is weakened by increasing Feder
expenditures and debt .
Ratio of Federal debt to gross national product : Since, as has been previou
mentioned, the ratio between Federal debt and gross national product has be
:suggested as an effective measure of control in the prevention of excessive deb
i t will be well to observe the values of this ratio for a period of time embraci
widely varying conditions in our national economy .
It will also be informative to show the effect of these policies of great Fede
.expenditure and high taxes on citizens' personal income after taxes as it relat
to gross national product . This latter division of income is known as disp
-able personal income and together with its ratio to gross national product
:shown in the following table
TABLE 18 .-Gross national product, Federal debt and disposable personal inco
[Values in billions of current dollars]
Perce
Percert lispos
Disposable Federal perso
National Federal personal debt, gross incom
product debt income national gros
product natio
produ
I Estimated.
It is apparent from the data that Federal debt increased from 16 perc
of gross national product in 1929 to 73 percent in 1953 . In the same per
the citizens' share of their own income available for their own purposes
clined from 79 to 68 percent of gross national product . This declining p
centage of gross national product left to the consumer himself will be p
ticularly noticeable when business volume declines to a more nearly norm
level . This sacrifice has been made without any reduction in the total d
leveL This is due largely to the Federal Government's increasing participat
in what might be termed extracurricular activities based upon the concept
of government defined in the Constitution and previously followed during
unprecedented rise in economic status .
The data in table 18 are shown in extended form since 1900 in data shee
and on chart 10 . The chart clearly indicates the tremendous change that
occurred in this ratio between Federal debt and gross national product . Fr
1900 to 1916 there was a steady decline in the ratio which averaged only
percent for the period . This means that the citizen was realizing a larger
larger percentage of his earnings for his own needs and desires .
The effect of debt arising in World War I is apparent in the increased rat
but following the peak in 1921 there was a gradual decline to 16 .3 percen
1929 when the upward climb began again . Beginning in 1948, 3 years after
The decline in ratio since 1948 is caused entirely by the abnormally high output
of economic goods in terms of both volume and price and not by a decline in the
debt level . This distinction is important . Gross national product is the arith-
metical product of price multiplied' by physical volume . Physical volume lately
has been abnormally high because extensive military rearmament has been
underway since World War II, not only for ourselves but for other nations .
- Physical volume was also increased by certain relief measures and military
aid for other countries and production to meet domestic demand deferred by
World War II . In addition, prices have risen 49 percent since 1945. The point
to be emphasized is that the physical volume of output for the period since 1940
has been abnormally high due to production for war and its waste and for demand
deferred from wartime . Without another' war we cannot hope to maintain this
physical output regardless of what happens to prices and it should not be con-
sidered a function of Government to try it .
Disposable personal income : The citizen's reduced share of his own personal
income as a percentage of the goods and services he creates is also portrayed
on chart 10. The declining trend shown in table 18 is clearly defined on the
chart . The trend was even more sharply downward prior to 1943 when wartime
output increased greatly and to be continued, as previously mentioned, by renewed
abnormal production for military purposes and deferred civilian demand .
The larger the share of production and its value absorbed by Government,
the less the citizen has for his own choice of expenditures . The following data
are taken from the Economic Report of the President for 1954 .
TABLE 19 .Percentage of gross national product, personal versus governmental
purchases
Percent Percent
1930 78 . 0 10.1
1947 ` 71.0 12.3
1948 68.7 14.1
1949 69.9 16.9
1950 67.9 14.6
1951 63.1 19.1
1952 62.7 22.3
1953 62.6 22.7
1
1 Estimates.
Here indeed in the declining share of his own output that is allotted to him
is one result of the revolution at work .
The extraordinary expenditures of Government beginning in the early thirties
are continuing with increasing volume.
Changes in post war policies :' Changes in governmental policy with respect
to expanding participation in and control of our economic activities has been
repeatedly emphasized in this study . Further light on these policies and their
effect may be shown by reference to the long-term history of prices in this
country. On chart 11, the trend of wholesale commodity prices' in terms of
1910-14 as 100 percent are charted . Two outstanding features of this long-term
trend are obvious at once
1. The great price peaks that occur as a result of war .
2. Even in annual terms there is no such thing as price stability or normal
prices.
A glance at the chart and consideration of the continuous change in the
price level should suggest the impossibility of price stabilization by the Gov-
ernment . Complete regulation of all things economic within the country and
complete insulation from all influences from without would be essential .
Manifestly this is impossible . The payment of subsidy, as in agriculture, is to
admit the impossibility of price control and to continue subsidy is to encourage
excess production and high governmental expenditure with its evil results.
x Data for 1800-1933 from Gold and Prices by Warren and Pearson . Data for 1934 to
date derived from Statistics by U . S . Department of Labor .
unavoidable features of war is that the cost must be paid in full in one way
another . There is no relief from this .
The great price recessions following the War of 1812, the Civil War, and Wor
War I are typical of those which have occurred throughout history in oth
countries after major wars . It has now been over 8 years since hostiliti
ceased in World War II . Within 8 years following the close of hostilities
the prior wars mentioned, price declines from the peak values were as follow
TABLE 20 .Price declines 8 years after war
Perc
War of 1812
Civil War
World War I
World War II
The depreciation of the dollar in terms of gold in 1934 would prevent
ultimate decline of prices to the low levels following earlier wars . The clo
price control in effect during World War II retarded the price increase and t
advent of the Korean war has helped to sustain if not to increase the latest pr
peak .
Present policy seems to be to prevent any such decline as we have sustain
after past wars . Painful and disturbing as they were, these past declines
least resulted in paying much of the cost of the war in money of approximate
the same value as that which was borrowed for its prosecution, and that exce
for the duration of the price peaks, those who depended upon fixed income f
their living expenses were not permanently deprived of much of their pu
chasing power .
The new economic and debt policies seem to be designed in an effort to mai
tain productive activity and prices at or near the present plateau . The delu
of complaints that flow forth when a small decline from the recent peak occu
seems to indicate an unwillingness and lack of courage to face the responsibil
ties for our actions . This tendency is not limited to any one class or group
our citizenry . This softening of character is probably to be expected as a resu
of the protective and paternalistic atitude and activities assumed by Gover
ment in recent years . This may be due largely to an increased emphasis
expediency rather than to a lessening of integrity, or it may be due to both .
that as it may, the continuation of the new philosophy will mean the retenti
of high-debt levels, high governmental expenses, and a high cost of living .
is important not only to balance the Federal budget but to balance it at a low
level of cost. There is no margin of safety in the advent of a serious depressi
or of a new war.
This is a most important point from the standpoint of public interest . In
event of a depression, Government income will drop far more rapidly than t
volume of business declines . Government expenses will not decline but wi
increase greatly if they "remain a significant sustaining factor in the econom
as stated in the President's Economic Report . This means additional defic
financing of large magnitude and therefore increasing public debt to unma
ageable proportions .
The possibility of this coming to pass is indicated by the National Resourc
Planning Board in a pamphlet of its issue under the title, "Full Employme
Security-Building America," The Board asks
1 . What policies should determine the proportion of required Governme
outlay which should be met by taxation and by borrowing?
2 . What special methods of financing, such as non-interest-bearing notes, mi
be used?
What are the non-interest-bearing notes to which reference is made? Th
is merely a euphonious term for paper money, a product of the printing pres
But this paper money is also a debt of the nation . The various denominatio
of paper money are non-interest-bearing demand notes, payable by the Gover
ment to the holders on demand by them . The phraseology on the notes indicat
this and the Supreme Court has so held
In the case of Bank v . Supervisors (7 Wall ., 31), Chief Justice Chase say
"But on the other hand it is equally clear that these notes are obligations
the United States. Their name imports obligations . Every one of them expres
upon its face an engagement of the Nation to pay the bearer a certain sum . T
dollar note is an engagement to pay a dollar, and the dollar intended is t
dollars had before been recognized by the legislation of the National Govern-
ment as lawful money."
And in 12 Wallace, 560, Justice Bradley says
"No one supposes that these Government certificates are never to be paid ;
that the day of specie payments is never to return . And it matters not in what
form they are issues Through whatever changes they pass, their ultimate
destiny is to be paid."
In commenting upon these decisions Senator John Sherman said in the Senate
of the United States
"Thus then, it is settled that this note is not a dollar but a debt due ."
Aside from the fact that paper money outstanding is strictly speaking a debt
of the Nation, the importance of the non-interest-bearing note question raised by
the National Resources Planning Board lies in the threat of greatly increased
supply of paper money. The effect of such action if taken will be a renewed
stimulation of drastic inflation with all its evil results .
Based upon the most reliable data available' our margin of national solvency
is rather small. According to these figures the total debt of all forms, public
and private, in the United States was 86 .5 percent of the total wealth, public
and private, in the country in 1944 . Since 1944, prices have risen due to inflation,
generally from 40 to 50 percent .
In terms of current prices, this raises the value of national wealth . For this
reason and because the total debt of the country, public and private, increased
only about one-third as much as prices, the ratio of debt to wealth as of 19481
had dropped to 63 percent . While later data are not available, the comparative
increases in prices and debt by the end of 1951 lead to the conclusion that this
ratio of debt to wealth may be somewhat higher at the present time . In 1929,
the debt-wealth ratio was 51 percent . In the interval from 1929 to 1948 the
ratio of Federal debt to national income (from which debt is paid) increased
from 4 to 32 percent . The influence of public debt on the integrity of money
values is far greater than the influence of private debt can possibly be .
If income goes down and debt goes up there will be a double adverse leverage
on the debt situation as measured by the ability to pay . If increased Federal
expenditures fail to work in stemming the depression, the situation will be loaded
with inflationary dynamite to the permanent detriment of all of us . The present
high level of prices is quite a springboard from which to take off .
Industrial production in the United States : Industrial activity is of over-
whelming importance in the economic life of the Nation . On chart 12 is shown
in graphic form a measure of this activity year by year since 1900 . The smooth
line marked "calculated normal trend" was computed from two long series of
data and is based on the period from 1898 through 1940 . The rising trend is
based on the increase in population from 1900 through 1953 and the annual rise
in productivity due to increased efficiency from 1898 to 1941 . With this trend as
a starting point, the data made available monthly by the Cleveland Trust Co .
were used to compute the total production as shown . The Cleveland Trust Co .
is in no way responsible for the index values of total production as shown on the
chart. The dotted line shows the corresponding index as published by the Federal
Reserve Board.
Except for the war years, the agreement between these two series is close .
The disagreement during the war period is possibly due to the inclusion by the
Federal Reserve Board of certain labor-hour data in computing physical output-
a method not followed by the Cleveland Trust Co .
The long-sustained upward progression in our productivity is a testimonial to
the industry and technical ability of our people . The increasing output in terms
of both efficiency and volume is the only source of our high and continued rise
in standard of living. It shows no abatement . The temporary interruptions we
call depressions are deviations from trends and are to be expected until we rec-
ognize their causes and if possible counteract them.
The significant part of the long-term trend at this time is from 1940 to date .
Since 1940, industrial output has been accelerated far beyond normal peacetime
requirements by the wasteful consumption and demand created by war . This
was followed by a resurgence of civilian demand composed of new and deferred
replacement needs . Before this was satisfied new military preparations were
resumed and the Korean war began .
s See vol . 14 of Studies in Income and Wealth by National Bureau of Economic Research,
1951.
of which we still supply to other countries . This sustained abnormal producti
is evident on chart 12. Some of the more optimistic interpretations of the
characteristics are inclined to consider that we have embarked upon a new a
steeper trend to be traced from the beginning of recovery in the thirties to t
present time.
Obviously, the assumption that this is a normal trend discounts complete
the abnormally low starting point at the bottom of the depression and t
causes for the sustained bulge previously mentioned . It also assumes an increa
in productive efficiency that is not warranted by the facts . For years, the annu
increase due to improving productivity has been approximately 3 percent .
An increase to 3.5 percent would mean an overall improvement of 17 perce
in productivity accomplished almost overnight . During the wartime portion
this period great numbers of unskilled employees were engaged in producti
work and many overtime hours were also utilized . Both of these factors redu
output per employee hour . Furthermore, the increasing practice of sharing t
work and of limitations of output by labor unions have tended to offset wh
would otherwise mean further gains in productivity .
The reason for the discussion of this point is the emphasis placed on the co
clusion that the level of output since 1940 is abnormal unless we assume th
war and preparation for war are normal and that the great deferred deman
for housing, clothing, automobiles, and other articles was nonexistent.
For the Government to attempt to offset a return to normal peacetime leve
of output is to force a return to deficit financing on such a scale as to endang
seriously the present value of the dollar . Then would follow further increas
in the cost of living and to the extent that it would occur, a further repudiatio
of public debt .
Conclusions : The 20-year record of expanding Federal expenditures for hou
ing, slum clearance, public works, nutrition, public health, social security, e
cation, and agricultural support clearly outlines the course of Federal procedu
The great and increasing expenditures for the purposes just listed have be
made not in a period of declining output or depression, but simultaneously wi
and in further stimulation of the greatest output in our history . This und
and unwise stimulation, when output was already high, will make a return
normal conditions additionally hard to bear or to prevent if Federal expenditur
is used for this purpose . The designation of "welfare state" seems to be we
earned under the developments of recent years . Perhaps the philosophy behi
it might be summarized in a remark made by Justice William O . Douglas in
speech made in Los Angeles in February 1949 .
The sound direction of the countermovement to communism in the demo
racies-is the creation of the human welfare state-the great political inven
tion of the 20th century ."
Of course, this is not an invention of the 20th century . It was, for exampl
practiced by ancient Greece and Rome to their great disadvantage .
It would seem to be countering communism by surrendering to it, where
the state assumes the ascendancy over the individual and the responsibility fo
his personal welfare and security . It would seem more courageous and fort
right for the Government to cease the cultivation of clamoring minorities, fo
those minorities to stop demanding special favor in their behalf and for th
Nation as a whole to maintain its integrity by its willingness to pay the cos
of its deeds and misdeeds . Public interest many times requires the suppressi
of self-interest and under our Constitution requires the maintenance of th
Nation intact for posterity.
Early in this study, there were listed the five channels of increased Federa
expenditure which the proponents of the welfare activities of Government sug
gested . In tables 1 to 8 are listed the growing expenditures of the Governmen
under these classifications . The viewpoint that these activities are not
accordance with our constitutional provisions is supported in principle by th
following opinions of the Supreme Court Justices quoted
"There can be no lawful tax which is not laid for a public purpose." (Justi
Miller, 20 Wallace 655 ; 1874) ; and again
"Tax-as used in the Constitution, signifies an exaction for the support of th
Government . The word has never been thought to connote expropriation o
money from one group for the benefit of another ." (Justice Roberts, Unite
States v . Butler (297 US ; 1936) .)
It is the departure from these long-standing principles that in a large measu
is the "revolution" which its proponents are announcing and endorsing .
it out to State and local governments and their citizens without imposing the
conditions upon which it will be spent . Thus by indirection Federal power will
grow and insidiously penetrate the areas reserved by the Constitution to the
States and their citizens .
Former Supreme Court Justice and Secretary of State James F . Byrnes, now
Governor of South Carolina has said
We are going down the road to statism . Where we will wind up no one can
tell, but if some of the new programs should be adopted, there is danger that
the individual-whether farmer, worker, manufacturer, lawyer or doctor-will
soon be an economic slave pulling an oar in the galley of the state .
The increasing confiscation of income through the power to tax, confirms the
thought expressed by Mr . Byrnes . We are on the road and it runs downhill.
The evidence is strong .
Abraham Lincoln once expressed his convictions on this relationship in the
following words
"The maintenance inviolate of the rights of the states, and especially the right
of each state to order and control its own domestic institutions, according to its
own judgment exclusively, is essential to the balance of powers on which the
perfection and endurance of our political fabric depend."
The conviction persists that the increasing welfare activities in which the
Federal Government has been engaged for 20 years can only come to some such
end as previously suggested if they are continued . It also seems certain that
heavy Federal expenditures to counteract a depression will prove ineffective .
Those important industries whose decline leads us into a depression are the ones
whose expansion should take us out of it .
An increase in road building will not put idle automobile mechanics back to
work, nor will a rash of public building construction or alleviation of mortgage
terms send unemployed textile workers back to their spindles and looms . Pro-
posed governmental measures will not be successful because they do not strike at
the causes of the trouble they seek to cure . After all, these same things were
tried in the long depression of the thirties without success . Pump priming did
not pay .
There is no thought or conclusion to be derived from this study that Govern-
ment has no responsibility in meeting the extraordinary conditions imposed by
crises due to financial or other causes. In the "arsenal of weapons" as men-
tioned in the Economic Report of the President are certain responsibilities and
procedures available for use as the need may develop . Undoubtedly, the most
important of these, implicit even if not specifically mentioned, is the maintenance
of the integrity and value of our money and of our credit system . The ventures
into "revolutionary" and socialistic fields of expenditure and especially in ex-
panding volume to stem a depression will be hazardous to and in conflict with
this major responsibility.
These two conceptions are completely antagonistic especially because our tax
and debt levels are so high as to leave little or no margin of financial safety . Our
recurring "crises" have been utilized in accelerating the progress of the "revolu-
tion" which we are undergoing . A further depreciation of our currency value
would provide opportunity for additional acceleration in the same direction .
In The New Philosophy of Public Debt, Mr . Harold G. Moulton, president
of the Brookings Institution, says
"The preservation of fiscal stability is indispensable to the maintenance of
monetary stability * * * . It is indispensable to the prevention of inflation with
its distorting effects on the price and* wage structure, and thus to the mainte-
nance of social and political stability ."
As someone has said, "What the government gives away, it takes away," and
this is true even if it comes from the printing presses .
Perhaps this study can be closed in no better manner than to quote from a
statement 4 by Mr. Dwight D . Eisenhower while president of Columbia University :
"I firmly believe that the army of persons who urge greater and greater cen-
tralization of authority and greater and greater dependence upon the Federal
Treasury are really more dangerous to our form of government than any external
threat that can possibly be arrayed against us."
4 Dwight D. Eisenhower, in letter to Ralph W. Gwinn, dated Columbia University, New
York, June 7, 1949, in opposition to a general Federal-aid-to-education program . (Con-
gressional Record, 81st Cong., 1st seas ., vol . 95, p . 14, p . A3690.)
Chart 2. Index of Government civilian employees .
Chart 3. Total civilian . employees of Government-Federal, State, and local
Chart 4 . Federal receipts and expenditures per capita .
Chart 5. Population compared with Federal, State, and local tax receipts .
Chart 6. Federal, State, and local taxes-cents per dollar of national incom
Chart 7. United States Federal debt per family versus national income
family.
Chart 8. Total debt per family versus private debt per family .
Chart 9 . Gross national product versus gross national debt .
Chart 10 . Gross national debt and disposable personal income.
Chart 11 . United States wholesale commodity prices in currency .
Chart 12. Industrial production in the United States .
DATA SHEET 1, CHART 1
Government civilian employees
1901 }
1902 3 .3
------ ---------
1903
1904 3 .7 --------------
-------------- ---------
1905---- 4.2 --------------
1906 -------------- ---------
1907 4.1 -------------- --------------
1908 -------------- --------------
1909 4.1 -------------- --------------
1910 -------------- -------------- ---------
1911----- } 4.0 --------------
1912 -------------- -------------- -------------- ---------
1913
1914 } 4.6 --------------
-------------- ------------- °-- ---------
1915 4.6 -------------- -------------- --------------
1916 -------------- ---------
1917 } 4.3 -------------- --------------
----------
1918
1919 8.8 -------------- -------------- --------------
------------- ----------
1920 6 .5 -------------- -------------- --------------
1921 5 .5 -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ---------
1922 5.1 -------------- ---------
1923 4.9 -------------- -------------- ---- --------------
1924 4.9 -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ---------
1925 4.9 -------------- ------------- -------------- -------------- ---------
1926 4.8 --------------
--------------
-------------- -------------- -------------- ---------
1927 4.7 ------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- ---------
-------------- ` --------------
1928 4.8 -------------- -------------- --------------
1929 4.9 20.8 25 .7 100.0 --------------
100.0 ---------1
1930 5.0 21.3 26.3 102.0 102.4 1
1931 5.0 21.8 26.8 102.0 104.8 1
1932 5.0 21.4 26.4 102.0 102.8 1
1933 5.0 20.6 25.6 102.0 99.1
1934 5.7 20.9 26.6 116.4 100.5
1935 6.4 1
21 .4 27.8 130.6 102.8 1
1936 7.0 23.3 30.0 142.9 112.0 1
1937 7.0 22.7 29.7 142.9 109.1 1
1938 6.9 23.5 30.4 141 .0 112.9 1
1939 7.4 23 .6 . 31 .0 151 .0 113 .4 1
1940 8.2 24 .3 32.5 167.5 116 .8 1
1941 10.8 24 .9 35 .7 220.5 119 .6 1
1942 16 .6 24 .3 40 .9 339 .0 116.8 1
1943 23 .2 23.2 46 .4 473 .5 111.5 1
1944 24.2 22.6 46.8 494.0 108.6
1945 25.5 1
22.4 46.8 520.0 107.6 1
1946 19.1 23.7 42.8 390.0 113.9
1947 15.0 1
25.0 40.0 306.2 120.1 1
1948 14.1 25.8 39.9 288.0 124 .0 1
1949 14.1 26.5 40.6 288.0 127.4 1
1950 13.8 27.1 40.9 281 .8 130 .2 1
1951 16.0 26 .7 42.7 326 .5 128 .3 1
1952 16.6 26 .9 43 .5 339 .0 129.3 1
1953 16 .2 27.2 43.4 330.8 130.7 16
1929 49 .2 3 .7 46.1 6 .7 10
1930 49 .8 3 .1 46.7 6 .7 10
1931 50 .4 3 .3 47.1 6 .9 10
1932 51 .0 3 .2 47.8 6 .3 9
1933 51 .6 3 .2 48.4 6 .5 9
1934 52 .2 3 .3 48.9 6 .7 10
1935 52 .9 3 .5 49.4 7 .0 10
1936 53 .4 3 .7 49.7 7.4 11
1937 54 .0 3 .7 50.3 7.5 11
1938 54 .6 3 .9 50.7 7.6 11
1939 55 .2 4 .0 51.2 7.8 11
1940 55.6 4 .2 51.4 8.2 12
1941 55.9 4 .6 51.3 9 .0 13
1942 56.4 5 .4 51.0 10.6 15
1943 55.5 6 .0 49 .5 12.2 18
1944 54.6 6 .0 48.6 12 .4 18
1945 53.9 6 .0 47 .9 12 .5 18
1946 57.5 5 .6 51 .9 10 .8 17
1947 60.2 5 .5 54 .7 10 .0 14
1948 61 .4 5.6 55 .8 10 .1 15
1949 62.1 5 .8 56 .3 10 .4 15
1950 63.1 6 .0 57 .1 10 .5 15
1951 62.9 6.4 56 .5 11 .3 16
1952 63.0 6.6 56 .4 11 .8 17
1953 63.4 6.7 56 .7 11 .8 17
Source: Total civilian and Government civilian employees from Economic Report of the President, 19
Total civilian labor force, table G16, p . 184 . Total Government civilian labor force, table G21, p . 189 .
i mnom
p~il' l~.'l i ~~ 3,
~
l tlGi!l _. .:~'.75fl5i"ni41i~M6!"d¢aa ~Ji! i M.
lifesEe:'!a91i : IM. i!! ow:z_ .I .F.90
~"M - •° ---
m .u. Imm ME 1 .' - - -- -- ------ - ~
9:'~° 331L g g g! :a . mail~y1 .1~F!
ire
,.za" 333a:sa ~:~3 :&
F5; p~9l33!~3 F5F9y3 : .:l :ae! _ _ '- - ~~ ME
ro:e3Mi. ~ia331 MI N
III
i
0 00 WE
e. '33!3's. ~s~!5 >Se ..31~E
1MEE
fly i55i .+, MIN
At mumms.
E!' ~fi:3ed eae>9SHi :iaf a ME M
aRmi ~n « ME
mrom
_
a'7°
3 u3 u°. -'i
F. ::°a 5e~ ;~
F~ylallll 3i: IE
3g Hill •, •i lsee384 ~ ~ MERE MERE
°.:. sa m N®
iI ~g.~ee il~ea~~i;~: ~aeat•3 ::~ ~' .
do
.11 ill
HIM •w
. 1,111
11111 1111119He~S3
. S~!!12i ?3o 9 ~~i :3 i n E
11~3331 ~3 ff~ui3,E_3 , : ~- MMEMB~3,!a a
iu° 6L !' MRg'`HE
u~ s3e,°i~«
.i ~
i
F 1111 11MMi~~i~sx s i3ri: !x ~w a ~ g~ _~
: .•a 'e3':E31'.tiia EM s.~ MR9~.l !m Y :.:a~~ M~l~sea"r ..ei" N
111, 111UMMimm , mm
• .a; J~.~ 33 iip i g:«iu
i,i . _. . . «3
MH ~ MEMO
x ~~~~~E~d g 9~:q
SOgNE r
~,
t E ii isIS: .€e~il9"e"Fal3lii6El311UME MEME
MEME MEME
N34 . Y iii 1'/CIIF • 1 s~'!s :
111 02, 11111
MINE! ~iPlREs « ,_
W "I
_"Eiii
miumplic. IN ME .1
m
1
m.1 .313i e~ x No MEN€
3a
EMINIM . ME
ui~ai
02' = 3 !
's
u 111111111 MEE ~
_
m
16S
1 M MM a1111
.isi5 e 9 :.11Mif 1801 : m E
g e 101110 Mi MERM~3°°::~3
IM 0
W , a > ei'1 aF3 - - Elm6"ail . . as~:
a2 . _
x'11" ~nne ~
,~•,5s
M~im • ARCO
gh li~5lgP3dlE~:"~F°: ME
T~ _1110111.
sss s :a
41
1 ~a : ~ 3'F3i s EN Y
M
MM
NIF
1111H MM MM
a u r. eras a u• p~ ~ ~,
1' 30 .3 34 0 • 6 98 5D 9
Ordinary receipts and expenditures
Source: Tax revenue data from p . 516, Economic Almanac 1953-54, National Industrial Confere
Board . Excludes social security taxes except that portion used for administration of social security sys
Tax receipts, National Total, Total per- Tax receipts, National Total, Total p
calendar years- income, billions cent of calendar years- income, billions cent
billions income billions incom
Source : National income, table G-7, Economic Report of the President, 1954 .
Tax receipts, Department of Commerce via Facts and Figures on Government Finance, 1952-53, by th
Tax Foundation . Table 90, p. 116.
Ao
rc
,lbi as a; 7q 44 eb s7 Sx ,y
National Number of National Federal' Differe
income, families, income per debt per income
bllions millions family family deb
I Estimated .
Source : Income data, 1900, 1910, 1920, estimated based on NBER data in "National Productivity S
1869 ."
1929-52, the Economic Report of the President, 1954, table 0-7 .
Number of families based on United States census data .
a s
Total
debt, pri- Private Number of Private Total Nation
vate and debt, families, debt ner debt per income
public, billions millions family family famil
billions
Source : Data on debt from Economic Almanac, National Industrial Conference Board, 1953-51, p .
Data on income derived from table G7, President's Economic Report, 1954, and Census Bureau data
families .
4120
115
110
0So
loon
940
74
650
db
44
C 40
5
J
0
Q
3
1S
1926 30 J2 31 36 38 40. 4L 94 44 4e Sb 4 ;
Gross Gros
Gross national natio
Federal product Gross Federal produ
national debt, at 1929 national
product, product, debt, at 19
billions consumer billions consu
billions price, billions' pric
billions billi
I Estimated from data shown for 1899, 1904, 1909, 1914, and 1919 as indicated below .
2 Estimate based in data for 9 months and subsequent production data .
Source : Gross national product 1900-28, national product since 1869-NBER, pp, 119, 151 . Federal d
1900-28, Statistical Abstract of United States, 1930, p . 214 . Federal debt, 1920-52, Economic Indicat
Supplement 1953. Personal Disposable Income, 1929-50, National Income, 1951 editi ..n, table 3, p .
i 3 3 m all liliFi% ii • - 1g g~ = i1 I illiil3el5e1i!iililaF
i..E 1111
!i11 '!i1 31111' ~~_ ll_.''' sii?1 li3 11133. 1'~1i !
s ~
FF
HIRE,
17711ilalFag I
it
i
SSg;agg Fl! ;°!l !i
3sssusl~a~umululaill.. pp
;. ;
1u!M~
isaE1 :ui111~
an s s
012
. 1 a...usil!.11~i11FlR 7:1:9::
r•:i ,~;~;1111111: ;1111: g r=
li1117i~a 9111111119 W 9" M E1r 999e
1NA;99
i_ isils s°u :9 u.e n"ia e!!ia
E 2;1 >us"s~9suTaieso9i1.e''
r rm g
130 0 .
° 13 's' HIM 11aiR9
57
!1F1':31a 9: :
g fm1
1S77i1119a
i . ;--
r 11111111
' c.
rims ' 1' 1-i'i{1
16 7i.~1~ '~
S11i1 N Da.
1 ~:= ~
SIR 31'191191
a
•, ga°g; ~°'i 31g
' i' NINE! 111
In Mill -liffiRMI! ON
59991; ; 'k .j II1iL9 1: ::;:::E 1113111ii1
in 111 1i 11111 1!111111
lil t ~:•
i n ll~uill
3° a
111 g NEW ° al I1111i: 991991°~9:79111~79
HER
I
91111111317 ~a11 !HI HI
wliii 3! 11%1 °
113 ig1= 1! 1 ~. ..i 1119E 9 711 111
10111,111 T • •s
1uo~~' 31.. 1 'Luu 1113N-H1,101BROW N'll
!!-4l 111
••1
ENE
°ill: 11 3 9
•:
yl1111 1 :•3
el~se~'gR s.:u3 :: .
I. .~;!110su.11
9aiar G :9::1 Ohl!
. • 7
1
119i!n~Ei iE ' i iii ° ae E~ii~ !i9
'NINE g : rmeeuss :a:es1 H11111i11113111111 i!1!:E!ll
Hill
el r;eieF0 # 11 ~f 711 i rip lYi3~~11~g e1i 1i
an •u nn +~ ;e , FFF ~4g~ a :uas5 :gg
111 . ;n-3H1111: lL7l3auF3~ 33331 iiliii~1111iiiN161R
9g~ grs191gggg1
°
all glgN 1~~Jl :B11~17ie1E'uussus i!!
e •.r. i3 3ie
's
° . FFs,, . .,ins n• u e u. i
.~3l nnn:
:lieeillie ' .:m:;g .
:n1 11111 Mile.
elmwi9 - ' X114 .1111 s'" :: as•9 seiFE!399
~ ~ ,
9I113111! 111il119:7iaiBli~ X11 oia 911
i Jor
M Is
:;1111 -. . g1!E!!
o
, IIN
?,1 ° ~99 i~S ~111G i~~•3!3a
°:g g ir; 1i ::,
.1 ; 1 !11946 p .. . ?. 181199i9335c3 WE~'i
n n H
'a Ia flOQ W SNOI'l~lH
Percent Dispos- Percent Dispos-
Federal able per- Percent Federal able per- Perce
debt senal D. I. P . debt son 1 D. 1.
G. N . P, income, G. N. P. GNP income, G. N.
billions billions
L
F.~_".1~. .iii~FFat Fi.FFci- •: a:s:
Rules
,~
:. . . . es.
li Ile ~ :
: : . :.: .
"
•.
s:ss::: •• . . ;
I~i
F~
._
eeFeetd1 I s s ifil'sRr•elFik CiLF e :afi
sl lie' : •c:r. . i
i ii.p_E € _. r
••• ••
ei{IBill
15
. ;.. ;. :9 7ff: 5111111111111:H i : cs cma99s . : ::{
i
fi'i
s.:Ell E
."si :"" sfriil: ecses!' rn .: 6f4F4lfiisB "i' 77777999!9 P
Fl:. {!lf~il ~gFF! FF Fae „I i{
;FF ; 9: " t99 e1 {9
r•
sass.: . 'sF :Fie ;F a:{.. , ..: :::::::7:: :::: :. 7T Is s :
rn
os . l s.eew I :71 : :LIII ! FlllssFaE.iii e1 .e• ••• ••'
; !fl t rFs e: ..
:~: .• it : : .:fi: ::. s: HIM ,F91 ie{1: :1:
°:: s i Ei11La
M"
M ml 7 9 ese
sib i R
H All
:: F
Mil a :r{{{{
•a
{°; 1 c. ...IIo;4a 799i:a:
111
i:ia8s :afII:I.EE :a . a : IF ,- s ea e :rc 3 :i HIMV a' i ~FF ae MIMI e€~
esa 9i : ila 94 .:r.i;
'a a• 7 . a Hill RUN i j uMIIJIl6 ~~'
si7F !if
F
~7 ! da ' EE a
i a Its fis71i7: a:9
:. i s. I,n.!
.! i~ iLIb Ih1ER iiE3li :iF rns F;U
: :9asFFF;F at{Fis " g o
!Li F77~ 9tt ••. F
::Feur :a, a eF g ii - I :g
u „c -::: :{.. °{{I9{{
{{4. :
. .,'s{9{:i7si7 «.•I"sysffillII
DOORIN• I 7 9 .,0
:e :: :c
am I" 'i3?ss I ^ = s{{~c?LCa ~F7se a :F{
101.. 2: .Imb i
! sfi
9: 997 Iii ii : is "rl
Ei m .r :fiIi~
:
pi 1-e~ 1i~:"I~ Fn; FF
; •
-.:: :.1eE{ :F.::. fF~e~ FF~.F ." . {
fieF';;E ~ 7 I .;F : iE .
ON x 'y 11115: May ME., °a : :::
E F_,F,CsssFF { ME ,-"e_.__
III aFFiFFasJslF'.'.$F IMP °
i qcc fi: :::'~
:
IMLFi JIM
~{L JIM~ a s :! e::a rn.
saat:eWae "a4':: : eies,' ' iy
6=;~ Irny li ~ifia E :FT j:~ 'e6 Fe sF+
i IF'~ F FH F {IN MI
r ::: Ed. ! T
MIWE °Fe 9dF iF { ML °°islei{{{:~
"R i ~ fi:r
. :.. ern : e. E i ,,,,
ME. ! :::u.~
{e 4 sF :a
u a ~~F1s:, ~
M;,
MON. Ffifififi:I ofifi! s: i !„ FF sF FE: FiI 79 O
- F F :: !
"' all -"Ili E•; eo6 _E: :." 9'slf i pii :
FFF .. ;Fr « F mulml i
{{{ ::EFs{{{ ;:a;>::. ::: : . FPiFFgF~ FFIs( .:Fsre=e6 • :ca; r~;FFf :?e= e: l=lff 9
Ef :
s :a 7tRC 9e 4s ~L 3. :•' i` iRE. ,is:as ~x f rE E
9_.9E.e .9. IN a srs e s eas9 " c
MIA MEMO
»s-a: ea ee r• e. s es^
iJIM ~FF116F3P09i ~; s Imp i i re
wil M.. III -
1 Derived from monthly data published by the Cleveland Trust Co . and independently calculated no
trend .
s Estimated .
D
P'
r
P-
0
P-
m.
q
4
P
K'
P
d
K
w
N
K
K
n
K
a-
0O
0O
K cl
K
0
K
9
SPECIAL COMMITTEE
TO
STAFF REPORT NO . 4
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES
OF
THE CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK
THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE
ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING
THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL
PEACE
THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
THE ROCKEFELLER GENERAL EDUCATION BOARD
(Page numbers are from printed hearings)
Part I-June 9, 1954
Part II-July 9, 1954
Prepared by Kathryn Casey, Legal Analyst
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
54010 WASHINGTON : 1054
SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIO
B. CARROLL REECE, Tennessee, Chotrman
JESSE P . WOLCOTT, Michigan WAYNE L. HAYS, Ohio
ANGIER L . GOODWIN, Massachusetts GRACIE PFOST, Idaho
RENE A. WORMSER, General Counsel
KATHRYN CASEY, Legal Analyst
NORMAN DODD, Research Director
ARNOLD KOCH, Associate Counsel
JOHN MARSHALL, Jr., Chief Clerk
THOMAS McNXECE, Assistant Research Director
11
TAX.-gXEMPT FOUNDATIONS
STAFF REPORT NO . 4
INTRODUCTION
One of the objectives of the staff, as mentioned in Mr . Dodd's re
was to determine whether there was a common denominator, as it w
in relation to foundation purposes . A collateral objective was to d
mine= if possible, whether the activities of foundations might fall
certain definite classifications .
Upon examination of the material available in the Cox commi
files it was apparent that it was insufficient 1 to support a firm con
sion on this point ; as were the various reference books availabl
foundations and their activities . After further study and discus
as to both the quickest and the most efficient method of securing su
cient information, it was decided to examine the activities of
first 2 major 3 foundations, to determine whether their activities c
be classified, on the theory that such an examination would also s
the dual purpose of providing a guide for study of other foundat
With size of endowment and date organized as criteria, the sele
of the agencies created by Andrew Carnegie and John D . Rockef
were quite obvious choices, as will be seen by a glance at the follo
chronological list
Carnegie Institute (of Pittsburgh), 1896 .
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, 1901 .
Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902 .
Rockefeller General Education Board, 1903 .
Carnegie Hero Fund Commission, 1904.
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1905 .
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1910 .
Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1911 .
The Rockefeller Foundation, 1918 .
The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, 1918.'
As a practical matter, the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, the
negie Institution of Washington and the Carnegie Hero Fund
mission were eliminated as objects of study in relation to their f
of activity, because their purposes were so clearly specified and
activities confined thereto .
On the theory that the document itself is the best evidence,
logical source of the best information was the records of the fo
tions themselves, as contained in their annual reports and similar
lication. When it proved difficult to obtain these reports from
Library of Congress 5 recourse was had to the foundations themse
In the case of the two Rockefeller agencies-the foundation and
General Education Board-the president, Mr . Dean Rusk, upon
quest responded immediately and loaned to the committee copies o
annual reports of each of these organizations .
In the case of the Carnegie Endowment for International P
a request was made to permit studies of their records from the
of organization, to which Dr . Johnson, the president, agreed wi
hesitation, and every cooperation was extended in placing the rec
minutes of meetings, and confidential reports at the committ
disposal . In the time available, it was not possible to cover in d
all the material available for those years, but extensive notes were
i2 Not only as to details, but also because it covered only the years 1936-51, inclusi
In point of time .
s4 In size of assets.
Its activities were merged with those of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1928 .
5 Since only 1 copy was available for circulation, the other being for reference
poration had equally cooperated but, subsequently on special request,
the Library of Congress permitted the reference copies of the year-
books of the Corporation, the foundation and the endowment to be
withdrawn from the Library for use at the committee's offices.
In addition to these reports, the books and articles, including bio-
aphical material, available on both Mr . Rockefeller and Mr. Carnegie
gd their foundations, were consulted and studied.°
Based on these studies, and according to the records of the founda-
tions themselves, it was concluded that their activities had been car-
ried on in a handful of major areas, namely
I. Education .
II . International affairs, including international law.
III. Politics (in the sense that politics is the science of civil government .)
IV. Public affairs.
V. Propaganda .
VI. Economics ..
While some of these fields overlapped to a certain degree, that fact
does not affect the validity of the technique of analysis, nor the state-
ment of summation .
I. EDUCATION
GENERAL PURPOSE
The Carnegie Corporation of New York was the last of the philan-
thropic agencies created by Andrew Carnegie, and he served as its
president until his death 8 years later in 1919 . It was established "to
promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and under-
standing" among the people of the United States and the British
Dominions. Of its $135,336,869 endowment, $12 million is applicable
to enterprises in the British Dominions and Colonies, at the discre-
tion of the trustees. As of 1951 the assets of the corporation were
$175,890,810 .1
The corporation is managed by a board of 15 trustees, 4 of whom
are ex officio, 3 are presidents also of other Carnegie funds, and the
president of the corporation .
GENERAL POLICY
SUMMATION
ASSETS
The foundation received from its founder and the corporation
$32,700,000 .r Its affairs are managed by a board of 25 trustees and
according to the 'report for 1951 had assets of $12,874,718.84.
.In the 1939 report of the foundation appears the following
The cooperative arrangement between Carnegie Cooperative of New York . and
the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching respecting projects
in the field of higher education has now been in effect for about 15 years . Its
success has been unqualified . - A series of 148 grants totaling $1,449,393 have
been made by the corporation for 85 projects, of which 14, involving 34 grants,
have been carried on in the offices of the foundation, and 71 projects involving
$1,087,350 in 114 grants have been carried on under the auspices of 41 other
educational institutions or bodies . To these the foundation has allocated and
transmitted the funds provided by the corporation . On account of 3 projects
which could not be carried out as planned, $25,000 was returned to Carnegie
Corporation of New York through the foundation . The total of projects effective
over the past 15 years is therefore 82 .
6 Ibid ., p . 109 ; Annual Report for 1913, pp . 21-22.
e Annual Report for 1935, p . 129 .
'Basic Facts, p. 18.
54610-54-3
In the distribution of pensions, the foundation set up standar
which must be met by institutions in order to be eligible for pensi
awards-designating those who met the requirements as "accepted
and others as "not accepted ." 8
While as outlined earlier the foundation's activities began as
pension award system for college and university professors, this w
shortly used as a springboard into secondary education with the e
planation that
1 . It was necessary to define a college in order to grant the ,pensi
2 . In order to define a college it was necessary to establish standar
of admission and of college work .
3 . If standards of admission were to be established it was necessa
to prescribe the courses of study in secondary schools which would f
the student for the college-as defined .
The purposes of the foundation set out in its charter 9 clea
place this agency among those whose sole or primary purpose is
an educational nature, as evidenced by excerpts from its annu
reports .
From 1905 to 1951, inclusive, the last year for which comple
records are available, the foundation made appropriations to
Universities, colleges, and schools in the United States $62,763,
American Council on Education 90.
Cooperative Test Service, Educational Records Bureau, Graduate
Record, College Entrance Examination Board 2,850,
National Education Association 10 115,
Progressive Education Association 92,
Total 66,011,
The foundation, like the corporation, gave funds to the organiz
tions mentioned previously whose activities were also of an educ
tional nature .'2
Question 1 and question 2 . It would be difficult to draw a line of di
tinction between the quotations applicable to each of these question
and for that reason both questions will be covered together .
All quotations are from the foundation's annual reports unle
otherwise indicated, and are only a few of the many similar quotatio
which might have been chosen, but which have been ommitted becau
to include them would be merely repetitious .
Even after establishment of the division of educational inquiry,
1913 13 the greater portion of foundation funds were appropriated f
pensions, or matters directly pertaining thereto, as shown by the fo
lowing summary of grants from 1905-51 : 14
Retiring allowances and widow's pensions----- $59,298,459
Support of Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association_- -- 513,465
Grants to colleges to initiate pension plans 775, 678
Pension studies 30,012
Total 60,617,616
54610-54-4
INTRODUCTION
The first of four philanthropic agencies created by John D. Rock
feller, Sr ., was the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in 190
the second was the General Education Board, limited to the promotio
of education within the United States and its Territories, establish
in 1903 ; the Rockefeller Foundation, 1913 ; and the Laura Spelm
Rockefeller Memorial established in 1918 in memory of his wife . H
total gifts to each of these were : ,"'
The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research $60,673,409
General Education Board 129,209,167.
The Rockefeller Foundation 182,851,480.
The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial 73, 985, 313.
Total 446, 719r, 371 .
NoTE-In 1928 the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial was consolidated with t
Rockefeller Foundation, with the exception of 1 or 2 specialized functions, which did n
fit into the foundation's program and which were transferred to a new organization call
the Spelman Fund of New York along with $10 million to carry on its work . This fu
has since been liquidated, as has the General Education Board (on Dec . 31, 1953, w
all its funds were entirely distributed) .
One other agency in this field-the International Education Boar
to which he gave $20,050,947 .50-was created by John D . Rockefelle
Jr ., in 1923, because of the charter limitations of the General Educ
tion Board . At this point it should be noted that the total of half
billion dollars represented by the total of all Mr . Rockefeller's gift
is not the grand total of expenditures by his various agencies-it i
merely the principal to which must be added approximately the sa
amount in income, which these agencies have also distributed, or ye
have to distribute .
REARRANGEMENT OF ACTIVITIES
The General Education Board carried on activities in the field o
education from 1902 to the end of 1953, but the Rockefeller Foundatio
itself did not become active in the field of education for some year
after it was established, except to the extent that its work in th
medical, health, and agricultural fields may be considered educationa
The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial operated only during t
decade 1918-28, and the International Education Board was in exist
ence from 1923-38 .
192 8-29 report
Pages 3-6 : In the board's report that year, referring to the vario
Rockefeller agencies, is stated that it was becoming evident that th
line between the activities of each was not clearly marked, resultin
in doubts on the part of the public as to the respective fields, and
duplication of time and expense in the presentation of the same proj
ects to two or more of the boards . A committee was appointed to stu
the situation and to decide how the work might be carried on in close
and more clearly defined cooperative relations . It recommended th
a new corporation, the Rockefeller Foundation, be created, into whic
would be merged the former Rockefeller Foundation and the Laur
80 Story of the Rockefeller Foundation. Raymond B. Fosdick, p . ix.
extension of the scope of the new foundation to embrace as a major
function-
the advancement of knowledge in-
(1) the medical sciences,
(2) the natural science (taking over the program in foreign countries of
the International Education Board),
(3) the social sciences (formerly carried on by the Laura Spelman Rocke
feller Memorial), and
(4) the humanities ;
and the appointment of a director and staff for each of these fields .
The final recommendation was division of the field of education in
the United States between the Rockefeller Foundation and the General
Education Board, along definitely determined lines . The net result
of this was to create two Rockefeller agencies : The Rockefeller Foun-
dation, a broad and general operation ; and the General Education
Board with activities limited to the promotion of education in the
United States .
According to this, "education" would fall into the orbit of the
board and "research" into that of the foundation . In the case of an
undertaking which embraces both objectives, the deciding factor was
the principal one, if the motive was education then it was a board
activity-if research a foundation activity .
The board from that time dealt chiefly with institutions rather than
with learned societies or researchh agencies . Also, it did not sponsor
individual research projects after that time except in educational
psychology and the educational processes that fell within its desig-
nated fields . Thus, the exclusive activities of the board after that
related chiefly to college education, public education and the processes
of education, the application of art to industry, and aid in accounting
methods and administration .
That year also the board withdraw from the field of medical educa-
tion because it felt that its part in the endeavor had been completed.
During the period 1913 to dune 20, 1929, the board had contributed a
total of $87,154,319 .33 to universities and colleges for whites, and
$18,191,328 .39 to colleges and schools for Negroes, exclusive of any
projects carried on in such institutions with board funds .
THE ROCBEFELLER GENERAL EDUCATION BOARD
1902-14 report
Pages 80, 81, 83 : There is a certain amount of overlapping between
these two levels of education, and for that reason no dogmatic dis-
tinction has been made . Because it saw deficiencies in secondary edu-
cation in the South, the board approached the problem by selecting
a person or persons whose business it was to inform, cultivate, and
guide professional, public, and legislative opinions . Believing there
was need in every State for trained specialists in the field of secondary
education, it felt this individual should also "skillfully and tactfully
marshal all available forces for the purpose of securing concerted
action calculated in time to realize a secondary school system." Aware
of the lack of funds in the hands of the State departments of educa-
tion, or the State universities themselves, the General Education Board
then entered the picture and stated its willingness-
to make appropriations to the several State universities for the salaried and
traveling expenses of a professor of secondary education whose main and prin-
cipal work shall be to ascertain where the conditions are favorable for the estab-
lishment of public high schools not in existence ; to visit such places and to
endeavor to organize in such places public high schools in accordance with the
laws of the State ; to endeavor to create in such communities a public sentiment
that shall permanently sustain such high schools, and to place the high schools
under such local leadership as shall give them intelligent and wise direction, and
he and the university shall exercise a fostering care over such institutions .
While stating that the board did not attempt either to indicate or
to dictate the lines along which the individuals should exert them-
selves; it describes their activities in the following terms
In addition, the professors of secondary education were high-school evangelists
traveling well-nigh incessantly from county to county, returning from time to
time to the State university to do their teaching, or to the State capitol to confer
with the State superintendent . Wherever they went, they addressed the people,
the local school authorities, the county court, teachers, businessmen and business
organizations, county and State conferences, etc. They sought almost any sort
of opportunity in order to score a point . Law or no law, they urged their hearers
to make voluntary efforts toward a county high school, if a start had not yet been
made ; to add a grade or a teacher to a school already started ; to repair the build-
ing or to provide a new one ; to consolidate weak district schools into a larger
one adequate to town or county needs . Nor did they merely expose defects,
tender advice, and employ exhortations ; they not only urged the policy, but
nursed a situation. By correspondence they kept in touch with places already
visited ; from time to time they returned, to renew pressure or to recognize
achievement . *
191616 report
Page 39 : The board held meetings those years on the question
"needed reforms in elementary and secondary education," one ou
growth of which were the Occasional Papers 2 and 3. However, t
Board was again quick to state that it was interested only in facilita
ting the trial of "promising educational experiments under prop
conditions."
1918-19 report
Page 41 : The board continued to make sums available to the Sta
universities for a professor of secondary education and also mad
funds available for departments of secondary education . These pr
fessors of secondary education were urged and encouraged to work o
the high-school curriculum and organization as well as the improve
ment of teachers in actual service and the administration and effect o
State subsidies and Federal grants, and it was around this time tha
the subject of "public education" was included as a section of t
annual report .
Throughout its history the board divided its activities, devoting
section to white colleges and universities, and a section to Neg
education.
1923444 report
Page 29 : The board states it was becoming increasingly clear th
the professors of secondary education had substantially achieved th
purposes for which they were originally supported .
That same report, in referring to the improvement in the Stat
departments of education in the Southern States, announced that i
had decided that the need was for trained men and women in the fiel
and with that object in mind it had appropriated in 1922, $50,000
provide scholarships for persons occupying important posts an
increased the sum to $80,000 during the year just closed .
The colleges most frequently selected were
George Peabody College for Teachers
University of Chicago
Teachers College, Columbia University
Columbia University
Cornell University
University of Wisconsin
Harvard University
University of California
Hampton University
SUMMATION
Based on the foregoing :
1 . The board contributed large sums of money to projects in t
educational field.
2. In the course of its activities the board has made grants to t
American Council on Education, National Education Association, a
31 1927-28 annual report .
amounts
Universities, colleges, and schools in the United States $257,157,581
For adult education .50,000
American Council on Education 4,841,005
Columbia University' (7,607,525)
Cooperative test service, Education Records Bureau, graduate
record, college entrance examination board 3,483,000
Lincoln School of Teachers College' (6,821,104)
National Citizens Commission for the Public Schools 150,000
National Education Association 978,312
Progressive Education Association 4,090, 796
Teachers College' (11,576,012)
University of Chicago (118, 225,000 )
Total 270,750,694
'Grants to these institutions are included in amount shown for universities, colleges,
and schools .
THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
Total 241,608,359.74
The foundation's affairs are under the direction of a board of 21
trustees, elected for 3 years, and its charter 40 states as its purpose "To
promote the well-being of mankind throughout the world ." As of
December 31, 1952, its assets were $167,890,851 .75 and its income for
that year was $16,893,519. Both principal and income may be spent .
According to the information filed with the Cox committee 41 by
the foundation, its expenditures from May 22, 1913, to December 31,
1952,42 were
For land, buildings, and fixed equipment $48,232,370
For endowment and capital funds 70,003,956
For current support of institutions, agencies, projects, and fellow-
ships 340,101,279
Total 458,337,605
For 15 years after its creation the foundation placed its major
emphasis on public health and medical education, although a division
87 This term will be used in this section to refer to the Rockefeller Foundation .
"Funds from the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial .
894° Annual report for 1952 gives $316,220,394 as received from donors.
Incorporated by special act of New York State Legislature, 1913 .
41 And incorporated in annual report for 1952, latest available .
42 Does not include expenditures of Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial prior to
consolidation .
and anthropology . In time its programs and those of the other Roc
feller agencies began to overlap, and in 1928 after an extended st
a ,plan was evolved whereby all programs of the four Rockefell
boards relating to the advance of human knowledge 43 would
concentrated in the foundation.
The expenditures of the foundation from 1913 to December
1952, infields of major interest were
Appropriations for the social sciences, humanities, medicine
public health, and natural sciences and agriculture have be
excluded 44
While the foundation as mentioned has disclaimed any credit f
results, we can assume that their contributions would not have c
tinued had there not been some measure of approval of the activiti
and the results . Here again, since the foundation is an operati
agency only in the field of public health and agriculture, the results
the agencies selected for contributions are pertinent, and particular
insofar as there have been traceable and evident effects in the educ
tional field as the result of the agencies' activities, they are attributa
to the foundation itself.
The work of the agencies aided by the foundation have alrea
been described briefly elsewhere, with the exception of the Instit
of International Education, which is quite evidently in the field
education, and that description will not be repeated here . It is suf
cient to state that the results of their activities are apparent .
Public health and medical sciences $227,981,
Natural sciences and agriculture 43,335,
Social sciences 63, 775,
Humanities 26,816,
Total 361,908,
The foundation, as well as the board,46 sought to influence hig
education largely through the universities and the associations
learned societies, but no attempt will be made to cover the contrib
tions of the foundation or the board to the latter group of organiz
tions. According to Dr . Hollis,47 the foundation profited by t
experience of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement
Teaching (whose methods in this field have been discussed earlier
and thus avoided much of the criticism that was directed at th
agency. Perhaps another reason was that the foundation came in
being after a decade of public awareness, but it should be noted th
at its inception the foundation was subjected to severe attack wh
it applied for a congressional charter, and (although the board h
been granted one in 1903) so great was the opposition that the matt
was dropped .
For whatever reason, the annual reports of the foundation are mu
less outspoken in their evaluation of their activities and merely st
in narrative and statistical terms the grants made each year . Ho
43 Later expanded to include the dissemination and application of knowledge .
a* Any overlapping is very slight and does not affect the validity of these figures .
a Does not include $55,339,816 disbursed by Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial pr
to consolidation in 1929 .
+e This term will be used throughout this section to refer to the Rockefeller Gener
Education Board.
41 Philanthropic Foundations and Higher Education .
ment that the foundation has been active in the field of education
throughout its existence and in some specialized aspects (such as
teacher training and the like) it has been particularly active since the
early thirties.
Moreover, this is confirmed by the extensive answers of the founda-
tion's Cox committee questionnaire (sec . E) 48 In the preliminary
comment to that section there is a statement of the policy of the
foundation which can be summed up in the last sentence : "We are
ready to state what we have done, but much of the assessment of its
worth must be left to others ."
1948 annual report
Page 7 : Within recent years there has been a brief statement which
conveys the foundation's own estimates :
The chartered purpose of the foundation with its wide scope and its absence
of preconceived or specialized interests has in a quite informal and undersigned
manner caused the foundation to become one of the crossroads of the scientific,
educational, and scholarly world.
SUMMATION
Total 440,352,890
1 Does not include appropriations made to Chicago University, Columbia University,
Teachers College, or the London School of Economics .
' Includes grants of $35 million by John D. Rockefeller, Sr .
While the greater portion of its expenditures have been in the field
of university and college education, it has also contributed to the work
of the American Council on Education, the National Education Asso-
ciation, and the Progressive Education Association (as shown by the
foregoing table), and also to adult education generally .
Carnegie Rockefeller
Total
Corporation Foundation Board Foundation
The quotations already given from the various reports relate also
to this question regarding the effects of foundation activities in educa-
tion, and therefore only 1 or 2 additional references will be included .
Probably the most recent self-evaluation by one of this group is that
contained in the 1952 Report of the Carnegie Foundation for the
Advancement of Teaching, at page 14 :
1952 report
Page 14
One of the developments which has produced the most lively debate in educa-
tional circles has been the widespread movement to reinvigorate the ideals
embodied in the term "liberal education ." The goal is rather widely accepted,
but there is substantial difference of opinion as to how to achieve it . The gen-
eral educationists offer a variety of curricular reforms. Advocates of the great
books press their claims for the wisdom of the past. Humanists decry the shift
of interest from certain disciplines to certain other disciplines . Our colleges are
literally awash with formulae for salvation ; all of which is healthy and part of
the process of getting things done in a democratic, heterogeneous, and always
vigorously assertive society .
' * * President Conant and his coworkers at Harvard have provided leader-
ship in this direction with their efforts to develop a new approach to the teach-
ing of science as a general education course . During the current year the corpo-
ration made a grant to Harvard for the continuation of this work .
54610-54- 6
generalizations * * * .
* * * Developments such as the new American studies program at Barnard
College (see p . 19) and the courses in Asiatic civilization at Columbia University
(see p. 21) would be impossible without vigorous participation, indeed, vigorous
leadership, on the part of the humanistic fields . But there is nothing in the
humanistic fields which offers a guaranty of salvation . They, too, have turned
out narrow technicians when they might have been turning out education men
They, too, have often ignored the central concerns of liberal education .
A statement on this point made in the early years of its existence is
found on page 87 of the 1902-14 Report of the General Education
Board under the heading "Favorable Legislation"
It can fairly be said that in framing and putting through this legislation, the
high-school representatives supported by the General Education Board have in
every instance taken a leading part . They would, however, be the first to refuse
any undue credit. The organizations already mentioned-the Peabody Board,
the Southern Education Board, and the Conference for Education in the South-
had greatly stimulated the demand for adequate and orderly educational facil-
ities ; in every State, local bodies and organizations, State and local officials were
working along one line or another to arouse educational interest .
The section concludes with results in terms of increased schools,
buildings, and so forth, and the amounts appropriated by individual
States for new and improved buildings .
In a later report of the board (1939-40, p . 22) in a section entitled
"How Have the General Education Board's Activities Been Related
to These Happenings?" there is the following paragraphs
Board-aided projects have been associated with nearly all the changes de-
scribed above . It is obvious, however, that these changes have been called
forth by the broad social changes of the times, not by the educators, not by
educational foundations . If educational changes are well adapted to the broad
social changes of the times, they find a place and are incorporated in the
continuing social processes .
However, based on the records of the board itself, no other projects
which might possibly have resulted in "changes" b0 were selecte
except those board-aided projects.
The board, in appraising its contributions to the American Council
on Education's Cooperative Study of Secondary School Standards
(1947-48 report, p . 113), wrote
Under an earlier program of the General Education Board appropriations were
made to the American Council on Education for the study of standards for the
secondary schools . The regional accrediting associations for whom the study
was undertaken were interested in developing methods of evaluation that would
take account of significant qualitative factors, so that less reliance would
need to be placed on the purely quantitative criteria in the evaluation of
secondary schools . The study committee worked out and tested new criteria and
procedures and published its conclusions in four volumes : How To Evaluate a
Secondary School, Evaluative Criteria, Educational Temperatures, and a General
Report . The committee anticipated that these materials and procedures would
need review and revision about every 10 years .
"a That is, those such as the Eight-Year Study, the Study of Secondary School Curriculum,
and the Cooperative Study of General Education .
criteria have been widely used and found helpful in raising the general level of
secondary education . Meanwhile, further educational research, experience
with war-training programs, and changing relations between secondary schools
and colleges have made a general revision of the criteria desirable . The accred-
iting associations have requested such a revision . An appropriation of $24,500
was made to the American Council on Education for use by a joint committee
of the accrediting associations toward the cost of revising the materials and
procedures developed in the earlier investigation .
While it is quite true that at the present time $1 billion is not par-
ticularly impressive when compared with endowments and Govern-
ment spending in related fields such as research and the like, two
things should be borne in mind . First, at the time the foundations
first began making grants to institutions and agencies, they were the
biggest and only contributors on that scale in the country. Second,
all have had the same policy of giving grants to inaugurate a particular
type of project or organization, withdrawing financial -aid when it
has become self-supporting or aroused the financial interest of other
individuals or groups . Dr . Hollis,sl writing about this phase of
foundation giving, states (excerpt from chapter 1, introduction, Phil-
anthropic Foundations and Higher Education, by Ernest Victor
Hollis)
Although foundations are important for the volume of money they distribute
to cultural undertakings, the essential nature of their influence is not in the
aggregate of their contributions . Rather it lies in the fact that the grants may
be large enough to provide the essential supplement necessary for foundations
to hold the balance of power. In the 1924 fund-raising campaign of 68 leading
universities there is an illustration of the powerful influence that foundations
may exert even when the amount they contribute is only a small percentage of
the total. They contributed only 18 .1 percent of the funds raised, but they were
reputed to have exerted a dominant influence on the purposes and plans of the
campaigns through being the largest single donors. The average size of grants
from foundations were $376,322.76 as compared to an average of $5,902 .75 from
individuals who gave $1,000 or more . About 3 .4 percent of the individual givers
contributed 59.3 percent of the total fund but because the average of their gifts
were not large enough to be considered an essential supplement, they were reputed
to have exerted a negligible influence in the policies and programs of these 68
colleges . If such vital and strategic potential powers are a possibility in
foundation activities, it should be known whether these new social institutions
are committed to a philosophy of social and cultural values in keeping with
the needs of a rapidly changing social order .
Dr . Hollis discusses the matter of foundation influence in education
at some length, and according to him foundations have influenced
higher education notably and increasingly "toward supporting social
and cultural ideas and institutions that contribute to a rapidly chang-
ing civilization * * * the chief contribution of the foundations
(being) in accelerating the rate of acceptance of the ideas they chose
to promote ."
51 Ibid, pp. 3- 4.
seems only remotely connected with improving college education"
"on the theory that research must first be done in general education
valid college reorganization is to be accomplished ."
He asks the question, "To what extent and in what direction
higher education in the United States been influenced by the philo
ophy, the administration, the activities, and the money of phila
thropic foundations?" 52
In reply he writes
In order to answer one must consider not only the degree of educational contr
or dominance that is exercised by the foundations, but also whether their activ
ties indicate progressive participation in a living culture that looks toward t
future, or whether they indicate a static or even reactionary tendency th
attempts to maintain the existing social order . While categorical answe
cannot be given, enough evidence has been introduced to remove discussion fr
the realm of biased assertion or mere conjecture .
To the question, "To what extent and in what direction has Americ
higher education been influenced by philanthropic foundations ?" 5
To what extent and in what direction has American higher education be
influenced by philanthropic foundations? An answer to the original questi
may now be ventured. This study concludes that the extent is roughly $6
million and the direction increasingly toward supporting social and cultur
ideas and institutions that contribute to a rapidly changing civilization . Fou
dations at the start were dissatisfied with existing higher education and th
have promoted programs that have, for the most part, been in advance of tho
prevailing in the institutions with which they have worked . To a large exte
these ideas were originated by frontier thinkers within the professions ;
chief contribution of the foundations has been in accelerating the rate
acceptance of the ideas they chose to promote .
In contending that these ideas have been closer to the "growing edge" of Amer
can culture than were the university practices they proposed to supplant, no cla
is made that wiser choices could not have been made or that there has not be
occasional overemphasis of foundation-supported ideas, resulting in dislocatio
and gaps in an ideally conceived pattern of progressive higher education . Th
study has often been critical of individual ideas, policies, and persons, and h
illustrated the foundations' frequent lack of social awareness, their failure
anticipate educational trends, and the presence of unavoidable human fallibili
in their official leadership .
The question then arises whether or not the activities of these fou
dations in the field of education are in harmony with the constitutiona
provisions with regard to education .
VIEWED IN RELATION TO THE CONSTITU ZION
"Education" is not directly referred to in the Constitution, nor
any of the amendments. Under the taxing power as well as the pr
hibition against discrimination, there have been cases in which t
question of educational opportunity or facilities was involved-tha
is, in decisions as to the constitutionality of State statutes .
There is a long line of cases in which the scope and effect of th
10th amendment have been precisely delineated . It is well esta
53 Ibid ., p . 282.
Ibid., pp. 294-295 .
the respective States possessed before the adoption of the Constitution,
and which they did not specifically relinquish by that document, are
expressly reserved to the individual States . It was drafted because
the framers of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights were well aware
that under the pressure of either "emergency" or "general welfare" the
National Government might attempt to assume powers that had not,
been granted . They were determined to leave no opening for such
an assumption, and thus, if further powers seemed necessary in the
future, they could only be provided for by amendment in the manner
set out in the Constitution .
At times it is erroneously stated that the 10th amendment provides
for a distribution of power between the United States and the States-
actually, properly stated, it is a reservation of power of the States .
This is readily understood when one recognizes that each of the States
(Colonies) was actually an autonomous political entity, prior to the
ratification of the Constitution. As such each has all the sovereign
powers (within its territorial limits) enjoyed by any foreign nation,
including unlimited jurisdiction over all persons and things.
Within its own borders, education, at every level of instruction, is
the sole province of each of the 48 States . This extends to the cur-
riculum, textbooks, teachers, and methods of instruction, as well as
standards of proficiency for both the student and the graduate .
The foundations, it is true, have taken the position that any stand-
ards they may have set have been in order to qualify for grants of their
funds-but, in their own words, they have had in view achieving a
uniformity and conformity of education and educational standards
throughout the country .
Each State has by statute prescribed the methods where changes
affecting its educational system shall be made, and in the case of
drastic changes the usual practice is to present the matter to the elec-
torate for its decision . From the records it is apparent that the foun-
dations did not follow the statutory provisions of the States relating
to education-and apparently it never occurred to any of them to con-
sult the authorities concerning those of their "educational" activities
which fell within the purview of State regulation . At any rate, at
no time did the individual States themselves (either through an
elected official or the electorate) have an opportunity to approve or
disapprove the changes brought about by foundation funds .
From a practical standpoint-and again it is emphasized regardless
of their merits-the changes have occurred ; now it is more difficult
to determine what the decision of the individual States would have
been then had they been consulted, particularly because many of them
(invaded as it were through the back door) have been "conditioned"
to the invasion, and would probably not display the same vigorous
opposition to the intrusion as might have been expected and forth-
coming when this encroachment on State powers first began .
KATHRYN CASEY,
Legal Analyst .
TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
SPECIAL' COMMITTEE To INVESTIGATE
TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS,
Washington, D . C.
Pursuant to resolution of the committee on July 2, 1954, at the in-
struction of the chairman, the balance of the staff report prepared by
Kathryn Casey, legal analyst, on the Carnegie and Rockefeller Foun-
dations, was incorporated in the record of proceedings .
( The report follows :)
SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES OF CARNEGIE CORP . OF NEW YORK, CARNEGIE
ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDA-
TION
PREFACE
At the same time that Carnegie and Rockefeller agencies were con-
centrating on the "chaotic condition" of education in the United States
(discussed in I), organizations bearing the same family names
were focusing attention on other types of conditions which in the opin-
ion of the trustees required improvement . While these so-called prob-
lems covered such varied fields as public health, malaria in Africa,
and exchange of profesors and students of international law, there was
an indirect relationship between them, and also between them and
education : namely, all of them were on the periphery-if not directly
in the center-of international relations and governmental activities
That both the foundation and the endowment did carry on activities
which would directly or indirectly affect legislation is borne out by
their own statements, as found in their annual reports .
That they both engaged in propaganda-as that word is defined
in the dictionary, without regard to whether it is for good or bad
ends-is also confirmed by the same source .
That both had as a project forming public opinion and supplying
information to the United States Government to achieve certain ob-
jectives, including an internationalist point of view, there can be no
doubt.
None of these results is inherent in the purposes of either of these
organizations.
Attached to this are abstracts from the yearly reports of both
organizations (identified as Exhibit-Carnegie Endowment for Inter-
national Peace and Exhibit-Rockefeller Foundation and arranged
chronologically), to which reference will be made from time to time
in support of statements as to the type of activity carried out by the
endowment, and occasionally short material of this nature will be
incorporated into the summary . This method has been chosen because
it will materially shorten the text of the summary itself, and still
give the members of the committee the benefit of having before them
statements made by both the endowment and the foundation .
As in part I, this portion of the summary of activities is concerned
only with stating what was done by the Carnegie and Rockefeller
agencies, the time of such activity, and the results, if any .
Purposes
The endowment by its charter was created to
* * * promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding
among the people of the United States ; to advance the cause of peace among
nations ; to hasten the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy ; to
encourage and promote methods for the peaceful settlement of international
differences and for the increase of international understanding and concord ; and
to aid in the development of international law, and the acceptance of all nations
of the principles underlying such law.
To accomplish its objectives the endowment had three divisions,
each having distinct fields of activity, particularly when originally
established, but as will be seen some of their operations have become
somewhat interwoven.
The primary objective of the division of international law was the
development of it, a general agreement-accepted by all nations- as
j ustice.
The division of economics and history had its program outlined at a
conference at Berne which laid out a plan of investigation to reveal the
causes and results of war . Many of the topics bear a rather close
resemblance to effects now found in the national life .
The purposes for which the division of intercourse and education
was instituted were the diffusion of information, and education of
public opinion regarding, not only the causes, nature, cultivation of
friendly feelings between people of different countries and effects of
war, but also means for its prevention ; maintenance, promotion, and
assistance of organizations considered to be necessary or useful for
such purposes . It was first referred to as the division of propa-
ganda 1-a name changed at the time it was formally established .
This division from the beginning expended much more money than
did the other two divisions, or the office of the secretary .
Compared with the activities of the other two divisions in these early
years those of the division of economics and history were fairly routine,
although with the outbreak of the First World War it was to start on
what developed into some 30 volumes of the economic history of that
war . While some of the economic measures which were covered in
that history and in other phases of the divisions were significant in the
light of the types of controls which were established in this country
during the Second World War, it is really with the work of the other
two divisions that this summary will primarily concern itself, since
their activities were more often in the international relations, propa-
ganda, political, and government relations areas .
The Rockefeller Foundation has a much more general and more
inclusive purpose : "To promote the well-being of mankind through-
out the world ." There is scarcely any lawful activity which would not
come within that classification, and undoubtedly some proscribed by
various statutes in this country might conceivably still be construed
as for the "well-being of mankind" elsewhere .
Before 1929, as mentioned in the earlier portion of this summary,
the Rockefeller Foundation confined its activities primarily to the
fields of medical education and public health, with some attention
being given to agriculture. Except in the sense that activities in each
of these fields were carried on outside of the United States, they had
relatively nothing to do with "international relations," but in the light
of later activities of the foundation in connection with "one-world"
theories of government and planning on a global scale there seems little
doubt that there is at least a causative connection .
The activities of the foundation are now (and have been for some
time) carried on by four divisions : Division of medicine and public
health, division of natural sciences and agriculture, division of social
sciences (including a section entitled international relations), and
division of humanities .
It is impossible to discuss the activities of the endowment and the
foundation entirely by subject headings, because one merges into the
other, and therefore they will be discussed in relation to the following
International relations, governmental relations, political activities, and
propaganda .
1 Finch History .
54610-54-7
ment and the foundation were along more or less parallel lines
although again the descriptive phraseology of the endowment is usuall
much more direct than that of the foundation as will be seen by quota-
tions from annual reports of each organization .
Because of the characteristic similarity, graphically illustrated b
the chart at the end of this summary, the activities of both organiza-
tions from 1929 on will be discussed together . However, since th
endowment's program began prior to that time, details of it will be
included first.
Endowment activities-1911-29
The endowment was dedicated to achieving world peace and in
doing that it utilized every method it deemed appropriate and effective
One method chosen was international law-and it immediately se
about to establish a coordinated national system of instruction through-
out the country in that subject . The 1930 yearbook, page 108, refer
to a meeting of international law and international relations professors
who met "in conference in order to discuss and to agree upon the best
methods to reach and educate the youth-primarily of the Unite
States-in the principles of international law and the basis of foreign
relations ."
In addition to international law, another method selected by the
endowment as a means of achieving international amity, was what
throughout the years is referred to in such terms as "education o
public opinion," "development of the international mind," "enlighten-
ment of public opinion," and "stimulation of public education ." Thi
last phrase it may be noted was used by Alger Hiss in his Recom
mendations of the President, pages 16 and 17 of the 1947 yearbook
in which he also recommended "most earnestly" that the endowment'
program for the period ahead be constructed "primarily for the sup-
port and assistance of the United Nations ." At times these phrase
were coupled with "diffusing information" or "dissemination of in
formation" but more frequently they were not . This part of th
endowment's work was not confined to the United States-it also
selected material to be distributed abroad through various means
and circulated foreign pamphlets on various subjects in this country
There is little doubt that the endowment regarded its work as educa
tional and as fostering world peace-and there is equally little doub
that the work was in the international relations field, and consistentl
of a propaganda nature . For example, as far back as June 1917
cooperated with the Academy of Political Science on a National Con-
ference on Foreign Relations of the United States, the stated purpose
being "to organize a campaign of education among the people of th
United States on the international situation then existing ."
Again in 1926 the endowment sponsored a conference on interna-
tional problems and relations-the aim being to "create and diffuse in
the United States a wider knowledge of the facts and a broader an
more sympathetic interest in international problems and relations
Several of the topics assume significance in the light of later events-
"International cooperation in public health and social welfare" and
"Economic adjustments ."
knowledge" as well as the agencies it chose to carry them out, these
early ventures seem rather .significant.
Throughout the years the reports cover such subjects as inter-
national relations clubs, international mind alcoves, international re-
lations centers, international economic cooperation, exchange profes-
sors, international visits, and the 'Like . Its relationship with the
American Association of International Conciliation continued until
1924 when its activities were merged with those of the division .
According to Dr. Finch that organization was selected by Dr . Butler
as "the chief propaganda agency of the division" (p . 446 of Finch
History) .
The endowment was really just getting started when the First
World War raised serious obstacles to its work abroad . However, be-
fore that event it had selected as "agencies of propaganda" (a name
later discarded) various of the peace societies, in which Mr . Carnegie
had been intensely interested .
However, some projects of importance were underway . The divi-
sion of international law had surveyed the situation existing with re-
gard to the teaching of that subject in colleges and universities in the
United States, and by the time war broke out in 1914 compiled a tabula-
tion showing the professors, instructors, and lecturers on international
law and related subjects during the collegiate year 1911-12.
The immediate result of this was placing the subject of fostering
"the study of international law" on the agenda of the American
Society of International Law in 1914, at the request of the endowment .
From that beginning grew the great influence of the endowment in
this field's increased facilities for the study of international law, uni-
form instruction differentiation between undergraduate and graduate
instructions, and inclusion of a host of "relatec ." subjects . According
to the Carnegie Endowment History by Dr . Finch, a check by the divi-
sion on the effects of its efforts showed the material increase both in
number of hours and the enlargement of classes which he estimates as
45 percent from 1911 to 1922, and a still further increase by 1928. He
also mentioned that in 1928 there were six former holders of the en-
dowment's international law fellowships teaching in foreign univer-
sities (p . 319 of the Finch History) .
Fellowships in international law
At the recommendation of the American Society of International
Law (made December 1916) the endowment established fellowships
for the study of international law and related subjects . There were
5 awarded annually to graduate students holding the equivalent of a
bachelor's degree and 5 to teachers of international law or related sub-
jects with 1 year of previous teaching experience .
A total of 212 fellowships were awarded from 1917 to 1936 (about
one-sixth bein renewals), of which 128 were to students and 84 to
teachers . Dr. F inch states that while complete records are not avail-
able, information in the files and in Who's Who as well as personal
contacts show that two-thirds entered the teaching profession and he
then continues (pp. 323 et seq.)
As the years went by, most of these teachers improved their positions . Some
became senior professors or heads of departments . Three became university
and later of the University of British Columbia ; Henry M . Wriston, after servin
as president of Lawrence College, is now president of Brown University
Bessie C . Randolph became president of Hollins College, Virginia, and Bernice
Brown (Cronkhite) is dean of Radcliffe College . Frederick S . Dunn, of John
Hopkins University, is now director of the Yale Institute of International Studie
Two former fellows were elected to the United States Congress . Charles West, o
Ohio, and Colgate W . Darden, of Virginia . Mr . Darden then served as Governo
of Virginia before he accepted the presidency of the university of his State .
Leadership has been assumed by former international law fellows in the
organization and direction of community and regional centers in different area
of the country for the promotion of international understanding and cooperatio
in international organization. Keener C . Frazer, professor of political science o
the University of North Carolina, became director of the Southern Council o
International Relations . J . Eugene Harley, professor of political science at th
University of Southern California, became director for the Center for Interna
tional Understanding at Los Angeles, and chairman of the Commission to Stud
the Organization of Peace in the southern California region ; Charles E. Martin
professor of international law and head of the department of political scienc
of the University of Washington, is chairman of the Institute of Public Affair
of Seattle, and of the Northwest Commission to Study the Organization of Peace
Brooks Emeny, of Cleveland, Ohio, was director of foreign affairs council of
that city, and then became president of the Foreign Policy Association in Ne
York . Another former endowment fellow, Vera Micheles (Dean) is the directo
of research of the same organization .
Some 16 former fellows are now in the service of the Department of Stat
occupying positions of varying responsibilities . The most outstanding of thi
group is Philip C. Jessup, now Ambassador-at-Large, and representing the Gov-
ernment of the United States in the United Nations and other important inter
national conferences attempting to restore peace to the world . At least tw
former endowment fellows who entered the military service were appointed t
responsible positions requiring a knowledge of international law . Hardy C
Dillard, of the University of Virginia, was director of studies of the United States
Army's School of Military Government located at that university, and later occu
pied the same position at the National War College in Washington . Charle
Fairman, of Stanford University, was Chief of the International Law Division o
the Office of Theater Judge Advocate in the European Theater of Operations
Several former endowment fellows were selected by the Government to go o
cultural and educational missions to the occupied areas, and two of them serve
as consultants to General MacArthur in Tokyo (Claude A . Buss of the Universit
of Southern California, and Kenneth W . Colegrove of Northwestern University)
A former endowment fellow, Francis 0 . Wilcox, is chief of staff of the Senat
Committee on Foreign Relations, assisted by another former fellow Thorste
Kalijarvi .
Of special interest is the career of John H. Spencer, of Harvard, after studyin
under a fellowship . He was appointed legal adviser to Emperor Haille Selassie
of Ethiopia before World War II. He returned to the United States and served
in the State Department and United States Navy while the Italian Army occu
pied that country, and then returned to his former post in Addis Ababa at the
urgent request of the Emperor, supported by the Department of State . Joh
R . Humphrey, an international law fellow from McGill University, Montreal,
became Director of the Division on Human Rights of the United Nations Secre-
tariat.
He concludes with this statement
The immediate objective, namely, to provide an adequate number of teacher
competent to give instruction in international law and related subjects, and thus
to aid colleges and universities in extending and improving the teaching of these
subjects, was demonstrably achieved . From this selective educational grou
have emerged leaders of opinion as well as of action in the conduct of inter-
national relations directed toward the goal for which the endowment was
founded.
2 Dr . Wriston was elected a trustee of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
in 1943 . He is also a trustee of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
and of the World Peace Foundation . He holds membership in several learned societies, i
a former president of the Association of American Colleges and president of the Association
of American Universities .
To lay little stress upon those aspects of peace propaganda that are primarily
rhetorical and feeling in character, but rather to organize throughout the world
centers of influence and constructive policy that may be used in the years to
come as the foundation upon which to erect a superstructure of international
confidence and good will and therefore of peace .
In view of the division's activities later in behalf of the League of
Nations and the United Nations, this has a somewhat prophetic ring .
Compared with the activities of the other divisions, the activities of
the division of intercourse and education were much more varied, and
the yearbooks contain innumerable references to its activities which
indicate that they were more concentrated in the fields covered by this
summary .
One.of the very first actions of the division in 1911 was the appoint-
ment of special correspondents throughout the world to report on con-
ditions in their respective countries and on public opinion here regard-
ing international problems between their governments and other
nations . When, in the opinion of the division, it was proper, extracts
were given to the American press . The decision of which to give and
which to withhold was entirely within the discretion of the division,
and that undoubtedly meant Dr . Butler. In view of his intense desire
to achieve peace, and his equally firm conviction that an international
organization could best accomplish that, it is entirely conceivable that
his judgment as to the material to be released might be influenced by
his own convictions and desires-and this would be equally true in the
case of any human being .
The correspondents also made the endowment's work known in their
countries through the press, interviews and speeches, and officially
represented it at undertakings of international cooperation and under-
standing .
This system was discontinued,in 1930 because by that time the di-
vision had established-
such a network of worldwide connections involving continuous correspondence
as to make it no longer necessary to employ the services of special correspondents .
Just after the war started in 1914, the division engaged prominent
persons to lecture before colleges, chambers of commerce, clubs, and
similar audiences on the subject of past and present history as it related
to current international problems . Among the speakers were David
Starr Jordan, Hamilton Wright Mabie, and George W . Kirchwey .
Dr. Butler instructions as to the endowment's purpose in sponsoring
these lectures were,
This work is to educate and enlighten public opinion and not to carry on a special
propaganda in reference to the unhappy conditions which now prevail throughout
a large part of the world. It is highly important that purely contentious ques-
tions be avoided so far as possible and that attention be fixed on those underlying
principles of international conduct, of international law, and of international or-
ganization which must be agreed upon and enforced if peaceful civilization is to
continue (letter to Dean Frederick P. Keppel, May 28, 1915-16 yearbook, p. 67) .
International mind alcoves
These were described in the yearbook of the endowment and typical
references are given in the exhibit. Following the entry of the United
States into World War I a systematic purchase and distribution of
books and pamphlets dealing with international relations generally
is generally credited with coining the phrase "international mind" an
from the time the distribution to libraries was begun they were know
as "international mind alcoves" and so referred to in the annua
reports.
The endowment has described the books selected and distributed by
it as "authoritative and unbiased books of a type suitable to interes
the general reader dealing with the daily life, customs and history of
other countries." In that connection, among the books distributed t
these alcoves and to the international relations clubs (and interna-
tional relations centers) are those referred to in a memorandum which
forms an exhibit to this summary, and is entitled "Exhibit-Carnegie,
Books Distributed ." The endowment has contributed $804,000 t
this activity . Dr. Colegrove's comments on some of these volume
indicate there was only one viewpoint presented-that of the on
world internationalist-and books written from a strictly nationalist
point of view were not included .
International relations clubs and conferences
These clubs in the United States were in part, an outgrowth o
groups of European students organized by the World Peace Founda
tion, and known as Corda Fratres . The endowment at the reques
of the World Peace Foundation contributed to the Eighth Interna
tional Congress of Students, and the following year (1914) the di
vision of intercourse and education began to actively organize what it
described as International Polity Clubs in colleges and universities
throughout the country, for the purpose of stimulation of interest in
international problems in the United States . The name was change
in 1919 to International Relations Clubs, and while interest diminished
for a few years after World War I, the clubs began a steady annua
increase before too long, which has been sustained to the present time
About 1924 the first conference was organized of a federation o
clubs in the Southern States, which became known as the Southeas
International Relations Clubs Conference . The idea quickly sprea
and a dozen such regional centers were formed . (From 1921 until 1'94
the endowment contributed $450,425 toward this program .)
Here again the purpose of the endowment is stated (Internationa
Relations Club Handbook, 1926) to be :
to educate and enlighten public opinion . It is not to support any single vie
as to how best to treat the conditions which now prevail throughout the world
but to fix the attention of students on those underlying principles of interna
tional conduct, of international law, and of international organization whic
must be agreed upon and applied if peaceful civilization is to continue .
However, mere statement of purpose as frequently pointed out b
the Bureau of Internal Revenue is not sufficient-the activities must
follow the purpose ; and those of the endowment do not bear out it
statement "not to support any single view ." Throughout its reports
by the books it has distributed, by the agencies it has used for variou
projects, by the endowment graduates which have found their place
in Government-the endowment has put forward only one side of th
question, that of an international organization for peace . It has no
sponsored projects advocating other means .
Carnegie, that from the yearbook for 1943, pages 37-38 .
Dr. Johnson in response to a letter requesting information as to
the formation and activities of these clubs, wrote the committee on
April 29, 1954, and both the request and the reply are included in
Exhibit-Carnegie .
These clubs were formed in 1914 and have operated for 40 years in
colleges, universities, and high schools. In 1938 according to Dr.
Johnson there were 1,103 clubs : 265 in high schools and 685 in col-
leges and universities throughout the United States ; with 11 scattered
in the Philippines, Hawaii, Alaska, Canal Zone, and Puerto Rico ; 24
in the United Kingdom, 34 in 14 Latin American countries, 22 in
China, 9 in Japan, 2 in Korea ; and the remaining' 51 in Canada,
Egypt, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Siam, New Zealand, Australia, South
Africa, Syria, and India .
Dr. Johnson's concluding statement that "a contribution was made
to a better understanding of the responsibilities which our country
now bears as a world power" is quite understandable under the cir-
cumstances . Some of the other aspects of these clubs will be discussed
in connection with the Foreign Policy Association .
Visiting Carnegie professors
In addition to the exchange professors of the division of interna-
tional law the division of intercourse and education in 1927 initiated
its own plan of exchange professors. It was inaugurated by sending
abroad the directors of the other two divisions as visiting professors
that year, Dr. James Scott Brown going to lecture at universities in
Latin America and Spain, and Dr. James T. Shotwell being sent to
Berlin. The other prominent Americans closely identified with this
field who went abroad to represent the endowment were Dr . David P.
Barrows, former president of the University of California, and an
elected trustee of the endowment in 1931 ; and Dr. Henry Suzzalli,
former president of the University of Washington at Seattle and
chairman of the board of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advance-
ment of Teaching . The exchange professors were not restricted to
international law and political science, but included professors of
public law, history, and other subjects .
The endowment also arranged for European tours for newspaper
editors, and a reciprocal tour of the United States for a group from
Europe.
Political activities
In addition to these projects already described, the endowment quite
early in its career, (1913-14) had a brush with the United States Sen-
ate regarding Senator Root's statements on the floor of the Senate
during the controversy over exemption of American coastwise vessels
from payment of Panama Canal tolls .
The Senate Committee on Judiciary was directed to investigate
the charge that "a lobby is maintained to influence legislation pending
in the Senate ." (Pt . 62, March 13, 1914, pp. 4770-4808 .) Apparently,
there had been some question as to whether the exceedingly widespread
distribution of the Senator's speeches by the endowment had been at
There was little real need for any outside investigation of the work of t
endowment . From the beginning the trustees regarded themselves as the admi
istrators of a quasi-public trust fund . Complete accounts of all activities and
expenditures detailed as much as practicable within reasonable printed limits
were published annually in the yearbook beginning with 1911 . In it were giv
the names of the trustees, officers and membership of committees, and the ful
texts of the reports of the executive committee, the Secretary, the treasurer
and of the directors of the three divisions . Summaries were published in t
yearbook of the meetings of the board of trustees, with the texts of thei
resolutions and the amount and general purposes of their appropriations . Lis
with bibliographical data were added of all endowment publications up to tha
time. The yearbook was obtainable free of charge upon application . It had
regular mailing list of 5,000 to 10,000 addresses, which included all the importan
newspaper offices in the United States and many in foreign countries .
The endowment also actively advocated passage of the reciproca
trade agreements legislation, adherence to the Anglo-American agree
ments and carried on various other activities of a political nature, a
the extracts from their annual reports confirm .
After World War I the endowment's trustees seemed to have bee
divided in their ideas on how best to begin anew their efforts to buil
a peaceful world . Some members of the board were still of the opinio
that international law, arbitration treaties and the like offered th
greatest hope, while others looked to an "international organization
of nations, as the best means to accomplish this objective .
The matter was resolved, officially at least, by the endowment puttin
its strength behind the League of Nations or failing that, adherence to
the World Court . Here again, the attitude and activities of th
endowment can be readily ascertained by reference to the exhibit in
which only a few of the many such statements have been included .
Early in its career the endowment began the close working arrange
ments with the Federal Government which have continued down t
the present time . Immediately after the United States entered Worl
War I the trustees passed a resolution offering to the Government "the
services of its division of international law, its personnel and equip-
ment for dealing with the pressure of international business incident
to the war ."
The Secretary of State first asked that the division translate an
publish the complete text of the proceedings of the two Hague Con
ferences and preliminary copies were made available to the American
Commission to Negotiate Peace at Paris in 1918 . The division als
aided in the preparatory work for the peace conference, and the mate-
rial for the use of the American delegation was selected (at a cost of
$30,000 paid by the endowment) by a committee of three appointed by
the Secretary of State-the director of the division of international
law, the Solicitor of the Department, Lester H . Woolsey, and a specia
assistant in the Department, David Hunter Miller . Much of th
material was the work of regular division personnel and all manu
scripts were edited by it .
The director of the division of international law was one of the two
principal legal advisers of the American Commission to Negotiate
Peace, the assistant director, Dr . Finch, was assistant legal adviser, a
were the chief division assistant, Henry G . Crocker, and Prof . Amos
S . Hershey (who was added to the professional staff to aid in the wor
The endowment also took part in the conference on the limitation of
armament and pacific relations in 1921-22, Elihu Root then president
of the endowment being one of the official United States delegates and
James Brown Scott, director of the division of international law, one
of the legal advisers .
Here again, the endowment offered the Secretary of State its co-
operation, which was accepted and a few weeks later Secretary of
State Hughes suggested that the endowment issue a series of pam-
phlets on the principal problems coming before the Conference .
President Root reporting to the board on April 21, 1922 said
I really do not know how the far-eastern work of the late Conference Upon
the Limitation of Armament could have been done without McMurray's book
which had just a few months before been published by the endowment . The
whole process of ranging the nine nations represented in the Conference upon
a basis of agreement for the treatment of Chinese questions so as to facilitate
the heroic efforts of the Chinese people to develop an effective and stable self-
government would have been exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, if we had not
had those two big volumes published by the endowment upon our tables for
access at any moment. We were continually referring to them and the members
could turn to such a page and find such a treaty and such an agreement and have
the real facts readily accessible .
When the Rockefeller Foundation turned to the social sciences and
the humanities as the means to advance the "well-being" of humanity,
the section entitled "Social Sciences" in the annual report was set up
under the following headings, which remained unchanged until 1935
General Social Science Projects : Cooperative Undertakings .
Research in Fundamental Disciplines .
Interracial and International Studies.
Current Social Studies .
Research in the Field of Public Administration .
Fundamental Research and Promotion of Certain Types of Organization.
Fellowships in the Social Sciences .
The report states that the arrangement was for the purpose of
"simplification and in order to emphasize the purpose for which ap-
propriations have been made ."
In the decade 1929--38 the foundation's grants to social-science
projects amounted to $31 .4 millions and grants were made to such
agencies as the Brookings Institution, the Social Science Research
Council, the National Research Council, the Foreign Policy Associa-
tion, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the Institute of Pacific
Relations in this country as well as a dozen or more in other countries,
and the Fiscal Committee of the League of Nations .
The original plunge of the foundation into the field of social science
was at the instigation of Beardsley Ruml, according to Raymond
Fosdick (The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation, p . 194), who in
1922 was appointed director of the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Me-
morial when consolidation of that organization with the foundation
was already being considered . During the 7 years, 1922-29 the me-
morial operated under Ruml's guidance it concentrated on the field of
social sciences and spent $41 million . Referring to the work of the
memorial Dr. Fosdick writes
He (Ruml) always insisted that his job was with social scientists, rather than
with social science. The sums which, under his leadership, were used to stimulate
64610--54--8
cellor Hutchins of the University of Chicago, speaking in 1929, summed up the
verdict in words which a longer perspective will probably not overrule : "The
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, in its brief but brilliant career, did more
than any other agency to promote the social sciences in the United States ."
Dr. Ruml was the head of the memorial for all but the first 4 years
of its existence.
Since the foundation absorbed the memorial's program and carries
on all its activities relating to government and international relations
under the heading of social sciences, these comments by Dr. Fosdick
and Dr . Hutchins have equal applicability to the work of the founda-
tion in these fields.
There is ample evidence from the foundation's yearbooks that it
carried on activities in the field of government of a political and
propaganda nature, as well as in the field of international relations,
and examples of this will be found in the "Exhibit-Rockefeller ."
Included in that exhibit also are the statement of Mr . Chester I .
Barnard in the Cox committee hearings, page 563, speaking of his
work as "the consultant of the State Department * * * on different
things from time to time," and quotations from Dr . Fosdick's book on
the foundation .
In 1935 the foundation's activities again were reorganized, and that
year the section "Social Sciences" begins : "In 1935 the foundation
program in the social sciences were reorganized along new lines with
emphasis upon certain definite fields of interest ."
Major changes were termination of financial aid to general institu-
tional research in the social sciences here and abroad, elimination of
grants for "the promotion of basic economic research," for community
organization and planning (unless within -the scope of one of the new
fields of interest), cultural anthropology, and schools of social work .
From then on the foundation was to concentrate on three areas of
study : Social security, international relations, and public adminis-
tration.
Subsequent statements made by the foundation concerning its work
in each of these fields will be discussed in the concluding portions of
this summary.
The same year that the foundation publicly announced that its
activities in the field of social science would be confined to interna-
tional relations and relations with government, the endowment was
engaged in a project related to both which exemplifies the methods
frequently used by the endowment in attempting to achieve world
peace . This project was the calling of an unofficial conference in
March of 1935 to consider possible steps to promote trade and reduc-
tion of unemployment, stabilization of national monetary systems, and
better organization of the family of nations to give security and
strengthen the foundations on which international peace must rest .
From this grew the reorganization of the National Peace Confer-
ence, composed of 32 newly organized city and State peace councils,
with its committees of experts appointed to supply factual data and
analyses of international affairs . Among the commissions were ones
on economics and peace, national defense, the world community, and
the Far East.
position with the Association for the United Nations, was placed in
charge of the endowment's educational program . Dr . Finch's com-
ment on this indicates the extensive nature of Dr . Eichelberger's
contacts through this assignment .
* * * He traveled extensively throughout the United States developing con-
tacts which resulted in the adoption of programs within numerous organizations,
some not hitherto reached by the endowment . Among them were : United States
Department of Agriculture Extension Service through its county and home-
demonstration agents and discussion specialists in the field ; extension services
of State agricultural colleges ; American Farm Bureau Federation and Asso-
ciated Women of the Federation ; National Farmers Educational and Cooperative
Union of America ; Junior Farmers Union ; 4-H Clubs ; National Grange ; in-
formal community forums and Federal forums sponsored by the United States
Bureau of Education ; classes and forums conducted by the Works Progress
Administration ; adult education ; workers' education and labor unions ; churches,
women's clubs, university groups, Rotary, and other service clubs . Leadership-
training conferences were established for the training of organizational repre-
sentatives from which the best qualified were selected for discussion leaders .
Literature was prepared by the division and supplied for use in discussion
programs. Basic pamphlet material of the Department of State was also used .
The radio played an important part. Local stations were supplied with electrical
transcriptions of addresses on world economic problems .
Dr. Finch has another comment as to the methods used in carrying
on this "educational program"
The educational program did not necessarily start with the subject of
international relations as such, but with topics which would help the member-
ship of these groups to recognize and analyze the economic, social, and educa-
tional problems within their own organizations and communities, and to under-
stand the factors, local, national, and international which create these problems ;
to discover to what extent each economic group could contribute toward the
solution of their common problems, and to what extent solutions of local prob-
lems were dependent upon national and international relations ; to know and
use the sources of information on public and international problems .
The National Peace Conference extended this "educational" work
in 1938 by undertaking "an educational campaign for world economic
cooperation," using Peaceful Change-Alternative to War, published
by the Foreign Policy Association, as the basic handbook . According
to Dr . Nicholas Murray Butler (1938 yearbook, p . 48) this campaign
was undertaken to emphasize the importance of putting into effect
the recommendations of the joint committee of the endowment and
the International Chamber of Commerce, and had two phases . The
first, from September 1937 to March 1938, was on education in the
fundamentals of world economic cooperation followed by a nation-
wide conference scheduled for March 1938 in Washington, D . C ., to
appraise the campaign up to that time, "to consider recommendations
of practical policy prepared by a committee of experts under the direc-
tion of Prof . Eugene Staley, and to formulate conclusions on specific
Government policies ." The second phase was another campaign of
education from March 1938 to January 1939 .
It is apparentt merely from reading the Rockefeller Foundation's
list of its "fields of interest" that in all probability it would frequently
contribute to the identical project and the identical organization, re-
ceiving contributions from the endowment . This is exactly what hap-
pened, and while in the amount of time available it is not possible
to itemize the projects, it is possible to select typical examples from
the agencies to which it contributed .
Moreover, as it will become apparent,
parent, at times a joint activity (in the
sense that both contributed funds to a particular project or organ-
ization) was related to both Government and to international rela-
tions . Several of such organizations aided by both organizations will
be discussed separately because they are particularly pertinent to the
relations of the foundations to both Government and international
relations.
Institute of International Education
This was one of the first agencies to receive contributions from the
foundation when it enlarged its sphere of activity to include the
social sciences, and it has continued to make grants every year since
then .
The institution was authorized by the executive committee of the
endowment at Dr. Butler's instigation in 1919, as an integral part
of the Division of Intercourse and Education for the-
purpose of fostering and promoting closer international relations and under-
standing between the people of the United States and other countries, to act
as a clearinghouse of information and advice on such matters and to systematize
the exchange of visits of teachers and students between colleges and universities
of the United States and those of foreign countries .
It arranged itineraries and lecture tours for visiting professors and
circuited the visiting professors among the colleges and universities
of the United States, including visits to the International Relations
Clubs .
In Department of State publication 2137, page 9, entitled "The
Cultural Cooperation Program, 1938-43," there is the following state-
ment as to the place the institute came to occupy in international
education
The Institute of International Education in New York, a private organization,
began after the First World War to persuade universities in the United States
and in Europe to offer full scholarships (tuition, board, and lodging) for exchange
students . More than 100 universities in the United States and a similar number
in Europe cooperated . The institute reported that during the period 1920-38
approximately 2,500 foreign students were brought to the United States under
this plan, and 2,357 American students were placed in foreign universities .
The cash value of scholarships given by American universities to this group
of foreign students was $1,970,000, and the scholarships to American students
abroad were valued at $917,000 . This plan is especially significant because it
won support from so large a number of private institutions, each of which was
willing to : invest its own funds in the exchange of students .
The endowment also continued its contributions to this institute-
funds from both organizations amounting to approximately $5
million.
Foreign Policy Association
This organization received grants from the endowment, and, in
addition, many of its pamphlets were distributed to the International
Mind Alcoves and the International Relations Clubs .
In that connection, one of the persons whose books were distributed
by the endowment was Vera Micheles Dean, who is referred to later in
this summary . Mrs . Dean was given an international law scholarship
by the endowment in 1925-26 .
lication and educational activities of the Foreign Policy Association .
In 1950, when it terminated aid to the association, the foundation in its
annual report indicated that its reason for doing so was that it was
operating largely on a stable and self-supporting basis . However, in
1952 the Adult Education Fund of the Ford Foundation gave $335,-
000 to the association .
The Rockefeller Foundation in addition to contributing funds to the
Foreign Policy Association has referred to the Headline Series in its
annual reports, and, while not fulsome in praise, there is no doubt that
the foundation approved of them-the 1950 annual re ort (exhibit -
Rockefeller) refers to these books as the "popular Headline Books,"
with details on problems of importance to Americans and to the world .
Dr. Johnson, after describing the International Relations Clubs
(exhibit - Carnegie) adds that these clubs have now become associ-
ated with the Foreign Policy Association . In that connection, the
McCarran committee hearings contain frequent references to the inter-
locking association of that organization with the Institute of Pacific
Relations, and includes, among other exhibits, No . 1247, which dis-
cussed the Headline book, Russia at War, and refers to the good job
performed by the Foreign Policy Association of promoting Mrs .
Dean's pamphlet, through the regular channels .
Time has not permitted extensive inspection of the volumes pub-
lished by the Foreign Policy Association, but Vera Micheles Dean who
was the research director of the Foreign Policy Association and editor
of its research publications is referred to frequently in the McCarran
committee reports on the Institute of Pacific Relations . She is the au-
thor of Russia-Menace or Promise? one of the Headline Series, as
well as the United States and Russia (1948) .
While the Association refers to itself as a nonprofit American organ-
ization founded to carry on research and educational activities to aid
in the understanding and constructive development of American for-
eign policy which does not seek to promote any one point of view to-
ward international affairs, this statement is somewhat equivocal both
in view of the nature of its publications, and also because in those re-
viewed little attention was paid to the possibility of a nationalist
point of view as opposed to an internationalist one.
Another of the Headline Series, World of Great Powers, by Max
Lerner (1947), contains the following language
There are undoubtedly valuable elements in the capitalist economic organi-
zations . The economic techniques of the future are likely to be an amalgam of
the techniques of American business management with those of Government
ownership, control, and regulation . For the peoples of the world, whatever their
philosophies, are moving toward similar methods of making their economic
system work .
If democracy is to survive, it too must move toward socialism-a socialism
guarded by the political controls of a State that maintains the tradition of in-
tellectual consent and the freedom of political opposition . And the imperatives
of survival are stronger than the winds of capitalist doctrine .
This is an arduous road for democracy to travel, and it may not succeed . But
it is the only principle that can organize the restless energies of the world's
peoples .
the United States merely want world peace and security
The successive layers of fear and suspicion on both sides can be stripped away
only when both show a creativeness in approaching each other halfway . This
would mean, for America, reopening the question of granting Russia a loan
or 6redits for the purchasing of machines and machine tools . These the Soviet
Union sorely needs for peacetime production and for lifting the terribly low
standards of living of the Russian people . For Russia it would mean a com-
mitment to return to the world economic and trade councils from which it with-
drew after Bretton Woods.
Moving from the economic to the political level, it would mean a willingness
on America's part to grant greater United Nations control of Japan and the
former Japanese island bases in the Pacific, and on Russia's part to be less
truculent about her sphere of influence in eastern Europe . Given such economic
and political agreements, a meeting of minds would become possible on the
international control of atomic energy, which is the central question both of
disarmament and peace .
One further illustration of the internationalist trend of the Foreign
Policy Association will be found in another Headline Series volume,
Freedom's Charter, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, by
Dr. O . Frederick Nolde, which deals with the covenants on human
rights without referring to the criticisms made of their possible effects
on the Constitution and its Bill of Rights, and the entire tone of the
pamphlet is one of praise for the universal declaration . By a tech-
nique frequently found in pamphlets which are pro-United Nations
and its activities, Dr. Nolde obliquely places those who disagree with
the universal declaration-for whatever reason-in a category with
the Soviet Union who also object to certain phases, for example : "So-
viet emphasis on state sovereignty appeared in other contexts, also .
Many delegates contended that the universal protection of man's rights
will require a measurable yielding of national sovereignty . As previ-
ously pointed out, the U . S . S . R . took radical exception to this
contention ."
Up to the time this summary was written no book or pamphlet of
a contrary point of view (published by the association) has been
found-which raises the question of a comparison between the theory
expressed by the association not to seek to promote any one point of
view and of the type of books and pamphlets it sponsors and publishes .
Council on Foreign Relations
Here again the two organizations-the Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace and the Rockefeller Foundation-have been
substantial contributors to the work of an agency in the international
field . And again, as in the case of the Foreign Policy Association, it
is evident from the publications of the council that its approach is not
an unbiased one .
The Council has published studies by the following
Public Opinion and Foreign Policy-Lester Markel and others.
International Security-Philip: C . Jessup .
World Economy in Transition and Raw Materials in Peace and War-Eugene
Staley.
The Challenge to Isolation, 1937-40-William L . Langer and S . Y. Everett
Gleason.
Dr. Langer was later selected by the Council and the foundation to
prepare a history of American foreign policy from 1939 to 1946, which
has been stated to be a one-sided interpretation rather than an objec-
Council or the foundation for preparation of a contrary evaluation
of this subject-and neither organization supported the volume by
Professor Tansill published a year or so ago, which gives the other side
of the picture.
It is interesting to note that shortly after World War II exploded
in September 1939, representatives of the Council visited the Depart-
ment of State to offer its assistance on the problems the conflict had
created and offered to undertake work in certain fields, without formal
assignment of responsibility on one side or restriction of independent
action on the other . A tentative outline was prepared for four groups
of experts to undertake research on : Security and Armaments Prob-
lems, Economic and Financial Problems, Political Problems, and Ter-
ritorial Problems. These came to be known as the War and Peace
Studies, and were financed by the Rockefeller Foundation under the
Council's committee on studies .
About February 1941, the informal character of the relationship
between the State Department and the Council ceased The Depart-
ment established a Division of Special Research composed of Eco-
nomic, Political, Territorial, and Security Sections, and engaged the
secretaries who had been serving with the Council groups to partici-
pate in the work of the new Division.
Following that, in 1942, a fifth group was added to the War and
Peace Studies, called the Peace Aims Group . This group had been
carrying on discussions regarding the claims of different European
nations, the relation of such claims to each other as well as to the cur-
rent foreign policy of the United States, and their relationship to
eventual postwar settlements 3 The State Department particularly
commended the work of this last group . That same year the rela-
tionship between the council and the Department became even more
close-the Department appointed Isaiah Bowman and James T . Shot-
well as members of its newly organized "Advisory Committee on
Postwar Foreign Policies ." In addition to their association with the
Council of Foreign Relations both had also been associated with
Carnegie organizations .
Particular interest attaches to this activity on the part of the coun-
cil . First of all, the action of the council in offering its services
closely parallels the action of the Carnegie endowment in both the
First and Second World Wars, and in view of Mr . Shotwell's back-
ground it seems likely that it was somewhat a case of taking a leaf
from the same book .
The second reason is because the research secretaries of the War
and Peace studies of the council progressed to other work related to
the organization of peace and the settlement of postwar problems
Philip E. Mosely, research secretary of the Territorial group, ac-
companied Secretary Hull to Moscow in 1943, when representatives
of Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China
issued the Moscow Declaration, the text of which had been prepared
previously in the Committee on Postwar Foreign Policies . Mr .
Mosely later became political adviser to the American member of the :
I The endowment had conducted a similar study before world war I .
Walter R. Sharp, research secretary of the Political group, served
as Secretary General of the United Nations Food Conference at
Quebec in 1945 .
Grayson Kirk, research secretary of the Security group, was among
the experts at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference and was executive
officer of commission III at the San Francisco Conference .
Dwight E. Lee, research secretary of the Peace Aims group, was as-
sistant secretary of committee I, commission III at the San Francisco
Conference.
The outside experts also reappeared in other work
Dr. Isaiah Bowman was a member of the United States delegation
at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, special adviser to the Secretary
of State, member of the Department's Policy Committee, and adviser
to the American delegation at the San Francisco Conference .
Hamilton Fish Armstrong served as adviser to the American Am-
bassador in London in 1944, with the personal rank of minister, also
as special adviser to the Secretary of State, and as adviser to the
American delegation at the San Francisco Conference.
Walter H. Mallory, secretary of the Steering Committee which
directed the War and Peace Studies, was a member of the Allied Mis-
sion to Observe the Elections in Greece, with the personal rank of
minister, a mission which grew out of the Yalta agreement to assist
liberated countries to achieve democratic regimes responsive to the
wishes of their people .
This does not include any of the several dozen members of these
council groups who were called into the Government in wartime
capacities not connected with formulation of postwar policies . Nor
is any implication intended that pressure was brought to secure
placement of any of these individuals in particular posts . It is self-
evident, however, that the research secretaries as well as the others
referred to later attained positions of influence in relation to the
foreign policy of the United States, and were instrumental in formu-
lation of the United Nations Organization .
During its operations the War and Peace Studies project held 362
meetings and prepared and sent to the State Department, close to
700 documents, which were distributed to all appropriate offcers, and
also reached other departments and agencies of the Government, since
representatives of many such agencies were informal members of
council groups . With a few exceptions these documents are now
in the council library and available for study .
The endowment also had direct association during this period
with the State Department, in addition to its association through
the work of the council just described, through its Division of Inter-
national Law. This association arose following Pearl Harbor in
1941, when the endowment offered and the Department accepted the
services of that Division, thus again establishing an informal basis
of cooperation .
At that time Philip Jessup, who was director of the division of inter-
national law from 1940 to 1943, resigned to devote his entire time to
Government service .
Following several exploratory conferences to determine what could
be learned from the experience of the League of Nations, the division
of * * * series of studies on international organization and admin-
istration. * * *"
The first was 'International Law of the Future, Postulates, Prin-
ciples, and Proposals . It was followed by
International Tribunals, Past and Future
The International Secretariat : A Great Experiment in International Admin-
istration
Guide to the Practice of International Conferences
League of Nations and National Minorities
The Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations
Immunities and Privileges of International Officials
International Drug Control
Mandates, Dependencies, and Trusteeship
'The Customs Union Issue
The 1944 yearbook, pages 67-70 of the report of the director of the
division of international law, in a section devoted to the work program
of the division, refers to this statement of the International Law of the
Future, a second part containing "Principles," and a third p art con-
taining "Proposals," and in the extract from this yearbook complete
text is included in "Exhibit-Carnegie") there are these statements
* * * In line with the Moscow Declaration, the Postulates envisage a "general
international organization for the maintenance of international peace and
security ." The principles are offered as a draft of a declaration which might be
officially promulgated as the basis of the international law of the future . The
proposals for international organization are not offered as a draft of a treaty
but as suggestions for implementing the principles .
The following year, 1945, the yearbook has the following statement,
page 84 :
It is apparent from a reading of the proposals for the establishment of a
general international organization adopted at Dumbarton Oaks that their
drafting was influenced to some extent by the contents of the Statement of the
International Law of the Future which was published and given widespread
distribution on March 27, 1944.
(Moreover, while the endowment makes no reference to them, there
is great similarity also to the proposals for international cooperation
-drafted many years earlier, in which the endowment participated both
financially and through its personnel.)
According to Dr . Finch these documents were published "having
in mind" the objectives Mr . Churchill expressed in February 1945,
namely, that the former League of Nations would be replaced by a far
stronger body but which-
will embody much of the structure and the characteristics of its predecessor .
All the work that was done in the past, all the experience that has been gathered
by the working of the League of Nations, will not be cast away .
Dr . Finch's further comments (p . 435) are :
Advance copies of all but the last of the studies were made available to officials
of the United States and other governments in Washington . They were in
constant use at the conference of jurists held in Washington to revise the statute
of the International Court of Justice, at the United Nations Conference on
International Organization in San Francisco, the United Nations Relief and
Rehabilitation Administration Conference, the Interim Commission of the United
Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, the United Nations Monetary and
Financial Conference and at the series of meetings held by the United Nations
in London, including the Preparatory Commission, the General Assembly, and
the Security Council, as well as the meeting of foreign ministers held in the
same city . The limited advance editions printed for these purposes were inade-
The portions of Dr . Finch's History quoted earlier on pages 9, 10
and 11, tell the story of former fellowship holders who have entered
various fields, including Government service, but there were others
who went from the endowment to places in public life
James T . Shotwell, who was director of the division of economics
and history for many years, was also chairman of the international
research committee of the American council, Institute of Pacific Re-
lations ; and while attending a conference of the institute in 1929 de-
livered a number of addresses on American foreign policy and prob-
lems in international organizations . In 1930 he became director of
research in international affairs of the social science research council
and many of the publications in which his division took an interest
originated in research in Europe arranged for him by that organiza-
tion. Among these were :
International Organization in European Air Transport-Lawrence C . Tomb
Maritime Trade of Western United States-Elliott G . Mears
Turkey at the Straits-Dr . Shotwell and Francis Deak
Poland and Russia--Dr . Shotwell and Max M. Laserson
Dr. Shotwell was chairman of an unofficial national commission of
the United States to cooperate with the Committee of the League of
Nations on Intellectual Cooperation, and he later accepted member-
ship on the State Department's Advisory Committee on Cultural Re-
lations (1942-44) .
Dr. Finch, referring to the invitation extended to Dr . Shotwell to
serve on the Advisory Committee on Postwar Policy, goes on
* * * He was later appointed by the endowment its consultant to the Ameri-
can delegation to the United Nations Conference on International Organization
at San Francisco, April 25 to June 26, 1945 . These official duties placed Dr.
Shotwell in a position of advantage from which to formulate the changing pro-
gram and direct with the greatest effectiveness the operations of the commis-
sion to study the organization of peace .
The associate consultant was Dr . Finch himself, then director of
the division of international law.
Professor John B. Condliffe, associate director of the division of economics
and history (Berkeley branch office) edited a series of pamphlets dealing with
tariffs and agriculture . They covered, in addition to a general study of pro-
tection for farm products, cotton, dairy products, wheat, corn, the hog industry,
and sugar ; and were circulated to all county agricultural agents throughout
the country and were officially supplied by the Department of Agriculture to
every director of agricultural extension work in the United States .
Ben AI . Cherrington, who was elected trustee of the endowment in
1943, was the first Chief of the Division of Cultural Relations of the
State Department, serving until 1940 . Before that he was director
of the Social Science Research Council and professor of international
relations at the University of Denver.
Upon leaving the State Department he became chancellor of the
university where he remained until 1946, when he became a member of
the national committee of the United States for the United Nations
Scientific and Cultural Organization. Dr . Cherrington was an asso-
ciate consultant of, the United States delegation to the United Nations
Conference in San Francisco .
Philip C . Jessup was another endowment contribution to the field of
public service. His first assignment was in the Department of State,
of the Court Statutes, called by the League of Nations Council . Dr .
Jessup was assistant professor of international law at Columbia Uni-
versity and later became Mr . Root's biographer . He was elected a
trustee of the endowment in 1937, succeeded Dr. James Brown Scott
as director of the division of international law in 1940 and 1943
resigned because of the pressure of Government work during the war .
He was Assistant Secretary General of UNRRA and attached to
the Bretton Woods Conference in 1943-44 ; assistant on judicial or-
ganizations at the United Nations Conference in San Francisco, where
he helped to revise the statutes of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice to the present form in the United Nations Charter .
He was also secretary of a national world court committee, organized
in New York, of which two trustees of the endowment were also
members .
The list of such individuals is long-and to include all the names
would merely lengthen this summary to no particular purpose .
Henry Wriston, Eugene Staley, Isaiah Bowman, John W . Davis,
Quincy Wright, John Foster Dulles, Robert A . Taft, and others-
either during their association with the endowment or at some other
time-also were in the public service .
United Nations
Both the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the
Rockefeller Foundation aided this cause . In the case of the endow-
ment it was a natural outgrowth of its deep interest in the League of
Nations and the World Court, and its disappointment when the United
States failed to join the League, intensified its activities in connection
with the United Nations .
The close association between the endowment and the State Depart-
ment, even before World War II actually enveloped this country, has
been discussed, and it is apparent that the idea of achieving peace
through a world government arrangement was still the goal of the
endowment as indicated by the character of its representatives and
the nature of their activities .
While Dr . Jessup was director of the division of international law,
it undertook an investigation of the numerous inter-American sub-
sidiary congresses and commissions which are part of the pan-Ameri-
can system and as a result amassed a considerable amount of incidental
and extraneous information of a technical and administrative char-
acter concerning the composition and functioning of permanent inter-
national bureaus and commissions . In collaboration with the public
administration committee of the Social Science Research Council, Dr .
Jessup began a study of this subject and the project later broadened
to include not only official administrations and agencies established
by American governments, but private international organizations
operating in specialized fields, special emphasis being given to the
structural and administrative aspects of these organizations .
The work covered approximately 114 organizations, supplied the
names and addresses of each organization along with a brief account
of its history, purpose, internal administrative structure, membership,
finance, publications, and activities, and was intended primarily to
At this point it is appropriate to say something about the Commis
sion To Study the Organization of the Peace, which while not a part o
the endowment's direct program was treated as work through anoth
agency to which the endowment was willing to grant financial suppor
The policy .of the endowment in such instances is discussed in t
concluding portion of this summary .
The commission in actuality was merely a continuation of th
National Peace Conference referred to on pages 880 and 881 .' It ca
into being under that name in 1939, under the aegis of Dr . Shotwe
and Clark M . Eichelberger-guiding lights of the peace conferenc
and immediately began organization of regional commissions an
monthly discussion meetings .
It too had an "educational program," carried to rural communities
and furnished to press services, editors, educational writers, column
ists, and commentators .
On June 6, 1941, the commission issued a document entitled "State
ment of American Proposals for a New World Order."
In February 1942, this was augmented by "The Transitional Period
A year later, 1943, the commission followed these with a statemen
dealing with steps that should be taken during the war to organiz
for the transition period .
Between then and 1944 these were added
General Statement and Fundamentals
Part I-Security and World Organization
Part II-The Economic Organization of Welfare
Part III-The International Safeguard of Human Rights
A recapitulation of the principles laid down was issued after Dum
barton Oaks, entitled : "The General International Organizatio
Its .Framework and Functions ."
According to Dr . Finch (p . 248)
During the following Dumbarton Oaks Conference the commission kept t
work of the conference before the public and organized an educational progr
in behalf of its proposals . It also directed its studies to subjects inadequate
covered by or omitted from the proposals, such as human rights, trusteeshi
and economic and social cooperation . Separate committees were set up on ea
of these subjects and their studies and conclusions were later published .
At the San Francisco Conference the commission was able to promote its obje
tives through many of its officers and members who were connected with t
Conference in an official or consultant capacity . Following the signature a
ratification of the charter and the establishment of the United Nations, the Co
mission To Study the Organization of Peace planned its studies and education
program with two purposes in view : Making the United Nations more effecti
by implementation and interpretation, and making it the foundation of the forei
policy of the United States .
The commission became the research affiliate for the American Association f
the United Nations, with joint offices and interlockingg officers in New York .
is estimated by Dr . Shotwell in his annual report of March 27, 1945, to the endo
ment that over 600,000 copies of the commission's reports had been distribut
and distribution of over 31/4 million pieces of its popular material numbers.
In "Exhibit-Carnegie" statements taken from the endowment'
yearbooks trace the steps taken by the endowment to advance the caus
of the United Nations . The 1944 volume tells of the conference
attended by former officials of the League of Nations, as well as b
government officials, and says the third "will be of interest to a muc
wider group, including not only officials but educators and other
or are contemplated for the postwar period ." The first of these con-
ferences was held in August 1942-less than 9 months after Pearl
Harbor-and the last was held in August 1943-2 years before the
San Francisco Conference .
That same yearbook describes the activities of the endowment as
having placed it "* * * in a peculiarly strategic position to cooperate
with official agencies preparing to undertake international functions"
and states that while the Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation
Operations was engaged in preparing for the organizing conference
of UNRRA it "* * * frequently called upon the division to assist by
various means in these preparations ."
The endowment supplied special memoranda to the conference, as
well as copies of its various publications relating to international
organization and administration. The special memoranda covered
such subjects as International Conferences and Their Technique,
Precedents for Relations Between International Organizations and
Nonmember States, and the like .
The following year, 1945, the work of the Commission To Study the
Organization of the Peace was again referred to (pp. 112-114) and a
quotation concerning it has been included in "Exhibit-Carnegie ."
The endowment had two other projects which fall into the inter-
national field-the International Economic Handbook and Commer-
cial and Tariff History and Research in International Economics by
Federal Agencies . The latter disclosed the extent to which the
Government of the United States engaged in the study of economic
questions and the resources of economic information at its disposal.
It also cooperated with the International Chamber of Commerce
and Thomas J. Watson, a trustee of the endowment, was chairman of
a committee established in 1939 by the chamber called a committee for
international economic reconstruction . Dr. Finch described one of
the first projects of the comrn .ittee (p. 243) as "a program of public
adult education in this country ." Later the committee was renamed
the committee on international economic policy and set about enlisting
54 leaders of national, business, industrial, education, and religious
groups. These included Mr . Winthrop W. Aldrich, President Nich-
olas Murray Butler, Mr. Thomas J. Watson, Mr . Leon Fraser, Mr .
Clark H . Minor, Mr. Robert L. Gulick, Jr ., Eric A . Johnston, Robert
M. Gaylord, Paul G. Hoffman, Eliot Wadsworth, A . L. M. Wiggins,
J. Clifford Folger, E . P . Thomas, and Fred I . Kent.
According to the yearbook, a public-relations committee was organ-
ized and . professional news services were employed to reach American
grassroots, in order to secure the widest possible distribution of the
pamphlets produced by the committee, among which were
World Trade and Employment, by the advisory committee on economics to the
committee on international economic policy .
The International Economic Outlook, by J . B. Condliffe, associate director, divi-
sion of economics and history, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace .
Industrial Property in Europe,- by Antonin Basch, department of economics,
Columbia University .
Price Control in the Postwar Period, by Norman S. Buchanan, professor of
economics, University of California.
Economic Relations With the U . S. S. R., by Alexander Gerschenkron, Inter-
national Section, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System .
International Double Taxation, by Paul Deperon, secretary of the Fiscal Com-
mittee, League of Nations .
Discriminations and Preferences in International Trade, by Howard P . Whidden,
economist, Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York .
Principles of Exchange Stabilization, by J . B . Condliffe .
International Commodity Agreements, by Joseph S. Davis, director of the food
research institute, Stanford University .
Import Capacity of the United States, by J. B. Condliffe and R . L. Gulick.
World Production and Consumption of Food, by Karl Brandt, Stanford
University .
International Cartels, by A. Basch .
Export Policy, by Robert L. Gulick, economist, Carnegie Endowment for Inter-
national Peace .
The Relation Between International Commercial Policy and High Level Em-
ployment, by Sumner H . Slichter, Harvard University .
Thousands of copies of the committee's pamphlets on international
economic problems were distributed to business executives, agricultural
leaders, diplomatic representatives, students, Government officials,
servicemen, Members of Congress, and to congressional committees .
A special project in this field was the work done at the time the recip-
rocal trade-agreements program came before Congress for renewal,
when special literature in support of the program was prepared and
distributed by the endowment .
The Rockefeller Foundation was working shoulder to shoulder with
the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in furthering
"agencies devoted to studies, to teaching, to service to government and
to public and expert education" on the assumption that while "it is
not possible to guaranty peace * * * the way to work toward it is
to strengthen the `infinity of threads that bind peace together ."' It
selected many of the same agencies which had been chosen by the
endowment for studies and related activities . In the international-
relations field grants went to agencies which conduct research and
education designed to strengthen the foundations for a more enlight-
ened public opinion and more consistent public policies (1946 annual
report) .
This same foundation report (p . 40) mentions the appropriation to
the Institute of Pacific Relations of $233,000, much of whose work "is
related to the training of personnel, the stimulation of language study,
and the conduct of research on problems of the Far East . It is part
of the pattern by which, from many different directions and points of
view, efforts are being made to bring the West and East into closer
understanding ."
Two years earlier, the 1944 report of the foundation said "China
is the oldest interest of the Rockefeller Foundation," and it has spent
more money in that country than in any other country except the
United States . In addition to direct grants to China and Chinese pro-
jects of various sorts, the foundation also contributed to the Institute
of Pacific Relations, including the American institute .
In that connection, it is interesting to note that 7 years before (1937
report, pp. 57-58) the foundation deplored the events of the previous
year in China which "have virtually destroyed this proud ambition,
in which the foundation was participating ." The report praised the
work accomplished up to that time by the Chinese National Govern-
ment in their attempts "to make over a medieval society in terms of
modern knowledge" but was somewhat pessimistic as to the oppor-
From 1937' until 1950 the grants of the foundation to the Institute
of Pacific Relations were $945,000, compared with $793,800 during-
the years prior to that (from 1929 to 1936, inclusive) .
The Institute of Pacific Relations has been the subject of exhaus-
tive hearings by other congressional committees, and mention is made-
of this particular comment only because as recently as 1952 (if finan-
cial contributions are one criterion) the foundation apparently con-
sidered the institute an agency "designed to strengthen the foundations
for a more enlightened public opinion and more consistent public
policies ."
A section entitled "Conference on American Foreign Policy" in
the 1916 endowment yearbook (pp . 24-25) begins : "To assist in in-
forming public opinion concerning the foreign policy of the United :
States, the endowment sponsored a conference at Washington * * *."'
Some 80 national organizations sent 125 representatives to hear from
James F . Byrnes, then Secretary of State ; Clair Wilcox, Director of
the Office of International Trade Policy ; Gov. Herbert Lehman ; Dean
Acheson, Under Secretary of State ; Alger Hiss, Secretary General of
the United Nations Conference at San Francisco ; and William Benton,,
Assistant Secretary of State in Charge of Public Affairs .
From then on the endowment bent every effort to "reach public-
opinion" and particularly people not reached by any organization
"since they have not been interested to join, and who do not realize
that they too constitute public opinion and have to assume their re-
sponsibilities as citizens not only of the United States but of the
world ." This phraseology is strikingly similar to that found in the
Handbook on International Understanding of the National Education :
Association.
It does not appear whether the foundation contributed to the Com-
mission to Study the Organization of the Peace but the annual re-
ports refer to studies carried on by Brookings institution, the Rus-
sian institute of Columbia University's School of International Affairs, .
the Institute of International Studies at Yale, all "aimed at the single •
target of world peace" (Dr. Fosdick's Story of the Rockefeller Foun--
dation, p. 219) .
In 1945 it aided in the publication of the reports and discussions :
of the various committees of the San Francisco United Nations Con-
ference because "with respect to many crucial issues the really signifi--
cant material is not the formal language of the articles of the' charter,,
but the interpretation contained in the reports and discussions * * *."-
It also contributed to the United Nations Economic Commission for-
Europe which in 1949 began a study of long-run trends in European
economy, covering the period 1913-50 (1951 annual report, pp . .
355-356) .
This, the final part of the summary of activities of Carnegie and
Rockefeller agencies, has been devoted to substantiating the state-
ments made in its opening paragraphs ; namely, that the Carnegie-
Endowment for International Peace and the Rockefeller Founda-
tion had-
Admittedly engaged in activities which would "directly or-
indirectly" affect legislation ;
Admittedly engaged in activities designed to "form public
opinion" and "supply information" to the United States Govern-
ment, calculated to achieve a certain objective, as for example,
"an international viewpoint ."
Quotations on each of these points, taken from the yearbooks of the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and from the annual
reports of the Rockefeller Foundation, as well as from other sources,
have been referred to and are attached in separate exhibits .
Because of the method of reporting used by the endowment, it is
frequently difficult to distinguish specific projects and organizations
in its financial statements-disbursements in most instances being
reported merely by divisions . In addition, the corporation worked
closely with the endowment on certain types of projects, and also
made lump-sum grants to the endowment .
An analysis of grants by these two Carnegie agencies and by the
Rockefeller Foundation is shown below .
Because it is frequently stated by these foundations as well as
others that the purpose of their grants is to serve as a catalytic force
in getting a project underway, or provide support to an organization
until it is well established, the period during which the foundation
contributed funds to a particular organization is shown under the
grants made.
Carnegie Rockefeller
Grantee organization Total con-
Endow- Founda- Spelman tribution
Corporation
ment tion fund
($169,000 General
Education Board)
American Council of Learned Societies
(1924) . $901,850 $11,500 $11,069,770 ( $30,000 $12,182,120
(1924-52) (1940-44) (1925-52)
American Historical Association (1884)__ 384,000 _________ _ 190,0 55,000 629,830
(1926-35) (1925-3 ;)
Brookings Institution (1916) 2,493,624 4,000 1,848,500 1 3,211,250 7,557,374
(1922 (1
Council on Foreign Relations (1021) 1,826 5824 (1951250000 1,170, 00 52) 150,000 3,159,524
Foreign Policy Association (1918) (19204000 (1931 0)00 900,000 1 3,189,524
(1938-51) (1934-40) (1933-50)
Institute of International Education
(1919) 2,073,013 200,000 1,406,405 I 240,000 3,847,148
(1922-52) (1941) (1928-52) 11,407,320
Institute of Pacific Relations (1925) 390,000 184,000 1,885,400 1 165,000 2,449,400
(1936-47) (1927-41) (1925-50)
National Academies of Science 5,406,500 ------------- 110 ,0
00 5,516,500
National Research Council (1916) 3,059,180 __-______-___ 11, 555, 500 I 447, 900 15, 062, 580
(1920-52) (1922-52)
National Bureau of Economic Research
(1920) 848,503 -------------- 6,647,500 I 125,000 7,621,003
(1924-52) (1931-52)
New School for Social Research (1919)--_ 95.000 ------------- 208,100 1 300,100
(1940) (1940-44)
Public Administration Clearing House
(1931) 58,182 ------------- 10, 740 I 8,058.000 8,126,922
(1931-52) (1931-52)
Royal Institute of International Affairs__ 244,100 ------------- 906,580 1 1,150, 680
(1938-51) (1938-52)
Social Science Research Council 2,014,275 ------------- 8,470,250 4,044,000 14,528,525
Encyclopedia of Social Science 20,124 ------------- 600,000 100,000 969,124
CONCLUSION
Page 82 : "It is probable that the greatest war in all history is approaching its
end . At this moment no one can predict just when or how this end will come, but
there are plain signs to indicate that a crisis has been reached beyond which
human power and human resources cannot long hold out. It will be the special
privilege and the unexampled opportunity of the Carnegie Endowment for Inter-
national Peace to take active part in the work of international organization which
must closely follow on the conclusion of the war . For that task this division is
making itself ready by study, by conferences, and by persistent effort to prepare
public opinion to give support to those far-reaching projects based on sound
principle which if carried into effect will do all that present human power can to
prevent a recurrence of the present unprecedented calamity ."
Page 27 : "The aims which the division pursues and which it urges constantly
.and steadily upon public opinion in the United States, in the Latin American
democracies and in the British Commonwealth of Nations are definite and
authoritative. They are three in number .
"The first is the formal proposal for world organization to promote peace made
by the Government of the United States in 1910 . This was contained in the
joint resolution passed by the Congress without a dissenting vote in either the
Senate or the House of Representatives and signed by President Taft on June
25,1910 ."
Page 30 : "It is these three declarations of policies and aims which are the
subject of the worldwide work of the division of intercourse and education .
'They are the outgrowth of war conditions and of the threat of war . They are
constructive, simply stated and easy to understand. As rapidly as other nations
are set free to receive instruction and information in support of this three-
fold program, that instruction and information will be forthcoming . The war
may last for,an indefinite time or it may, through economic exhaustion, come to
of his specific counsel ."
"As a result of the conferences and related activities, as well as of the studies
made by its staff, the division has established useful relations with many highly
qualified and experienced experts, and this in turn has made it possible to plan
and arrange for the preparation of a series of studies by a number of these
experts on international organization and administration . The studies, more
fully described below, record both experience and precedents in the fields in
question and constitute a rich source of information which, in the main, has
hitherto been inaccessible .
national functions
problems of organization and administration, and it is a matter of urgent nece
sity for them to obtain materials which will assist them in meeting these pro
lems . It is a source of great satisfaction to the director that the division h
been in a position to supply such materials . Without attempting to list the
instances of cooperation in detail, mention should be made here of a few ex
amples by way of illustration.
"For some months, the Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operatio
(OFRRO) was engaged in preparations for the organizing conference of t
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) held
Atlantic City, November 10 to December 1, and it frequently called upon t
division to assist by various means in these preparations . Thus, in August, t
division was able to arrange to have several officials of the League of Nation
come to Washington to take part in discussions of plans for the administrativ
budget of the new organizations . In a letter to the endowment former Go
Herbert H . Lehman, then director of OFRRO and recently chosen director o
UNRRA, wrote expressing his `great appreciation for the very real contributi
which you and the Carnegie endowment made to our preparations for a Unite
Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Organization,'
"Members of the staff of OFRRO were early supplied by the division wit
the materials assembled as the result of the several conferences on internationa
organization and administration above mentioned . As the date of the confe
ence in Atlantic City approached, the division received numerous additional an
more urgent requests for assistance from OFRRO . In compliance with the
requests, several special memoranda were prepared under great pressure for us
in connection with the UNRRA conference . These dealt with the followi
subjects :
"International Conferences and Their Technique
"Precedents for Relations Between International Organizations and Nonmemb
States
"Status of Observers at International Conferences
"Seconding by International Organizations and from National Services to I
ternational Agencies
"The Creation, Composition, and Functioning of Standing Committees of UNRR
"The appreciation with which these contributions from the division wer
received can hardly be overstated .' As an illustration, mention may be ma
of a personal note of November 17 received by the director from Dr . Philip
Jessup, a member of the endowment's board of trustees, and then serving
Assistant Chief of the Secretariat of UNRRA . After describing one of t
documents as having proved `most helpful in the solution of some troublesom
problems' ; and expressing amazement that it had been possible to supply 's
thoughful and so complete a document under such enormous pressure of time,
Dr. Jessup referred to other materials supplied by the division as being 'al
very much appreciated,' and added : 'I think the endowment is certainly entitl
to congratulate itself upon the contribution it has made to the smooth func
tioning of international organizations which, to a large extent, must be th
mechanical means of developing international peace .'
"It should be added that, in addition to these special memoranda, the divisi
supplied several copies of its various publications relating to internationa
organization and administration to the library of the conference at Atlanti
City. Shortly after the conference met, an urgent request was received from th
American delegation at Atlantic City for additional copies of these publications
to be sent to the conference by special courier . The division was, of course
glad to meet this request . Of a somewhat different nature were the numerou
urgent inquiries for specific information received from officials connected wit
the conference . These inquiries dealt with such topics as relations of forme
enemy governments after the last war .with the American Relief Commission
diplomatic immunities of members of international organizations, and staff regu
lations of such organizations . In each instance, the division was able eith
to supply the information requested, or to indicate the best source from whic
it could be obtained .
"Similarly, though to a somewhat lesser degree, the division has cooperate
with the recently created Interim Commission of the United Nations Conferenc
on Food and Agriculture . . Copies of, the endowment's publications on interna
tional organization and administration were supplied to the Commission th
organization, and staffing of the newly created .body ; and the division has
supplied the Secretariat with data on inter-American agencies dealing with,
problems in the fields of food and agriculture .
"In addition to such special inquiries, the division receives from day to day, .
often by telephone, requests for information from government offices on techni-
cal subjects in the international field. Although these are too numerous to list
here, it may be said that they are answered as fully as possible and as promptly
as is consistent with scrupulous accuracy . The assistance rendered by the
division has not been limited, however, to American and international agencies .
It maintains cordial and often mutually helpful relations with the diplomatic
missions in Washington and frequently supplies them with published materials
and other data .
"These studies, mentioned on a previous page, are in fact competently written
monographs . Because of the urgent demand for such materials, they are being
issued in preliminary form in small mimeographed editions . It is the Director's
belief, however, that they have much more than a transitory value, and that as,
soon as is practicable some of them should be published in revised and permanent
form . The folowing list comprises the studies already issued in mimeographed
form
"Memorandum on the Composition, Procedure, and Functions of the Committees
of the League of Nations
"International Conferences and Their Technique-a handbook
"International Drug Control, a Study of International Administration by and ,
through the League of Nations
"The League of Nations and National Minorities, an Experiment
"The following studies are now being prepared and will be published during
the coming year
"The Situs of International Organization
"Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges of Agents and Staff Members of the-
International Organization
"Relations Between International Organizations and Nonmember States
"The Participation of Observers in International Conferences
"The Ecoomic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations
"The League of Nations' Mandates System
"The League of,Nations' Secretariat
"Financing of International Administration
"The names of the authors of these studies are being withheld for the present . .
They are all, however, present or former officials competent from actual expe-
rience to deal with the subjects involved ." [Italics supplied.]
EDUCATION
Page 114 : "When the Dumbarton Oaks proposals were made public, the com-
mission called together the heads of 75 national organizations to discuss a wide-
spread educational program to bring the proposals before the American public .
These groups have been meeting regularly in New York City, discussing both
publications and education techniques. Representatives from the Department
of State have been attending the meetings .
"The commission has cooperated also in the regional conferences at which
representatives of the State Department have met with organizational leaders
in off-the-record discussion of the proposals . Meetings were held in Portland,
Salt Lake City, Detroit, Salina, Dallas, St . Paul, and Atlanta . Large public
conferences on the proposals were held in New York City and other key centers,
the meetings being arranged by the commission's regional offices . In addition,
the commission continued its regular educational program, working with other
national organizations, schools and colleges, labor, farm, and business groups,
and concentrating considerable attention on rural areas and small towns.
"Special institute meetings were held in cooperation with the World Alliance
for International Friendship Through the . Churches in Dallas, Tea . ; LaFayette
College, Pa. ; Miami and Winter Park, Fla . ; Chicago, Ill . The regional commis-
sions have held other, public conferences and institutes throughout the year ."
The series of lectures which the commission has been sponsoring at the New
School for Social Research has now covered a considerable number of problems
of postwar international organization, dealing with labor, cultural relations,
mandates, plebiscites, the World Court, public health, minorities, moving of
populations, human rights, international education, and an analysis of the Dum-
barton Oaks proposals. The lecturers included Clark M . Eichelberger, Prof .
Carter Goodrich, Dr . Walter Kotschnig, Prof. Oscar I. Janowsky, Prof. Quincy
Wright, Dr. C. E. A. Winslow, Dr. Frank L. Lorimer, Mr . Beryl Harold Levy,
Dr. Hans Simons, Dr . Sarah Wambaugh, Dean Virginia C . Gildersleeve, and the
director of the division.
Over 600,000 copies of the commission's reports have been distributed and the
distribution of its popular material numbers 3% million pieces. A number of
basic pamphlets were published in 1944, including a guide to community activity
and discussion entitled, "The Peace We Want" ; a third revision of a high-school
pamphlet, Toward Greater Freedom ; a revised edition of a farm pamphlet, Win-
project undertaken with the cooperation of the Committee on Art in America
Education and Society ; an analysis and comment on the Dumbarton Oaks pro
posals, prepared by Clark M. Eichelberger. In 3 months 50,000 copies of thi
pamphlet were distributed, it being used by many groups as a basic text .
third printing is now being made .
Pages 38-39 : "Following the ratification of the United Nations Charter by the
number of nations required to put it into effect, and in furtherance of a sug-
gestion originally made by a trustee of the endowment for a survey of peace
,organizations as to their functions and effectiveness in reaching public opinion
in the United States, the division sent out inquiries to national organizations as
to what they were doing to bring to the attention of their members the commit-
ment of the United States to the United Nations . `Peace' organizations as such
form only part of the program for reaching public opinion in the United States.
A questionnaire was forwarded to 150 organizations in October, of which 29
were `peace' organizations, and the division was gratified to receive answers
from 100 of them .
"The report, compiled from this survey by Miss Cathrine Borger, of the divi-
sion staff, showed that practically every organization engaged in popular educa-
tion of various types, regardless of particular field-scholastic education, citi-
zenship education, religious, service clubs, women's organizations, youth, busi-
ness, farm, labor, specialized interests-is devoting some part of its programs to
making its membership aware of the commitment of the United States to the
United Nations .
"Among the suggestions received as to methods which should be emphasized
in developing popular knowledge of international organization were the need of
preparing single ilustrated booklets, more use of motion pictures and radio,
forums and discussion groups, as well as development of suitable publications for
schools and colleges . Education of young people was mentioned by a number of
-organizations . Six organizations maintained that personal contacts and leader-
ship provided the most effective method, and another stressed the need for divid-
ing efforts between raising the general level of `where people are' and working
-with interested groups willing to join in concerted activities . Of major impor-
tance were those stressing the necessity of developing material showing what the
United Nations Organization cannot do as well as what it can do, and of full
publicity for every activity of the United Nations, and more especially for the
activities of the United States and its delegates .
"The greatest lack in public education with regard to the American commit-
ment concerns people who are not reached by any organization, since they have
not been interested to join, and do not realize that they too constitute public
opinion and have to assume their responsibilities as citizens not only of the
United States but of the world . The Carnegie Endowment, as an institution
.seeking neither members nor maintenance by dues and contributions, is in a
position both to work with other organizations and also to respond to this need
of primary education ."
Pages 50-52 :
WORK THROUGH RADIO AND MOTION PICTURES
"During the past year Beyond Victory has been presented each week under
the combined auspices of the World Wide Broadcasting Foundation and the
endowment, over nearly a hundred stations in all parts of the United States
and Canada . This nationally known series of programs, now well into its third
year, has established itself with an audience of discriminating listeners through-
out the country as offering interest and authoritative comment or many phases
of postwar adjustment .
"In the spring of 1945 a special group of programs centered around the San
Francisco Conference of the United Nations . Two members of the American
delegation, Dean Virginia C . Gildersleeve and the former Governor of Minne-
sota, Harold E. Stassen, spoke of the general issues which the conference
faced. Dr . James T. Shotwell and Dr . Raymond Fosdick contrasted the San
Francisco conference with the Paris Conference of 1919 . The problem of
security was discussed by Dr. Quincy Wright, and colonial issues by Dr . Arthur
W. Holcombe and others. The Charter of the United Nations was discussed
by the executive officers of the four commissions at San Francisco : Mr . Malcom
W. Davis, executive officer of the First Commission, spoke on the People Write it
the Third Commission, on The Security Council-How It Works ; and Pr
Norman J. Pabelford, executive officer of the Fourth Commission, on The Chart
and International Justice. The essential purpose in this group of progra
was to clarify the development of the charter in the conference at San Francis
and to explain the functions and powers provided by its sections, for securi
and welfare .
"During the past year many libraries in the United States have asked
be put on a special list to receive copies of Beyond Victory scripts eve
week . About 50 libraries in all parts of the country are now receiving th
weekly service, and many have applied for its renewal for another year. O
casional Beyond Victory scripts appear on the reading tables of nearly
hundred additional libraries which request them from time to time . Th
are also sent to several leading universities and a substantial number of secon
ary schools in the United States . In addition, shipments of transcriptions
Beyond Victory broadcasts were forwarded to Army camps and hospitals i
the United States, averaging from 10 to 12 in each shipment, and to the Mar
anas, Saipan, and the Guadalcanal commands and the European theater. Ma
letters of appreciation live been received from officers telling how these record
were used in orientation programs and convalescent wards, and describing t
favorable reaction and resulting value . A letter from the Finney Gener
Hospital, Thomasville, Ga ., says in part, 'Your selection of subject matt
seems to be just what we have been looking for in our orientation progra
and I wish to compliment you on the wide selection available on postwar activ
ties.' The transcriptions were also used by the Office of War Information
to the time that organization was dissolved ."
THE ANGLO-AMERICAN FINANCIAL AGREEMENT
Page 111 : "The executive committee concluded that many goals of the commi
tee were at stake in the proposed Anglo-America financial agreement . It w
therefore decided to publish an objective statement concerning the British loan
"Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler wrote the foreward to the resulting brochur
Fifteen Facts on the Proposed British Loan, which was edited by Robert
Gulick, Jr . There was a first edition of 200,000 copies, and a second of 100,0
is now being printed . Hon . W . L. Clayton, Assistant Secretary of State, h
this to say about the Fifteen Facts : "Permit me to congratulate you on an exce
lent job which I am sure will be most helpful in placing the loan before th
public in proper perspective ." Margaret A. Hickey, president of the Nationa
Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs, Inc ., writes in simil
vein : 'In my opinion this is excellent material, presented in a fashion whic
simplifies and clarifies the principal points involved in the legislation no
pending before Congress .'
"The board of directors agreed, without dissent, to sponsor a campaign o
public education relating to the agreement . A special committee was forme
tinder the chairmanship of Hon . Charles S . Dewey, former Congressman fro
Illinois, and a vice president of the Chase National Bank. Other members o
this committee include : Robert W . Coyne, National Field Director, War Fi
nance Division, United States Treasury ; Ted R. Gamble, Special Assistant to t
Secretary of the Treasury ; William Green, president of the American Federa
tion of Labor ; Eric A . Johnston, president, Chamber of Commerce of the Unite
States ; Philip Murray, president, Congress of Industrial Organizations ; Edwar
A . O'Neal, president, American Farm Bureau Federation ; Philip D. Ree
chairman of the United States Associates of the International Chamber o
Commerce ; Anna Lord Strauss, president, National League of Women Voters
and Robert L. Gulick, Jr ."
(Source- Staley, Eugene, War and the Private Investor, Doubleday, 1935,
pt. III : Towards a Policy, ch . 18, Alternate Courses of Action, pp . 470-471 :)
"The search for the underlying causes of international investment friction has
revealed that capital investment is a form of contact peculiarly apt to occasion
conflict, while the existing institutions for the adjustment of these conflicts are
not only inadequate but are fundamentally ill-adapted to the task . The defec-
tiveness of the institutions of adjustment arises largely from the fact that the
areas of political loyalty and political organization on which they are based, are
smaller than the area of conflict-producing contact, which today includes prac-
tically the whole world . * * *"
* * * * * * *
"With these general considerations in mind we now turn our attention to
the appraisal of various policies which have been practiced or which may be sug-
gested in connection with the problem of reducing the political friction con-
nected with international private investment . These policies may be grouped
according to their basic characteristics under three general headings, and will be
so discussed : (1) mere anti-imperialism, (2) national supervision of investments
abroad, (3) denationalization and mondial' supervision of international invest-
ments . * * *"
3 The meaning of this special term will be explained later.
Pages 498-499 : "The functions which might be discharged by a world comm
sion on permanent economic contracts between nations are plentiful and impo
ant enough to justify the creation of such an agency . The World Investm
Commission, if we may give it that name, should begin the development of t
effective supervision by the world community which must gradually underm
national diplomatic protection and render denationalization of investmen
possible ."
* * * * * * *
Pages 500-501 : "How would the World Investment Commission operate?
should have the following powers and duties
"To register international loan agreements and concessions ; to make th
terms public ; to regulate their terms in certain respects .
"To collect continuous and accurate information respecting international
vestment operations and all their ramifications and effects-social and politi
.as well as economic.
,"To call general conferences on a world or regional basis, or conferences
-certain industries (e . g ., concession holders, consumers, and states grant
-concessions in the oil industry) . These conferences would consider proble
raised by international capital migration, and out of them something akin
world investment legislation might emerge .
"To cooperate with the Mandates Commission of the League of Nations, t
International Labor Organization, commissions on codification of internation
law, and other international agencies whose work has a bearing on the setti
, of standards for protection of capital-importing regions against ruthless explo
tation.
"To examine and report on the financial condition of borrowing states 2 a
private enterprises ; to make observations on the political and social implicatio
of specific capital transactions .
"To call attention to any conditions likely to intensify international investme
conflicts or to occasion political friction over investments and to make reco
mendations with respect thereto .
"To endeavor to conciliate disputes, calling conferences of lenders and bo
rowers for this purpose, mediating, arbitrating, seeking to work out compr
mises, employing the services of disinterested experts to provide full social
economic information on the basis of which equitable adjustments might
sought.
"To make a public report of its findings where a party to a dispute before t
Commission refuses to come to an agreement which in the opinion of disinterest
conciliators is just and reasonable .
"To publicly advise, after hearings, against further provision of capital
a state or corporation which has failed to observe a contract obligation witho
just cause . This would presumably make the flotation of loans difficult an
where in the world for such a state or corporation . Here is one of the 'sanctio
which would enable the Commission to take over the function (now exercised
national diplomatic protection) of protecting investors abroad-that is,
guaranteeing minimum standards of fair treatment for the investment interes
of aliens in all countries . If organized on a worldwide basis, this sanction wou
be sufficient in many cases to accomplish more in the way of protection than
now usually accomplished by diplomatic protection . At the same time, it wou
tend to remove investment protection as a pretext for national aggression a
remedy other defects of the system of national diplomatic protection .
"To refer legal questions to the Permanent Court of International Justice or
the World Commercial Court (suggested below) for an advisory opinion or fin
settlement.
"To cooperate with regional organizations like the Pan American Union in t
establishment of regional subcommissions for handling investment problems th
affect mainly one part of the world ."
* * * * * * *
Page 504 : "This proposal would obviously involve the creation of an inte
national corporation law, probably through an international treaty to be fram
and adopted under the auspices of the League of Nations. * * *"
s * * * * *
The Commission would probably deal with State loans as well as with the priva
investments upon which the discussions of this volume have been focused .
Page 509 : "As a means of filtering out the national interest in world capital
movements and thereby promoting the dual process of denationalization and
mondial supervision, a World Investment Bank might perform useful functions.
Such a bank would sell its bonds to governments or to private investors and in-
vest the funds so raised in long-term construction projects, such as railways in
South America and China, airways over the world, canals, harbor works, inter-
national river improvements, and the like. * * *"
* * * * * * *
Pages 512-513 : "A useful contribution to the denationalization of international
investment (and also trade) relationships would therefore be made by the
development of a world `consular service' for the provision of detailed economic
information and the encouragement of world commerce . Such a service could
best be built on the foundation already laid by the excellent work of the League
of Nations and the International Labor Organization in the field of economic
information. * * *"
* * * * * * *
Pages 515-516 : "The League of Nations : It is worthy of note that practically
all the specific measures proposed in this chapter for dealing with the political
problems raised by international investments depend in some fashion upon the
presence of a world political organization . If the League of Nations did not exist
it would be necessary to create it, or something like it, before investment prob-
lems could be attacked with any hope of success . The League should be sup-
ported, strengthened, and developed . Its legislative powers should be increased
and its authority enlarged . Just as the loose league of sovereign States first
established under the Articles of Confederation developed into the Federal
Government of the United States of America, so the League of Nations must
be developed from a confederation of sovereign states into a federal world
government. Of course the United States, which has such a large stake in the
orderly supervision of international investment relationships, should actively en-
courage this process . An essential step is entry into the League . * * *"
* * * * * * *
Pages 517-518 : "International civic training : It is all too evident that the
measures and devices proposed in this chapter can never succeed, cannot even be
tried, unless there is a sufficient sense of world citizenship among the different
peoples of the earth and among their leaders . Such a sense of world citizenship
may be stimulated by a rational appreciation of the worldwide interdependence
of economic, social, and political life, but to be politically effective the emotions
must also be touched and loyalties to new supranational symbols must be devel-
oped. Can such loyalties be achieved short of an international working-class
revolution, or can they be achieved by such a revolution? That is one of the most
fundamental questions affecting the future form of social life on this planet . The
development of international attitudes in the schools, world intellectual co-
operation, adult education on the interdependence of the modern world, celebra-
tion of, the heroes common to all mankind-all these things, and many more at
first sight quite unrelated to international investments, have an important
bearing on the specific problem of investment friction .' * * *"
MEMORANDUM
JUNE 30, 1954.
Subject : Books distributed by Carnegie Endowment for International Peace .
Since it was impossible to check every volume distributed by the endowme
through the international mind alcoves or through the international relation
clubs and centers, a random sampling by year mentioned in the yearbooks wa
taken . When Dr. Kenneth Colegrove was in Washington, D . C ., to attend t
hearings before the committee, he was asked to look over the books distribute
in the following years : 1918, 1926, 1928, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1938, 1939, 1941, 194
1944, 1947.
The authors and books for those years are given below . Those on which D
Colegrove commented are in italics .
1938 Yearbook, page 55 : "This material is directed in some instances only to the
trustees of the endowment, in other cases to a wider though limited circle of those
directly connected with the endowment and in still other cases to a comprehensive
list of those interested in 'international questions * * * Among the books so
distributed may be cited : * * *"
James T . Shotwell : On the Abyss-"Globalist"
William T. Stone and Clark M. Eichelberger : Peaceful Change-"Globalist
and leftist. Regarding W. T. Stone, see the report of the McCarran subcom+
mittee . Stone was closely associated with Edward Carter of I . P. R ."
Dunn, Frederick Sherwood : Peaceful Change
Florinsky, Michael T . : Fascism and National Socialism
Horrabin, J. F. : An Atlas of the Empire
Lichtenberger, Henri : The Third Reich
Miller, Spencer, Jr. : What the I . L. O. Means to America
Peers, E . Allison : The Spanish Tragedy
Staley, Eugene : Raw Miterials in Peace and War
Salter, Sir Arthur : World Trade and Its Future-"Globaliat"
Vinacke, Harold M . : A History of the Far East in Modern Times
Willert, Sir Arthur and others : The Empire in the World
Pages 233-234
INSTITUTE of INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
"Yale University
"The institute, founded in 1935, had the following objectives : To promote bas
research in international relations with particular attention to studies design
to clarify American foreign policy ; to develop a broad and well-rounded progr
of education and training in international relations on both the undergradua
and graduate level ; to evolve procedures of coordination and integration amo
the various social sciences in the analysis of international problems ; and to a
in the postdoctoral training of younger scholars in the general field of inte
national relations .
"The research program of the institute included many projects centering arou
problems of American foreign policy, but designed also to interpret the role
power in international affairs, and the relation of national policies to milita
policies and principles of grand strategy .
"Four major studies have been published and several others are nearing co
pletion . Certain of the projects are being carried on in conjunction with Gover
ment departments . Among the specific subjects proposed for study are : Pro
lems of national defense ; United States and the future order of Europe ; hem
spheric unity ; the geographic basis of foreign policy ; and inter-American tra
relations.
"The program of education has been closely coordinated with the resear
program . The projected program for the next few years will not represent a
substantial change in policy . A combined social science approach will stre
analytical rather than historical methods ."
Pages 186-187 : "The grants in international relations were for the support
of agencies devoted to studies, to teaching, to service to Government and to pub-
lic and expert education . 'Collectively these grants assume that it is not possible
to guarantee peace but that the way to work toward it is to strengthen `the
infinity of threads that bind peace together .' To that end the foundation made
grants for the support of studies and related activities of the following institu-
tions : Foreign Policy Association, Royal Institute of International Affairs
(London), Swedish Institute of International Affairs (Stockholm), and the
economic, financial, and transit department of the League of Nations. The im-
portance to peace of our relations with, and an understanding of, Russia was
reflected in two grants to Columbia University for the Russian institute of its
School of International Affairs . The sum of $60,000 was appropriated to the
Council on Foreign Relations for the continuation of its war and peace studies.
A special grant of $152,000 was made to the Royal Institute of International
Affairs for a history of the war and the peace settlement . The Institute for
Advanced Study at Princeton received $40,000 for a study of the problems of in-
ternational civil aviation . Fifteen thousand dollars was granted to the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology to aid in the development of a course in inter-
national relations for engineers."
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
"Columbia University School of International Affairs, Russian institute
"Increased efficiency and rapidity of transportation and communication hav
ended for this country the possibility of isolation, either as a physical fact or as
national policy . Those responsible for the management of the interests of th
United States, whether in governmental of nongovernmental capacities, will of
necessity be increasingly concerned with the institutions, mores and policies
of other nations and peoples . There must therefore be developed with the
United States a body of men and women with a broad understanding, of inter-
national affairs who have in addition training as functional or regional special-
ists . Only a body of men and women so trained will provide a reservoir fro
which experts capable of handling the increasingly complex and intricate prob-
lems of international affairs can be drawn .
"For some time Columbia University has been exploring the desirability o
establishing at the university a school of international affairs . The recom
mendation that such a school be created was made in 1945 and included the
proposal for establishment of six institutes designed to develop special knowl-
edge and understanding of certain of the so-called power and problem areas of
the world . It is planned to assemble in these institutes groups of outstandin
scholars who have specialized in specific geographical areas. The universit
suggests that a British Commonwealth institute, a French institute, a German
institute, a Russian institute, an East Asian institute, and an institute of Latin
American affairs be created . The Rockefeller Foundation has made a 5-yea
grant of $250,000 to Columbia University toward the development of a Russian
institute."
Pages 182-183 :
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
"The Brookings Institution
"The developing foreign policies of the United States as one of the major
powers sharing world leadership are to be appraised under the new international-
relations program of the Brookings Institution . Each of the studies is an integral
part of a research plan geared to those international-relations problems with
which the United States either is, or will be, concerned . This problem approach is
intended to aid in formulating enlightened public opinion in training specialists
in international affairs, and in aiding governmental agencies dealing with foreign
relations. An annual seminar will endeavor to train specialists and aid teachers
of international relations . A 1-year grant of $75,000 was made by the foundation
in support of this program .
"Two annual surveys will be published. One of these will examine American
foreign policies, but with particular attention to the problems directly ahead
and to the factors likely to determine their solution. The second survey will
consider the foreign policies of other nations, especially the major powers, and
bow these are being harmonized through the United Nations and its related
agencies .
"Five major studies are in progress : The United Nations Charter and its effect
on the powers, duties, and functions of the U . N. ; the foreign policy objectives of
the five major powers ; the general effectiveness of international organizations
and conferences as methods of diplomacy ; present-day factors making for eco-
nomic war or for economic peace in international relations ; and changes in
international security concepts resulting from technological and strategic
developments.
"Dr . Leo Pasvolsky, who has been in Government service since 1934, has now
returned to the Brookings Institution as director of these studies ."
Pages 190-191
"Institute of Pacific Relations
"The Institute of Pacific Relations, an unofficial international organization
with a number of constituent national bodies or councils, aims to increase knowl-
edge of economic, social, cultural, and political problems of the Pacific area .
Training personnel, stimulating language teaching as well as curriculum attention
to the Far East in general, and publishing research studies, are the institute's
chief means of spreading knowledge . The distribution of educational materials
to secondary schools and to the Armed Forces increased significantly during the
past several years ."
Pages 192-193 :
United Nations Information Once, New York
"The importance of preventing possible serious misinterpretations of actions
of international bodies due to unavailability of actual documents on transactions
was recognized when the foundation early in 1946 appropriated $16,177 to the
United Nations Information Office, New York, toward the cost of reproducing
the documentation of the Preparatory Commission in London and of the sessions
of the First General Assembly of the United Nations Organization . Preparatory
Commission documents were microfilmed in London and the film flown daily from
the Interim Organization to the United Nations office in New York and repro-
duced here by photo-offset within 24 hours of their arrival . Fifty or sixty copies
were sent to the Department of State and to key libraries throughout the country .
commentators, and others
permit the reproduction of these documents and their distribution as promptl
as possible ."
Page 359 :
"Public Administration Clearing House
Consultant for Japan .
"Throughout the period of allied occupation of Japan there has been an effort
to shift the emphasis of the Japanese governmental organization from a highly
centralized bureaucratic control system to a more widely diffused pattern, with
large areas of self-determination in local matters delegated to prefectures, cities
towns, and villages .
"One group in Japan which is sponsoring the spread of this movement is th
recently organized Japan Public Administration Clearing House . All three level
of local government are represented in this group, which is made up of delegates
from the Tokyo Bureau of Municipal Research and the national associations of
prefectural governors, prefectural assembly chairmen, municipal mayors, city
assembly chairmen, town and village mayors, and town and village assembly
chairmen.
"Assistance was offered to the new organization by the Public Administratio
Clearing House of Chicago . With a grant of $10,740 from the Rockefelle
Foundation, the Chicago Public Administration Clearing House arranged to send
a consultant to Japan and to make its official resources available to the group
in Japan ."
* * * * *
O
TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS
REPORT
OF THE
H. Res. 217
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
55647 WASHINGTON : 1954
SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE TAX-EXEMPT
FOUNDATIONS
B . CARROLL REECE, Tennessee, Chairman
JESSE P . WOLCOTT, Michigan WAYNE L. HAYS, Ohio
ANGIER L. GOODWIN, Massachusetts GRACIE PFOST, Idaho
RENE A . WoEMSER, General Counsel
ARNOLD KocH, Associate Counsel
NORMAN DODD, Research Director
THOMAS McNIECE, Assistant Research Director
KARL ETTINGER, was a Research Consultant
with the Committee from October 1953 to April
1, 1954
KATHRYN CASEY, Legal Analyst
JOHN MARSHALL, Jr., Chief Clerk
MILDRED Cox, Assistant Clerk, March 1, 1954,
to July 1, 1954, Acting Clerk, July 1, 1954, to
December 31, 1954
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS
DECEMBER 16, 1954 .-Committed to the Committee .of the Whole House on the
State of the Union and ordered to be printed
vi'
TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS
PART ONE
INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL
I . THE CREATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE COMMITTEE
This Committee was created by House Resolution 217, 83rd Con-
gress, first session, adopted July 27, 1953 . The resolution authorized
an investigation as follows :
The Committee is authorized and directed to conduct a full and complete
investigation and study of educational and philanthropic foundations and other
comparable organizations which are exempt from Federal income taxation to
determine if any foundations and organizations are using their resources for
purposes other than the purposes for which they were established, and especially
to determine which such foundations and organizations are using their resources
for un-American and subversive activities ; for political purposes ; propaganda, or
attempts to influence legislation .
The resolution directed a report to be filed by January 3, 1955 .
House Resolution 373, 83rd Congress, first session, adopted on
August 1, 1953, appropriated the sum of $50,000, with the expectation
of the Committee that further funds would be granted after the first
of the following year . Counsel was engaged as of September 1, 1953 ;
the building of a staff commenced about September 15, 1953 .
It was decided to engage in an intensive period of assembling and
study of material, after which public hearings were planned to be held
starting at the end of February or the beginning of March . After
the first of the year, an additional appropriation was requested in the
sum of $125,000 to carry the Committee through until January, 1955 .
After considerable delay, a sub-committee of the Committee on House
Administration decided to recommend the reduced sum of $100,000
as an additional appropriation ; later the full Committee on Adminis-
tration reduced this sum further to $65,000, which appropriation was
granted by House Resolution 433 on April 6, 1954 .
This additional appropriation was patently inadequate to enable
this Committee to do the work for which it had been created . More-
over, there were moments when considerable doubt existed whether
any additional appropriation would be granted . This doubt, the long
delay while its funds were being exhausted, and other harassments
to which the Committee and its employees were subjected, made it
impossible for the Committee to schedule any hearings until it had
funds at hand . The Easter recess then faced the Committee . Thus
the first hearing could not be scheduled until May 10, 1954 . Moreover,
radical revisions in the Committee's plans had to be made . It was
decided to hold such hearings as might be possible in May, June
and early July and then to report . It was obvious that the appropria-
tion which had finally been granted could not possibly support
continued studies for the remainder of the Committee's permitted
life .
A committee had been created by the previous Congress to investi-
gate the same field . We shall refer to it as the "Cox Committee ."
1
The material in these answers was found to be of considerable value
However, our staff was distressed to find that much of the data col-
lected and memoranda prepared by the previous staff were missing
from the files . (Hearings, p . 14, et seq .)
A request was made on November 16, 1953 for an executive order
to examine the forms known as 990A filed by foundations with the
Internal Revenue Service . This order was not granted until Febru-
ary 11, 1954, and actual access to these reports, containing much
valuable information which otherwise would have had to be obtained
by individual solicitation from the foundations or by subpoena, was
not granted by the Service until April 8, 1954 . When access was
finally obtained, the Committee was informed that it could not
photostat these reports nor borrow them from the Service . This, in
the light of their volume, limited their usefulness . Moreover, all the
forms requested had not been brought into Washington from field
offices .
Sixteen public hearings were held, the last on June 17th . Further
public hearings were discontinued by a resolution passed at an execu-
tive meeting of the Committee on July 1, 1954 . The Committee dis-
continued hearings with deep regret and only through necessity . It
understood that depriving foundation spokesmen of an opportunity
to state positions orally might affect its public relations ; it concluded,
nevertheless, that the circumstances permitted no other course
Moreover, the 'discontinuance of the hearings resulted in no serious
loss to the inquiry, for oral testimony in an investigation of this nature
is of far less importance than research .
Nor did the foundations lose any opportunity either to present their
points of view or to receive attendant publicity . Written statements
were solicited from them, which gave them the opportunity to answer
the material already presented to the Committee and to add freely
such further comments as they might choose . These statements
were carefully considered and added in full to the record . The state-
ments were given full publicity and were widely reported in the news-
papers, appearing in a most favorable manner in view of the fact that
no critical comments by the Committee were simultaneously publi-
cized . The foundations touched by the hearings were thus given a
fair opportunity to put their best foot forward at the same time that
they escaped the embarrassment of cross examination .
The Committee's work by no means ended with the discontinuance
of public hearings . An investigation of this type is, after all, primarily
a matter of laborious research ; the research continued industriously,
hampered only by a gradual reduction in the staff which the Com-
mittee's limited finances necessitated .
In the following text we have used italics in conventional manner,
but also to designate foundations and tax-free organizations other
than universities, colleges, and schools, and to identify certain indi-
viduals, special reference to whose records is made in appendices .
II . THE APPROACH OF THE COMMITTEE
The Cox Committee admittedly had been allotted insufficient time
within which to do a complete study or even adequately to outline
the full scope of inquiry . The present committee deemed its mandate
abuses which might come to light but also of the general orientation
of foundations in our society . It has deemed itself, primarily a
fact-finding body, intending to make recommendations to the House
only where such seemed clearly wise. Principally, its function was
considered to be to bring into clear relief any grave criticisms which
appeared to be reasonably warranted in order that the House itself
could have a basis for considering whether further action should be
taken by way of additional study or the application of means of
correction or control .
The Committee was and is well aware of the many magnificent services
which foundations have rendered -to the people of the United States in
many fields and areas, particularly in medicine, public health and science .
Nothing has occurred to change its initial conviction that the foundation,
as an institution, is desirable and should be encouraged . If little time
is spent in this report reciting the good which the foundations have done,
it is not because this Committee is unaware of it or in any way reluctant
to acknowledge it . Rather, this Committee considers that it is necessarily
concerned with the evaluation of criticisms . A fair judgment of the
work and the position of foundations in our society must obviously take
into account the great measure of benefit for which they have been re-
sponsible . At the same time, the power of these foundations is so great
that a proper evaluation must give great weight to the dangers which have
appeared in their operations in certain areas of activity.
We wish, therefore, to make clear that not even an inferential con-
clusion is to be drawn from this report that foundations are undesir-
able . Our conclusion is the opposite . It is our intention to present
critical material for the very purpose of increasing the usefulness of
foundations and of making their place in our society firmer and safer .
We hope that such material will induce the foundations themselves
to "clean house," if that is necessary . This Committee is opposed
to any unnecessary government regulation ; and would recommend
Congressional action only in so far as the seriousness of certain
abuses might be accompanied by any unwillingness of the foundations
to reform themselves, or in the event that it were concluded that
certain dangers could be guarded against only through regulation .
It was our hope, to begin with, that no remedial action by the
Congress might be necessary . But foundations play a part in our
society the importance of which can hardly be exaggerated ; and, in
the course of our investigation, evidence of very grave abuses accumu-
lated to the point of indicating that intervention by Congress to pro-
tect our society is badly needed . Some remedies can be instituted at
once . Others should perhaps be considered only after that continued
and more intensive study of foundation activities which the facts
already disclosed have proved to be utterly necessary . Even with
an adequate appropriation, this Committee could probably not have
done the full study of the subject which the circumstances warrant.
It has been variously estimated that this would take a period of three
to seven years, by a full staff amply financed .
Our own studies soon disclosed the measure of this problem .
Accordingly, it was decided to limit the work by confining it to
"foundations" included under Section 501 (c) (3), [formerly Section
101 (6)] of the Internal Revenue Code ; and, within that category, to
academic institutions and (c) certain other sub-divisions of the
501 (c) (3) [formerly 101 (6)] class, as well as (d) the small founda-
tions which are mere media for distributing the annual charitable
income tax deductions of individuals and (e) other minor distributing
or collecting foundations .
The term "foundation" is abroad one . In this report it is intended
to denote "foundations" as the term is ordinarily used by the lay-
man-indicating such foundations as The Rockefeller Foundation,
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The Ford Foundation,
The Twentieth Century Fund, etc . We shall also, sometimes, include
certain types of organizations which are "foundations" within the
term but are not generally so recognized by the public . These are
the intermediary organizations, used by foundations, such as The
Social Science Research Council .
For reasons to be explained later, we decided, moreover, to confine
our inquiry chiefly to the activities of the foundations in what are
known as the "social sciences ."
This report is based upon the testimony at hearings ; the state-
ments filed by foundations and others ; the other material included
in the record ; data and information secured by personal conferences,
correspondence and telephone conferences ; and materials assembled
by a reading, study and analysis of books and literature relating to
foundations and to the social sciences .
payment but the rights to ultimate payment . And the Foundation may
compromise the indebtedness (that is, forgive it in as large a part as
it wishes), at will, and thus virtually make a gift to the Herald-Tribune
of property dedicated to public . use .
But perhaps the most interesting clauses in the deed are those which
cast grave doubt on the basic tax-exempt character of the Foundation.
The deed recites that "It is understood and agreed" * * * that the
ultimate payment of said notes may be dependent upon the continuing
operation as a going concern of New York Herald-Tribune Inc . * * *-
"accordingly", the deed proceeds, the Donee agrees to certain condi-
tions applying to the notes . The very first of these is :
"New York Tribune Inc . shall be given by the Donee every reasonable oppor-
tunity and the full cooperation of the Donee to work out its financial affairs ."
It is the conclusion of this Committee that what was intended was
a business arrangement . We conclude that the Foundation was not
to be engaged solely in charitable work as required by the rules ex-
empting 501 (c) (3) [formerly 101 (6)] organizations . It was to
exercise charity in behalf of the New York Herald-Tribune . It was
to subordinate whatever philanthropic work had been planned to
the welfare of that newspaper and the interest of the Reid family
in it . It was a business deal . There was no free gift of the notes .
They were transferred pursuant to a contract under which the Founda-
tion agreed to assist the publishing company in its financial problem
and, by inference, but clear inference, to make this objective superior
to its presumed charitable function .
It was on its face, a magnificently designed arrangement . Whether
or not Ogden Reid's estate could have paid the heavy death duties,
if eight and a half million dollars had not been exempted, we do not
know . It is very likely that it might have been impossible to pay the
taxes on this additional eight and a half million and still retain in the
family control of a Herald- Tribune left financially sound . The general
'plan adopted was somewhat similar to that used by the Ford family .
55647-54-2
to violate both its intent and its specific restrictions . We wonder
if Internal Revenue should not review its decision to exempt th
Foundation .
Comparatively little in the way of "charity" has been done by the
Foundation in relation to the size of its assumed capital-and natur-
ally so . Earning no interest, it is dependent on capital payments
from the Herald-Tribune when it chooses to make payments . There
have been some principal payments, and some of these have evidently
been used to create Reid Fellowships and for other purposes . But
its performance as an eight and a half million dollar foundation has
been, in the aggregate, understandably pitiful-its first obligatio
has been to support the Herald-Tribune .
It must be noted, in closing this discussion of the Reid Foundation
that the New York Herald-Tribune leveled quite extraordinaril
savage attacks at this Committee during its work, both in tha
newspaper's editorials and in what purported to be its news columns
EUGENE AND AGNES E . MEYER FOUNDATION .
Unlike the Reid Foundation the Meyer Foundation did not receive
its primary impetus because of the death of the donor ; as a matter o
fact, it is typical of foundations set up by individuals in order to provide
an orderly and consistent method of making contributions to their
chosen charitable and educational institutions . No criticism is mad
of this entirely legitimate use of foundations .
However, this Committee has some doubts in connection with the
close relationship of the Foundation and the Washington Post Com-
pany, which in addition to owning the Washington Post and Times
Herald also owns all the stock of WTOP, Inc ., a radio and TV station
in Washington D . C ., as well as a radio and TV station in Jacksonville
Florida . The assets of the Foundation (1953) are approximately 7 .
million dollars, of which 1 .65 million dollars are invested in variou
securities . The balance of 6 .2 million dollars apparently represent
the value of 153,750 shares of Class B (non-voting) Common Stock
of the Washington Post Company held by the Foundation .
The net worth of the Washington Post Company cannot be obtained
from the company itself . However, there are a total of 186,750 share
of Class B (non-voting) Common Stock outstanding, as well as 12,72
shares outstanding of Class A (voting) Common Stock . The 153,750
shares of Class B Common Stock held by the Foundation represent
82 .5% of the total of such shares . None of the voting stock is held
by the Foundation, but according to limited information available
the greater portion is controlled by Mr . and Mrs . Meyer .
In view of this intimate relationship, the intensely critical attitude
of the Washington Post and Times-Herald toward the work of this
Committee appears to be something in the nature of a defense mech-
anism, rather than the unbiased reporting of facts by a newspaper
Again, this is a subject which warrants further study-to insure
that the press will be free of undue influence by any group with an
axe to grind, whether such groups are tax exempt or other types of
corporate organizations .
induces the creation of foundations . Some of the foundation execu-
tives who testified before the Cox Committee opined that the birth-
rate of foundations must soon decline because great fortunes can no
longer be made . This opinion seems incorrect . When Counsel asked
Mr. Andrews, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, whether the
high tax rates of recent years had not "materially increased the
incidence of foundations" largely as a means for solving the problem
of liquidating estate tax obligations, the Commissioner answered :
"There is no doubt in the world about that ." (Hearings, p . 462 .)
Despite high taxation, great fortunes continue to be made . Witness
the new oil fortunes of Texas, Oklahoma and elsewhere, as well as
other startling accumulations of wealth . Indeed, many existing
small foundations are deceptive . They have been created with
small capital, to be in being at the death of the donor for the pur-
pose of receiving huge testamentary bequests .
There is no reason to suppose that great fortunes will not continue
to be built, each of which will be faced with the serious problem of
preparing for the death tax impact . Moreover, it is not only the
enormously rich who create foundations today . Countless owners
of substantial business enterprises are today planning to solve their
estate problems through the use of foundations, and there is reason
to believe that this tendency will continue and perhaps even increase .
Ingenious experts in estate and tax planning have devised many
interesting ways to use a foundation in an estate or business plan .
The use of a foundation to permit a family to control a business after
the death of the proprietor is widely promoted . For example, the
August 15, 1954 issue of the J. K. Lasser Tax Reports contains this
statement :
"Note there is nothing wrong-morally or legally-in using a foundation to
effectuate tax savings . A family can legitimately establish a foundation where
charitable motives are closely tied to reduced costs of charitable giving because of
income tax deductions allowed . Also, the owner of a business may create a
foundation so as to cut his estate tax and lea-, e his family in control of the business
after death-he leaves non-voting stock V the foundation with his family retaining
the voting stock. Control of the auto company was retained by the Ford family
in that way."
What is an increasing, rather than a decreasing, birth rate, and an
increasing aggregate of foundation funds, makes the problems treated
by this Committee all the more serious . In an address delivered at
the University of Chicago on November 27, 1952, General Counsel
to this Committee said :
"It seems to me that the ingenious legal creatures developed by tax experts to
solve the unusual social, economic, and legal problems of the past several genera-
tions will become Frankensteins, though perhaps benevolent ones. It is possible
that, in fifty or a hundred years, a great part of American industry will be con-
trolled by pension and profit-sharing trusts and foundations and a large part of
the balance by insurance companies and labor unions . What eventual repercus-
sions may come from such a development, one can only guess . It may be that
we will in this manner reach some form of society similar to socialism, without
consciously intending it . Or it may be, to protect ourselves against the strictures
which such concentrations of power can effect, that we might have to enact legisla-
tion analogous to the Statutes of Mortmain which, centuries ago, were deemed
necessary in order to prevent all of England's wealth from passing into the hands
of the church ."
will be certain is to its incontrovertible benefit or else strict rules o
control may have to be enacted .
CORPORATE-CREATED FOUNDATIONS .
High corporate tax rates have added to the birthrate of foundations
Many corporations, faced with excess profits taxes, created foundation
to take advantage of their full permitted income tax deduction for
charitable gifts . By creating their own vehicles for distribution, the
are able better to organize and plan the distribution of their "chari
ties" . They can make a single contribution at the end of each year t
the foundation and then, as in the case of an individual creating on
for the same purpose, take time to plan out the individual grants
As each year's contribution is capital in the hands of the foundatio
and not income-only the income from these contributions need b
distributed . Thus there is the possibility of large funds being buil
up by corporation-created foundations which can add considerabl
to the aggregate mass of foundation funds .
This Committee has not wished to take time from more pressin
problems to go into the corporate area . However, corporation-create
foundations present some special problems which are worth full study
Two groups are sometimes inclined to oppose corporation-created
foundations-labor and the stockholders of the individual corporation
Labor's argument is : If there is any unneeded surplus, why not pay
it to us in increased wages? The stockholders' argument is : If ther
is unneeded surplus, why not pay it to us in dividends?- by distribut
ing to charity what are really our profits (for we are the proprietor
of the company) are you not forcing us to make distributions we may
not wish to make? These arguments strike, basically, at corporate
charitable donations, as such, of course, and not at foundations per se
But there is much to be said on the other side . From a socia
point of view, the advocates of corporation-created foundations say
private support of philanthropic causes is vital to our society, an
corporations should do their part-or, corporate philanthropic givin
is now larger, in the aggregate, than individual giving and, to dry i
up, would be catastrophic for the supported "charities"-or, corporat
giving is cheaper than giving by the individual shareholder, whose
profits, if he pays them out, would first have been subjected to cor
porate income tax .
From a practical point of view, they argue : the corporation ca
designate "charities" which are directly beneficial to its employee
and to the community within which it operates and, thus, serve
practical business purpose in bettering public relations-or, the corpo
ration can make donations which can have a definitive benefit t
itself or to its industry-as in the case of grants to technical school
and to universities and colleges where possible future employees ca
be trained and improved methods and devices can be developed .
Aside from the problems arising out of the conflicts of interes
among the stockholders, the employees and the corporation itself,
there are philosophic problems involved which merit consideration .
corporation is a legal entity, entitled in many respects to the sam
treatment as an individual . But there is a limit to its assumptio
of personality . Certain privileges given as a matter of social grac
rights . Whether a corporation, as such, is qualified to exercise
charitable patronage, involving factors such as pity and conscience is
questionable .
The problem of limiting or controlling such foundations should be
studied carefully . We shall point out in this report how vast can be
the power of an individual foundation, and how much greater when
foundations act in combination . The potential danger should not be
overlooked that huge corporation-created foundations might play too
strong and active a part in our social structure . The answer to this
problem is not abolition but some intelligent supervision or limitation .
From a practical point of view, they argue : the corporation can
designate "charities" which are directly beneficial to its employees
and to the community within which it operates and, thus, serve a
practical business purpose in bettering public relations-or, the cor-
poration can make donations which can have a definitive benefit to
itself or to its industry-as in the case of grants to technical schools
and to universities and colleges where possible future employees can
be trained and improved methods and devices can be developed .
Aside from the problems arising out of the conflicts of interest among
the stockholders, the employees and the corporation itself, there are
philosophic problems involved which merit consideration . A cor-
poration is a legal entity, entitled in many respects to the same treat-
ment as an individual . But there is a limit to its assumption of
personality . Certain privileges given as a matter of social grace to
individuals need not necessarily be granted to the fictitious personality
of a corporation . Nor has a corporation any inalienable rights .
Whether a corporation, as such, is qualified to exercise charitable
patronage, involving factors such as pity and conscience is questionable .
The problem of limiting or controlling such foundations should be
studied carefully . We shall point out in this report how vast can be
the power of an individual foundation, and how much greater when
foundations act in combination . The potential danger should not be
overlooked that huge corporation-created foundations might play too
strong and active a part in our social structure . The answer to this
problem is not abolition but some intelligent supervision or limitation .
IV . STATISTICAL MATERIAL
No comprehensive statistics are available . The source from which
one might expect to get them is the Internal Revenue Service . How-
ever, Section 101 (6) of the Internal Revenue Code included various
types of tax-exempt organizations in addition to foundations . More-
over, foundation bookkeeping introduced complications such as
cross-grants . Therefore, the Service would have been unable to
produce complete statistics except at prohibitive cost in labor and
money .
The staff of this Committee assembled, and commented upon, some
valuable statistics based chiefly on the answers to the questionnaires
sent out by the Cox Committee . See Hearings, page 9, et seq . (Note
that some adjustment must be made in using these statistics in view
of the depreciation of the dollar in recent years .) Statistical studies
There are between six and seven thousand foundations at th
present time, probably close to the latter figure . Their aggregat
funds amount to some $7,500,000,000, and their aggregate annual
income to nearly $675,000,000 . It is estimated that foundations of
$10,000,000 capital or over comprise only 7% of the total number,
but account for 56% of the total endowment and 32% of the aggre
gate income of foundations .
PART TWO
FINDINGS OF FACT AND SUPPORTING MATERIAL
V. PREFATORY NOTES AND SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The "full and complete" investigation anticipated by the creating
resolution was an impossibility under the conditions met . To some
extent, therefore, this must be regarded as a pilot study .
The creation of this Committee was greeted by some with the
question : "Why another investigation of foundations when we had
one so recently?" The answer can be found in a comparison of the
material produced by the Cox Committee and by this one . The
Cox Committee simply did not have time to do much more than it did .
A Congressional committee of this kind is chiefly dependent on its
counsel and staff for the production of research material . In its
approximately six months of theoretical, and approximately four
months of practical existence, the Cox Committee's counsel and
staff did not have time to do that preliminary research which might
have disclosed extremely important critical material. It did not
even use a considerable amount of the material it had at hand, as
much of its energies were consumed in listening to adulatory testi-
mony by foundation executives and supporters .
Hampered and limited as the current investigation has been, it has
well merited the energy given to it . It has disclosed and assembled
material never before integratedly exhibited to the Congress and the
people, and opened up lines of inquiry, the seriousness of which can-
not be overemphasized . It should act as a base for a far more
intense and extended investigation . It is the conclusion of this Com-
mittee that the subject of foundations urgently requires the continued
attention of Congress .
Should the study be resumed, we recommend that it be on a some-
what different basis . The process of investigation through public
hearings is inadequate for a subject such as that of foundations . As
we have said, an inquiry into this subject is primarily a research
undertaking . The materials of most value are to be found in
voluminous literature, reports and records . Deciding among points
of view becomes chiefly a matter of processing the mass of research
material which is available, and determining, not on the basis of
witnesses' opinions but on a judicial weighing of the factual evidence,
which are correct .
To some extent, sampling methods must be used .
Reliance on staff work and staff reports seems essential. The
Temporary National Economic Committee (TNEC) used similar
methods . It conducted hearings but leaned heavily on staff reports
published in over forty volumes . There is need for a similar thorough-
ness in approaching the foundation problems, a time-consuming use of
library sources, of questionnaires and of field studies in addition to
hearings, public or private .
15
small sample might well give a distorted picture and cause for rightfu
complaint by those to whom the generalizations do not apply . W
have, ourselves, tried to be very careful not to arrive at final con
clusions on general bases, except where the facts seemed incontrovert
ibly to justify it. Where we have arrived at specific, in contrast t
generalized, conclusions, it has been upon specifically pertinen
material .
In some instances the experience of one particular foundation or
sampled group may indicate a significant trend in foundation activ
ties . It may illustrate what happens, under the system of foundatio
tax exemption, to the citizens who establish foundations, to the trustee
who manage them in theory and to the executives who manage the
in fact . Foundations cannot be understood except in relation t
their acts .
SUMMARY OF COMMITTEE FINDINGS
Subject, then, to the foregoing comments, the following is a bri
summary of the more important findings of this Committee . It i
introduced here in introductory fashion . Further conclusions an
findings are contained in the subsequent text . Moreover, a readin
of the text is often necessary to amplify the brief statement of a findin
here given.
THE COMMITTEE FINDS AS FOLLOWS :
1. The country is faced with a rapidly increasing birth-rate o
foundations . The compelling motivation behind this rapid increas
in numbers is tax planning rather than "charity ." The possibilit
exists that a large part of American industry may eventually come
into the hands of foundations . This may perpetuate control o
individual enterprises in a way not contemplated by existing legisla
tion, in the hands of closed groups, perhaps controlled in turn b
families . Because of the tax exemption granted them, and becaus
they must be dedicated to public purposes, the foundations are publi
trusts, administering funds of which the public is the equitable owner
However, under the present law there is little implementation of thi
responsibility to the general welfare ; the foundations administer thei
capital and income with the widest freedom, bordering at times on
irresponsibility . Wide freedom is highly desirable, as long as the
public dedication is faithfully followed . But as will be observed later
the present laws do not compel such performance .
The increasing number of foundations presents another problem
The Internal Revenue Service is not staffed to adequately scrutiniz
the propriety and legality of the work of this ever-enlarging multitud
of foundations .
2 . Foundations are clearly desirable when operating in the natural
sciences and when making direct donations to religious, educational,
scientific, and other institutional donees . However, when their
activities spread into the field of the so-called "social sciences" or into
other areas in which our basic moral, social, economic, and govern-
mental principles can be vitally affected, the public should be alerte
to these activities and be made aware of the impact of foundation
influence on our accepted way of life .
elements of thought control . It can exert immense influence on
educational institutions, upon the educational processes, and upon
educators . It is capable of invisible coercion through the power of
its purse . It can materially predetermine the development of social
and political concepts and courses of action through the process of
granting and withholding foundation awards upon a selective basis,
and by designing and promulgating projects which propel researchers
in selected directions . It can play a powerful part in the determina-
tion of academic opinion, and, through this thought leadership,
materially influence public opinion .
4. This power to influence national policy is amplified tremendously
when foundations act in concert . There is such a concentration of
foundation power in the United States, operating in the social sciences
and education . It consists basically of a group of major foundations,
representing a gigantic aggregate of capital and income . There is
no conclusive evidence that this interlock, this concentration of power,
having some of the characteristics of an intellectual cartel, came into
being as the result of an over-all, conscious plan . Nevertheless, it
exists . It operates in part through certain intermediary orga niz a-
tions supported by the foundations . It has ramifications in almost
every phase of research and education, in communications and even
in government . Such a concentration of power is highly undesirable,
whether the net result of its operations is benign or not.
5. Because foundation funds are public funds, the trustees of these
organizations must conscientiously exercise the highest degree of
fiduciary responsibility . Under the system of operation common to
most large foundations this fiduciary responsibility has been largely
abdicated, and in two ways . First, in fact if not in theory, the trustees
have all too frequently passed solely upon general plans and left the
detailed administration of donations (and the consequent selection of
projects and grantees) to professional employees . Second, these
trustees have all too often delegated much of their authority and
function to intermediary organizations .
6. A professional class of administrators of foundation funds has
emerged, intent upon creating and maintaining personal prestige
and independence of action, and upon preserving its position and
emoluments . This informal "guild" has already fallen into many of
the vices of a 'bureaucratic system, involving vast opportunities for
selective patronage, preference and privilege . It has already come
to exercise a very extensive, practical control over most research in
the social sciences, much of our educational process, and a good part
of government administration in these and related fields . The
aggregate thought-control power of this foundation and foundation-
supported bureaucracy can hardly be exaggerated . A system has
thus arisen (without its significance being realized by foundation
trustees) which gives enormous power to a relatively small group of
individuals, having at their virtual command, huge sums in public
trust funds . It is a system which is antithetical to American
principles .
7 . The far-reaching power of the large foundations and of the
interlock, has so influenced the press, the radio, and even the gov-
ernment that it has become extremely difficult for objective criticism
short of an unhampered Congressional investigation could hope t
bring out the vital facts ; and the pressure against Congressiona
investigation has been almost incredible . As indicated by thei
arrogance in dealing with this committee, the major foundations and
their associated intermediary organizations have intrenched them-
selves behind a totality of power which presumes to place them
beyond serious criticism and attack .
8. Research in the social sciences plays a key part in the evolutio
of our society . Such research is now almost wholly in the control o
the professional employees of the large foundations and their obedient
satellites . Even the great sums allotted by the Federal Governmen
for social science research have come into the virtual control of this
professional group .
9. This power team has promoted a great excess of empirical re-
search, as contrasted with theoretical research . It has promoted
what has been called an irresponsible "fact finding mania ." It i
true that a balanced empirical approach is essential to sound investi-
gation. But it is equally true that if it is not sufficiently balance
and guided by the theoretical approach, it leads all too frequently to
what has been termed "scientism" or fake science, seriously endanger-
ing our society upon subsequent general acceptance as "scientific"
fact . It is not the part of Congress to dictate methods of research,
but an alertness by foundation trustees to the dangers of supporting
unbalanced and unscientific research is clearly indicated .
10 . Associated with the excessive support of the empirical method
the concentration of power has tended to support the dangerous
"cultural lag" theory and to promote "moral relativity", to the detri-
ment of our basic moral, religious, and governmental principles . I
has tended to support the concept of "social engineering"-that
"social scientists" and they alone are capable of guiding us into bette
ways of living and improved or substituted fundamental principles of
action .
11 . Accompanying these directions in research grants, the con-
centration has shown a distinct tendency to favor political opinions
to the left . These foundations and their intermediaries engag
extensively in political activity, not in the form of direct support o
political candidates or political parties, but in the conscious promotion
of carefully calculated political concepts . The qualitative an
quantitative restrictions of the Federal law are wholly inadequate to
prevent this mis-use of public trust funds .
12 . The impact of foundation money upon education has been
very heavy, largely tending to promote uniformity in approach and
method, tending to induce the educator to become an agent for social
change and a propagandist for the development of our society in the
direction of some form of collectivism . Foundations have supported
text books (and books intended for inclusion in collateral reading
lists) which are destructive of our basic governmental and social
principles and highly critical of some of our cherished institutions
13 . In the international field, foundations, and an interlock among
some of them and certain intermediary organizations, have exercised
a strong effect upon our foreign policy and upon public education i
things international . This has been accomplished by vast propa
The net result of these combined efforts has been to promote "inter-
nationalism" in a particular sense-a form directed toward "world
government" and a derogation of American "nationalism ." Founda-
tions have supported a conscious distortion of history, propagandized
blindly for the United Nations as the hope of the world, supported
that organization's agencies to an extent beyond general public
acceptance, and leaned toward a generally "leftist" approach to
international problems .
14 . With several tragically outstanding exceptions, such as The
Institute of Pacific Relations, foundations have not directly supported
organizations which, in turn, operated to support Communism .
However, some of the larger foundations have directly supported
"subversion" in the true meaning of that term, namely, the process
of undermining some of our vitally protective concepts and principles .
They have actively supported attacks upon our social and govern-
mental system and financed the promotion of socialism and collectivist
ideas.
VI . THE POWER OF THE LARGE FOUNDATION
THE IMPACT OF SIZE .
Several executives of large foundations in their statements at the
Cox Committee hearings expressed the opinion that some regulation of
smaller foundations might be desirable because they are so frequently
set up for tax or other personal advantages . The same executives
expressed the opinion that further regulation of the large foundations
was undesirable . We believe that the premises upon which these
conclusions were based are erroneous . Great foundations are also
set up for tax or other personal advantages . Moreover there is a
distinct danger in me F size .
In the so-called Walsh investigation, which took place in 1917, both
Samuel Untermyer and Louis D . Brandeis concluded that the founda-
tion as a perpetuity was "inconsistent with democratic conceptions ."
Granting that they might then have been in the hands of good men,
the fear was expressed that foundations might become "great powers
for evil in the hands of persons whom we cannot foresee ." They
might even, it was feared, grow stronger than the Government .
This fear was based upon the conservative character and poor
public relations of the creators of the first great foundations ; it was
anticipated that the power of the huge foundation funds could be
used for "reactionary" purposes . The current vice seems to be that
some of the great foundations are now permitting their funds to be
used largely in the promotion of projects politically directed to the
left . But the issue is not whether these great public trusts are being
employed in one political direction or another . The issue is whether
there should be any political direction in the use of public trust
moneys . We share the fear of men like Untermyer and Brandeis that
the power in itself constitutes a threat and a danger .
According to Raymond B . Fosdick, in his The Story of the Rocke-
feller Foundation, when Federal incorporation of the Foundation was
sought, protests were made not only on the basis of the prospective
power of such a foundation but also of its possible use as a medium for
" . In letters which have since been published, it appears that George
Wickersham, the Attorney General, wrote to President Taft denouncing t
proposal. `Never,' he declared, `has there been submitted to Congress or to a
legislative body, such an indefinite scheme for perpetuating vast wealth as thi
and personally I believe it to be entirely inconsistent with the public interest th
any such bill should be passed .' To this Mr. Tuft replied : `I agree with your .
characterization of the proposed act to incorporate John D . Rockefeller.' "
Some of the individual foundations have increased enormously i
size through the accumulation of income (now more carefully restricte
than before) and through accretions in capital value (wholly unre
stricted) . In spite of heavy expenditures, some of the foundation
are now far larger in capital than they were when created . Where
as is frequently the case, the foundation portfolio contains blocks .
equity stocks in growing enterprises, the limits of capital increas
cannot be foreseen .
The power to allot or distribute substantial funds carries with i
the opportunity to exercise a substantial degree of control over th
recipients . We tolerate such risks to society in the free and uncon
trolled use of private funds . An individual of wealth has wide free
dom to expend his money for power or propaganda purposes ; in t
process, he may obtain control of educational institutions, media o
communication and other agencies which have an important impac
on society . Distasteful though this may sometimes be, broa
freedom to do it is consonant with our general ideas of freedom an
liberty for the individual .
W hen we are dealing with foundations, the situation is quit
different . Problems arise in connection with granting full liberty t
foundations which increase geometrically with their size . The powe
of the purse becomes something with which the public must reckon
For these great foundations are public trusts, employing the public'
money-become so through tax exemption and dedication to publi
purposes . Foundations are permitted to exist by the grace of the public
exempted from the taxation to which private funds are subjected, and ar
entitled to their privileges only because they are, and must be, dedicated
to the public welfare . The public has the right to expect of those wh
operate the foundations the highest degree of fiduciary responsibility
The fiduciary duty is not merely to administer the funds carefully fro
a financial standpoint . It includes the obligation to see that the publi
dedication is properly applied .
The large foundations admit this fiduciary responsibility and affirm
atively proclaim their consciousness of it . But, the freedom of actio
they insist on sometimes permits transgressing the border of license
The trustees of the foundations are, by overwhelming preponderance
estimable men ; their errors of operation chiefly result from an apparent
misconception of their fiduciary duty . It is not that they do no
intend to act with full trust responsibility ; they are perhaps too ofte
too busy to think their problems through in detail .
There are limits to their freedom of action as trustees . Thei
financial power gives them enormous leverage in influencing public
opinion . They should thus be very chary of promoting ideas, con
cepts and opinion-forming material which run contrary to what the
public currently wishes, approves and likes . Professor Thomas H
But whatever the stated purpose or purposes, the public has a deep concern
and an actual responsibility to see that the activities of each and every founda-
tion, whether its resources are large or small, not only does not harm but also
contributes to a maximum degree possible to the welfare of the Nation . This
right and this responsibility are derived from the fact that the public has chartered
the foundations and also that by remission of taxes it is furnishing a large part of
the available revenue . In the case of the Ford Foundation, which has an annual
income in excess of $30 million, the public contributes more than $27 million, or
$9 to every $1 that comes from the original donor .
In addition to the right and the responsibility of the public to insure that founda-
tion moneys are spent for the maximum good of society in general, the public is
concerned that no chartered foundation promote a program which in any way and to
any extent militates against what society has decided is for its own good . [Emphasis
ours .]
Dr . Frederick P. Keppel once said that the officers of foundations
steadily tend toward "an illusion of omniscience and omnipotence ."
They thus fall easily into the error of deeming themselves a group of
the elite, entitled to use the seductive methods of educational and
research propaganda to promote what they themselves believe to be
best for the people . In this they seem to follow the thesis of Jean
Jacques Rousseau .
Rousseau was perhaps the most ardent intellectual supporter of
absolute democracy . He believed that the majority must rule with-
out hindrance, and that minority rights are nonsense . Yet he was
the intellectual father of Communism and Fascism . For, while he
believed in the absolute rights of the majority, he did say that the
people did not always know what was good for them ; presumably a
group of the elite would have to tell them . Thus, in both totalitarian
systems, an elite group controls the state for the presumed benefit of
the mass . Such a system is antithetical of our own . As Prof .
Briggs said :
The principle that the public should decide what it wants in order to promote
its own welfare and happiness is unquestionably sound . An assumption that the
public does not know what is for its own good is simply contrary to the funda-
mental principles of democracy . (Hearings, p . 98 .)
The fact is that the foundations have become a force in our society
second only to that of' government itself . Administering about
seven and a half billion dollars, of which a very small number control,
about a third, they are in a position, through the power of public
money to make their influence felt so heavily as to warrant careful
study of the line between freedom of action and license .
PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY .
Annual returns are required of the foundations which give certain
information to the Federal government. Parts of these reports are
open to the public . Others are not ; they may be examined only by
Executive Order of the President of the United States . Even this
Committee, as earlier described, has had difficulty in securing such
an order ; the public in general has no chance of securing one . Thus
even the material which by law must now be recorded is not fully
open to the public . This Committee fails to understand why any part
of any report by a foundation should not be open to the public . Its
fu nds are public and its benefactions, its activities, should be public
I Professor emeritus, Columbia University .
a foundation has fulfilled its duty to the public .
Some of the major foundations prepare and issue public reports
which are admirable as far as they go, disclosing full financial state
ments and descriptions of their work during the period covered by th
report. But even these are inadequate fully to inform the public of
the backgrounds, the motivations, the detail of operation and th
results of the activities of the foundations .
While truly full reports would give to those interested an oppor
tunity to be critical, such criticism would be ineffective in most in
stances . The foundations are free to do as they please with the public
funds at their command, so long as they do not transgress certain
rules of law which are so general in their terms, and so difficult t
interpret except in a few instances, that they are virtually useless a
deterrents . Political propaganda, for example, is proscribed . Bu
many foundations do engage in active political propaganda, and the
present laws cannot stop them .
The testimony of Internal Revenue Commissioner Andrews and
Assistant Commissioner Sugarman brought out clearly (1) that the
courts have construed the restrictions in the tax law very liberally
perhaps far too liberally ; (2) that the Internal Revenue Service ha
great difficulty in drawing lines ; and (3) that it does not have the
manpower or the machinery to act as a watchdog to make sure that
the law is not violated .
Where the organization claims exemption on the ground that it i
"educational" the law requires that it have been organized exclusivel
for that purpose, yet the word "exclusively" has been weakened by
judicial interpretation . Again, the words proscribing politica
activity provide that it may not use a "substantial" part of its fund
in that area . The test is thus quantitative as well as qualitative, an
the difficulty in determining the borderlines can well be imagined
The fact is, and this seems to us of enormous importance, that the
Internal Revenue Service cannot possibly read all the literature pro
duced or financed by foundations, or follow and check the applicatio
of their expenditures . The Commissioner must rely chiefly on com
plaints by indignant citizens to raise a question in his own mind
Even then, it is difficult for the Service to carry this burden, bot
from limitations of personnel and budget, and because it is here
concerned with an area which requires technical skill not normally
to be found in a tax bureau .
Our conclusion is that there is no true public accountability under
the present laws.
What is the penalty if, by chance, serious malfeasance is proved
perhaps by substantial grants for subversive purposes or for active
political propaganda? The mere loss of the income tax exemption
That is the sole penalty, other than the loss of the right of future
donors to take gift or estate tax exemption on their donations . The
capital of the foundation may still be used for a malevolent purpose
The trustees are not subjected to any personal penalty . The fun
merely suffers by, thereafter, having to pay income tax on its earnings!
ABDICATION OF TRUSTEES' RESPONSIBILITY .
The great foundations are enterprises of such magnitude that the
cannot be managed by visiting trustees . In their filed statements,
tions are organized, the trustees cannot fully perform those duties
which their fiduciary responsibility imposes .
An illustration of this was given b Professor Briggs in discussing
the Ford Fund for the Advancement of Education . He indicated that
the trustees were too busy with their own affairs and "put trust in
their elected administrative officers ." In the foundation subsidiary
to which he referred he said all of these officers were "directly or
indirectly nominated by a former influential officer of The Ford
Foundation who is notoriously critical-I may even say contemptu-
ous-of the professional education of teachers ." The result in this
instance he described as follows :
These administrative officers doubtless present to the board, as they do to the
public, a program so general as to get approval and yet so indefinite as to permit
activities which in the judgment of most competent critics are either wasteful
or harmful to the education program that has been approved by the public .
(Hearings, p . 97 .)
To do a truly fiduciary job, as a trustee of one of the major founda-
tions, would require virtually full time occupation .
Typically in the large foundation, there is a set of eminent and
responsible trustees at the top who may well wish to be alert to their
public duty. Most, however, are busy men with many other occupa-
tions and avocations . They may attend quarterly meetings, some-
times less often, rarely more . At such meetings they may be pre-
sented with voluminous reports and be asked to consider and give
their approval to programs and projects . However long such meetings
may last, it is impossible for such trustees to fulfill their fiduciary
responsibility adequately at the equivalent of directors' meetings .
In such infrequent attendance, they cannot give the attention to
the detail of management which the trust nature of these enterprises
requires . Perforce, they delegate their powers to professional subordi-
nates, sometimes selected for their peculiar knowledge of the field,
sometimes selected casually and without previous experience or special
knowledge.
That they are not always careful in their selection of executives
and staffs is attested by this testimony of Professor Briggs, in which
he refers to The Ford Fund for the Advancement of Education, upon
whose Advisory Committee he served until his resignation in disgust
(Hearings, pp . 96-97) :
Not a single member of the staff, from the president down to the lowliest employee,
has had any experience, certainly none in recent years, that would give under-
standing of the problems that are met daily by the teachers and administrators
of our schools . It is true that they have from time to time called in for counsel
experienced educators of their own choosing, but there is little evidence that they
have been materially influenced by the advice that was proffered . As one prom-
inent educator who was invited to give advice reported, "any suggestions for
changes in the project (proposed by the fund) were glossed over without discus-
sion ." As a former member of a so-called advisory committee I testify that at
no time did the administration of the fund seek from it any advice on principles
of operation nor did it hospitably receive or act in accordance with such advice
as was volunteered .
Mr. Alfred Kohlberg testified before the Cox Committee . As a
member of the Institute of Pacific Relations, he had brought up charges
of subversion apparently before The Rockefeller Foundation's trustees
had become aware that anything was wrong with their long-favored
The Carnegie Endowment For International Peace at Mr . Dulle
suggestion . When Mr . Kohlberg was asked if he was critical of M
Dulles for his connection with the Hiss matter, he stated that he w
critical in general of the trustees of the two large foundations co
cerning which he had testified-The Carnegie Endowment and Rock
feller Foundation-on the ground that they "delegate most of the
duties to the staff." He continued : "And while we all realize th
they are very busy men, that the affairs of these foundations are va
in scope, I criticize them for a lack of understanding of the dama
that can be done to the country when these institutions get infiltrat
or when institutions they are aiding get infiltrated with communists
Mr. Kohlberg illustrated further :
"That has been the reaction-the trustees of the Institute of Pacific Relation
for example, which has now been found by the Senate committee to be considere
an organ of the Communist Party of the United States, by the Communist Party
the majority of those trustees are men of unquestioned integrity, and althoug
charges were brought to their attention-what is it? Eight years ago?-the
have never yet investigated it on their own ."
An analogy with a commercial enterprise is not correct . Som
foundations, like the Twentieth Century Fund, engage directly
research projects . Others are in the business of distributing funds t
still others for research and other purposes. In either case, t
operation is not a private one for profit but a public one for the publ
benefit, and the obligations of the trustees extend far beyond th
limited fiduciary responsibility of a commercial director .
These obligations are comparatively easy to meet in small found
tions with moderate operations . The larger the foundation enterprise
the more difficult the execution of the fiduciary duty . So compl
and intricate have some of the foundations become that a few, lik
the Ford Foundation, have felt obliged to divide themselves int
subsidiaries and affiliates . The diagram set opposite this page show
part of the intricacy of the Ford operation .
Trustees of great foundations are unable to keep their finger
on the pulse of operations, except to very limited degree . The
cannot take time to watch that detail of operation which alone woul
give them an insight into the fairness and objectivity of selections
Nor can they see to the effect of what they have permitted to b
done . They incline generally to feel that they have done their par
when a grant has been made . They seem to have neither the tim
nor the disposition to study the consequences of the grant, its impac
upon society . No other explanation of the long-continued enormou
grants by The Rockefeller Foundation and others to The Institute
Pacific Relations, nor of the Rockefeller support of the Kinsey reports
seems logical .
Mr. Henry Allen Moe, of the John Simon Guggenheim Memoria
Foundation put it this way in this statement before the Cox Com
mittee:
* * * 'delegatus non potest delegare,' that is to say that no trustee ca
delegate his trust function .
He proceeded to say that neither within law nor equity could trustee
delegate their judgment .
What is this judgment, the chief component of the trust function? I
is the judgment of the desirability of a grant, both as to specific purpose an
`.
do not have the duty of trustees . Clearly enough, where a great
many grants are to be awarded, administrative assistance is unavoid-
ably necessary . But ultimate responsibility must rest on the trustees .
They may have assistance, but they cannot merely shunt off the process
of selection to others, perfunctorily accepting what these agents have
decided. If the problem is that the size of some foundations prevents
selections by the trustees themselves, the answer cannot lie in an
abandonment of responsibility by delegation but perhaps in a radical
reorganization of its processes and methods .
Some trustees seek to escape the full impact of the principle of
delegatus non potest delegare, by organizing themselves in such manner
that they are expressly excluded from the detail of selection . For
example, the Ford Foundation caused a report to be prepared called
the Report of the Study .for the Ford Foundation on Policy and Program,
dated November 19, 1949 . This report contained the following
passages :
"Individual members of the Board of Trustees should not seek to decide the
technical questions involved in particular applications and projects . Nothing
would more certainly destroy the effectiveness of a foundation . On the contrary,
the Trustees will be most surely able to control the main lines of policy
of the Foundation, and the contribution it will make to human welfare, if they
give the President and the officers considerable freedom in developing the program,
while they avoid influencing (even by indirection) the conduct of projects to
which the Foundation has granted funds ." (Pages 127 and 128.)
"As individuals, the Trustees should learn as much as they can by all means
possible, formal and informal, about the program of the Foundation in relation
to the affairs of the world . But the Board of Trustees, as a responsible body,
should act only according to its regular formal procedures, and usually on the
agenda, the dockets, and the recommendations presented by the President ."
(Page 128 .)
"The meetings of the Board should be arranged so that the discussion will not
be directed mainly at the individual grants recommended by the officers, and
institutions to receive them . Nothing could destroy the effectiveness of the Board
more certainly than to have the agenda for its meetings consist exclusively of
small appropriation items, each of which has to be judged on the basis of scientific
considerations, the academic reputation of research workers, or the standing of
institutions . If the agenda calls solely for such discussions the Board will neces-
sarily fail to discuss the main issues of policy and will inevitably interfere in mat-
ters in which it has no special competence ." (Page 130 .)
"A foundation may wish from time to time to make small grants, either to ex-
plore the possibilities of larger programs, or to take advantage of an isolated and
unusual opportunity . For such purposes it will be useful for the Trustees to set
up (and replenish from time to time) a discretionary fund out of which the Presi-
dent may make grants on his own authority . The Trustees should set a limit on
the aggregate amount which the President may award in discretionary grants
during a given period, rather than set a fixed limit on the size of a single grant .
* * *" (Page 132 .)
"The President of The Ford Foundation, as its principal officer, should not only
serve as a member of the Board of Trustees, but should be given full authority
to administer its organization .
"He should have full responsibility for presenting recommendations on program
to the Board, and full authority to appoint and remove all other officers and em-
ployees of the Foundation . * * *" (Page 132 .)
"The founders of at least two of the larger American foundations intended
their trustees to devote a major amount of their time to the active conduct of
foundation affairs . Usually this arrangement has not proved practicable . * * *"
(Page 133 .)
"* * * for the program of a foundation may be determined more certainly by
the selection of its top officers than by any statement of policy or any set of direc-
tions . * * *" (Page 133 .)
55647-54 3
under which everything except possibly the establishment of glitteri
generalities could be left to employees.
On the subject of trustees' responsibility, Professor Kenneth C
grove z testified under questioning as follows :
Mr . WORMSER . Professor, I would like your comments on this subject, if
will . The trustees of these foundations have a distinct fiduciary responsibili
which they recognize, in principle, at least, as the trustees of public funds .
seems to me the most important trust function they have is to exercise judgme
in connection with the selection of grants and grantees . Does it not seem
you that to a very large extent they have abandoned that trust function, th
trust duty, and have delegated the whole thing to other organizations? Tha
certain areas they have used these intermediate organizations to fulfill th
judgment function for them, which they, as trustees, should exercise? Wou
you comment on that?
Dr . CoLECaovE . I think that has very largely occurred . I do not quite l
to put it this way, but the trustees are in many cases just window dressing
give popular confidence in the institution . In the United States we think
institution needs a very distinguished board of trustees ; and, of course, y
know, from college experience, a great many men are made trustees of a u
versity because the university expects them to make a large donation to
endowment fund or build a building or something like that . And to offse
group of rich trustees, you put on some trustees who have large reputations
the literary world or in other fields than merely finance .
Many of the trustees, I am afraid, have gotten into a very bad habit . T
are perfectly realistic . They know why they are put on the board of truste
And they are not as careful as they should be in taking responsibility for
operation of those organizations .
I think the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, which was set
under Elihu Root and President Nicholas Murray Butler way back, I thi
about 1908, had a board of trustees picked by President Butler, and I th
Butler expected to get a great deal of advice from those trustees .
But I do recall many years later President Butler told me that he had to
very extraordinary methods to get his trustees to meet even for the annu
meeting .
Mr. WORMSER . Then, in practice, they delegate their authority partly to ot
organizations . Of course, where they do make their own grants directly, t
delegate enormously to their professional employees, the executives, who do
have the same trust responsibility but are merely executives .
Dr . CoLEOROVE . Yes, they delegate their authority in several directio
Trustees delegate their authority to the president of the foundation . The pre
dent in large measure even delegates his authority to the heads of departmen
A president of one of these large funds sometimes is a little hazy about what
happening in this division or in that division . And in these heads of departmen
let's say of the Rockefeller Foundation, where you have the social sciences
humanities-you will find a delegation of authority in the case of the social scien
to the operating society, The Social Science Research Council, and to The Ameri
Council of Learned Societies in the case of the humanities . So you have a dele
tion of authority in two directions there .
Mr . WORMSER. So whether a foundation fulfills its obligation to the pub
rests primarily on the selection of its employees and the association with th
intermediate groups . Is it your opinion, Professor, that these employee
don't mean in a derogatory sense to say "employees", the officers of these organ
tions-are on the same caliper as a whole, do they compare well with univers
executives or those who would administer grants under university administrati
Dr . COLEGROVE . Well, I think those of us in political science feel that
Willits, 3 who was a professor of the University of Pennsylvania before he took
position that he has at the present time, is an outstanding scholer, a most c
petent administrator, a very good judge of human nature . And yet he can
give all of his attention to the expenditure of these vast sums .
3 Formerly Professor of Political-Science Northwestern University, where he taught for 30 years b
his automatic retirement at age 65 . For eleven years, Secretary and Treasurer, American Political Sc
Association .
3 Vice-President, The Rockefeller Found
Mr. WORMSER . One witness, Professor Briggs, testified that in his opinion there
wasn't one single employee in the Ford Fund for the Advancement of Education,
from the top down to the bottom, who had had enough experience in the areas
in which they were operating to make proper judgments . That does not sound
very good for foundation practices, if they select men as carelessly, let us say, as
that. I am trying to make a comparison with universities, because I am interested
particularly in the possibility that a better medium for foundation largesse may
be through the universities, instead of through professional agencies .
Dr . COLEOROVE . Oh, quite true . I think it would require a larger number of
topnotch administrators in the foundations to exercise more critical judgment
than can be exercised at the present time. Even there, however, you would have
to choose between universities ; and if you are going to the small colleges, there is a
case where you would have to have many careful surveys and studies, and an
acquaintance with the personnel and faculties of those universities . Probably
the staffs of high-grade men, let us say men serving under Dr . Willits, ought to
be a little higher caliber .
Mr . HAYS. Well, now, you talked a little bit ago about the delegation of
authority . Do you have any specific ideas about what we could do to remedy
that, if that is bad? I mean how are you going to get away from it?
Dr . COLEGROVE . Well, you cannot avoid delegation of authority, but a good
administrator has to know how to delegate . He has to choose to whom he is
going to delegate, and choose what powers he is going to delegate, and then
finally he has to have his system of reviewing the achievements of persons to
whom power to make decisions has been delegated .
Mr . WORMSER. May I interrupt to help Mr . Hays' question?
Mr . HAYS . You are sure this is going to be helpful?
Mr . WOEMSER . Yes, Sir .
Mr . Hays has said that it seemed to him a trustee should not act as a trustee
of a foundation unless he was willing to give the time to it that was necessary .
It seemed to me that that was a very apt remark . And I wonder if that is not
the answer, that these men are so busy with their own lives that although they
are eminent they are not capable of being trustees of foundations . That is no
criticism of them as persons .
Dr . COLEOROVE . Yes ; undoubtedly many of the trustees would not serve if
they felt that they would be called upon to do much more than go to the meet-
ings, hear the reports, and sometimes not say a single word . You would not
have as brilliant, as lofty, as remarkable, a collection of men as trustees if you
required a little more responsibility on their part . I would say, on the whole,
the board of trustees is too large . There are too many remarkable men, in New
York and elsewhere, who are trustees of more than one foundation . And just
as we exercise in the American Political Science Association a "self-denying
ordinance" where no member of the association speaks more than twice in an
annual meeting, I would like to see these interlocking trusteeships more or less
abolished . You cannot abolish them by law, of course . You could abolish them
by practice . So you would reduce the size of the board of trustees and then
expect more consideration, more consultation, more advice, from the men who
had accepted this great responsibility .
Mr . WORMSER . Was that not your idea, Mr . Hays, that they should be working
directly?
Mr . HAYS . Oh, sure. Exactly . (Hearings, pp . 583, 584, 585, 586 .)
Mr. Koch, the Associate Counsel joined in the colloquy with a
comment which seems to this Committee especially apt:
Mr . KOCH. Here is something that worries me . Suppose I had a great big
motor company or a steel mill or this and that, and they picked me because they
wanted, as you say, window dressing . The first thing that puzzles me is why they
need window dressing in a foundation of this kind . If you are running a founda-
tion where you go to the people every year, like the Red Cross or the March of
Dimes, for money, then you want to impress the populace that there are big
names behind it . But here, where Mr . Ford or Mr . Carnegie or Mr . Rockefeller
plumps millions of dollars in the laps of the foundation, and they do not have to
go to the public for 1 cent more, I always wonder : why do they need big names
in that case? And would it not be better, instead of picking me, the head of a
of a big steel mill . As soon as somebody said, "Let us do something about edu
tion, or study this," if I were honest, I would immediately say, "I do not k
anything about it, so what do the professors say?" And the professors wo
immediately tell me what they thought the trend of the times was, and I wou
say, "I will be safe if I follow the trend of the times ."
And it seems to me the dismal part of the testimony so far is that there h
been so much unanimity among the big foundations in following the suppos
trend of the times . I would rather see one day Rockefeller in this corner slugg
it out with Ford Foundation in this corner to try to argue a particular thi
Here we get into a depression, and we find out Professor Beard and Profess
Muzzey have said things they later veered away from, and yet all of the found
tions at that time may have put their money in the direction of that projec
pushing the pendulum along much farther than it probably should have be
pushed . And yet there was no foundation that said, "Well, change may
necessary, but let us find out what is good about the old order so that, when
decide on the change, we have at least heard both sides ."
It seems to me there has not been that debate . And it may have been pr
ably because the big name probably said, "We don't really know much about
ourselves . We will have to see what is the fad, what the ladies are wearing
Paris today, or what the trend is in education ." I therefore wonder whet
it would not be better to suggest that where they do not need big names they g
lesser names who can spend more time and are a little bit more familiar with t
subject matter . That, unfortunately, was an awfully long speech, but that h
been worrying me .
Dr . CoLEGRovE . I think you have given an accurate picture of the act
situation . The large number of famous names on the list of trustees is due
the old superstition that our institutions must be headed by a famous group
men . And I will say frankly it is to impress Congress as well as the Americ
people ; to impress public opinion as fully as possible . It is an old superstiti
It is not necessary at all. With a group of 7 trustees, using 7 because it is
odd number, I imagine most of these trustees if they were trustees of only o
other organization, maybe trustees of a church, would be able to give mo
attention to their duties as trustees of foundations . They could not pass on t
responsibility . (Hearings, pp . 586, 587 .)
One of the dangers of delegating excessive authority to officers a
employees of a foundation is that there is a tendency for these del
gates to run off with the entire operation and, for all practical pu
poses, to take it away from the trustees who bear the fiduciary du
to the public .
Professor David N . Rowe a testified that the directors of the Ins
tute of Pacific Relations (of whom he was one for several years) ha
very little control over the day-to-day operation . I don't know whether this
characteristic of all boards or all organizations, but I felt, and I testified previou
to this effect, that the IPR was essentially controlled by a very small group
people who were sometimes an official executive committee, or otherwise
informal one, who ran things pretty much as they would and who commented
the Foundation's own personnel and problems of the kind I was talking to Evan
about in exactly the opposite way . (Hearings, pp . 538, 539 .)
In answer to the question why, like directors of a bank, the directo
of I . P . R . had not been able to learn the mischief which was going
and to control it, Professor Rowe replied :
* * * I would have the greatest respect for the ability of either of you gentl
men or others that I know to read a bank balance sheet and to tell the differen
between red ink and black ink . As you say, that is your business . You are
the board of directors ; you have to know. But I would like to know whether y
would have equal confidence in your ability at all times as a member of a board
directors to be able to point the finger at the fellow that is putting his fingers
4Professor of Political Science, Yale University .
a Roger Evans, Social Science Director of the Rockefeller Foundation .
that .
You don't have a system like that in the intellectual world . You try to work
one up and I will be the first to adopt it . I will say this . You are never going to
be(able to spot such people, who operate down in the levels (of) an organization, from
away up high where the directors sit, because they don't know what the people
are doing, they can't possibly supervise them directly . This is left to the executive
people . If the executive people know what they are doing-I testified before the
McCarran committee that I was present once at a board of directors' meeting of
the IPR at which they were discussing the appointment of a new executive secre-
tary, and I had to sit there in the board and hear the executive committee members
refuse to divulge the names of the candidates they were thinking about in the
presence of the board of directors, and they got away with it .
Mr. HAYS . What did you do about that?
Dr . RowE . What could I do . I was practically a minority of one. The board
upheld their decision not to do this . It was not too long after that as I remember
it that I resigned from the board. They had a monopoly and they were bringing
people like me in for purposes of setting up a front, and I hope, giving a different
kind of coloring to the membership of the board .
Mr . WORMSER . How often did that board meet, Professor?
Dr . ROWE . I don't think I ever was called in there more than once a year, and
you would spend a couple of hours, and that is all .
Mr . Kocx . Did the men come from all over the United States on that board?
Dr . RowE . The last meeting I attended the members from California were not
present . There was a member there from Oregon .
Mr . Kocx . But was the membership of the board spread over the United
States?
Dr . RowE . Yes, it was, and those people could not always attend . (Hearings,
pp . 542, 543 .)
Mr . Hays later made his apt comment that no one should remain
on the board of directors unless he could give the proper time to its
work, whereupon Professor Rowe answered :
Dr . ROWE . I would have been perfectly willing to sacrifice the time necessary
to get full information and participate in policy decisions . One of the things that
motivated me was the fact that you could spend the time-I could-but you could
not get the facts and information or get in the inside circles . I submit to you
that taking 3 years to find that out in an organization of the complexity of the
IPR was not an unconscionably long period of time . (Hearings, p . 544 .)
We do not believe that public trusts are properly administered through
delegated fiduciary authority . We question whether individuals should
act as trustees if they are too busy or otherwise occupied to give the work
the full attention which their fiduciary duty requires . The trustees of
the Carnegie Corporation and the Rockefeller Foundation could not
have permitted continued grants to something like I . P . R . had they
been aware of what was going on . But the expenditure of sufficient
time in checking and observing would have made them conscious of
what the Institute of Pacific Relations was doing to our country . To
expend that time seems to us the duty of a foundation trustee . To fail to
do so is to fail in the discharge of a fiduciary duty to the public. Alertness
on the part of the Rockefeller and Carnegie trustees, and expenditure
of the time necessary to see to the use made of the public's money by
I . P . R . might have saved China from the Communists and prevented
the war in Korea .
The extent to which trustees of foundations have further delegated
their authority and abdicated their responsibility through the use of
intermediary organizations, will appear in the next section of this
report,
quoted Mr . Gates, long-time advisor to John D . Rockefeller, Sr.,
matters of charity, as follows :
"If I have any regret, it is that the charter of The Rockefeller Foundation
not confine its work strictly to national and international medicine, health
its appointments * * * Insofar as the disbursements of the Rockefeller incorp
ated philanthropies have been rigidly confined to these two fields of philanthr
(medicine and public health) they have been almost universally commended
home and abroad . Where they have inadvertently transgressed these limi
they have been widely and in some particulars perhaps not unfairly condemned
In his article in the New York Times of March 1, 1954, Mr. L
Eagan attributes wide concern about foundations in part to "a belat
recognition of the great influence that foundations have exercised
social developments and ideas", and "a fear that a changing emphas
in foundation programs may upset many long-established soc
relationships ."
Foundations can play a powerful role in ushering in changes in ou
form of society . As Frederick P. Keppel, himself President of t
Carnegie Corporation, put it in The Foundation ; Its Place in Americ
Life (p. 107)
"We all know that foundation aid can increase measurably the pace of any soci
tendency, but we don't know when this artificial acceleration ceases to be desirab
* * * All I can say is that here as elsewhere safety lies in the fullest availa
information as to foundation affairs and the widest possible discussion regard
them ."
The dangers inherent in size, and the accompanying power which
large purse gives, apply to some degree in all fields of foundation ope
ation . They are most hazardous, however, in the so-called "socia
sciences ."
Dean Myers of the New York State College of Agriculture defin
the social sciences in the Cox Committee hearings as follows :
"The subject or the name `social science' is intended to cover those studies whi
have as their center man in his relation to other men as individuals, as groups,
as nations.
"Perhaps the name `social science' might be made clear by indicating its relati
to other branches of knowledge, the natural or physical sciences which relate
the physical world, the medical sciences which are self-explanatory, the humaniti
which deal with art, literature, with things of the spirit, and the social scienc
which are concerned with the studies of man as an individual, as groups, and
nations ."
Within the scope of the term "social sciencies" he named as typica
economics ; psychology ; sociology ; anthropology ; political science
government ; demography or populations studies; history ; statisti
and various sub-divisions of these .
While mistakes in the other branches of knowledge may have seriou
results, there is not in them nearly the room for damage to our socie
which exists in the social sciences . Possibilities of error and mischi
are so much greater . The methods employed in the natural scienc
are not applicable to the social sciences except in limited degre
Research is thus far more apt to be fallacious, in social than in natur
science.
Dr . L . F . Ward once said : "the knowledge how to improve hum
relations can come only for the social sciences ." That statement
' Chapter II, p . 29, quoting from The Gates Papers: A memorandum entitled "Principles of Philanthr
as a science and Art" 1923 .
,an do a lot to help "improve human relationships ." Those who be-
lieve that the statement of Dr . Ward is correct, often risk the safety
A our state and our society . The results of social science research
%re subject to such frequent discount or doubt, because of the possi-
bilities of error, that we can hardly afford to base changes in our forms
c)r principles of government upon them . As Professor A . H . Hobbs'
has said in his Social Problems and Scientism (p . 196) :
"* * * remember the fundamental differences between the physical sciences
and the social sciences . Physical science has a solid bed-rock of tested knowledge,
and the verified theories constitute reliable guideposts . Contrasted with this
situation, social science knowledge is an uncharted swamp . There is no solid
footing of coordinated knowledge to serve as a vantage point from which to survey
the terrain ahead . There is a labyrinth of paths leading everywhere-and
nowhere . The principles are not anchored but drift in currents of opinion ."
This Committee has been far more interested, therefore, in the
activities of the foundations in the social sciences than elsewhere .
Here the greater danger lies . Here the most grievous acts of abuse
have occured .
Foundation history has shown a rapidly increasing interest in social
science research . More and more foundation funds have been poured
into this area until, with the creation of the largest of the founda-
tions, the Ford Foundation, we see an addition of almost all its half-
billion capital devoted to the social sciences, including education .
Since the second World War, the government itself has increasingly
entered the field of social science research, giving it direct support
through research contracts from military and civilian agencies .
Today, nearly all research in the social sciences is dependent on founda-
tion grants or government contracts . The same executives and
directors who control foundation support of social science research
have been extremely active in the formulation of research policies in
the government research programs ; and a major part of the social
scientists of America are either on government payrolls or supported
by grants and contracts via universities, their research bureaus or
foundation-sponsored councils .
The foundations themselves feel that they should use their funds
within the social sciences as "risk capital", for "experiment ." Experi-
ment in the natural sciences is highly desirable . Experiment with
human beings and their mode of living and being governed is, however,
quite a different matter . If by "experiment" is meant trying to find
ways in which to make existing institutions better or better working,
that too would be admirable . If by "experiment" is meant trying
to find ways in which other political and social institutions could be
devised to supplant those we live by and are satisfied with-then such
experiment is not a desirable use of public funds expended by private
individuals without public accountability .
The inherent uncertainties of research in the social sciences, the enor-
mous factor of indefiniteness, the impossibility of truly experimenting to
test a conditional hypothesis before proclaiming it as a proven conclusion,
the grave danger of fallacious results, makes it highly questionable whether
public money should be so used to promote abandonment of institutions
and ways of life which have been found satisfactory, in favor of question-
able substitutes .
7 Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania.
their research results are, at best, tentative- that no ultimate concl
sions can be drawn from them . Nevertheless, it is natural and i
evitable that others take up the results of social science research
ignoring the uncertainty, they use the results as bases for recommend
ing social action and even legislation . Through such a process
fallacious conclusions (even some which the social scientists them
selves might admit were not yet satisfactorily proven) are ofte
promoted for the purpose of altering the opinion of the intellectua
professions and finally the public itself . The widespread dissemin
tion by foundations of results of social science research, amon
intellectuals, teachers, writers, etc ., can itself start a propulsion towar
a demand for legislation to implement a conclusion which has no basi
in scientific fact.
The following was reported in the New York Times of May 3, 194
referring to a speech made by Mr . Raymond Fosdick to the Women'
Action Committee for Victory and Lasting Peace :
"Mr . Raymond Fosdick, president of the Rockefeller Foundation, warned 30
members representing 38 States that the growing distrust of Russia menaced th
future of world peace ."
This was brought out in the testimony of Alfred Kohlberg before th
Cox Committee, after which Mr . Kohlberg made these apt remark
"Now, I am bringing these names up because these gentlemen are beyo
question in their loyalty and patriotism, you see ; but somebody has twisted the
mental processes .
"They paid out millions of dollars for so-called research in foreign policy, and
seems that the result of that research has come back and twisted their mental process
so that Mr. Fosdick warns that `The growing distrust of Russia menaces the futu
of world peace,' prior to VE day .
"Of course, if we had had just a little distrust of Russia at that time, we migh
not have turned over Eastern Europe and China to them ." [Emphasis ours .]
Mr. Kohlberg, whose testimony before the Cox Committee is wel
worth study, also brought out that, according to the New York Tim
of December 29, 1950, Prof . Robert C . North, speaking at the openin
of the annual convention of the American Historical Society (heavi
supported by foundations) had said "that the United States has bee
on the wrong side of the Asian revolution this far ." That, as M
Kohlberg pointed out, was after `the Chinese Communists had entere
the Korean War against us .
Mr. Kohlberg also noted that Prof . North and one Harold R . Isaa
had travelled around the United States making a survey for the Fo
Foundation, as a result of which that foundation granted " * * *
think, $250,000 to the Council of Learned Societies to carry on t
recommendations of these two gentlemen who have this kind o
opinion. * * * "
Can we afford to take the risks involved in permitting privatel
managed foundations to expend public funds in areas which coul
endanger our national safety? Officers of some of the foundation
frequently assert that they must take risks to do their work effectively
But risks with the public welfare had better be taken by the Congres
and not by private individuals, many of whom appear too busy wit
their own affairs to pay close attention to what the foundation, whi
they in theory manage, is doing .
by the great foundations involve patronage to banks, investment
houses, law firms and others . Through their holdings of securities
and purchasing power they exercise additional influence . Appoint-
ment to the board of one of the larger foundations is considered
something of a public honor . Accordingly, by selecting strategically-
placed trustees who welcome appointment, a foundation can extend
its power and its influence . The presence of Arthur__Ha s Sulz-
berger, President and publisher of the New York Times, on t e Toard
of the Rocke e ndation is ari U14_sti_ ation of this extension of
power and intluence .x We do not mean to imply that Mr . Sulz-
berger directed his editors to slant their reporting on this Committee's
work, but his very presence on the Rockefeller Foundation Board could
have been an indirect, intangible, influencing factor . At any rate, the
Times has bowed to no other newspaper in the vindictiveness of its
attacks on this Committee . In its issue of August 5, 1954, it gave
856 lines of laudatory columnar space, starting with a front-page arti-
cle, to the statement filed by the Rockefeller Foundation . The following
day, August 6, 1954, appeared one of a succession of bitter editorials
attacking this Committee .
Some of the foundations go so far as to engage high grade and
expensive "public relations counsellors" to cement their power and
influence . This strikes us as a dubious use of public money . Through
such counsellors, more than ordinary influence on the press and other
media of public communication can be exerted .
These are only some of the ramifications of the colossal power
which large foundations possess . In some instances their influence
is amplified by the power of great corporations with which they are
associated through large stock holdings or through interlocking direc-
torships . Examples of this would be the Ford Foundation and the
Rockefeller Foundations .
A great foundation can often exercise heavy influence over a college
or university, sometimes to the extent of suborning it to its own ends .
The privately-financed institutions of higher learning have had a
distressing time ; the inflation of the past decade or so has increased
to the point of desperation the problem of keeping a college going .
In these circumstances, foundation grants are so important a source
of support that it is not uncommon for university or college presidents
to hang upon the wishes of the executives who distribute the largess
for foundations . Most college presidents will frankly admit that
they dislike receiving restricted or labelled grants from foundations-
that they would much prefer direct and unrestricted grants to their
institutions ; or, if a purpose must be attached to the grant, that the
university be permitted to construct and direct the study as it wishes .
But they will also admit that they hesitate to turn down any grant,
however restricted, from a great foundation . After all, if they get
on the wrong side of these sources of support they may be stricken
from the list of beneficiaries .
As academic opinion today is the opinion of the intellectuals of
tomorrow and will very likely be reflected into legislation and in
public affairs thereafter, the opportunities available to the founda-
8 Mr . Sulzberger is also on the boards of several other foundations .
exerted is beyond question .
In reply to the question : had the foundations been able to chann
thinking down one narrow channel?, Professor David N . Rowe
Yale answered that "efforts to that end had been made ." He th
testified to an astounding example of a foundation attempting
exercise control of a university function in a most radical manne
His testimony ran :
* * * The effort to influence the content of area programs at Yale has be
made by at least one foundation that I know of, namely, the Carnegie Corporatio
I can't give you the precise date of this, but I would judge it was in about 1947 .
think that isn't too much to say that this incident is rather typical of some typ
of foundation activity that are going on today . I don't pretend to know h
constant they are or how general they are around the country .
This involved an effort on the part of the Carnegie Corporation through o
of its representatives by the name of John Gardner, I believe, to influence t
administration of Yale to eliminate the work we were doing in the far-easter
field and to concentrate our work on the southeast Asian field . This was
rather surprising suggestion . Yale has a long tradition of interest in the F
East . You may have heard of the organization known as Yale in China .
At the time this suggestion was made, we were spending a considerable s
of money each year on faculty salaries for teaching and research in the far-easte
field .
Mr . HAYS . What year was this, sir?
Dr . RowE . I think it was about 1947 . I can't give you the precise date .
Mr . HAYS . Just so we get some idea .
Dr . ROWE . Yes . This had to do with the desire on the part of Yale to devel
and expand its work in the southeast Asian field, where again we had importan
work for a number of years . We have had some eminent people in the southea
Asian field for years in the past.
In this connection, the visit of Mr. Gardner to the university was undertaken
I believe, at that time the dean of Yale College was in charge of the whol
foreign area program, and I was working directly under him as director of grad
uate and undergraduate studies as the biography indicated . We were rath
shocked at Mr . Gardner's suggestion that we drop all our work on the Far Eas
and concentrate on southeast Asia .
The dean questioned Mr . Gardner as to why this suggestion was being mad
In the general conversation that followed-I got this second hand from th
dean, because I was not present then-the philosophy of the foundations alon
this line was brought out . They look upon their funds or tend to look upo
their funds as being expendable with the greatest possible economy . That i
natural. They look upon the resources in these fields where the people are fe
and far between as scarce, which is correct, and they are interested in integratin
and coordinating the study of these subjects in this country . Therefore, t
suggestion that we cut out far-eastern studies seemed to be based on a notio
on their part that no one university should attempt to cover too many differen
fields at one time .
The practical obstacles in the way of following the suggestion made by Mr
Gardner at that time were pretty clear . There were quite a few of the member
of the staff on the far-eastern studies at that time who were already on permanen
faculty tenure at Yale and could hardly have been moved around at the volitio
of the university, even if it had wanted to do it . The investment in librar
resources and other fixed items of that kind was very large . The suggestion tha
we just liquidate all this in order to concentrate on southeast Asian studies, even
though it was accompanied by a suggestion that if this kind of a policy wa
adopted, the Carnegie Corporation would be willing to subsidize pretty heavil
the development of southeast Asian studies, was met by a flat refusal on th
part of the university administration .
Subsequently the dean asked me to write the initial memorandum for submis
sion to the Carnegie Corporation on the basis of which, without acceding to thei
suggestion that we eliminate far eastern studies from our curriculum, that w
wanted to expand our southeast Asian studies with their funds .
The only reason for my giving you this incident in somewhat detail is to indicate
what I consider to he a real tendency in foundations today-in some foundations,
not all-to adopt a function of trying to rationalize higher education and research
in this country along the lines of the greatest so-called efficiency . I used the
word "so-called" there designedly, because in my view, the notion that educational
and research and scholarly efficiency can be produced this way in a democratic
society is unacceptable. It seems to me that in a democratic society we have to
strive for the greatest possible varigation and differentiation as between univer-
sities along these lines, and the suggestion that any one university should more or
less monopolize one field or any few universities monopolize one field, and give
the other fields to others to do likewise with, it is personally repugnant to me .
It does not jibe with my notion of academic freedom in the kind of democratic
society that I believe in . (Hearings, pp . 527, 528.)
This incident at Yale strikes this Committee as appalling. Any
attempts by foundations, or concentrations of foundation power, to control
research in the universities and colleges and to create conformity, uni-
formity or foundation-policed research should receive from Congress and
the public the censure it well merits .
On the subject of conformity, Professor Rowe testified as follows :
* * *
In the academic field, of course, we have what is known as academic tenure or
faculty tenure . After they get permanent tenure in a university, providing they
don't stray off the beaten path too far from an ethical point of view, people can
say almost anything they want. I have never felt that any of my colleagues
should be afraid to express their opinions on any subject, as long as they stay
within the bounds of good taste and ordinary common decency . Nobody in the
world is going to be able to do anything to them . This is fact and not fiction .
It is not fancy. Their degree of security is put there to be exploited in this way .
Now, of course, some of the people that complain most bitterly about the
invasion of academic privilege along that line are those who indulge themselves
invading it . What, for instance, is a professor to think when people with money
come along and tell his university that what he is doing there is useless and ought
to be liquidated, because it is being done much better some place else?
We hear a lot of the use of the word "conformity" nowadays, that congressional
investigations are trying to induce conformity . The inducement of conformity
by the use of power is as old as the human race, and I doubt if it is going to be
ended in a short time . But one of the purposes of having academic institutions
which are on a private basis is to maximize the security of individuals who will
refuse to knuckle under to the pressures of money or opinion or anything of that
kind. This problem is always going to be with us, because anybody that has
money wants to use it, and he wants to use it to advance what he considers to be
his interests . In doing so, he is bound to come up against contrary opinions of
people who don't have that much money and that much power and whose only
security lies in our system, whereby academic personnel are given security in
tenure, no matter what their opinions are within the framework of public accept-
ability and security, to say what they want and do what they please, without
being integrated by anybody .
Mr . WORMSEa . Professor, this committee in some of the newspapers has been
criticized in just that area. It has been said that it tended to promote conformity
and exercise thought control or censorships . That of course is far from its
intention .
I wonder if I gather from your remarks correctly you think that the foundations
to some extent have tended to do just that?
Dr. RowE. I would say that there are examples of foundations trying to engage
in controlling the course of academic research and teaching by the use of their
funds . As to whether this is a general tendency in all foundations, I would be
very much surprised if that were so . But if this committee can illuminate any
and all cases in which the power of foundations, which is immense, has been used
in such a way as to impinge upon the complete freedom of the intellectual com-
munity to do what it wants in its own area, I should think it would be rendering
a tremendous public service .
I am not prejudicing the result . I don't know whether you are going to prove
any of this or not . But the investigation of this subject is to me not only highly
variation from individual to individual, university to university, and college to
college . The totalitarian societies, of course, have none of this freedom in th
intellectual field . (Hearings, pp . 532, 533 .)
The control exerciseable by the great foundations through their
patronage goes far deeper than the upper level of institutional man-
agement . For most academicians the route of foundation grants i
the only one available for success in their professions . Moreover
badly paid as most of them are, it is generally only through foundatio
grants that their income can be amplified to a reasonable standard .
The pressure starts at the very bottom of the academic ladder
Instances of it have come to our attention but we shall not specify
them for fear of injuring the reputations or hampering the careers of
those who have succumbed to the temptation put before them b
foundation funds . A foundation grant may enable a neophyte to reac
that all-important doctor's degree through support of his graduate
studies . If it seems necessary to conform to what he may think is
the point of view promoted by a foundation which might honor hi
with its grace, is it unnatural that he conform? When he becomes a
teacher, a foundation grant may supplement his meager salary ; wil
he reject a grant because he does not like its possible objective?
Foundations may finance a study leading to a book which will advance
his standing and prestige in his medium, the bases for academic ad-
vancement . Is he likely to do a study that the foundation would fin
undesirable? Is it likely, indeed, to make the grant if it is not satisfied
the recipient will comply with any predilections it may have? We do
not mean to assert that all foundations impose conditions of con-
formity on all grantees . We point out merely that the power to do so
is there, and that this power has been used . Some foundations set
up more or less elaborate machinery for the selection of grantees, such
as committees to sift the applicants . But control can be exercised a
well through such machinery, by carefully selecting the committee
or other human agencies .
A foundation may send the grantee to a foreign country to increase
his knowledge and prestige . It may even accept his research proposa
and set him up in business b making his proposal a project in one
of its favored universities . A research organization may be set up
under his direction . A foundation may recommend him to a uni-
versity for a teaching vacancy . He may even come to be recom-
mended by the foundation for the presidency of some college or
university.
Will any of these lifts come to the academician if he does not
conform to whatever predilections or prejudices the foundation bureau-
crats may have? Perhaps-but the academician cannot often afford
the risk. Just as the president of the institution, whose main job
today may well be fund-raising, cannot afford to ignore the bureau-
crats' wishes, so the academician cannot . Scholars and fund-raisers
both soon learn to study the predilections, preferences and aversions
of foundations' executives, and benefit from such knowledge by pre-
senting projects likely to please them .
These executives are not generally the trustees of the foundations .
The trustees, estimable citizens though they may be, do not spend
the time necessary to engage in the intimate and frequent contact
which is necessary in the actual making of grant-decisions . The
executives, those who truly have the say, those to whom this right
is delegated by the large foundation's board of trustees, are the pro-
fessional managers of foundation enterprises . Thus, it often becomes
a matter of one foundation-employed individual impressing his
opinions and his predilections and his aversions on an institution or
an individual recipient of a grant . Whatever methods of clearing
grants may exist within a given foundation, it is frequently, in the
last analysis, the decision of one man which prevails .
In a letter of October 1, 1953 addressed to the Chairman of this
Committee, Professor Kenneth Colgrove said :
"In the aggregate, the officers of these foundations' wield a staggering sum of
influence and direction upon research, education and propaganda in the United
States and even in foreign countries ."
In a letter of August 4, 1951, J . Fred Rippey, Professor of American
History at University of Chicago, writing to the late Honorable E . E,
Cox, later Chairman of the Cox Committee, said :
"At present and for years to come, scholars in our universities will not be able
to do much research on . their own because of high prices and heavy taxes . The
recipients of these tax free subsidies from the foundations will therefcre have
great advantages that will be denied the rest of the university staffs . The
favored few will get the promotions and rise to prominence . The others will tend
to sink into obscurity and have little influence in the promotion of ideas and cul-
ture . Unless the power to distribute these immense foundation funds is decentral-
ized, the little controlling committees and those to whom they award grants and
other favors will practically dominate every field of higher education in the
United States . Even granting them great wisdom and patriotism, one might still
complain against this injury to the great principle of equality of opportunity .
But I have never been impressed by the superior wisdom of the foundation heads
and executive committees . The heads tend to become arrogant ; the members of
the committees are, as a rule, far from the ablest scholars in this country ."
The bureaucrats of the foundations have become a powerful group
indeed . Not only do they, more often than the trustees of foundations,
determine grants and grantees, but they exert an influence on academic
life second to no other group in our society . They become advisers to
government in matters of science . They are often consulted before
the selection of teachers in universities . They serve on international
bodies for the United States Government . They become virtual
symbols of prestige, responsible only to a small group of foundation
trustees who have come to follow their views . The fact is that those
who control the great foundations possess opportunities for patronage
which in some ways may exceed anything which the elected officials of
government have to distribute .
The professionals, who exert so important an influence upon thought
and public opinion in the United States, form a sort of professional
class, an elite of management of the vast public funds available to
their will . Thev can scarcely avoid getting an exaggerated idea of
their own importance and becoming preoccupied with holding and
enlarging their roles .
of Education
I charge that the present officers of the Fund for the Advancement of Educatio
have arrogated to themselves an assumption of omniscience, which responsibilit
for distributing millions of donated dollars does not automatically bestow, no
does it bestow a becoming humility and respect for the judgment of others .
* * * * * * *
* * * Whenever foundation officers, subordinate as well as chief, 'confus
position with ability and power with wisdom, losing the humility that woul
keep ears and mind hospitably open to what others think, the welfare of th
general public is endangered .
It can hardly be wondered at that the officers of a foundation steadily tend, a
Dr . Keppel once said, toward "an illusion of omniscience or omnipotence ." Eve
a chauffeur feels that the powerful engine in the car that he is hired to driv
increases his importance, is in a sense his own personal power . (Hearings, p . 97
The place of foundations in our culture cannot be understood
without a recognition of the emergence of this special class in ou
society, the professional managers of foundations . They are highl
paid ; they ordinarily have job security . They acquire great prestig
through their offices and the power they wield . They disburse vas
sums of money with but moderate control, frequently with virtuall
no supervision . Their hackles rise at any criticism of the system by
which they prosper . More often than not, the power of the foundatio
is their power. They like things as they are .
CRITICISM AND DEFENSE.
In the light of the power of the foundations, it is not surprising that
the vocal critics of foundations are comparatively small in number
Professor Briggs made the reasons clear in testifying regarding hi
resignation from the Advisory Board of the Ford Fund for the Advance
ment of Education :
Especially disturbing in a large number of the responses to my letter of resig-
nation was the fear, often expressed and always implied, of making criticisms of
the fund lest they prejudice the chances of the institution represented by the critic
or of some project favored by him of getting financial aid from the fund at some
future time .
It is tragic in a high degree that men who have won confidence and position in
the educational world should be intimidated from expressing criticism of a founda
tion whose administrators and policies they do not respect . (Hearings, p . 97 .)
Prof . Briggs continued :
It has been stated that, unlike colleges and universities, foundations have no
alumni to defend them . But they do have influential people as members of thei
boards, and these membr .rs have powerful friends, some of whom are more incline
to oe partisanly defensive than objectively critical . Moreover, there are als
thousands who, hopeful of becoming beneficiaries of future grants, either con-
ceal their criticisms or else give expression to a defense that may not be wholl
sincere . (Hearings, pp . 101, 102 .) [Emphasis ours .l
The abuse which has been heaped upon this Committee and its staf
for daring to consider serious criticisms of foundation management and
operation well illustrates that some of the foundations do, indeed, hav
"influential people" on their boards and very "powerful friends" who
are "partisanly defensive ."
THE HAZARDS TO SOCIETY IN AN INTERLOCK.
Social scientists have been articulate in presenting the theory that
concentration of Economic Power is a threat to the American sys-
tem . The Temporary National Economic Committee during the
years 1938 to 1940 devoted a great deal of effort to the study of the
patterns of influence resulting from interlocking directorates, from
voluntary associations of business, from growth tendencies in indus-
try. The tradition of American Federal legislation is one of suspicion
against any accumulation of power which enables a group of citizens
to control economic and social aspects of our life . We have a con-
sistent record of regulatory laws meant to prevent domination of
important aspects of our social life by private powers outside of the
system of checks and balances established by our Constitution . The
anti-trust laws, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal super-
vision of communications and of transportation serve to protect society
against concentration of power . The existence of excessive power free
from control by the administrative and judicial processes is contrary
to the principle of free competition . The American system combats
monopolism . The Supreme Court in recent decisions declared that
not only actual collusions in restraint of competition, but the very
existence of power to restrain competition, warrants remedial action .
Whatever dangers to society may exist in the great power which the
large tax exempt foundations possess as individual units are multiplied
to the point of enormous hazard if numbers of these colossi combine
together . If some of these great foundations have acted together or
are closely connected in operation, through interlocking directorates,
interchanging administrative personnel and the use of intermediary
organizations commonly supported, it may be necessary that we con-
sider protecting ourselves against such a combine in the foundation
world just as we would if it existed in the business world .
DOES A CONCENTRATION OF POWER EXIST?
It is the conclusion of this Committee that such a combine does
exist and that its impact upon our society is that of an intellectual
cartel . The statement filed with the Committee by the American
Council of Learned Societies is typical of the generality of the founda-
tions in emphatically denying the existence of a "conspiracy" among
the operating organizations and the foundations . This Committee
does not see any evidence that the concentration of power arose as the
result of a "conspiracy" . It has not been created as the result of a
plot by a single group of identifiable individuals . It has not been
"created" at all, in the sense of a conscious plan having been worked
out in advance to construct and implement its essentials . It has, how-
ever, happened . Any informed observer would so conclude . Charles
S. Hyneman, for example, a Professor of Political Science at North-
western University and a firm friend of the foundations, in a letter to
Committee Counsel, dated July 22, 1954, wrote :
"I have always supposed that there is indeed a 'close interlock or a concentra-
tion of power' between the foundations on the one hand and the so-called learned
societies, such as the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of
Learned Societies, on the other hand ." 9
9 See Appendix to Hea, ings .
looseness of organization, its incomplete integration, its lack of .formality
the inability to put a finger on all the exact mechanics of its connecte
operation, does not detract from its reality or from the dangers which i
potentially carries . Even were its conduct simon-pure, such a con
centration of power would, in essence, be un-American and undesirable
And the fact seems to be that it has not always worked to the benefi
of the Nation .
Some of the foundations have fallen into a system or habit of working
together, with each other and with the foundation-supported inter-
mediary organizations which all exhibit most clearly that an interloc
exists . It has been perhaps a convenience, and it is readily under
standable how this could have developed without the trustees o
foundations being conscious of the dangers this system involved
Most of them would probably be unable to recognize that a combine
actually exists : its coordination and the integration of its parts result
from executive action rather than from trustee direction .
Those who support this aggregation of power, and they are many,
assert that its personnel comprises, for the most part, the persons
most qualified in their respective fields of research, research direction,
teaching and writing . They say, further, that this close associatio
is both natural and desirable . But who is to judge whether this
group is the truly elite? If it has the services of most of those socia
scientists who are eminent, is this because they are deservedly so or
perhaps because the group has often closed its doors to those o
contrary opinion or made it difficult for those of different approach t
rise in their metiers?
We cannot possibly determine the cause-effect relationship be
tween influence and scientific prestige . There are some strong indi-
cations, however, that scientific prestige is frequently the result
rather than the cause of an appointment as an executive or a director
of a foundation or a scientific council . The monetary power, the
ability to supply jobs and research funds, has made many a man a
presumed authority in the social sciences, although he started out
with only modest knowledge in the area . In the last analysis, it is
these executives who are the effective "elite ." And even if it should
be true that most of the "best minds" are in the group, do we wish
to permit them virtual control of intellectual direction in our country?
It smacks somewhat of the once-proposed "managerial revolution .
That the development of research and the consequent moulding of public
opinion in the United States should lie in the hands of any dominating
group seems contrary indeed to our concepts of freedom and competition
Assuming for the sake of argument (though it is subject to con-
siderable doubt) that the presently guiding group has superiority,
how can society be sure that it will maintain this superiority? Will
it receive or open its ranks to contrary opinion? Will it permit
entry to younger men who do not agree with its thesis? Will the
group truly be the guardians of scientific objectivity, or become
propagandists for that in which they happen to believe?
The risk is great . It is so easy for such a group, wielding the power
which the support of the great foundations gives it, to become a bulwark
against freedom of inquiry and freedom of instruction . Power does corrupt
Nor are the wielders of power always aware that their power is corroding
their judgment .
tions through which the concentration, the intellectual cartel, largely
operates, could come to exercise direct and complete control over the
combine through the power of the purse, with all the far-reaching
consequences of such control . The aggregate power, for example, of
the Ford, Rockefeller and Carnegie funds, coming into the managerial
hands of like-minded persons, might result in the complete domination
of the intellectual life of the country .
Is this far-fetched? Foundations now controlled by admirable men
of public interest could easily come into the control of others with
political axes to grind . It has happened . The Institute of Pacific
Relations was one of the "clearing house" organizations, supported
to the extent of millions of dollars by the Rockefeller and Carnegie
foundations and others . It came under the control of Communists
and their sympathizers, with the result that it had tragically much to
do with the loss of China to the Communists . This ghastly example of
how dangerous reliance on an intermediary organization can be, must not
be easily forgotten . It should be ever present in the minds of foundation
trustees to caution them against readily escaping their fiduciary obligation
to see to the proper use of the public money they dispense, by handing it to
others to do their work for them .
An Institute of Pacific Relations could happen again! Indeed, it is a
conclusion of this Committee that the trustees of some of the major
foundations have on numerous important occasions been beguiled by
truly subversive influences . Without many of their trustees having
the remotest idea of what has happened, these foundations have fre-
quently been put substantially to uses which have adversely affected
the best interests of the United States . From the statements which
they have filed with this Committee, we cannot agree that they have
disproved this contention, nor that they have satisfied what is prob-
ably a fair affirmative burden to place upon their shoulders . That
burden is to show, to demonstrate, that they have made strong, posi-
tive contributions to offset the baleful influences which they have
sometimes underwritten through their financial power . These in-
fluences we shall discuss in some detail in subsequent sections of this
report .
It is our opinion that the concentration of power has taken away
much of the safety which independent foundation operation should
rovide ; that this concentration has been used to undermine many of
our most precious institutions, and to promote radical change in the
p
"Mr . ROBERT MORRIS (Special Counsel) . Was any inducement ever made to
you in connection with your membership in the Institute of Pacific Relations that
would indicate it would be favorable to you-
"Mr . RowE . Well, I would say this . I was indoctrinated at some point in
my education with a general distaste for joining many organizations . I have a
feeling I got this from my former professor of politics at Princeton, Prof . William
Starr Myers. But wherever I got it, it is a fact . And when I first came back
. And I will sa
that the only reason I ever did join was on account of a letter I got from Mr . Lock
wood, who was then in the organization, the general tenor of which was that young
people just starting out in the far eastern field are `well advised to become a mem
ber of this organization .' It was a very genteel statement, but the meaning of i
was quite obvious . And I joined only because I got that letter . It is the sor
of letter that a young man beginning in a profession can hardly afford to disregard
Five dollars a year to protect yourself? O . K . You pay . You join . That i
the"Ionly
laterinterest I had in
got involved at the
the organization,
time . and as I told you this morning becam
a member of the board of trustees in 1947 . But in 1938, well, $5 was prett
important to me in those days . On a salary of $2,000 a year, I didn't join mor
organizations than I had to ." [Emphasis ours .]
The Committee is well aware that a parade of professors in th
social sciences could be marshalled who would deny that a concentra
tion of power exists, who would assert that the great foundations ac
independently, sagely and objectively throughout their work . We
are inclined, however, to listen carefully to the voices raised b
courageous, qualified critics in the profession . Professor Rowe, fo
example, had no axe to grind . He is an academician of eminence and
exceptional ability who is friendly to foundations and by his own
testimony has enjoyed grants from them . It does take courage to
critcise the foundations whose benefactions are so important to
academicians, both financially and professionally . The system i
very likely to punish its critics, as it has, in instances, certainly done .
In this letter of August 4, 1951, to Congressman Cox, previously
referred to,10 Professor Rippy stated that he had never been impressed
with the great wisdom of foundation executives . He said they tende
to be arrogant, and that members of the distributing committees are
as a rule far from the best scholars . He recommended decentraliza
tion of control of the use of funds, suggesting the democratic progres
of selection through faculty committees in the universities-"In
numbers there will be more wisdom and justice ." He continued :
"I believe our way of lifelis based upon the principles of local autonomy an
equality of opportunity . I strongly approve those principles and I believe yo
do likewise . I should not be surprised if your proposed committee of investiga-
tion should discover that concentration of power, favoritism, and inefficient use
of funds are the worst evils that may be attributed to the Foundations ."
In a second letter to the Chairman of the Cox Committee on
November 8, 1952, Professor Rippy wrote as follows (Hearings, p . 62)
DEAR CONGRESSMAN Cox : Since I wrote you on August 4, 1951, Dr . Abraham
Flexner, a man who has had much experience with the foundations, has pub-
lished a book entitled "Funds and Foundations," in which he expresses view
similar to those contained in my letter . I call your attention to the following
pages of Flexner's volume : 84, 92, 94, 124, and 125 . Here Dr. Flexner denies
that the foundation staffs had the capacity to pass wisely on the numerou
projects and individuals for which and to which grants were made, and contends
that the grants should have been made to universities as contributions to their
endowments for research and other purposes .
The problem is clearly one of the concentration of power in hands that could
not possibly be competent to perform the enormous task which the small staffs
had the presumption to undertake . This, says Flexner, was both "pretentious"
and "absurd ." In my opinion, it was worse than that . The staffs were guilty
of favoritism . The small committees who passed on the grants for projects
and to individuals were dominated by small coteries connected with certain
eastern universities . A committee on Latin American studies, set up in the
10 Supra, p . 37 .
for aid presented by historians .
By granting these subsidies to favorite individuals and favored ideas, the
foundations contribute to inequalities in opportunity and interfere with "free
trade and ideas ." They increase the power of favored groups to dominate our
colleges and universities . Men whose power exceeds their wisdom, or men who
are not guided by the principle of equality of opportunity, could become a menace .
If possible, under the terms of our Federal Constitution, these foundations should
either be taxed out of existence or compelled to make their grants to colleges
and universities, to be distributed by faculty committees of these institutions .
Evenhanded justice may not prevail even then because such justice is rarely
achieved in human relations . But a greater approximation to evenhanded jus-
tice will be made because these local committees will have more intimate knowl-
edge of recipients . This, as you know, is the fundamental justification for
decentralization of power, for the local autonomy which was so prominent in
the thinking of our Founding Fathers .
Interlocks in 'commercial enterprises have been studied frequently
enough, and an analogy is apt . In monograph ii Bureaucracy and
Trusteeship in Large Corporations, TNEC, the problem of interlocking
directorships is explained as follows :
"The existence of interlocking directorships is not conclusive proof that the
companies involved work in close harmony . Some directors in reality have
little to say about management, either because they are relatively inactive, or
because they are members of the minority, or, perhaps most common of all,
because the officers of the particular companies run their enterprises without
substantive assistance from their boards . Nevertheless, many directors are
influential and in any case there can be little doubt that interlockings at least con-
tribute substantially to the so-called climate of opinion, within which policies are
determined . Moreover the majority of those who hold the most directorships
among the largest corporations also have active positions in at least one of the
companies they serve. It is possible that `such men are likely to take a respon-
sible share in the development of policy in any corporation in which they hold a
responsible position .' " [Emphasis ours.]
Among tax exempt educational and charitable organizations there
exists a pattern of relationships and interlocking activity somewhat
similar to the structure of business as presented by the Temporary
National Economic Committee .
WHAT MAKES Up THE INTERLOCK .
The component parts of the network or cartel in the social sciences
are:
(1) Certain of the major foundations, notably, the various Rocke-
feller foundations, the various Carnegie foundations, the Ford Foun-
dation (a late comer but already partially integrated), the Common-
wealth Fund, Maurice and Laura Falk Foundation, Russell Sage
Foundation, etc .
(2) What might be called intermediary, clearing house, or execu-
tive, organizations and in a way act as wholesalers, such as : The
Council of Learned Societies ; The American Council on Education ;
The National Academy of Sciences ; The National Education Association ;
The National Research Council ; The National Science Foundation ; The
Social Science Research Council ; The American Historical Association;
The Progressive Education Association ; The John Dewey Society; The
Institute of Pacific Relations ; The League for Industrial Democracy ;
The American Labor Education Service and others .
(3) The learned societies in the social sciences .
(4) The learned journals in the social sciences .
(5) Certain individuals in strategic positions, such as certain pro-
fessors in the institutions which receive the preference of the combine .
(1) Trustees or employed executives are successively or simul-
taneously trustees and executives of several foundations .
(2) Trustees or executives serve successively or simultaneously a
officers of other tax exempt organizations receiving grants and/or
retailing the wholesale grants from their own foundations .
(3) Trustees or executives accept appointments to positions of
power in control of education and/or charity so as to multiply their
influence beyond the budgetary powers of their foundation resources .
(4) Foundations jointly underwrite major projects, thus arriving at
a condition of coordination restraining competition .
(5) Foundations jointly create and support centralized coordinat
ing agencies that operate as instruments of control by claiming suprem
authority in a field of education, science, the arts, etc . without an
resemblance of democratic representation of the professionals in the
management of these agencies .
(6) Rather than distribute money without strings attached, founda
tions favor projects of their own and supply the recipient institution
not only with the program, but also with the staff and the detailed
operations budget so that the project is actually under control of the
foundation, while professionally benefiting from the prestige of the
recipient institution . The choice of professors often is one by the
foundation and not one by the university . Foundation employee
frequently switch from work in the foundation, or in the councils
supported by the foundation, to work on sponsored projects and in
professional organizations supported by their funds . They become
most influential in the professional organizations, are elected to presi-
dencies and generally rule the research industry .
One example of interlocking directorates, officers and staff members,
out of many which could be given, is the case of The Rand Corpora
tion, a corporation in the nature of a foundation . It plays a ver
important part in the world of research for the government and would
bear careful study in connection with the extent of interlocked foun-
dation influence on government projects . Among the trustees of
The Rand Corporation are the following, shown with their foundation
connections :
Charles Dollard Carnegie Corporation
L. A . Dubridg---- Carnegie Endowment
National Science Foundation
H . Rowan Ga.ither Jr Ford Foundation
Philip E . Mosely Ford Foundation
Rockefeller Foundation
Harvey S . Mudd Mudd Foundation
Santa Anita Foundation
American Heritage Foundation
Frederick F . Stephan Rockefeller Foundation
Clyde Williams Batelle Memorial Institute
Hans Speier (Ford) Behavioral Science Foundation
This example is particularly interesting because the Chairman of
The Rand Corporation is also the President of The Ford Foundation,
which granted it one million dollars in 1952 . The filed statement of
The Ford Foundation states that the research being conducted under
its grant is entirely "unclassified ." It does not explain, however,
why the president of a foundation should be the Chairman of a semi-
Apart from the interlocking of directorates, but parallel to it, we
observe a high concentration of foundation favors on a limited number
of recipient organizations . It is common knowledge that there are
favored universities and favored individuals . The practice is de-
fended on the ground that these are the most qualified institutions and
individuals . This contention is subject to reasonable doubt . And if
it were true, it is possible that the foundations have contributed to
make it so . It is hard to believe it would not be better for the country
if more institutions and more individuals were encouraged and trained
in research .
The direction of foundation policies and operations by a group of
persons influencing the actions of more than one tax exempt organiza-
tion is per se of greatest concern, for it indicates the existence of the
power to control, even if the actual control and the detailed manner in
which it restrains cultural competition were not always provable . A
condition of control calls for protection against its abuse . Founda-
tions, becoming more numerous every day, may some day control our
whole intellectual and cultural life-and with it the future of this
country . The impact of this interlock, this intellectual cartel, has
already been felt deeply in education and in the political scene .
THE SOCIAL RESEARCH COUNCIL .
As an example of the association of individual foundations with
one of the intermediary or executive foundations, let us take The
Social Science Research Council . It has been supported by contribu-
tions from : The Laura Spellman Rockefeller Memorial, The Russell
Sage Foundation, The Carnegie Corporation, John D . Rockefeller, Jr.,
The Commonwealth Fund, The Julius Rosenwald Fund, Revell Mc-
Callum, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching,
-The Maurice and Laura Falk Foundation, The General Education Board
(Rockefeller), the Spellman Fund, Trustees of W. E . bpjohn Unem-
ployment Trustee Corporation, The Committee of Trustees on Experi-
mental Programs, The Grant Foundation, The Scripps Foundation for
Research in Population Problems, The American Philosophical Society,
Carnegie Corporation of New York, The John and Mary R . Markle
Foundation, The Ford Foundation, The Twentieth Century Fund, the
U. S . Bureau of the Census, The East European Fund, and The Rock-
efeller Brothers Fund .
The Social Science Research Council is now probably the greatest
power in the social science research field . That this organization is
closely interlocked in an important network is affirmatively asserted by
its annual report of 1929-30 as follows :
"With our sister councils, the National Research Council," the American Council
of Learned Societies, and the American Council on Education, cooperation remains
good and becomes increasingly close and significant . There are interlocking
members and much personal contact of the respective staffs ." [Emphasis ours .]
Professor Colgrove testified to the tendency of the "clearing house"
organizations to move their offices to Washington and to cause their
constituent societies to make the same move . This geographical con-
it Active in the natural sciences .
* * * There is more day-to-day conversation and consultation between the
officers of the professional societies and the officers of the operating societies, lik
the American Council of Learned Societies, and the officers of the foundations .
I think that the officers of the professional societies are extremely good listener
and follow pretty carefully the advice that is given them by the foundation officers
(Hearings, p . 570.)
He also testified that there has been a conscious concentration of
research direction, mainly through the "clearing house" organiza-
tions . (Hearings, pp . 570, 571 .)
In Vol. 1, No . 3 of the 1947 Items, a publication of The Social Scienc
Research Council, Donald Young and Paul Webbink present the role
of the SSRC in improving research . Their recitation includes thi
statement :
"The particular role of the Council, however, is that of a central agency to promot
the unity of effort in attacking social problems which is required to assure maximu
returns from the work of a multitude of individual social scientists and of inde
pendent private and public institutions ." [Emphasis ours.]
While the article says that the Council does not "attempt to operat
as a coordinating agency in any compulsive sense", its very availa-
bility, well-supported by major foundations, seems to have given it a
control over social science research which is, in its effective use, un-
doubtedly compulsive .
To deny that the SSRC is an element in a concentration of power
in the social sciences is difficult in the face of this statement of The For
Foundation, quoted by Pendleton Herring in Vol . 4, Number 3 (Sep-
tember, 1950) of the SSRC Items :
"The Social Science Research Council has been included in this
program because it is the instrumentality most used by individual schol
ars, universities and research organizations for interchange o f information,
planning and other cooperative functions in the fields described
Its grant will be used not so much for the support of independent re-
search projects but rather for any additions to staff or improvements
in facilities which would enhance the service it performs for other
organizations and scholars ." [Emphasis ours .]
The SSRC may be visualized as the center of a net-work of relations
reaching into every layer of social activities related to the social
sciences . If we draw a graphic "sociogram", we will see the pattern
of its operations :
Constituent societies :
Represented at various other nationwide "councils ."
Financial support :
By closely cooperating foundations, which themselves inter-
lock through directorates .
Supported scholarly activity:
Concentration on graduates of a few major institutions, which
also supply most of the directors of the Council, who since
a change of by-laws are chosen by the Council board, not
any longer freely elected by constituent associations .
fluence National Science Foundation policy and Defense
Department spending on research via its officers serving
as consultants and board members .
The peculiar nature and construction of The Social Science Research
Council is worthy of examination . It is a self-perpetuating organiza-
tion, sharing this characteristic with foundations in general . It has,
however, some unique features . It purports more or less, to represent
seven of the social science disciplines through their professional
societies . Yet these societies are not, in any sense, members of the
SSRC . They elect delegates to the Board of the SSRC, but are
permitted to elect only from panels of candidates nominated by the
SSRC itself . Thus the SSRC Board is able to, and does, control its
own character . This process, rather undemocratic to say the least,
further tends toward the totalitarian by the fact that the "members"
of the SSRC are its former directors .
Some social scientists suspect that this strange system of election
of directors has been used in order to maintain a board of a character
or bent satisfactory to those in control . The fact remains, whether
the control has been used unhappily or not, that it is essentially
undemocratic and unrepresentative of the professions which it assumes
to represent, and could very easily be used for power purposes .
Some of the results of close cooperation of the foundations support-
ing the Council and of Council officers and chosen directors may be
illustrated by the following examples :
a.) The Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, published in 1935
in fifteen volumes, contains many contributions of Council offi-
cers . This publication (to be discussed in more detail later),
though not sponsored by the Council, was endorsed by the iden-
tical associations which constitute the Council and carries an
imprint similar to the listing of constituent associations on present
Council stationery .
b .) We find the names of Council directors and officers on lists
of The Rand Corporation, of The Ford Behavioral Science Fund,
in government advisory groups, and wherever social scientists
congregate in leading positions . We find that some of these
SSRC officers have advanced into positions controlling the sources
of funds (e . g., Messrs . Young and Cotrell now at Russell Sage),
and since the start of foundation support for the Council in the
early twenties we find foundation officers participating as Council
members in running Council affairs . (Messrs. Ruml, Herring,
etc .)
The Council stationery gives the misleading impression that it is a
representation of its constituent membership . In reality, since the
change in its by-laws, the "constituent" societies have served mainly
as the prestige-lending background of the Council, creating the im-
pression that the Council is a democratically constituted mouthpiece
and representation of all social scientists in America .
Even if the Council were democratically elected and not operating
by continuing the control through a core group, it would not represent
all or even most American social scientists . W e do not know whether
associations gave us their membership figures. From these it became
quite clear that they are only a part, even if in some instances a sub-
stantial part, of the total . Whatever the composition may be, the
SSRC has in the past gained leadership, among other reasons, because
it successfully created the impression of representing the majority of
all social scientists in America .
The power of the SSRC seems to be used to effect control of the
field of social sciences . The concept of an efficient central clearing house,
available to foundations to assist them in spending their funds is attrac-
tive on its face . But this type of delegation by foundations, resulting in
the concentration of enormous power into a few executive hands, not
only violates the essential quality of foundation-trustees' fiduciary respon-
sibility but gives to the individuals controlling the delegated mechanism,
in the interests of efficiency, a power which can be dangerous by reason of
that very fact.
There is evidence that professorial appointments all over the United
States are influenced by SSRC blessing . With great foundation
support at its command, it has the power to reach in various directions
to exercise influence and, often, control . The 1933-34 Report of the
National Planning Board (prepared, incidentally by a committee of
the SSRC) stated :
"The Council (the SSRC) has been concerned chiefly with the determination of
the groups and' persons with whom special types of research should be placed ."
To have this function (gained by foundation support) gives it a power
the ultimate results of which can be far-reaching .
It would be interesting in any continued investigation to study the
part played by The Social Science Research Council and the societies
associated with it in controlling book reviews and the literary pro-
duction of social scientists . In the American academic world scholars
are largely rated by their publications, and it is often on a quantita-
tive as well as a qualitative basis . Consequently, the opportunities
for securing publication of scientific papers can have much to do
with the academic career of a social scientist . Similarly, the type of
reviews given to such books as he may write can obviously have a
bearing upon his future and his standing .
Professor Rowe (Hearings, p . 549), speaking of the influence of
foundations in educational institutions, said :
"* * * you have to realize * * * that advancement' and promotion and survival
in the academic field depend upon research and the results and the publication
thereof . Here you have, you see, outside organizations influencing the course of
the careers of personnel in universities through their control of funds which can
liberate these people from teaching duties, for example, and making it possible for
them to publish more than their competitors ."
. Thus the control over a scientific journal permits any group in
power to favor or disfavor certain scholars and to impress its
concepts and philosophy on a generation of school teachers, textbook
authors, writers and others . A careful study should be made to as-
certain whether the professional journals in the social sciences have
been truly objective in their editorial and reviewing approach .
It can be contended that there are other powerful centers of social
studies in the United States in competition with SSRC : the Ford
Behavioral Science Fund, The Twentieth Century Fund, The American
nections via supporting foundations . Moreover, there is a strange
similarity of approach among such groups ; they all seem to fall into the
same "liberal" economic and social points of view . Is this accident
or coincidence? It suggests itself to us (and it is a matter requiring
far more investigation) that the concentration of power to which we
refer has been consciously used to foster and develop this attitude .
Charles Dollard (President of The Carnegie Corporation of New
York) contributed an article, in Items, The Social Science Research
Council Publication, The Strategy for Advancing the Social Sciences,
in which he refers to the errors of election polls and to the statistical
mistakes of Kinsey, and says :
"The third strategic move which I would suggest is that social science initiate a
more rigorous sytem of internal policing ." (Page 19 .) [Emphasis ours .]
We ourselves are extremely dubious of the scientific character of
the methods used by Dr . Kinsey, as we shall discuss later . We
cannot understand why his work should have been supported by
The Rockefeller Foundation or any other foundation . But we cheer-
fully grant to Dr . Kinsey the right, as an individual working with
other than public funds, to make any mistakes he wishes and to
select any methods or objectives he chooses . The concept of "polic-
ing" is rather terrifying. Did Mr . Dollard mean to say that The
Social Science Research Council and other "clearing house" organi-
zations should do the policing? That any such organization should
even entertain a proposal to create uniformity-even in the interests
of efficiency and better method-or to press grantees, whether indi-
vidual or institutional, into common moulds in any way, would be
deeply regrettable. Few could risk criticizing, few academicians at
least. There would emerge what has been called a "Gresham's
Law in the field of professorships in the social sciences ."
We could not more strongly support the statement made by Presi-
dent Grayson Kirk of Columbia University in an address on May 31,
1954, in which he said :
"We must maintain the greatest possible opportunities for the free clash of
opinions on all subjects, trusting to the innate good judgment of men and women
to reach decisions that are beneficial to society ."
The very fact that a leading foundation executive, in an America
traditionally opposing restrictions of free speech and thought, can
call for a system of internal policing indicates the chasm between a
concept of scholarly orthodoxy and the real freedom of inquiry to
which Dr . Kirk referred .
The various organizations which compose the center of the concen-
tration of power, the "clearing house" organizations, can all clearly
point to admirable and valuable work which they have done . It would
be difficult, indeed, to find a foundation which is wholly bad, and the
"clearing houses" to which we refer have a great deal to their credit .
What concerns us at the moment is that a power exists, concentrated
in a comparatively small number of hands, a power which, though it
has been used often for much good, can be used for evil . The existence
of such a power, dealing with public trust funds, to us seems to involve at
least a potential danger or risk, however benevolently to date its relative
despotism may have acted .
Another of the "clearing houses" is The American Council o
Education. It is a council of national education associations, finance
by membership dues and government contracts, and by heavy con-
tributions from major foundations and comparable organizations, suc
as The General Education Board (Rockefeller), The Carnegie Corpora
tion of New York, The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Th
Rockefeller Foundation, The Ford Fund for Adult Education, The
Alfred P. Sloan Fund, The Payne Fund, B'nai Brith, The Nationa
Conference of Christians and Jews, The Edward W . Hazen Foundation
The Grant Foundation, The Ellis L . Phillips Foundation, and others .
A pamphlet issued by The American Council on Education in Jul
1953 frankly calls this organization a "clearing house ."
"More specifically, the Council has been a clearinghouse for the exchange of
information and opinion ; it has conducted many scientific inquiries and investi-
gations into specific educational problems and has sought to enlist appropriate
agencies for the solution of such problems ; it has stimulated experimental activitie
by institutions and groups of institutions ; it has kept in constant touch wit
pending legislation affecting educational matters ; it has pioneered in methodology
that has become standard practice on a national basis-* * * ; it has acted a
liaison agency between the educational institutions of the country and the federa
government and has undertaken many significant projects at the request of the
Army, Navy and State Departments and other governmental agencies
and * * * it has made available to educators and the general public widely used
handbooks, informational reports, and many volumes of critical analysis of social
and educational problems."
The Council maintains imposing offices in Washington, D . C .
which may not be without significance as, among its many committees,
some are concerned with tax, social security and other legislation as
it affects institutions of higher learning . Its committee most inter-
esting to us is that on Institutional Research Policy . A Brie
Statement of the History and Activities of the American Council on
Education, dated July 1953 describes the functions of the Research
Policy Committee as follows :
"Established 1952 to study the interrelationships of sponsored research from the
viewpoints of federal agencies, industries, and foundations sponsoring such research,
and the effect on institutions doing the research . This latter angle involves the dis
tribution of grants among institutions and the concentration of research in fields at
the expense of other fields and the distortion of the institutional picture as a whole
The magnitude of the problem is shown by the fact that 20 or more federal agencies
are currently subsidizing more than $150,000,000 worth of research a year ; in
dustrial and business concerns and private foundations also sponsor research
The numerous `special interest' involved may approach the same problems in
different ways and come up with different solutions . It is the aim of this Council
committee-composed of college presidents, vice-presidents for research, business
officers, and faculty members directly engaged in sponsored research projects-
to attempt to formulate a policy for the national level based on cooperative relation
ships ." [Emphasis ours .]
Note that, like The Social Science Research Council, this Council is
an interrelating agency, coordinating the work of other research
organizations and researchers, establishing policy and acting as a
distributing agent for granting-foundations along planned and inte-
grated lines . That may well create efficiency, but is it solely efficiency
we want in research in the social sciences? As Professor Rowe and
others have said : it would seem far better to lose efficiency and give
individuals of quality the opportunity to go in their own respective
directions unhampered by any group control, direction or pressure
tion funds have been used to effect considerable control or influence
over education in the United States . Some may argue that this
control or influence has been wholly good-were this so, we would
still believe that the power of great foundations to affect educational
policies and practices is one which should concern the public . By
the same token, we believe that "clearing house" organizations, while
they may serve a purpose in the direction of efficiency, are of ques-
tionable desirability when interlocked financially or by personnel
with these foundations. The aggregate power involved in such a con-
centration gives us concern .
OTHER INTERLOCKS AND FURTHER DANGERS .
Opposite this page there appears a reproduction of a chart intro-
duced by the Assistant Director of Research, showing the Inter-
relationships Between Foundations, Education and Government . As
Mr. McNiece explained :
"The relationships between and among these organized intellectual groups
are far more complex than is indicated on the chart . Some of these organizations
have many constituent member groups . The American Council of Learned
Societies has twenty-four constituent societies, the Social Science Research Council,
seven, the American Council on Education seventy-nine constituent members,
64 associate members, and 954 institutional members . In numbers and inter-
locking combinations they are too numerous and complex to picture on this
chart ." (Record, p. 1018 .)
There are, moreover, other organizations in some number not noted
at all on the chart which fulfill some intermediary function in asso-
cation with foundations and other organizations which are indicated .
There is, in addition, a Conference Board of Associated Research
Councils, composed of The American Council of Learned Societies,
The American Council on Education, The National Research Council
and The Social Science Research Council, organized "to facilitate
action on matters of common concern ." It "continued earlier informal
consultations of the executives of the Councils . Its functions are
limited to administration of joint activities authorized by the Councils
and consideration of mutual interests ." (From the 1943-45 Annual
Report of the SSRC, page 16 .)
The central organizations, such as The Social Science Research
Council,
"may be considered as `clearing houses' or perhaps as `wholesalers' of money
received from foundations inasmuch as they are frequently the recipients of rela-
tively large grants which they often distribute in subdivided amounts to member
groups and individuals ." (Record, p . 1019 .)
Nor does the chart show all the functions of government in which
foundations operate or to which they contribute .
"The lines connecting the various rectangles on the chart symbolize the paths
followed in the flow or interchange of money, men and ideas * * * ."
But this process, highly concentrated through the intricate inter-
relationships, is both complex and ominous . A high concentration
of power is always dangerous to society . As we have said, it can be
constructed or come into being for wholly benign purposes, but it
can readily be used by those whose objectives are against the public
interest .
purpose of appropriating their funds to Communist uses . We know
from the evidence that the Communists succeeded in the case of
seven foundations : The Marshall Field Foundation ; The Garland
Fund ; The John Simon Guggenheim Foundation ; The Heckscher Foun
dation ; The Robert Marshall Foundation ; The Rosenwald Fund ; and
The Phelps Stokes Fund ; and we are aware of the tragic result to our
nation and to the world of communist infiltration into The Institute
for Pacific Relations . We know also that (then undisclosed) Com-
munists and their fellow-travellers had been able to secure grants
from other foundations, including Carnegie and Rockefeller . We know,
further, what the Cox Committee report referred to as "the ugly
unalterable fact that Alger Hiss became the President of The Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace ." We do not know the full extent
to which there has been penetration or use of foundations and their
resources. It is too much to assume that Communist success was
limited to the exposed instances . Indeed, where foundations are in-
volved in so high a concentration of power as the chart discloses, we
may assume that some advantage may have been taken by Com-
munists to use this interlock, directly or indirectly, for malign pur-
poses .
This Committee is not in a position to assess the extent of such use
but warns against the inherent danger that a concentration of power
constitutes a weapon at hand for such as may wish to suborn it for evil
designs . The number of grants made to Communist agents or agen-
cies is relatively tiny in comparison with the aggregate grants by
foundations . But this numerical comparison casts no light on the
degree of damage which has been done . One grant of comparatively
small amount may do frightening damage . Professor Rowe testified
(Hearings, p . 534, 535) to the effect that the test of damage is qualitative
and not quantitative . Moreover, the Communists do not always work
directly . In their desire to undermine our society they operate more
frequently than not by indirection, supporting causes which merely
tend to the left but cannot be identified as actually Communist .
The main concern of this Committee is not with Communism . We
agree with Professor Rowe in his estimate that the greater danger lies in
the undermining effect of collectivist or socialist movements . Externally,
Communism is the greater danger ; internally, socialism offers far greater
menace.
In either event, whether the penetration is by outright Communists
or by some other variety of socialists or collectivists, the danger of
its occurrence is far greater when there exists a complex of interrelated
and interlocked organizations . There are more opportunities for
shifting both personnel and grants . There is much less control through
supervision by the trustees of the foundations which supply the basic
funds used by the intermediaries . After they have poured these funds
into the managerial hands of others, the detailed distribution is
beyond their control . Perhaps the Rockefeller Foundation trustees
might well have recognized a Communist penetration in their own
foundation had it existed to the extent it did in the Institute of
Pacific Relations. They did not recognize it in this intermediary to
which they granted millions . The difficulty of watching over the
disbursements of an intermediary is not the only danger in the current
the granting foundation bears no responsibility for what that inter-
mediary does . The menace of extreme leftist penetration of the
foundation world is thus multiplied in seriousness by the existing
system of interlock and the use of intermediary organizations .
Aside from this direct menace, the dangers of so close an interlock,
so high a degree of concentration of power in intellectual fields, tends
to violate an essential of the American system, competition . Some
unfriendly newspapers have accused this Committee of trying to establish
"thought control" in the foundation world, or to act as a "censor", or to
wish to promote "conformity" . The exact opposite is the case . This
Committee is highly critical of the system of concentration under discussion
for the very reason that it promotes conformity, acts in effect as a censor of
ideas and projects, and produces a tendency toward uniformity of ideas .
In this area of discussion it becomes most important to realize that
the United States Government now expends annually on research in
the social sciences far more than all the foundations put together.
This might be a factor offsetting the concentration of power which
the foundations and their supported creatures constitute, were it not
for the fact that government-financed research in the social sciences is
virtually under the direction of the very same persons and organiza-
tions who dominate the foundation concentration of power . Thus,
not only are great parts of the vast public funds which the foundations
represent used in largely coordinated fashion by the concentration,
but even larger . sums of public money directly provided by govern-
ment are, to all practical purposes, employed by the same groups .
This situation is quite distasteful . Americans do not cherish the
concept that society should be directed by a clique . Though it may
indeed be elite, we do not wish it to direct us . Moreover, there is
considerable doubt that the presumed elite is indeed so . One of the
most important of the "clearing-houses", The American Council of
Learned Societies, an intrinsic part of the concentration of power,
presumes to represent the elite in the disciplines . To this organization,
foundations annually grant large sums of public money . Through it a
great amount of research in the social sciences is done or directed .
Yet its executive secretary for a long period has been MORTIMER
GRAVES. In the Cox Committee Record at page 544, Mr. Keele,
its Counsel, read from a long list of Communist-front organizations
of which MR. GRAVES was a member, and Mr. Keele did not exhaust
the list .
We do not accuse MR. GRAVES of being a Communist . But it
amazes us that one with so evident a lack of political and social
discernment, with such apparent lack of objectivity, should be re-
tained as a directing officer in what purports to be the representative
organization for all the social sciences and humanities . MR . GRAVES -
still holds his position, though the Cox Committee hearings brought
out his extensive record of Communist-front affiliations . This leads
us to conclude one of two things ; either his personal power is astound-
ing or the extreme political slant of an executive is deemed of no
moment by that tax-exempt agency of the foundations .
Under date of August 23, 1954, General Counsel to this Committee
addressed a letter to MR . GRAVES, a copy of which is attached to
A reply was finally received from MR . GRAVES in November . In th
letter addressed to him, fifteen detailed questions were asked concern
ing his reported Communist-front affiliations, 13 his sponsorship o
known extreme leftists, recommendations made by him (on behalf
of The Council of Learned Societies) to government agencies (the list
reputedly containing some Communists or fellow-travellers), and con-
cerning other matters important to this investigation .
MR. GRAVES' reply (Hearings, page -) gave the Committee certain
responsive material but failed to disclose the recommendations made
by him to government agencies . The Committee cannot understand
his failure to do so unless it was by intention . Mr . Graves' repl
seeks to explain away his Communist-front associations, but the aggre-
gate number of those with which he has been charged by other inves-
tigations raises a grave question as to his capacity or willingness to
act without bias as a foundation executive .
MR. GRAVES is one of the leading characters in the dramatis personae
of the foundation world, a major executive of a powerful intermediary
organization which is an intrinsic part of the foundation-supported
concentration of power, a key figure in academic circles, an adviser to
government . The foundation world continues to accept him as one
of its leading lights .
So, we ask again, are these officers and directors of the foundation
and clearing houses and those whom they favor with their benefac-
tions "elite?" The specialists in the social science fields are obviously
better informed in their specialties than is the general public. This
does not, however, establish that their judgment regarding the appli-
cation of their knowledge is sound . We have had plenty of examples
of brilliance in a specialty, accompanied by a social judgment so
deficient as to be tragic . No one can doubt the genius of Klaus
Fuchs, for example, nor his sincerity ; neither offered him any basis
for sound social judgments .
There is the further danger that an elite group tends to perpetuate
itself, both as to personnel and as to opinion and direction . It is only
through competition in the intellectual fields, just as in business, that
progress can safely be accomplished . Anything which tends to pre-
vent or restrict competition seems to this Committee frought with
frightening danger to our society .
Public opinion is greatly determined, in the long run, by the influence
of intellectuals . Therefore, it seems essential to this Committee that
intellectual life be as unhampered and freely competitive as possible
Any concentration of intellectual effort, any mechanism tending to con-
formity, is essentially undesirable, even if, for the moment, directed solely
to desirable ends. A political dictatorship may be benevolent, but we
want none of it . Similarly, an intellectual-group-dictatorship may
be benevolent, but we want none of it .
We urge a detailed reading of the testimony of Mr . McNiece,
beginning at page 465 of the Hearings, in which he explains
the extent and working of the interlocking concentration of power
which has been financed by foundations and has taken over much of
government function in the social science areas . We are dealing here
12 See p . -
33 Seep . - for list of affiliations .
;rants aggregating over $60,000,000 to some of the intermediate or
clearing-house organizations . Significant also, incidentally, were
aggregate grants of over $4,000,000 to The London School of Economics,
at a time when it was a fountain-head of Fabian socialism . (Hearings,
p . 475 .)
POLITICS-POWER FLOW-PLANNING .
Mr. McNiece described a "central or main stream of influence"
running from the foundations and their centralized agencies into
government . (Hearings, p . 601, et seq .) There was considerable
evidence to show that the government has come to rely upon the
"clearing houses" for lists of men who can assist as specialists in the
"social sciences ." On its face this practice seems desirable enough,
but closer inspection discloses severe dangers . As Mr. Reece, the
Chairman of the Committee, remarked :
The CHAIRMAN . We have in the United States the colleges and universities
which, while large in number, are very accessible to be advised about the require-
ments of Government. While there is nothing wrong in asking one of the societies
to furnish a list of names, as I see it, do we not know from practical experience
that when a council such as the Council of Learned Societies is put in the posi-
tion of furnishing a list of scholars to advise the Government, that list will be
pretty much the recommendation of the man who happens to be administrative
officer of the council that makes up and supplies the list . Insofar as that is the
case, that puts in the hands of one man a tremendous influence . If he happens
to be a man that has certain inclinations, he is in a position to give very wide
effect in those inclinations, if he is put in a position where he furnishes the list
of the experts the Government calls into the service as advisers . That is the
angle that I see that becomes, to my mind, Mr. Hays, very important .
It is the concentration not only in one organization, but ultimately largely in
the hands of one man . (Hearings, pp . 602, 603 .)
We discuss elsewhere the power which executives of foundations
and "clearing houses" exercise . Professor Colgrove gave important
testimony in this area. He said that academicians are reluctant to
criticize foundations . He testified to the "fawning" over those who
distribute foundation funds, giving as an example the attitude of
professional associates toward Professor Merriam, long a power in
the social-science-foundation world . Professor Merriam himself had
said :
"Money is power, and for the last few years I have been dealing with more
power than any professor should ever have in his hands ." (Hearings, p . 565 .)
In the last analysis it is frequently individuals, or small groups of
individuals who perform the act of recommendation and virtual ap-
pointment of "scientific" personnel to the government . The political
slant of these individuals may thus seriously affect the character of
government operations . We have seen many Communists and
fellow-travellers recommended by foundation executives for gov-
ernment posts . In the case of the recommendations to the government
made by the Institute of Pacific Relations and the American Council of
Learned Societies for experts to be used by our occupation forces in Ger-
many and Japan, the lists were heavily salted with Communists and their
supporters . (Hearings, pp . 559, 560 .)
The Chairman seriously questioned the process of the government
relying on the existing mechanism for making social-science appoint-
,65647-54 5
"is a man that has no public responsibility, not like the President or a cabin
officer, whom we know who do have public responsibility . Nor like the Preside
of a college who is identified in the public' mind, and to a very large degree is he
responsible not only by the board of trustees, but particularly by the alum
of the institution, and a very wide segment of the public, which is quite differe
from some man that is ensconced in the office of a learned society that is i
building downtown here . At least I see a very wide difference . In so far as th
is a disposition to concentrate into one or a few places-it probably should not
described as authority to recommend-the privilege of recommending people f
government consultants . I would have quite a serious question in my mi
about it ." (Record, p . 1342 .)
In reply to Counsel's question whether he did not think foundatio
might better turn to the universities and colleges for research inste
of to intermediate organizations, Professor Rowe testified :
Dr . RowE . Yes, sir . There has, of course, been a mixed method on the pa
of IPR . You get a very interesting carrying down the line of the funds and
projects . Foundations will give funds to organizations like IPR . Some of t
money for research purposes will be directly handled by the IPR . Young peopl
scholars, will be brought into the organization . t o do specific jobs for the organi
tion . However, they will also go to universities and ask universities as they d
once in our case to provide, so to speak, hospitality for one of the men that th
want to have perform a research function under guidance and direction, subsidi
b y IPR, which money came from Rockefeller Foundation in this case . Then they w
do other things . For instance, the IPR organization will give money to the unive
sity personnel themselves directly for either research or publication purposes .
there are all kinds of ways and manners of doing this . I would submit that
much of this, procedure the choice of personnel, the passing on their qualificatio
the framing of projects, and the guidance of the researchers in the process of car
ing out projects, is not adequately provided for by these organizations, such
the Institute of Pacific Relations was and still is today .
In the case of universities, where appointments are made, the universiti
faculties are people of long standing, they may be good, bad, or indifferent, b
the organization and the procedures of appointment and approval thereof a
sufficiently complex and involve sufficient safeguards to cut the errors down co
siderably below the errors that are possible and probable without these forms
supervision and sanction .
It seems to me that the foundations in giving funds to organizations such as
Institute of Pacific Relations are in general on rather weaker ground than if t
give funds-to established organizations for research purposes in which the criter
for the appointment of people, for their promotions, for their advancements a
things of that kind have been worked out over a long period of time .
The informality of the arrangements in the IPR was one of the things th
I have always wondered at . To make it possible for so few people to have
much power and influence in determining who got funds for what purpose a
determining what kind of projects they worked on and how these projects we
supervised seemed to me to be very lax . Of course, toward the end the mo
that IPR got . was heavily given to publications . They would subsidize
publication of. works that were produced by research workers in universities a
other such organizations, as well as their own people . This seemed to me to
getting away a little bit from the evils of the previous system in which they we
directly involved in the research function . But it still put a tremendous lot
power in the hands of a very few people, since they went all over the Uni
States, looking over the products of research in the far eastern field, and decidi
which of these they would subsidize and which they would not .
This is not to say for a moment that the foundations have not given fu
directly to universities . Of course they have . I suppose they have given
more funds for research purposes directly to universities than to organizati
such as the IPR. But it seems to m .e, and you can, of course, consider the sou
here-I am a member of a university community-it seems to me logical to
that in those communities you get better safeguards as to quality and personn
than you can get in any such organization as the Institute of the Pacific Relati
set up to a heavy extent for research purposes outside of academic communiti
(Hearings, pp . 544, 545 .)
Mr . WORMSER .
your previous remarks introduced . We were discussing the undesirability per-
haps of using intermediate organizations like IPR. Would your comments apply
also, and perhaps you might discuss this general area, to what we have referred
to at times as clearing house organizations? We have talked about a certain
interlocking or, close relationship between the foundations and intermediate
organizations, like The Social Science Research Council, and The American Council
of Learned Societies . I would like you to comment on that, Professor, as well as
whether you think the resulting concentration of power through this interlock
is a desirable thing or not .
Dr . RowE . I suppose the proof of it is in what comes out of it . My feeling is
that here is another very clear evidence of the difficulty for the foundations in
making policy regarding the expenditure of their funds . The Social Science Re-
search Council handles social science matters . They will give a large lump sum of
money to these people . Then The Social Science Research Council has to set up
the operations of screening of applications, screening of candidates, supervision of
operations and evaluation of results and all that . This costs the foundations some-
thing, because part .of the money they put in has to go for . these administrative
purposes . But the foundation doesn't want to do it itself . The Social Science
Research Council being supposedly a specialized agency simply, it seems to me,
relieves the foundation of this to the extent that the foundation gives large sums
of money to The Social Science Research Council.
What the Council does is the responsibility of the foundation, it seems to me,
to a very great extent . There is no use trying to blink at that fact in any way,
shape, or form . I suppose there is no ideal solution to the problem of the applica-
tion of expertness to the supervision of the expenditure of money by big founda-
tions . This is why some foundations go in for rather narrow kinds of specializa-
tion . They will do one kind of thing and not another . The General Education
Board is an example of what I am talking about, because their work has been
rather narrowly oriented, certainly during the last decade or two . But the big
foundations in general spread themselves over the landscape .
The Ford Foundation is the latest and greatest . The Ford Foundation is even
going in for general public education, although I understand this emphasis is
decreasing some in the last year or two . But when they first began they were
very much interested in general adult education through all kinds of media, radio,
conferences, great book seminars all over the country . We had 2 or 3 of them in
our immediate area in Connecticut, all financed by The Ford Foundation .
The. job of running an extension course for universities is a big job . When you
start doing this all over the United States, I should think it would be almost im-
possible to supervise it adequately . If I am right about the tendency in recent
years, it might be that this is a conclusion they have reached on the matter, if
they are cutting down . I would not know what has guided their policy along
this line .
There is inevitably going to be this problem, that as knowledge and as research
become more specialized and more technical, and the problem of deciding what
you want to do researchwise becomes more difficult, the foundations that have
big money to spend are just up against a tremendous policy . problem . How do
they operate, and how can they possibly . guarantee the maximum effectiveness
and efficiency in their operations in the light of the objectives . which they profess
and which underlie their whole activity?
Mr. WoicMSER . Does it impress you as socially desirable that the , large founda-
tions should concentrate a certain large part of their operations in the social
sciences in one group or association, of groups, . like The Social Science Research
Council, The American Council of Learned Societies, and others?
Dr . RowE . I suppose the theory behind this is that these organizations, 'like
The Social Science Research Council, are truly representative of social science all
over the United States . I suppose that is the only possible theoretical justifica-
tion for this kind of policy . I don't know .
Mr . WoRMSER . The question we have, Professor, in that connection is whether
that type of concentration, even though it might be efficient mechanically, is de=
sirable insofar as it militates against the competitive factor, which is sort of in-
trinsic in our society.
Dr. ROWE . There is no question but what an organization like The Social
Science Research Council has a tremendous amount of power . This power which
it exerts, it exerts very heavily on educational institutions and their personnel,
like political science, economics, anthropology, sociology, geography and so
That is' where the people are . To understand the importance of this functi
all you have to realize is that advancement and promotion and survival in
academic field depend upon research and the results and the publication there
Here you have, you see, outside organizations influencing the course of the care
of personnel in universities through their control of funds which can liberate th
people from teaching duties, for example, and making it possible for them to p
lish more than their competitors .
This, therefore, means that there is a tremendous responsibility here
apportion their awards in a just way-in such a way as takes into account t
differences of approach and the differences of opinion in these fields ; the theoreti
differences from one school to another . The possibility exists that at all times
any of these organizations that the people in charge thereof become convinced th
there is one way to do a job in the social science field, and that only this way will g
their support.
If and when that time comes-I don't know whether it is here or ever will co
then you will have a combination in restraint of trade within the limits of publ
acceptability that may have very deleterious effects upon our intellectual communi
[Emphasis ours .] (Hearings, pp . 548, 549, 550 .)
Let us see whether in the field of social science research such
movement "in restraint of trade" has not, in effect, come about .
"I think we must admit, however, that more often the idea of an institute has
come first, thereafter the question as to who should run it, and last of all the mat-
ter as to why it was needed. Should not the questions be, Is there a problem
that has become so complex and sufficiently far advanced that an organized and
concerted effort is necessary for further advance, and is it to be under the direc-
tion of the man who has thought himself farthest into this matter? I fear tha
not many institutes originate or are maintained thus . We tend to raise up career
administrators, able at finding funds, tactful, energetic operators, who at best
have been scholars too briefly and who by temperament and the course of their
lives become more and more removed from the contemplation and concentration
that are needed for creative work . Thus they may lose even the sensitiveness
and understanding by which they know who a scholar or what a piece of creative
work is ."
"Of all fields, we have perhaps become most given to conferences and com-
mittees for the planning of research . We agree as to division of labor, as to pre-
venting duplication of research, as to priority of topics, as to assembling special-
ists for a cooperative project . In these and other ways unwittingly are we going
about shackling freedom of inquiry . Borrowing a term from the engineers, we
recommend `pilot studies,' serving as models to be reproduced until another de-
sign is approved for another series of studies . Conferences require agenda, and
these have offspring that result in another conference. The common variety of
scholar is awkward, bewildered, and often bored by these uncongenial procedures,
which pass into the control of our entrepreneurial colleagues . Thus we develop
hierarchies of conference members who speak a common language, obscured from us
by its own ceremonial terms. They become an elite, fashioning increasingly the direc
tions and limits of our work, as they become more and more removed from the
producers ."
"A serious and delicate problem is posed by the growing role of the national re-
search council and foundation, the last years having seen a continually increasing
concentration of influence . Although there are more and more individual workers,
there is no such rise in diversity of interests . With the growth of central advisory,
planning, and granting agencies, perhaps simply as a matter of economy of atten-
tion, it has come about that a reduced number of directions are selected for ap-
proval and support . Thus is introduced a grave and growing disorder into the
body of our scholarship . When preferments and rewards are being posted for
doing certain things and not doing others, the pliable and imitative offer themselves
most freely, and the stubborn ones hold out . Local authority is impressed by the
objectives expressed by the distant patron . He who is not deflected from his
chosen direction to take part in the recommended enterprise is the unhappy guest
who sits out the party . Thus conforming to a behavior pattern comes to prevail
Yet the able researcher will always know best how he should employ his mind,
and his own inclination will be to seek his own way . The dependent and com-
plaisant ones do not matter . Paved with good intentions, the roads down which
we are being urged do not lead toward the promised land of freedom of the spirit
No group can or should wish to be wise and farseeing enough to predetermine the
quest for knowledge ."
"Research programs are set up in terms of social goals, and it is assumed that
professional training provides the deep insight needed . Having set up schools for
the training of prophets, it gratifies us to hear that the great task of social science
is to remake the world ."
* * *
"In my experience the talented, original student is the only one for whom it is
difficult to find a place . He may be as likable as another and as willing to work at
the customary tasks of his trade . But it is usually safest not to call attention to
any unfamiliar direction his mind is taking . What the market wants and gets is
persons who can fill job specifications neatly . We dislike having juniors around
who think about matters beyond our ken and reach . We build sheltering walls
against the unknown by making organizations and methods, curricula, and research
programs . And we get no more than we make room for ."
* * *
"Will those who come after us say that we offered protection and encouragement
to young minds differing from our own, that we raised no barriers to seeking and
sophisticated no
THE SLANT TO THE LEFT .
The evidence leads this Committee to the conclusion that the research
in the social sciences with foundation support slants heavily to the left .
A book written by STUART CHASE called The Proper Study of Man-
kind, published in 1948 by Harpers, and written at the instance of
Donald Young of the Social Science Research Council and Charles
Dollard of the Carnegie Corporation to "run a kind of chain and com-
pass line across the whole front of the sciences devoted to human
relations", is illustrative . The book was planned and developed
according to the publisher's announcement "in consultation with
dozens of social scientists in all parts of the country, and Messrs .
Young and Dollard followed the project step by step to its completion ."
The project was initially financed by the Carnegie Corporation and
may fairly be characterized as a project of The Social Science Research
Council; it is virtually an exposition of the SSRC point of view .
Mr. Hays of the Committee questioned whether the book had a
wide circulation . The publisher reported that approximately 50,000
copies had been sold . Taking into account the fact that academicians
and many other people would normally read this type of book out of
the library, its impact must have been great .
Professor Hobbs questioned why a man like STUART CHASE was
selected by foundation representatives to write this particular book
giving a survey of the social sciences . He described CHASE as a man
"who has in his work definitely indicated his leanings toward collectiv-
ism and social planning and that sort of thing * * *" . (Hearings,
p . 134 .)
Professor Hobbs quoted from a book written by the late Congress-
man Shafer and one John Howland Snow, called The Turning of the
Tide, in which the active association of STUART CHASE with the
League for Industrial Democracy (the original name of which was
Inter-collegiate Socialist Society) was delineated . (Hearings, circa
p . 134 .) Prof . Hobbs also quoted from an address by STUART CHASE
to the Department of Superintendents of the National Education
Association on February 25, 1935, in which CHASE said as follows
(Hearings, p . 135) :
"If we have even a trace of liberalism in our natures, we must be prepared to
see an increasing amount of collectivism, Government interference, centralization
of economic control, social planning . Here again the relevant question is not
how to get rid of government interference, but how to apply it for the greatest
good of the greatest number ."
Prof . Hobbs offered a further quotation from a declaration by
STUART CHASE in the NEA Journal of May 1934, that an abundant
economy requires
"the scrapping of outworn political boundaries and of constitutional checks and
balances where the issues involved are technical, * * * ." (Hearings, p . 135 .)
This Committee, like Dr . Hobbs, cannot understand why a man of
STUART CHASE'S obvious leanings should have been selected to
make a "chain and compass" survey of the social sciences . The book
he produced with foundation support seems replete with what might
have been expected of him, including, as Prof . Hobbs explained
(Hearings, p . 135, et seq .), a promotion of the completely false notion
In his book MR . CHASE said (Hearings, p . 137) :
"I am grateful to J, Frederick Dewhurst, Charles Dollard, John Gardner,
Pendleton Herring, Ralph Linton, H . A . Murray, Talcott Parsons, Don K. Price,
and Paul Webbink for a reading of the manuscript, but I am, of course, responsible
for the final draft ."
We understand that all the persons mentioned have been actively
associated with foundations or heavily supported by them . The
conclusion seems fair that they have endorsed Mr . Chase's ideas and
that they themselves lean strongly to the left or at least strongly
support that scientism which seems to produce or be an ally of leftism
Indeed, Mr . Charles Dollard, in his statement filed with the Com-
mittee in behalf of The Carnegie Corporation of New York, of which he
is President, registered wide approval among social scientists . He
said :
"* * * competent authorities who reviewed The Proper Study of Mankind
found no lack of balance in Ma . CHASE'S treatment of the various social sciences ."
(Hearings, p . 988.)
The approach advocated by the author and supported by founda=
tion funds derogates conventional morality . He says :
"Social science might be defined on a high level as the application of the
scientific method to the study of human relations . What do we know about
those relations that is dependable? The `wisdom of the ages' obviously is not
good enough as the state of the post-war world bears eloquent witness ."
* * * * * * *
"The scientific method does not tell us how things ought to behave but how
they do behave . Clearly, there is no reason why the method should not be
applied to the behavior of men as well as to the behavior of electrons ." (Hear-
ings, p . 138.)
The author, continuing with the following statement, gives the
impression that there is no substantial difference between social
science and natural science :
"There are social experiments and physical experiments, and the scientific
method can be used most advantageously in both ."
Upon which quotation Prof . Hobbs commented as follows (Hearings,
p . 139) :
"I would like to interject, again, there are social experiments and there are
physical experiments, but I would like to point out in the physical experiments
you are dealing with electrons and . things of that type . With the social experi-
ments you are dealing with human beings and it makes quite a different situation ."
The author also commits the error of presenting an unbalanced set
of ideas . There is, for example, testified Prof . Hobbs, a stress on
"cultural determinism", a doctrine which is subject to very serious
doubt . As Prof . Hobbs put it (Hearings, p . 139) :
"Sir, it is not a matter of there being no validity whatsoever . It is a matter
of a theory of this type being presented to the public with the weight of the
foundations behind it, as though it were the scientifically proved fact . In that
context, it is not correct ."
The book discusses in some detail the theory that by manipulating
society you can change not only society itself but also the people
in it . "Theoretically," says the book, "a society could be completely
made over in something like 15 years, the time it takes to inculcate
a new culture into a . rising crop of youngsters ." (Hearings, p . 141 ;)
the author thought the use of this method desirable . It is a technique,
as Prof . Hobbs pointed out, close to "brain washing" .
The following quotation from the Chase book is truly disturbing
(Hearings, p . 142)
"Prepare now for a surprising universe . Individual talent is too sporadic
and unpredictable to be allowed any important part in the organization of
society . Social systems which endure are built on the average person who can
be trained to occupy any position adequately if not brilliantly ."
This, said Prof . Hobbs, is reminiscent of the Russian (Pavlov's)
experiments. on the conditioning of dogs .
During Professor Hobbs' testimony the question was raised whether
he was not perhaps discussing only isolated books, after which the
following colloquy took place between Counsel and the witness
(Hearings, p . 146)
Mr . WoaMSER. Mr. Chairman, may I suggest to Dr. Hobbs that I think he
ought to make clear, which I believe is the fact, that he does not intend merely
to discuss 3 or 4 books as the only books in this area which have any unpleasant
connotation to him. What he is really doing is giving them as illustrations, per-
haps particularly sharp illustrations, of the use of what he calls scientism and its
promotion by foundations. Please answer this yourself, Dr . Hobbs, but isn't
your main thesis that what you call soientism widely promoted by foundations
and that in itself has a deleterious effect on society?
Dr. HOBBS . The thesis is not in the book in relation to the foundations specifi-
cally, but I would say that, speaking in general terms, the thing which I call
scientism is promoted in an appreciable measure by the foundations . And scien-
tism has been described as a point of view, an idea, that science can solve all of
the problems of mankind, that it can take the place of traditions, beliefs, religion,
and it is in the direction of that type of thing that so much of the material in the
social sciences is pointed . I am not saying that we have reached that, or that
many would come out blatantly and say that now that can or should be done .
But it seems to me, and I may be wrong, but it does seem to me that we are going
in that direction, and it is time that we mightt take a little stock of it .
Professor Hobbs criticized the discussion of the "cultural lag"
theory in CHASE'S book, namely that :
* * * technology has advanced very greatly, but that our ideas, our beliefs,
our traditions, have not kept pace with it . Therefore, there is a lag between
the technological advance and the culture, and the implication is that the beliefs,
ideas, sentiments and so on, about the family, the church, about government,
should be brought up to date with the technology, which superficially sounds
reasonable enough, except when you begin to analyze it it really settles down to
being in the first place, a nonscientific notion, because the two things being com-
pared are not commensurable, that is, they have not been reduced to any common
denominator by which you can measure the relative rates of change in between
them. (Hearings, p . 147 .)
This "cultural lag" theory is expressed in the statement filed by
The Rockefeller Foundation
"The experiences of World War I and the painful uncertainties of the post-war
and depression period seemed to reflect a growing and menacing gap between
man's technical and scientific capacity and his apparent inability to deal with
his own affairs on a rational basis ."
The Rockefeller Foundation has long been addicted to the cultural
lag theory. As early as 1922, Beardsley Ruml recommended to the
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund that it enter the field of the
social sciences . He advanced that false analogy between the social
and the natural sciences which has led social scientists into "nose-
counting" and a mathematical approach to the solution of human
over, he strongly supported the cultural lag theory, saying (as quoted
in Raymond Fosdick's history of The Rockefeller Foundation) :
"Unless means are found for meeting the complex social problems that are so
rapidly developing, our increased control of physical forces may prove increasingly
destructive of human values ."
Such a statement may appear to have some validity at first reading .
Reading into it, however, what is implicit in its point of view and
approach, it proposes that the social scientist can find better ways for
human beings to live together, by reorganizing our ideas, our beliefs,
our traditions, to keep pace with advancing technology .
Professor Hobbs said that the cultural lag notion :
* * * has the implication that we should keep religion up to date, and patriotic
sentiments, ideas about marriage and the family .
Well, if you do this, of course by implication to take an extreme illustration,
then you would have to modify your religion every time there was a significant
technological change with automobiles or airplanes, things of that sort, which
would give you of course a great deal of lack of permanence .
The cultural lag theory has appeared in many if not most of the sociology text-
books with the implication that we should abandon the traditional forms of belief
about the family and religion . Inescapably that tends to be the implication .
The way Stuart Chase puts it :
"The cultural concept dissolves old ideologies and eternal verities but gives us
something more solid to stand on, or so it seems to me . Prediction takes shape,
the door to the future opens, and light comes through . Not much yet, but enough
to shrivel many intellectual quacks, oververbalized seers and theorists, whose
theories cannot be verified ."
At the very time he is talking about a theory which cannot be verified . (Hear-
ings, p . 148.)
An interesting recent example of the prevalence of the "cultural lag"
theory is to be found in a letter dated August 20, 1954 by Edward L .
Bernays, President of The Edward L . Bernays Foundation, to the
New York Herald-Tribune, and published in its issue of August 23,
1954 . Mr . Bernays offers $2,500 on behalf of The Bernay0 Foundation
for a private study centering on the four Brooklyn boys who shortly
before had shocked the public by violent and murderous acts . These
boys had apparently come from good homes and Mr. Bernays'
approach to discovering why they could have gone so wrong is dis-
closed by this . quotation from his letter.
"A terrific gap exists between our ability to control the technological elements of
our society and our ability to cope with societal problems ."
It is very much to be doubted that the "cultural lag" theory can
account for the behavior of the four Brooklyn lads .
Moral relativism and the cultural lag theory strike at the very roots of
the average American's traditional values . Promulgation of such unveri-
fied, pseudo-scientific theories dissolves the belief that religion gives us
certain basic verities upon which we must construct a moral and ethical
life, that certain basic and unalterable principles underlie our system
of government and should be maintained faithfully for the preservation of
our society . It is not our province to prove that such radical theories as
relativism and cultural lag are wrong . It is the responsibility of those
who advance them under the protecting cloak of "science" to prove that
they are accurate and correct . Until such verification has been produced
it is difficult to justify the use of tax-free funds for what is an unscientific
The statement filed by Mr . Charles Dollard (Hearings, p . 945,
et seq.), as President of the Carnegie Corporation of New York,
supports the selection of MR . CHASE to write The Proper Study of
Mankind . MR . CHASE is held to be, and he undoubtedly is, "an
extremely able writer ." But we have stated that MR . CHASE is
far to the left and thus a strange selection to make for the job of
writing the bible of The Social Science Research Council . This Mr .
Dollard seeks to answer by stating that MR . CHASE just previously
had done a job for the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey . Mr.
Dollard's observation in this regard is a non-sequitur applied in a
frantic attempt to obscure the real issue, which is the pattern of
MR . CHASE'S intellectual background . How about MR . CHASE'S
record of Communist front associations . They will be found in the
Appendix . They do not make him a Communist, but they place
him among those whose extreme leftist tendencies have led them into
the support of many dangerous organizations . What sort of judgment
may be expected from such a man! We find the answer in his adulation
of both Lauchlin Currie and Harry Dexter White whose demise the
nation need not mourn (The Proper Study of Mankind, pages 211, 205) .
"AN AMERICAN DILEMMA"
Just as we cannot understand why MR . CHASE was selected to
write the bible of the SSRC, we cannot understand why Gunnar
Myrdal was selected to make the study which resulted in An American
Dilemma . This project involved an expenditure of some $250,000 of
funds granted by The Carnegie Corporation of New York . The subject
of the study, the negro problem in the United States, was of course
highly desirable . In a preface to the book written by the President
of The Carnegie Corporation it is explained that because the subject
is charged with emotion it was felt desirable to select as a director
"someone who could approach the task with a fresh mind, uninfluenced
by traditional attitudes or by earlier conclusions ." This eminently
commendable statement, however, contrasts with the fact that
Gunnar Myrdal, a Swedish social scientist, was selected . Dr . M yrdal
was and is a socialist . How an unbiased point of view could be
expected from one of Dr . Myrdal's persuasion we cannot understand .
The following quotations from the book itself indicate Dr . Myrdal's
bias . They also expound theories regarding the American people and
their government which this Committee finds most unfortunate .
"Indeed, the new republic began its career with a reaction . Charles Beard in
`An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States' and a
group of modern historians, throwing aside the much cherished national myth-
ology which had blurred the difference in spirit between the Declaration of
Independence and the Constitution, have shown that the latter was conceived
in considerable suspicion against democracy and fear of `the people .' It was
dominated by property consciousness and designed as a defense against the
democratic spirit let loose during the Revolution ." (Page 7 .)
55647-54,-7
Until recently, the Constitution has been used 'to block the popular will : th
Fourteenth Amendment inserted after the Civil War to protect the civil rights
of the poor freedmen has, for instance, been used more to protect business cor-
porations against public control." (Page 13 .)
•
"Another cultural trait of Americans is a relatively low degree of respect of
law and order . This . trait, as°wells
as the,'lother one just mentioned' is of paramount
importance for the Negro problem as jwe )shal1 show,in some detail in later chapters
There is a relation between these two traits, of high ideals in some laws and low
respect for all laws, but this relation is by no means as simple as it appears .
(Page 14 .)
•
•
"Undoubtedly the idealistic concept of American law as an emanation of `natura
law' is a force which strengthens the rule of law in America .
"But, in another way, it is at the same time most detrimental to automatic,
unrefiecting law observance on the part of the citizens . Laws become disputable
on moral grounds . Each legislative statute is judged by the common citizen
in terms of his conception of the higher 'natural law' . He decides whether it
is 'just' or `unjust' and has the dangerous attitude that, if it is unjust, he may fee
free to disobey it ." (Page 16.)
• * * * * * *
"This anarchistic tendence in America's legal culture becomes even more
dangerous because of the presence of a quite different tendency : a desire to
regulate human behavior tyranically by means of formal laws . This last tendency
is a heritage from early American puritanism which was sometimes fanatical and
dogmatic and always had a strong inclination to mind other people's business
So we find that this American, who is so proud to announce that he will not
obey laws other than those which are 'good' and 'just', as soon as the discussion
turns to something which in his opinion is bad and unjust, will emphatically
pronounce that 'there ought to be a law against .' To demand and legislate
all sorts of laws against this or that is just as much part of American freedom as
to disobey the laws when they are enacted. America has become a country
where exceedingly much is permitted in practice but at the same time exceedingly
much is forbidden i n law ." (Pages 16 and 17 .)
•
"And many more of those unrespected laws are damaging in so far as they,
for example, prevent a rational organization of various public activities, or when
they can be used by individuals for blackmailing purposes or by the state or
municipal authorities to persecute unpopular individuals or groups ." (Page 17 .)
• * * * * * *
"For example, it cannot be conducive to the highest respect for the legal
system that the federal government is forced to carry out important social legis-
lation under the fiction that it is regulating 'interstate commerce,' or that federal
prosecuting agencies punish dangerous gangsters for income tax evasion rather
than for the felonies they have committed .
"So this idealistic America also became the country of legalistic formalism
Contrary to America's basic ideology of natural law and its strong practical sense,
'the letter of the law,' as opposed to its 'spirit,' came to have an excessive im-
portance . The weak bureaucracy became tangled up in . 'red tape.' The clever
lawyer came to play a large and unsavory role in politics in business ; and in the
everyday life of the citizen . The Americans thus got a judicial order which is in
many respects contrary to all their inclinations ." (Page 18 .)
• * * * * * *
"We have to conceive of all the numerous breaches of law, which an American
citizen commits or learns about in the course of ordinary living, as psychologically
a series of shocks which condition him and the entire society to a low degree of law
observance . The American nation has, further, experienced disappointments in
its attempts to legislate social change, which, with few exceptions,_ have been
badly prepared and inefficiently carried out . The almost traumatic effects of
these historical disappointments have been enhanced by America's conspicuous
success in so many fields other than legislation . One of the trauma was the
Reconstruction legislation, which attempted to give Negroes civil rights in the
South ; another one was the anti-trust legislation pressed by the Western farmers
"If in the course of time Americans are brought to be a law-abiding people, and
if they at the same time succeed in keeping alive not only their conservatism in
fundamental principles and their pride and devotion to their national political
institutions, but also some of their puritan eagerness and courage in attempting
to reform themselves and the world-redirected somewhat from the old Biblical
inclination of thinking only in terms of prescriptions and purges-this great nation
may become the master builder of a stable but progressive commonwealth ."
(Pages 20 and 21 .)
* * * * * * *
"The popular explanation of the disparity in America between ideals and actual
behavior is that Americans do not have the slightest intention of living up to the
ideals which they talk about and put into their Constitution and laws . Many
Americans are accustomed to talk loosely and disparagingly about adherence to
the American Creed as 'lip-service' and even `hypocrisy' . Foreigners are even
more prone to make such a characterization ." (Page 21 .)
Mr. Dollard in his statement filed as President of The Carnegie
Corporation cited other quotations from An American Dilemma which
are kinder in tone toward the American people . It is our opinion
that the sections quoted by Mr . Dollard do not offset the unpleasant
and prejudiced references we have quoted$above . Nor are we im-
pressed with Mr. Dollard's attempt to characterize Dr . Myrdal as a
moderate sort of socialist . Professor Colgrove, who, as Secretary-
Treasurer of the American Political Science Association for eleven
years, ought to know, testified that Myrdal was a "very left wing
socialist" and "very anticonservative." He said :
Dr . Myrdal was a Socialist, pretty1far left indeed extremely left . He was not
unprejudiced . He came over here with all the prejudices of European Socialists .
And the criticism that he makes of the American Constitution, the criticism that
he makes of the conservatives of the United States are bitter criticisms . He
didn't have any praise at all for the conservatives . Re did praise what he called
the liberals. And he implied that it was the conservatives in the United States
who created the problem and who continued the difficulties of any solution. I
felt the foundations did a great disservice to American scholarship in announcing
his study as an objective nonpartisan study whose conclusions were wholly
unbiased . It was almost intellectual dishonesty . (Hearings, p . 577.)
This Committee would be far less concerned about the leftist slant-
ing of so many products financed by great foundations in the social
sciences if there were a reasonably commensurate number (and weight)
of such products slanted in the other direction . There can be no doubt
that the greatest freedom consonant with public responsibility is
desirable in the conduct of foundation work . However, we conclude
that the freedom which most of those who direct the work of the largest
foundations, and some others, insist upon is merely the freedom to
propagate leftist propaganda.
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES .
This work is one to which closer study should be given than this
Committee was able to give . Though somewhat out of date, it is
still the "Supreme Court" of the social sciences, the final authority to
which appeal is made in any social science field by many students and
researchers . It was estimated as late as 1952 that it was being used
at least a half million times per year . Apparently The Rockefeller
Foundation, The Carnegie Corporation of New York and The Russell
Sage Foundation financed the project or materially supported it . . It
was, clearly enough, a highly desirable venture . But it does seem,
foundations who made it possible to see that it was a truly objective
and representative piece of work . Was it? Let us see .
Perhaps a Communist was not so reprehensible a character in the
thirties as one would be today . But a Communist was still a Com-
munist ; objectivity could hardly be expected of him, whether in 1930
or 1954 . Communists have a way of bringing things political into
almost any subject . In the case of the Encyclopedia, Communist
and pro-Communists were permitted to write articles on subjects in
which their slant could obviously be heavily applied, and it was .
The key man in the creation of the Encylopedia was DR . ALVI
JOHNSON, an Associate Editor . In his book, Pioneer's Progress, h
said
"In enlisting assistant editors, I forebore all inquiry about infection with Marx
Like a common cold, Marx was in the air, sometimes cutting editorial efficiency,
but not irremediably . * * * I had two assistant editors who asserted that the
were Socialists . That was nothing to me ; they were good and faithful workers
And one was so considerate of my reactionary bent as to inform me that a new
editor I had taken on was a Communist ."
DR . JOHNSON then told how he interviewed the man and told him he
would keep him on-"Your private political views are you own
business", said the good Doctor . Incidentally, his reference to him
self as "reactionary" was humor-his own Communist-front associa
tions have been recorded ; he may certainly be judged as considerably
to the left .
The article on The Rise of Liberalism was written by HAROLD J
LASKI, a British socialist . He also did the articles on Bureaucracy,
Democracy, Judiciary : Liberty : Social Contract : and Ulyanov, Vladimi
Rich .
Atheism, Modern Atheism was written by Oscar Jassi, a socialist o
Hungarian origin . Bolshevism was written by Maurice Dobb, a
English radical . Capitalism, by Werner Sombart, a socialist who be
came affiliated with the Nazis .
Communism was written by MAx BEER, a Marxian of the Uni-
versity of Frankfort, Germany . Communist Parties was written b
LEwis L . LORWIN, whose views *ray be gleaned from this state
ment in the article: "The view common in the United States that th
Communists are either cranks or criminals is largely a reflection of
conservative outlook ." He also wrote the article on Exploitation .
Corporation, written by two New Dealers, Adolph A . Berle, Jr., an
GARDINER C . MEANS, clearly reveals their bias at that time . (Mr
Berle has since written The ,20th Century Capitalist Revolution and
repudiated some of his former views regarding corporations .) They
say that the corporation may well equal or exceed the state in power
"The law of corporations, accordingly, might well be considered as
potential constitutional law for the new economic state : while busines
practice assumes many . of the aspects of administrative government .
Criticism, Social, was produced by ROBERT MORSE LOVETT, Of
wide Communist front associations . Education, History, was pro
duced by GEORGE S . COUNTS, a radical educator concerning whom
we shall have more to say in the section of this report on education
Fabianism was written by G . D . H . Cole, a British socialist . He
also wrote the article on Industrialism . Fortunes, Private, Moder
. Freedom of Speech and of the Press was written by Robert Eisler
of Paris who destroys the Christian ethic with this authoritative
pronouncement
"No one today will consider the particular ethical doctrine of modern, or for
that matter of ancient, Christianity as self-evident or natural or as the morality
common to all men . The modern relativist theory of values has definitely
shattered the basis on which such artificial churches as the various ethical societies
orders rested ."
Government, Soviet Russia was prepared by Otto Hoetzsch of the
University of Berlin who gives us kind thoughts about the Soviets-
for example:
"Although the elections are subject to pressure of Communist dictatorship,
this workers' democracy is not entirely a fiction ." [Emphasis ours .]
The article on Labor-Capital Co-Operation is credited to J . B. S .
HARDMAN, whose Communist front affiliations are recorded in
Appendix, Part IX of the Dies Committee Reports, 78th Congress
(1944) . He also wrote Labor Parties, General, United States, Masses
and Terrorism . Laissez-Faire is the product of the socialist, G . D . H.
Cole ; his job was done with a hatchet . Large Scale Production, by.
Myron W . Watkins, is an attack on the production methods of Big
Business .
Morals is the product of HORACE M. KALLEN, whose extensive
Communist-front associations are a matter of record . Philosophy
was produced by Horace B. Davis, with ex-Communist-front associa-
tions (See Appendix IX) . Political Offenders, by MAX LERNER,
a radical, contains a diatribe against the treatment of political
offenders . Political Police, is by ROGER N . BALDWIN, recorded
by Appendix IX as having Communist-front associations . Power,
Industrial, by Hugh Quigley, seems to be a plea for more control of
business . Proletariat is by Alfred Meusel of Germany and seems to
admire the Soviet system in Russia .
Social Work, General Discussion, Social Case Work, is the work of a
Communist-fronter, PHILIP KLEIN . Socialism was written by a
socialist, OSCAR JANSKI . It is not unsympathetic to Communism .
Stabilization, Economic, was written by GEORGE SotJLE, of ex-
tensive Communist-front affiliations . It expresses doubt that "stabili-
zation" can be accomplished under our present order. Strikes and
Lockouts is by JOHN A . FITCH, of wide Communist-front affiliations .
Vested Interests is the work of MAx LERNER .
One of the theses in Woman, Position in Society, by the Communist-
fronter, BERNHARD J. STERN, is that we are not doing right by our
women, while the Soviets are .
This list is not inclusive . Many more instances of radical selection
could be given, plus the multitude of articles by moderately slanted
writers . What is amazingly characteristic of the Encyclopedia is the
extent to which articles on "left" subjects have been assigned to
leftists ; in the case of subjects to the "right", leftists again have been
selected to describe and expound them . This is reminiscent of the
reviews in the New York Times of books on China, in which both pro-
and-con-Communist volumes were assigned to pro-Communists for
review .
social sciences seems, by the evidence, to stem from what amounts t
a current intellectual fad having its origins in the "cultural lag
theory to which we have referred . It runs that foundations should
not longer expend their funds in helping to create a better and healthie
physical world-it has already advanced mechanically beyond th
ability of human beings to live properly within their new environment
Foundation funds should now be applied to human welfare in the
social sense . The social scientists are to be able to give us ways of
living together better than those which religious, educational an
political leaders have been able to devise for us in the past . We must
improve "man's relation to man ." This concept, widely touted in
the foundation world, is illustrated by the underlying report upo
which the work of The Ford Foundation was based . It contains thi
statement :
"In the Committee's opinion the evidence points to the fact that today's
most critical problems are those which are social rather than physical in char-
acter-those which arise in man's relation to man rather than in his relation to
nature ."
How are the social scientists to accomplish this reform in our social
relations? With financial assistance by the foundations, they are to
"experiment" . We have explained some of the dangers of such ex
perimentation for which foundations are to "risk" their funds . Her
is part of Professor Hobbs' testimony about it :
Mr . WoRMSER . Dr . Hobbs, do I express your opinion correctly by this state-
ment? The foundations, or some of them, in the Cox hearings last year, main-
tained that the best use of their funds would be in experiment in reaching out for
new horizons, in considering their precious funds in what they call risk capital
You would approve of experiment in the sense of trying to reach new horizons,
but you would caution, I assume, against experiment as such where it relates to the
relationship of human beings and basic factors in our society?
Dr. HOBBS. Yes, sir ; a great deal of caution, I think, should be applied in those
areas. For one thing, because of the points I tried to establish yesterday, that th
mere fact that the thing is being studied can change the situation ; and secondly
because the findings of a study can affect human behavior and we should be
extremely cautious when we are entering into areas of that sort . (Hearings
p . 167 .)
This Committee strongly supports Professor Hobbs' opinion that th
utmost caution should be used when experimentation with human
relationships is involved in a foundation grant or project . We suggest,
moreover, that the trustees of foundations consider carefully whether
they have not been induced by their executive associates to "go over-
board" on the general concept of "experiment." Among the many
letters received by the Committee staff from colleges, criticising the
foundations for failure to contribute direct support, and for preferring
"new projects" is one from Barnard College (Columbia University)
which contains this :
"My only comment about foundation policies is that the foundations all see
to have the point of view that they should contribute only to `new projects
The College's largest problems are to maintain faculty salaries and scholarships at
a reasonable level, and to keep ancient buildings repaired, so that the basic work
of teaching can be continued . It is discouraging to have to add `new projects'
in order to secure foundation support when the financial structure of the college
has not yet become adjusted to the increase in the cost of living ."
happy repercussions . Among them is the situation of which this
college administrator complains . Would it not be better, in the long
run, for foundations to give more direct assistance of widespread nature
to sound educational institutions which are dependent on private support,
rather than to waste gigantic aggregates o f money annually on the pursuit
of something "new"?
IX . THE POLITICAL ACTIVITIES OF FOUNDATIONS
Finally mention should be made of the fact that there are three great national
councils which contribute to research in the social sciences . The Council of
Learned Societies, the American Council on Education, and the Social Science
Research Council are important factors in the development of research and add
their activities to the body of scientific material available in any program of
national planning . (Hearings, p . 612 .)
Was this perhaps, in turn, an independent aberration of govern-
ment, disassociated from the foundations and their agencies? Indeed
not . The Report continues :
The Council of Learned Societies has promoted historical and general social
research .
The American Council on Education has recently sponsored an inquiry into
the relation of Federal, State, and local governments to the conduct of public
education . It has served as the organizing center for studies of materials of
instruction and problems of educational administration . It represents the educa-
tional organizations of the country and is active in promoting research in its
special field .
The Social Science Research Council, a committee of which prepared this mem-
orandum, is an organization engaged in planning research . It is true that its
object has not been to make social plans, but rather to plan research in the
social field . A decade of thought on planning activities through its committees,
distributed widely over the social sciences, has given it an experience, a back-
ground with regard to the idea of planning, that should be of value if it were
called on to aid in national planning . Furthermore, the members of the Social
Science Research Council, its staff, and the members of its committees are per-
haps more familiar than the members of any other organization with the per-
sonnel in the social sciences, with the research interests of social scientists, and
tion of the groups and persons with whom special types of research should be
placed . For this purpose it has set up committees, organized commissions, pro-
moted research, and sponsored the development of various research agencies and
interests . With its pivotal position among the social sciences, it could undoubt-
edly render valuable aid if called on to do so, in the formidable task of national
planning . [Emphasis supplied.] (Hearings, pp . 612, 613 .)
Further quotations from this Report are pertinent :
It was after the Civil War that American economic life came to be dominated
,by the philosophy of laissez faire and by the doctrines of rugged individualism .
But the economic and social evils of the period resulted in the development of
new planning attitudes tending to emphasize especially public control and
regulation .
Summing up the developments of these 125 years, one may, say that insofar
as the subject here considered is concerned, they are important because they left
us a fourfold heritage :
First, to think in terms of an institutional framework which may be fashioned
in accordance with prepared plans ;
Second, a tendency to achieve results by compromise in which different lines
and policies are more or less reconciled ;
Third, a tendency to stress in theory the part played in economic life by indi-
vidualism, while at the same time having recourse in practice to governmental
aid and to collective action when necessary :, and
Fourth, a continued social control applied to special areas of economic life .
Such was the note already heard in America when during 1928-29 came the
first intimations of the 5-year plan, and the Western World began to be inter-
ested in the work and methods of the Gosplan in Moscow . The Russian experi-
ence was not embodied in any concrete way in American thinking, but it stimulated
the idea that we need to develop in an American plan out of our American back-
ground. [Emphasis supplied .l (Hearings, p . 613 .)
Its work done, the National Planning Board discontinued . The
National Resources Committee took its place and ran from 1934 to
1939 . Its personnell was somewhat the same as that of its predecessor .
Page 3 of its final report contained the following :
The National Resources Planning Board believes that it should be the declared
policy of the United States Government to promote and maintain a high level
of national production and consumption by all appropriate measures necessary
for this purpose . The Board further believes that it should be the declared policy
of the United States Government .
To underwrite full employment for the employables ;
To guarantee a job for every man released from the Armed Forces and the
war industries at the close of the war, with fair pay and working conditions ;
To guarantee and, when necessary, underwrite :
Equal access to security,
Equal access to education for all,
Equal access to health and nutrition for all, and
Wholesome housing conditions for all .
This policy grows directly out of the Board's statement concerning which the
President has said :
"All of the free peoples must plan, work, and fight together for the maintenance
and development of our freedoms and rights ."
THE FOUR FREEDOMS
Freedom of speech and expression, freedom to worship, freedom from want,
and freedom from fear : and
A NEW BILL OF RIGHTS
1 . The right to work, usefully and creatively through the productive years ;
2 . The right to fair pay, adequate to command the necessities and amenities
of life in exchange for work, ideas, thrift, and other socially valuable service ;
3 . The right to adequate food, clothing, shelter, and medical care ;
irresponsible private power, arbitrary public authority, and unregulated
monopolies ;
6 . The right to come and go, to speak or to be silent, free from the spyings of
secret political police ;
7. The right to education, for work, for citizenship, and for personal growth
and happiness ;
8. The right to equality before the law, with equal access to justice in fact, ; and
9 . The right to rest, recreation, and adventure, the opportunity to enjoy life
and take part in an advancing civilization .
Plans for this purpose are supported and explained in this report . The previous
publications of the Board, including National Resources Development Report for
1942, transmitted to the Congress by the President on January 14, 1942, and a
series of pamphlets (After Defense-What? After the War-Full Employment,
Postwar Planning, etc.), also provide background for this proposal . (Hearings,
pp . 613, 614 .)
The reader is referred to pages 612 et seq. of the Hearings for further
quotations from this report which indicate a complete program of
social, as well as economic, planning-a program more detailed and
comprehensive than that proposed by avowed socialists . The in-
clusion (in the statement of proposed government policy quoted
above) of "A New Bill of Rights" is more than astounding . It implies
that our Constitutional Bill of Rights is not good enough ; we must
have a new one. This new one has features which we find later in
the Declaration of Human Rights drafted in UNO with the collabora-
tion of Communist delegates, and rejected by our government . The
"New Bill of Rights" is silent about property rights and contains
strange new rights some of which could be effected only under a
government so directive as to be totalitarian . It reads nobly ; but
it is the product of advocates of the compulsive state .
One cannot read the report without concluding that it was intended to
lay out a program for enormously increased centralization, a rapidly
enlarged participation by government in human affairs, a sharp turn
toward paternalism and away from free enterprise and individual free-
dom . In a broad sense, the proposals were revolutionary, both the
National Planning Board and the National Resources Board having
followed rather closely the plan of The Commission on Social Studies,
embracing virtually all phases of our economic life, including educa-
tion .
We cannot trace the influence of each leader of this movement for
a planned (socialized) economy in detail, leaders who were almost all
part and parcel of tax-free organizations or actively associated with
them and beneficiaries of foundations . But the career of one of these
leaders may illustrate the point of view which dominated .
The man is Charles K . Merriam, who held a dominating position
in the foundation world for many years . He was Chairman of a
Committee on Political Research of the American Political Science Asso-
ciation in 1921, the purpose of which was to examine research in gov-
ernment and to offer recommendations . Its report in 1922 advised
that "a sounder empirical method of research had to be achieved in
political science if it were to assist in the development of scientific
political control ." It recommended the creation of The Social Science
Research Council, and this was, in turn, formed in 1923 . Mr. Merriam
became its first President, serving until 1927 .
Mr. Merriam could hardly be called a conservative . Yet he him-
self was a dissenting member of the Commission on Social Studies,
objected to its strongly Marxist tendency, however, it is probably
that his distaste was only a matter of degree . His The Agenda of
Democracy and his New Democracy and the New Despotism indicate
that he was one of the most active proponents of a new order and a
revolutionary one . "The old world is gone," he said, "and will not
return. We face a new era, which searches all creeds, all forms, all
programs of action, and spares none ." The new era must be planned .
His active political part in planning it may be gleaned in part from
the frequent references to him and his work in both published volumes
of Harold L. Ickes' Diary .
The Committee's Assistant Director of Research filed with the
Committee (it is included in the Hearings, pp . 627, et seq.) a report
entitled "Economics and the Public Interest ." In this report he
showed in considerable and valuable detail how the expenditures of
government had followed the proposals of The National Planning
Board, The National Resources Committee, and The National Resources
Planning Board closely . We cannot in this report go into his material
in detail . We recommend that it be read in full . It is the opinion
• this Committee that this material, together with the data provided
elsewhere in Mr . McNiece's testimony, establishes clearly that Govern-
ment agencies consciously planned for what can fairly be called at least
a semi-socialist economy ; that this planning was the work, sunstantially,
• foundation-supported, tax-free organizations ; and that these plans
were effected to a very considerable degree in the ensuing period .
There may be doubt as to the exclusiveness of the factors which
Mr. McNiece discussed and which have been testified to elsewhere by
others . Other factors, indeed, may have played some part in what
happened . But what cannot be doubted is that foundation's funds
financed and supported a definite political and economic propulsion to
the left and away from our traditional forms . Could they have done so
with closed eyes?
Something close to a social revolution took place . We doubt the right
• foundations to use their public funds for the purpose of propelling a
revolution . A Communist not aligned with Russia might well have the
rightfully to try to promote his political purposes, as long as no treasonable
acts are involved . But we deny the right of any public trust fund to use
its public money, or permit it to be used, for political purposes . That
is clearly what has occurred .
We have advanced considerably toward that "welfare state" which
the new Fabians in England understand is a stage intermediate
between free enterprise and socialism . (See the New Fabian Essays,
the current Mein Kampf of British Socialism) . The necessary mech-
anism to reach the welfare state in full, and to go on from there to
socialism or some form of totalitarianism, is high centralization and
the absorption by the Federal government of more and more of the
powers of the States . We fully agree with President Dwight D .
Eisenhower, who in 1949, while still president of Columbia University,
said 23 :
"I firmly believe that the army of persons who urge greater a grendater cen-
tralization of authority and greater and greater dependence upon the Federal
23 Dwight D . Eisenhower, in letter to Hon . Ralph W . Gwinn, dated Columbia University, New York,
June 7, 1949, in opposition to a, general Federal-aid-to-education program . (Congressional Record, 81st
Cong ., 1st sess., vol. 95, p. 14, p. A3690 .)
The evidence warrants the conclusion that the foundations have con-
tributed substantially and consciously to the movement which President
Eisenhower so condemned .
THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS INSTITUTE
Among the many organizations supported by foundations to which
this Committee has been unable to give close attention but which
deserve intensive research, is The International Press Institute located
at Zurich, Switzerland . This organization was granted $120,000 by
The Rockefeller Foundation initially, and received further support from
it and other foundations . Its purposes, as contained in The Rocke-
feller Foundation Review .for 1950 and 1951, include "the immediate
objective of advancing and safeguarding the freedom of the press
throughout the world." It is quite conceivable, however, that the
concept of "freedom" espoused by this foundation may differ from that
held by others.
The possible political implications of The International Press Insti-
tute will warrant study .
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ROUNDTABLE BROADCASTS .
The Roundtable broadcasts have been abandoned, presumably
because their leftist slant became so apparent . They were financed
by the Alfred P . Sloan Foundation, to its distinct discredit . A careful
analysis could be made of the actual broadcasts, the material used
and the speakers selected to disclose an example of how foundation
money can be used for quite direct political purposes .
FACTS FORUM.
The Committee staff at the request of Mr . Hays, collected tran-
scripts and tape recordings of Facts Forum broadcasts and turned
these over to him, also at his request.
This material has not been returned by Mr . Hays, nor has any
pertinent 24 report been made to the other members of the Committee
by him .
Without being in a position to judge of the propriety of the Facts
Forum broadcasts, this Committee puts itself on record, in any event,
as concluding that the financing of a radio or a television program
(or, for that matter, any program using any form of public com-
munication) by a foundation directed in such a way as to have
political slant, either to the left or to the right, is highly improper .
Referring to Facts Forum, the ranking minority member of this
committee, during the hearings, made these comments (Hearings,
p . 185)
I want to make it clear here, which apparently it has not been in some people's
minds, that if they are biased, they still have a perfect right to go on the air ;
but they don't have any right to go on with tax-exempt funds.
They can be just as biased as they want to as long as they are using their own,
money without any tax exemption.
For the reasons stated above, the other members of this Committee are
not in a position to determine whether or not Facts Forum has been
24
At the time the Committee met on November 29, 1954 to consider the final draft of this report, Mrs
Hays at this point in the discussion asked to have included at this point a reference to the report he said
he made to Congress on Facts Forum . No copy of that report has been officially filed with the Committee .
any foundation which does show bias, or permits it ; the comments would
apply, of course, whatever the direction in which a foundation's bias
might run .
THE PUBLIC AFFAIRS PAMPHLETS .
These have been produced under the aegis or with the financing of
the Sloan and other foundations, and also deserve a detailed study
which we have been unable to give . The pamphlets were under the
editorship of MAXWELL STEWART, who had been an associate editor
of the Moscow News and, according to proven reports, had taught
in Moscow . MR . STEWART wrote a good many of the PUBLIC AFFAIRS
PAMPHLETS, heavily biased against the free enterprise system . Others
of the pamphlets were written by other leftists and some contain
heavily slanted bibliographies .
Further illustrations of the use of foundation funds for political
purposes will be given in Section X . FOUNDATIONS AND EDUCATION,
and in Section XI . "INTERNATIONALISM ."
X . FOUNDATIONS AND EDUCATION
CARNEGIE AND ROCKEFELLER REFORM THE COLLEGES .
The Rockefeller General Education Board (terminated in 1953) was
chartered in 1903 ; The Carnegie Fund for the Advancement of Teaching,
in 1905 . Other organizations created by the Rockefeller and Carnegie
reservoirs of wealth which went into educational work were :
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1910
The Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1911
The Rockefeller Foundation, 1918 and
The Laura Spellman Rockefeller Memorial, 1918 (later merged
with the Rockefeller Foundation) .
Miss Kathryn Casey, legal analyst of the Committee, filed a detailed
report on the educational activities of these foundations (hearings,
pp. 668 et seq .) . One of the subjects treated in this report was the
campaign instituted by the Rockefeller and Carnegie foundations to
raise the standards of our institutions of higher learning . Dr . Ernest
Victor Hollis (now Chief of College Administration in the United
States Office of Education) once described the background of this
campaign as follows:
"* * * unfavorable public estimate of the elder Rockefeller and Andrew
Carnegie, made it inexpedient in 1905 for their newly created philanthropic
foundations to attempt any direct reforms in higher education ." (Hearings,
p . 671 .)
The method adopted, therefore, was one of coercion by indirection
"The subject was approached indirectly through general and non-controversial
purposes -nearly all foundation grants made before 1920 being for such pur-
poses ."
As Dr . Hollis said : 25
Having taken power, the teachers must use it to attain the "central purpose" of
realizing the "American Dream." They must operate education as the instru-
ment of social regeneration . This consists of inculcating right doctrine . (Hear-
ings, p . 484 .)
Clearly enough "right doctrine" is what the elite believe in .
A strong proponent of this proposal that the social scientist should
be given the task of directing society is Professor Norman Woelfel .
His Molders of the American Mind, was dedicated "to the teachers of
America, active sharers in the building of attitudes, may they col-
lectively choose a destiny which honors only productive labor and
promotes the ascendency of the common man over the forces that
make possible an economy of plenty ." In it, we find this :
To the teachers of America, active sharers in the building of attitudes, may
they collectively choose a destiny which honors only productive labor and pro-
The younger generation is on its own and the last thing that would interest moder
youth is the salvaging of the Christian tradition . The environmental controls whic
teehnoloyists have achieved, and the operations by means of which workers earn thei
livelihood, need no aid or sanction from God nor any blessing from the church .
• * * * * * *
The influence which may prove most effective in promoting the demise of
private business as the dominant force in American economic life is the modern
racketeer . His activities are constantly in the spotlight of public attention,
and the logic upon which he pursues them is the logic of competitive business
He carries the main principles of the business life to their logical extreme and
demonstrates their essential absurdity . Like the businessman he is intereste
in gain, and like the businessman he believes in doing the least to get the most,
in buying cheap and selling dear . Like the businessman he believes in attain
ing a monopoly by cornering the market whenever possible . The chief differ
ence between the racketeer and the businessman is that the businessman's pursuit
have about them an air of respectability given by customary usage and establishe
law. He may pursue them in the open, advertise them in the public press an
over the radio, whereas the racketeer must work undercover .
* * * * * * *
In the minds of the men who think experimentally, America is conceived as havin
a destiny which bursts the all too obvious limitations of Christian religious sanctio
and of capitalistic profit economy .
• * * * * * *
This Committee wonders whether the phrase "the men who thin
experimentally" relates to the insistence of many foundation executive
that foundation funds must be used as "risk capital," for "experiment .
Is this the kind of experiment which the foundations defend? Pro
fessor Woelfel makes his own experimental objectives very clear :
From the vantage point of the present study, the following objectives for educator
are suggested. They, in no sense, purport to be all-comprehensive or final . The
do, however, lay claim to be along the line of much needed strategy if educationa
workers are to play any important part in the society which is building in Americ
• * * * * * *
5 . Active participation by educators and teachers in various organizations o
the lay public agitating for social reforms whose realization would be in harmon
with evolving ideals of American society .
• * * * * * *
9 . Active participation of individual educators and of professional organiza
tions of educators in the gradually crystallizing public effort to create out of pre
vailing chaos and confusion in economic, political, spiritual, ethical, and artisti
realms a culture which is under no continuing obligations to past American or
foreign cultural pattern .
* * * * * * *
11 . A system of school administration constructed under the guidance of ex
perimental social philosophy with the major aim of meeting the professiona
needs of teachers . This implies relegating the elaborate administrative tech
nology modeled after business practice and capitalistic finance to the backgroun
where it may be drawn upon when needed in reconstruction programs .
"* * * But concerning the professional education of school people the officers
of the Fund begin their propaganda against current practices by an assumption
that they know what the preparation should be with such an assumption,
however unsound, would not be disturbing if 'these officers did not have at their
disposal millions of money, yours and mine, as well as Mr . Ford's to promote
their theories . To whatever extent successful their propaganda, disguised under
declared benevolence, the effect is likely to be decreasing public confidence and
perhaps decreased public support for what is desirable and necessary . (Hearings,
p . 101 .)"
* * * * * * *
"All this being understood, we can assert without fear of successful contradiction
that any attempt by outside agencies, however heavily they may be financed and
however supported by eminent individuals, to influence school administrators and
teachers to seek other objectives than those which have public approval or to use methods
and materials not directed by responsible management is an impudence not to be
tolerated . Though cloaked with declared benevolence, it cannot hide the arrogance
underneath ." (Hearings, p . 99 .) [Emphasis supplied .]
The following was Professor Briggs' summarized indictment against
the Ford Fund for the Advancement of Education :
In summary, I charge :
1 . That The Fund for the Advancement of Education is improperly manned with
a staff inexperienced in public elementary and secondary schools ignorant at
firsthand of the problems that daily confront teachers and school administrators,
and out of sympathy with the democratic ideal of giving an appropriate education
to all the children of all of the people ;
2 . That the Fund is using its great resources, mostly contributed by the public
by the remission of taxes, to deprecate a program of professional education of
teachers and school administrators that has been approved by the public with
legislation and appropriations ;
3 . That the Fund has ignored the professional organizations of teachers and
school administrators, neither seeking their advice and cooperation nor making
appropriation to support projects proposed by them ;
4 . That the Fund has made grants to favored localities and individuals for
projects that are not likely to have any wide or important influence ;
5. That the Fund has given no evidence of its realization of its obligation as a
public trust to promote the general good of the entire Nation ;
6 . That the Fund has in some cases been wastefully prodigal in making grants
beyond the importance of the projects ; and
7. That the Fund either has no balanced program of correlated constructive
policies, or else it has failed to make them public . (Hearings, p . 103 .)
AN INEVITABLE CONCLUSION .
The evidence forces the conclusion that the movement which resulted
in the use of the school systems to change our social order was basically
socialistic in nature . Its purpose was to turn educators into political
agitators . The term "collectivism" was frequently used by the organs
and agents of the movement . That term will do as well as "socialism"
if one prefers to use it . Some organizations and individuals promoting
the movement were not abashed at using the bare term "socialism ."
The League for Industrial Democracy, a still functioning and still
tax-exempt foundation, in its New Frontiers, Vol . IV, No . 4, of June,
1936 said :
"All political institutions of democracy are perverted by private property in
the means of production. Personal, legal, political equality-they all can be fully
realized only when private property is abolished, when men have an equal control
ever property ." (Hearings, p . 467 .)
Frontier. DR . HAROLD RUGG was editor of this magazine and author
of an article which included the following :
* * * We have suddenly come out upon a new frontier and must chart a new
course . It is a psychological frontier, an unmarked wilderness of competing desires
and possessions, of property ownerships and power complexes
* * * The testis whether enough of our people-perhaps a compact minority of
10 million will be enough-can grasp the established fact that, in company with
other industrializing peoples, we are living in a worldwide social revolution .
(Hearings, p . 468 .)
This Committee wishes to make its position completely clear . It does
not support uniformity ; it insists that the individual shall have the right
to advocate an teach and promote socialism if he wishes to. It does
insist, however, that a trust administering public funds has no right to
support a movement so antithetical in its basic designs to the American
system as is the socialist movement . We are dealing, after all, with
trusts which are and must be dedicated to the public welfare . What is
that welfare? Is it what the accidental administrators of the public
trusts deem it to be ; or is it what the people deem to constitute their
own welfare? Along with that eminent educator, Professor Briggs,
who testified before us, we believe that the public has the right to
determine what is in its interest, and that it perforce rejects the dis-
semination of socialist teaching in the schools of the nation-that is
not in the public interest as the public sees it .
As Mr. Wolcott of this Committee stated it :
I am sure that the founders of these foundations would turn ever several times
in their graves if they felt that their money was being used for the destruction of
the American system of government . Whether it is destroyed by socialism or
communism is not the point . I think we owe them an obligation, as well as our-
selves and the people whom we represent, to find out whether there is any danger
to the American system, and where it lies . That is the reason I am on this com-
mittee . I would not be on the committee if I was not interested in that subject .
(Hearings, p . 237 .)
We believe this expresses the point of view of every conscientious
American .
XI . "INTERNATIONALISM" AND THE EFFECT OF FOUNDATION POWER
ON FOREIGN POLICY
55647-54--12
"Without educating internationalists, we will not build socialism . Animosity
between nations is the support of counter-revolutions and of capital . It is there-
fore profitable and so is maintained . War is needed by capitalists for still greater
enslavement of oppressed people . International education is the way toward
socialism and toward the union of the toilers of the whole world ."
THE INTERLOCK IN "INTERNATIONALISM ."
Substantial evidence indicates there is more than a mere close work-
ing together among some foundations, operating in the international
field . . There is here, as in the general realm of the social sciences, a
close interlock . The Carnegie Corporation, The Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace, The Rockefeller Foundation and, recently,
The Ford Foundation, joined by some others, have commonly cross-
financed, to the tune of many millions, various intermediate and
agency organizations concerned with internationalism, among them
the
j; Institute of Pacific Relations
The Foreign Policy Association
The Council on Foreign Relations
The Royal Institute of International Affairs
and others . No one would claim, of course, that there has been a
contract or agreement among this group of foundations for the com-
mon support of these organizations, or the common support of like-
minded propagandists, but the close working together has incontro-
vertibly happened . That it happened by sheer coincidence stretches
credulity . That such unity of purpose, effort and direction resulted
from chance or happenstance seems unlikely .
CARNEGIE'S MONEY FOR PEACE .
In 1910 Andrew Carnegie created The Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace . His motive could not have been more com-
mendable. How to expend the granted funds for the purpose of
promoting peace, however, became a difficult problem . Unable to
think of many direct ways in which to accomplish Mr . Carnegie's
purposes, the trustees, from time to time, suggested various collateral
approaches . That these occasionally went far beyond the donor's
intention is testified to by the minutes of an Executive Committee
meeting in August, 1913, in which, referring to certain proposals, the
minutes read
"Mr . Choate raised the question whether `the recommendations as a whole did
not seem to suggest the diversion of the Endowment from its particular object of
promoting international peace to a general plan for the uplift and education of
humanity' " .
At the same meeting Mr . Carnegie stated that he "understood the
Endowment's resources were to be applied to the direct means for
abolishing war, that he did not regard the proposed expenditures
in the Orient as coming within these means, and that there were other
more important and pressing things bearing directly upon the question
of war and peace which could be done instead ."
It is to be doubted that Mr . Carnegie would have approved of some
of the methods later used to distribute the fund which he had created
had any idea that the propaganda would reach into fields other tha
the promotion of international arbitration and things directly con
cerned with the peaceful settlement of international disputes . Ye
the Endowment started early to organize media for widespread propa
ganda efforts to educate the American public into what Dr . Nichola
Murray Butler called "the international mind." It was as though th
conception was that we could have world peace if only Americans becam
more world-minded .
An extremely powerful propaganda machine was created . It spen
many millions of dollars in :
The production of masses of material for distribution ;
The creation and support of large numbers of internationa
polity clubs, and other local organizations at colleges and else-
where ;
The underwriting and dissemination of many books on various
subjects, through the "International Mind Alcoves" and th
"International Relations Clubs and Centers" which it organized
all over the country ;
The collaboration with agents of publicity, such as newspape
editors;
The preparation of material to be used in school text books,
and cooperation with publishers of text books to incorporat
this material ;
The establishing of professorships at the colleges and th
training and indoctrination of teachers ;
The financing of lecturers and the importation of foreign lec
turers and exchange professors ;
The support of outside agencies touching the internationa
field, such as the Institute of International Education, the Foreig
Policy Association, the American Association For the Advancemen
of Science, the American Council on Education, the America
Council of Learned Societies, the American Historical Association
the American Association of International Conciliation, the Institut
of Pacific Relations, the International Parliamentary Union an
others, and acting as mid-wife at the birth of some of them.
Miss Casey's report (Hearings, p . 869, et seq .) proves beyond an
doubt that The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace create
powerful propaganda mechanisms and was, indeed, quite frank about
it. There was no hesitation in its minutes, for example, at using the
term "propaganda ." Its eventual Division of Intercourse and Edu
cation was originally referred to as the "Division of Propaganda .
(Hearings, p . 871 .)
One does not need to doubt the complete good will of those who
passed upon the Endowment's various activities . The Endowment ha
always had and still has on its Board men of high competence and
character . But there is inherent danger in the creation of a grea
propaganda machine . It can be used for good, but it . is also availabl
for undesirable purposes . No other proof of the truth of this state
ment is needed than the history of the Institute of Pacific Relation
which undoubtedly started as a desirable enterprise, operated b
good men for benign purposes . Yet it became an instrument fo
The danger of misuse is all the more serious in the light of the
Endowment's own estimate of the effectiveness of its propaganda .
Its yearbook of 1945 states :
"every part of the United States and every element in its population have been
reached by the Endowment's work . The result may be seen in the reeorded
attitude of public opinion which makes it certain that the American government
will be strongly supported in the accomplishment of its effort to offer guidance
and commanding influence to the establishment of a world organization for pro-
tection of international peace and preservation of resultant prosperity ."
(Hearings, p . 899.)
It thus takes credit for having a powerful propaganda machine indeed .
It is not beyond possibility that , The Carnegie Endowment for Inter-
national Peace might have followed the same course as did the Institute
of Pacific Relations . After all, Alger Hiss was made President of the
Endowment . He was probably not in office long enough to do ir-
remediable damage, but it is always possible that a great propaganda
machine could get into the hands of another traitor, with tragic results
to our country . When it is easy for a Hiss to become a trustee of the
Woodrow Wilson Foundation, a director of the Executive Committee of
the American Association for the United Nations, a director of the Ameri-
can Peace Society, a trustee of the World Peace Foundation ; a director
of the American Institute of Pacific Relations, and the President of the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, it is highly doubtful that
propaganda machines should be operated by foundations . They have a
way, at times, of getting out of hand and being used for purposes other
than originally intended .
The basic problem of the Endowment trustees was : what activities
do in fact weightily relate to its intended purpose of promoting inter-
national peace? The trustees decided upon some strange ways to
approach this problem . The 1939 Year Book of the Endowment
recites :
"Recognizing the desire of American public opinion for educational material
on economic questions and also for encouragement in the effort to carry on demo-
cratic discussion of these problems, the division has cooperated with the U . S .
Department of Agriculture, in its discussion program and with the campaign for
world economic cooperation of thejNational Peace Conference described later in
this report ."
It is difficult to understand the connection of such activities with
the promotion of international peace . Perhaps a case could be made
for the proposition that, regardless of how belligerent or aggressive
the rest of the world might be, a mere increase in the, education of
the American public, an expansion of its understanding of "Economic
questions", of agriculture and of "world economic problems", might
promote the cause of peace . That seems rather far-fetched . But it
is the conclusion of this Committee, from a reading of Carnegie Endow-
ment reports, that no simple educational program was intended . The
term "public education" is used far less often than the term, the
"education of public opinion" (Hearings, pp . 906, 907, 908), which is
a far different thing . This term is too apt to result from accident .
It has the clear connotation of propaganda .
By its own admission, a prime purpose of the Endowment was to
"educate" the public so that it would be conditioned to the points of
view which the Endowment favored . There is very serious doubt
basic question is : should vast aggregations of public money in the control
of a handful of men, however well selected, have the power and the right to
condition public opinion!
Of all the many media of propaganda used by the Endowment,
perhaps the most reprehensible was its attempt to control or, at least,
deeply influence text book material . It engaged in close and intensive
collaboration with publishers with the objective of making sure that
the historical material used - in text books suited its own positions
Time has not permitted an analysis of the products of this collabora-
tion ; we are not in a position to judge of the damage to objectivity
which resulted from this collaboration . But one thing seems utterly
clear : no private group should have the power or the right to dictate
what should be read and taught in our schools and colleges .
THE ENDOWMENT'S "MIND ALCOVES" .
A random sampling was taken by Miss Casey of books distributed
by the Carnegie Endowment through the International Mind Alcoves
or through the International Relations Clubs and Centers . Professor
Kenneth Colegrove looked over the names of some of these books and
commented upon a number of them as follows (Hearings, p . 926,
et seq .)
Author Name of Book Prof . Colegrove's Comments
Harold J . Laski Studies in the Problem Sover- "Opposed to the 'national interest'
eignty . Inclines toward extreme left."
Raymond Leslie Buell International Relations "Globalist"
Read, Elizabeth F International Law and Interna- "Rather Leftist"
tional Relations.
Buck, Pearl S :_ The Good Earth "Slightly leftist"
Angell,Norman The Unseen Assassins "Globalist"
Patterson, Ernest Minor America : World Leader or World "Globalist"
Led?
Salter, Sir Arthur Recovery, the Second Effort "Globalist"
Ware, Edith E Business and Politics in the Far "Doubtful"
East.
Hindus, Maurice Humanity Uprooted "Marxian slant"
McMullen, Laura W Building the World Society "Globalist"
Strong, Anna Louise The Road to the Grey Pamir "Well known communist"
de Madariga, Salvador Disarmament "Ultra globalist and aimed at sub-
mergence of 'national interest .' "
James T . Shotwell On the Abyss "Globalist"
William T . Stone and Clark Peaceful Change "Globalist and leftist . Regarding
M . Eichelberger . W . T . Stone, see report of Me-
Carransub-committee . Stone wa
closely associated with Edwar
Carter of I . P . R ."
Salter, Sir Arthur World Trade and Its Future "Globalist"
Angell, Norman Peace with the Dictators? "Globalist"
Streit, Clarence K Union Now "Globalist and submersion o
national interest . Fallacious i
his analogy of Union of American
states in 1781 with world federa
tion"
Bisson, T . A American Policy in the Far East, "Pro-communist"
1931-
Hunt, Dr. Erling (Teachers Citizens for a New World, year- "Ultra Globalist"
College) book of Commission for Organi-
zation of Peace .
Maclver, R . M Toward an Abiding Peace "Extremely globalist and careless o
the American 'national interest .'"
Lattimore, Owen America and Asia "Subtle propaganda along Com
munist line. Lattimore cited i
MoCarran sub-committee repor
as part of Communist cell in th
Institute of Pacific Relations."
Pfeffer, Nathaniel Basis for Peace in the Far East____ "Leftist . See McCarran sub-com
mittee report ."
The Soviet'"Union Today an American Russian Institute "Favorable to U . S . S . R ."
Outline Study .
Percy E . Corbett Britain: Partner for Peace "Extremely globalist"
which could be seriously criticized on the ground of lack of objectivity
or because in the aggregate they represent a distinct and forceful
slanting to the globalist point of view . Nor is "globalism" the limit
or extent of the criticism of the Endowment in its selection of books
for wide distribution through the International' Mind Alcoves and
otherwise . It has been called to our attention that The Pupils of the
Soviet Union, by Corliss Lamont currently a professor of philosophy
at Columbia University, is being distributed by the Carnegie Endow-
ment to the Alcoves . In view of the well-known fellow-traveller iden-
tity of the author (whose Communist affiliations are too extensive to
be included in this report), it is quite shocking to learn that public
funds are being used to distribute his literature .
A CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT CREATED INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS CLUB .
Dr. Felix Wittmer, formerly Associate Professor of the Social Studies
at New Jersey State Teachers College, filed a sworn statement with
the Committee (Hearings, Part 2) describing his experiences as
faculty advisor to one of the International Relations Clubs founded by
the Carnegie Endowment at the colleges . He stated that there was a
network of close to a thousand of such clubs and indicated that, as a
result of their operation and of the material fed into them by the
Endowment, a large proportion of the student members had acquired
leftist tendencies .
Dr. Lamont in a recent Facts Forum program, Answers for Ameri-
cans, made the following amazing remarks :
"I don't think that Communist China is under control of Soviet Russia ."
"We should have Communist China come in as a member [of~the]UN] ." (Facts
Forum News, August 1954, page 26 .)
The Endowment supplied a large amount of printed material to
the Clubs, Bulletins of the Foreign Policy Association, the Headline
Books, publications of the Institute of Pacific Relations and of the
American Russian Institute, and numbers of books on international
subjects . Let us look at some of this literature fed into the colleges
by the Endowment .
According to Dr . Wittmer, they included works by such pro-
Communist stalwarts as RUTH BENEDICT, T. A . BIssON, EVANS CLARK,
CORLIss LAMONT, OWEN LATTIMORE, NATHANIEL PFEFFER and ALEX-
ANDER WERTH . Three of these, T . A . BISSON, CORLIss LAMONT and
OWEN LATTIMORE were identified as Communists before the McCarran
Committee . MISS BENEDICT was the co-author with GENE WELTFISH
of a pamphlet which was finally barred by the War Department . Miss
WELTFISH resigned from Columbia University after a Fifth Amend-
ment refusal to state whether she was a Communist or not . EVANS
CLARK (for many years a Director of the Twentieth Century Fund-
which seems to need explaining at some future inquiry) has had a
long record of association with subversive organizations . PROFESSOR
PFEFFER has disclosed himself frequently as a pro-Communist or, at
least, an advocate of support of the Chinese Communists . In a
review of George Creel's Russia's Race for Asia in the New York
Times, PFEFFER reprimanded Creel because "he fears Russia and
does not like or trust the Chinese Communists ." ALEXANDER WERTH
is a well-known European apologist for many Communist causes .
spokenly pro-Communist, were of the leftwing variety", and he named
several in his statement .
Dr . Wittmer apparently had to supply his students from other
sources with books which might tend to counteract the radical points
of view of the literature presented by the Endowment . Such books
were not obtainable from the Endowment itself.
Regional conferences were held from time to time and Dr . Wittmer
notes that "a large majority of those students who attended such
conferences, favored the views which came close to that of the
Kremlin ." One can hardly avoid the conclusion that these points of
view had been indoctrinated through the material supplied by the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace .
Speakers were furnished for the International Relations Club by
the Endowment . Dr . Wittmer notes that, as a final speaker, one
year the Endowment suggested Alger Hiss . Dr . Wittmer, knowing
something of his activities, protested but was overruled . The
Secretary of the Endowment reminded him "in no uncertain terms that
our club, like all the hundreds of other clubs, was under the direction
of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, which had for
years liberally supplied it with reading material, and which contrib-
uted funds to cover the Honoraria of conference speakers ."
Dr . Wittmer states that radical infiltration into the International
Relations Club of which he was faculty adviser became so acute that he
finally felt obliged to disassociate himself from it .
The cumulative evidence indicates that the Carnegie Endowment
created something of a Frankenstein in building up its vast propa-
ganda machine . We suggest that much further study should be given
to this subject . The extent to which this machine has been responsible
for indoctrinating our students with radical internationalism needs
careful inquiry . We have said that a propaganda machine can
become a dangerous weapon, even though designed for good . How
this propaganda machine may have been. suborned deserves intense
study.
THE FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION .
Some of the worst literature distributed by the Carnegie Endowment
apparently came from the Foreign Policy Association, which it heavily
subsidized . It is quite astonishing how frequently we find leftists in
important positions in organizations supported by major foundations .
The Foreign Policy Association was created "to carry on research and
educational activities to aid in the understanding and constructive
development of American Foreign policy ." [Emphasis supplied .] Its
Research Director . for years has been VERA MICHAELS DEAN . Here
is what Dr . Wittmer had to say about MRS . DEAN :
"MRS . DEAN belonged among those who in 1937 signed their names in the
Golden Book of American-Soviet Friendship, a memorial which appeared in the
Communist front magazine Soviet Russia Today, of November, 1937 . According
to the testimony of Walter S . Steele, before the House Un-American Activities
Committee, on July 21, 1947, Mrs . Dean's writings figured in the Communist
propaganda kit for teachers of the NATIONAL COUNCIL OF AMERICAN-
SOVIET FRIENDSHIP .
"MRS . DEAN cooperated with the world's toughest Communist agents, such
as Tsola N . Dragiocheva, of Bulgaria., and Madame Madeleine Braun, the French
Communist deputy, in helping set up the Congress of American Women, a Com-
the preliminary meetings of this Communist front VERA MICHEALS DEAN,
according to. The New York Times of October 14, 1946 (page 26), told 150 foreign
and 50 American delegates to "whittle away their conceptions of national sover
eignty" and to pull themselves out of the "ancient grooves of nationalism ." ,
This was the selection of the Foreign Policy Association, virtually
creature of the Carnegie Endowment, to run its "research!"
The Foreign Policy Association purports to be objective and dis
claims seeking "to promote any one point of view toward internationa
affairs ." Its produce, however, indicates that it is only interested in
promoting that form of internationalism which Dr . Colegrove de-
scribed in his testimony, frequently referred to as "globahsm ." It
principal financing has come from The Carnegie Endowment and The
Rockefeller Foundation and, recently, from the Ford Fund for Adul
Education, and in very substantial amounts indeed .
Among its productions have been the "Headline Books ." These
supposedly objective studies are worth a detailed examination . One
of them, World of the Great Powers, by MAx LERNER, (1947), gra
ciously says : "There are undoubtedly valuable elements in the
capitalist economic organizations ." It proceeds to say that "The
economic techniques of the future are likely to be an amalgam of the
techniques of American business management with those of govern-
ment ownership, control, and regulation . For the people of th
world, whatever their philosophies, are moving towards similar
methods of making their economic system work ." MR . LERNER, thi
foundation-supported author, proceeds to tell us that :
"If democracy is to survive, it too must move toward socialism . * * * It is th
,only principle that can organize the restless energies of the world's peoples . * * *
(Hearings, p. 883 .) [Emphasis supplied .]
MR . LERNER's position regarding Russia is made clear . We must
allay the mutual fear and suspicion by granting loans to Russia t
provide her with tools and machinery . We must also give "greate
United Nations control of Japan and the former Japanese Island
bases in the Pacific ." Thus we can live in peace with Russia . Thu
money indirectly contributed by the American taxpayers is employe
to promote doctrines which many, if not most, seriously question o
directly oppose . Yet the 1950 Rockefeller annual report refers to
the Headline Books as "the popular Headline Books, with details o
problems of importance to America and to the World ." (Hearings,
pp. 883, 941 .)
Another of the Foreign Policy Association's Headline Books is
Freedom's Choice, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, b
Dr . O . Frederick Nolde, which lauds this Declaration (emphaticall
rejected by our Government) without any mention of possibly dis-
tressing effects on our Constitutional law . (Hearings, p . 884 .)
All this is "education" of our public, to give it the "international
mind!"
THE COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS .
This is another organization dealing with internationalism whic
has the substantial financial support of both the Carnegie Endow
-rent and the Rockefeller Foundation . And, as in the case of th
Foreign Policy Association, its productions are not objective but are
,directed overwhelmingly at promoting the globalism concept . Ther
among others, that the national interest comes first and must not be
subordinated to any theoretical internationalistic concept ; that interna-
tional cooperation is essential but e my as directed in favor of the national
interest . That point of view goes begging in the organizations supported
by the Carnegie, Rockefeller and Ford organizations . If private for-
tunes were being used to the exclusive support of the globalist point of
view, that would be beyond criticism . But it is important to keep con-
stantly in mind that we are dealing with the public's money, public
trust funds .
We would like to make it clear that this Committee does not speak
from an "isolationist" standpoint . It is obvious enough that the
world has grown smaller and that international cooperation is highly
desirable . But the essence of intelligent international cooperation
can be measured by its direct usefulness to our national interest .
Globalists may be correct in believing we should ignore the national
interest in the wider interest of creating a world collectivism ; but we.
'feel confident we are right in our conclusion that a public foun-
dation has no right to promote globalism to the exclusion of sup-
port for a fair presentation of the opposite theory of foreign policy .
The Council on Foreign Relations came to be in essence an agency-
of the United States government, no doubt carrying its internationlist
bias with it . When World War II broke out, it offered its assistance
to the Secretary of State . As a result, under the Council's Committee
on Studies, The Rockefeller Foundation initiated and financed certain
studies on : Security and Armaments Problems ; Economic and Finan-
cial Problems ; Political Problems ; and Territorial Problems . These
were known as the War and Peace Studies. Later this project was
actually taken over by the State Department itself, engaging the
secretaries who had been serving with the Council groups . A fifth
subject was added in 1942, through the "Peace Aims Group ."
There was a precedent for this . The Carnegie Endowment had
offered its services to the Government in both World War I and World
War II . There was even an interlock in personnel in the person of
Professor Shotwell and many others, some of whom proceeded into
executive and consultative office in the Government . There can be
no doubt that much of the thinking in the State Department and
much of~Tthe background'-6f-direction of its policies came from .
.
: the
Foreign
,
peersonneh_of 'The_Carnegie 'Endowment and The Council on
relations . In considering the propriety of this, it must be kept in
mm at these organizations promoted only the internationalist
point of view, rejecting and failing to support the contrary position
that our foreign policy should be based primarily on our own national
interest . A reading of Miss Casey's report (Hearings, pp . 878, 879, .
884 et seq .) gives some idea of the substantial integration of these two
organizations with the State Department .
The Endowment in its 1934 Yearbook proudly asserts that it-
"is becoming an unofficial instrument of international policy, taking up here and i
there the ends and threads of international problems and questions which the
governments find it difficult to handle, and through private initiative reaching
conclusions which are not of a formal nature but which unofficially find their way°
into the policies of governments ." (Hearings, p . 909 .) [Emphasis ours .] -
method of the Endowment had been limited to arousing public pres-
sure. Its 1925 Yearbook had stated :
"Underneath and behind all these undertakings there remains the task to in-
struct and to enlighten public opinion so that it may not only guide but compel the
action of governments and public officers in the direction of constructive progress ."
(Hearings, p . 908 .) [Emphasis ours .]
It is quite astounding to this Committee that the trustees of a public
trust could possibly conceive of having the right to use public funds
for the purpose of putting pressure on the government, to adopt the
ideas the trustees happened to favor, by inflaming public opinion .
THE HISTORICAL BLACKOUT .
It must be kept in mind that the evils attendant on permitting
i propaganda by any individual foundation multiply geometrically
when there is unified or combined or similar action by a group of
foundations . We have seen that The Carnegie Endowment financed
the production of text book material approved by its elite . The
Rockefeller Foundation and some of its associates also entered this field
of propaganda .
Professor Harry Elmer Barnes in his The Struggle Against the His-
torical Blackout, said:
"The readjustment of historical writing to historical facts relative to background
and causes of the first World War-what is popularly known in the historical craft
as 'Revisionism'-was the most important development in historiography during
the decade of the 1920's ."
Wars in this day and age are accompanied by the perversion of
history to suit a propaganda thesis . Historians know this. Many of
them, in a spirit of patriotism, misguided or not, lend themselves
to this propaganda process . Whether they are ethicall y justified
in this, is gravely questionable. It certainly becomes their duty,
however, to revise their contorted historical emanations after propa-
ganda reason for perversion has ceased to be in any way useful . This
most'of them seem not to do .
Where have the foundations fitted into this picture? The Council
on Foreign Relations, an organization supported by The Rockefeller
Foundation, The Carnegie Corporation and others, made up its mind
that no "revisionism" was to be encouraged after World War II .
The following is an extract from the 1946 Report of The Rockefeller
Foundation, referring to the Council's work :
"The Committee on Studies of the Council on Foreign Relations is concerned
that the debunking journalistic campaign following World War I should not be
repeated and believes that the American public deserves a clear and competent
statement of our basic aims and activities during the second World War ."
Accordingly, a three volume history of the War was to be prepared
under the direction of Professor William Langer of Harvard, in which
(one must gather this from the use of the term "debunking") no
revisionism was to appear . In other words, the official propaganda
of World War II was to be perpetuated and the public was to be
protected against learning the truth . As Professor Charles Austin
Beard put it :
"In short, they hope that, among other things, the policies and measures of
Franklin D . Roosevelt will escape in the coming years the critical analysis
Do foundations have the right, using public funds, to support measures
calculated to hide historical facts from the public and to perpetuate those
contortions of history which war propaganda imposes on us!
A reading of Dr . Barnes' Historical Blackout is rewarding . He sets
forth in detail what verges on a veritable conspiracy to prevent the
people from learning the historical truth . Parties to this conspiracy
are a good many of the professors of history with notable names ; the
State Department of former years ; publishers who, under some mis-
apprehension of their duty to the public, refuse to publish critical
books ; and newspapers which attempt to suppress such books either
by ignoring them or giving them for review to rabidly antagonistic
"hatchet-men". But what is most shocking in the story he tells is
the part played knowingly or unknow ingly by foundations in trying
to suppress the truth . The Rockefeller Foundation, in 1946, allotted
$139,000 to the support of the three volume history which was to be
produced as described above .
THE INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS .
The most tragic example of foundation negligence is to be found in
the long continued support of The Institute of Pacific Relations by
both The Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Rockefeller Founda-
tion, as well as the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . We
have referred elsewhere to the great power of the large foundations, for
good or evil-what intrinsic danger there is in permitting them to
have free rein in areas which involve human behavior or relations, or
impinge on the political . Foundation executives have said that, while
they make mistakes with some frequency, freedom of action is essen-
tial to enable them to perform their part of leading society into better-
ment . Should they have this license when some of their mistakes have
tragic consequences?
The Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on
the Judiciary held long hearings on IPR . Its report, substantially
its opinion at length, concludes :
"The subcommittee concludes * * * that the IPR has been in general, neither
objective nor nonpartisan ; and concludes further that, at least since the mid-
1930's, the net effect of IPR activities on United States public opinion has been
pro-communist and pro-Soviet, and has frequently and repeatedly been such as
to serve international Communist, and Soviet interests, and to subvert the inter-
ests of the United States ." (Report, p . 84 .)
Note that the Committee held that IPR had become a propaganda
vehicle for the Communists as early as the mid-1930's . We have,
then, the astounding picture of great foundations, presuming to have
the right to expend public trust funds in the public interest, so unaware
of the mis-use to which their funds were being applied that they per-
mitted, year after year, Communist propaganda to be produced and
circulated with funds supplied by these foundations . The contribu-
tions of The Carnegie Corporation, The Carnegie Endowment for Inter-
national Peace and The Rockefeller Foundation to the IPR (the Pacific
and American groups taken together for this purpose) ran into the
millions .
In addition to these grants, both the Rockefeller and Carnegie
foundations made individual grants to some of the most reprehen-
The story of the suborning of our foreign policy through the activi-
ties of IPR and persons associated with it, including the sad story of
infiltration into our State Department, has been told . Nor does the
point need to be labored that the loss of China to the Communists may have
been the most tragic event in our history, and one to which the foundation
supported Institute of Pacific Relations heavily contributed .
It must be remembered that the foundation executives consider
themselves elite groups, entitled to guide the people by financing with
public money research and propaganda in social fields . Are they
elite if they have been so blind or so careless in their use of funds that
their acts may actually be held to have been responsible for one of the
most tragic events in our history?
According to the McCarran Committee, the foundations should
perhaps have known in the 1930's that the IPR had ceased to be a
proper or even safe recipient of foundations funds . Can they excuse
themselves by saying they did not know or had not been informed?
Were they not in fiduciary duty bound to learn? Are the trustees of a
foundation entitled to give money, year after year, to an institution
without making any attempt to follow the effects of their donations?
But the situation is worse even than this . The hearings of the
Cox Committee disclose this set of facts . Mr . Alfred Kohlberg
testified that he had been a member of IPR ; that he had never paid
much attention to what it was producing until 1943, when he saw
some material which he found questionable. He then studied an
accumulation of IPR material and made a lengthy report which he
sent in 1944 to Mr . Carter, the secretary-general of IPR, and to the
trustees and others . As a result he came into communication with
Mr . Willets, a Vice-President of The Rockefeller Foundation . In the
summer of 1945 an arrangement was made, apparently through Mr .
Willets, for a committee of three persons to hear Mr . Kohlberg's
charges, and his evidence of Communist infiltration and propaganda,
and to make a report to IPR and to The Rockefeller Foundation .
Later, apparently at the insistence of Mr . Carter, Mr . Willets with-
drew as a mediator . Mr . Carter had indicated that he would take
the matter up himself .
In the meantime, Mr . Kohlberg had brought, and lost, an action
to compel IPR to give him a list of his fellow-members . At any rate,
a meeting of the members was finally called at which Mr . Kohlberg
presented his charges and asked for an investigation . His motion
was voted down and no investigation was held .
The Rockefeller Foundation nevertheless went right on supporting
the Institute . The explanations made by Mr . Rusk (now, but not
then, its President) in his statement filed on behalf of the Foundation
(Hearings, p . 1062 et seq .) and by Mr . Willets, its Director of Social
Studies, in a separate statement (Hearings, Appendix), are highly
unsatisfactory . Mr . Rusk stated that, at the time the Kohlberg
charges were levied, the Foundation could not conduct a "public"
hearing, "an undertaking for which the Foundation was neither
equipped nor qualified ." (Hearings, Part 2 ) This begs the ques-
tion, as no public hearing was necessary . Mr . Willets, on the other
hand, admitted that the Foundation was equipped to make a thorough
investigation . He said that one was actually made "a very thor-
was this? Mr . Kohlberg, from his testimony before the Cox Com-
mittee, evidently had never heard of it . The grave charges had been
made by him, yet he seems not to have been called upon to present
them to the Foundation either in person or in documentary detail .
According to Mr . Willets' statement, great reliance was placed
upon "A' special committee of IPR trustees" who "reported that the
Executive Committee had investigated Mr . Kohlberg's charges and
found them inaccurate and irresponsible ." Was this a way to dis-
charge the duty of the Rockefeller trustees to determine whether
support of the IPR should be continued-to rely largely upon some
cursory investigation by the trustees or officers of that organization
itself? Using such methods as this, it is no wonder that the Founda-
tion concluded that the Kohlberg charges had been "exaggerated ."
The McCarran Committee did not find them exaggerated in any
degree!
We have this sorry situation, then, that after Kohlberg had made
his grave charges, The Rockefeller Foundation continued active support
of the unit which was later declared to have supported subversion .
The official Rockefeller Foundation position, from its filed statement,
seems to be that further funds were advanced in order to help reform
the organization . That is not convincing . Neither a sufficient alert-
ness to danger was shown, nor a willingness to face the facts when dis-
closed and to repudiate an organization which had demonstrably
turned out to be an instrument of subversion . This baleful incident
illustrates all too clearly the dangers of permitting public money to be
used by private persons, without responsibility, in areas vitally affecting
the public weal . It further illustrates the danger of delegating the dis-
cretion involved in the distribution of public funds, to an intermediary
organization .
We must grant to the Carnegie Endowment that it apparently
withdrew its support of the IPR in 1939 . Whether this was due
partly or wholly to other reasons we have not investigated . If it was
because of an understanding that the IPR had come upon evil ways,
this would make all the more reprehensible the continued contribu-
tions by The Rockefeller Foundation after 1939 .
THE FOUNDATIONS, THE STATE DEPARTMENT AND FOREIGN POLICY .
Miss Casey's report (Hearings, pp . 877, 878, 879, 881, et seq .) shows
clearly the interlock between The Carnegie Endowment for Inter-
national Peace and some of its associated organizations, such as the
Council on Foreign Relations, and other foundations with the State
Department . Indeed, these foundations and organizations would not
dream of denying this interlock . They proudly note it in reports .
They have
undertaken vital research projects for the Department ;
virtually created minor departments or groups within the
Department for it ;
supplied advisors and executives from their ranks ;
fed a constant stream of personnel into the State Department
trained by themselves or under programs which they have
financed ; and
have had much to do with the formulation of foreign policy
both in principle and detail .
ture of enormous sums, in propagandizing ("educating"?-public
opinion) in support of the policies which they have helped to formu-
late . (Hearings, pp . 886 et seq .)
It is obvious enough that a state department should be able to
draw upon the services of specialists in the international field for
necessary assistance in times of emergency and even in times of peace
No one could doubt the desirability of such procedure . What this
Committee questions, however, is whether it is proper for the State
Department to permit organizations to take over important parts of its
research and policy-making functions when these organizations consist-
ently maintain' a biased, one-tracked point of view . Whether that
point of view is the majority's, whether it is perhaps entirely sound
(and historical events have proved it not to be) is beside the point
It is only through a conflict of ideas, and the presentation of opposite
points of view, that objective decisions can be made .
What we see here is a number of large foundations, primarily The
Rockefeller Foundation, The Carnegie Corporation of New York, and
the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, using their enormous
public funds to finance a one-sided approach to foreign policy and to
promote it actively, among the public by propaganda, and in the
Government through infiltration . The power to do this comes out
of the power of the vast funds employed . Research and propaganda
by those of the persuasion opposite that of the agencies of these
foundations (The Council on Foreign Relations, The Institute of Inter-
national Education, The Foreign Policy Association, The Institute of
Pacific Relations, and others) receive little support .
It may well be said that a majority of the "experts in the inter-
national field are on the side of globalism . It would be amazing if this
were otherwise, after so many years of gigantic expenditure by founda-
tions in virtually sole support of the globalist point of view . Pro-
fessors and researchers have to eat and raise families . They cannot
themselves spend the money to finance research and publications
The road to eminence in international areas, therefore, just as in the
case of the social sciences generally, is by way of foundation grants or
support .
THE UNITED NATIONS AND UNESCO .
The Carnegie Endowment has justified its ardent support of the
United Nations on the ground that support of UNO is an official part
of United States policy . We are not convinced that this is the basic
reason for the Endowment's support. It gave equally fervent support
to the old League of Nations, after that organization had been repudi-
ated by our Senate . The fact is that the Endowment has consistently
advocated and propagandized for an international organization to
promote peace as shown by its own report . (Hearings, pp . 909, 910,
911, et seq .)
That would be an estimable objective and a worthy cause to support
in principle . To blindly support and educate an international or-
ganization merely because it is international seems hardly to be of
benefit to our country. That seems to be exactly what the Endow-
ment has done with its public funds . There are many who believe
that an effective international organization is most highly desirable-
problem of preserving peace--and yet feel that the UNO as it now
exists is abysmally ineffective, showing no hope of being reformed to
effectiveness . Yet you may search in vain among the material
circulated by the Endowment and the organizations it supports for any
presentation of this point of view . If there is any such literature
among the produce of these organizations, we have missed it .
What the official position of our Government may have been, or
may now be, there are innumerable Americans who view the United
Nations Organization with much less than enthusiasm . It is generally
accepted that we are in it and should not at the moment desert it .
Yet it is obvious enough that, short of a miracle or complete reform
of the Communists, the UNO is a hopeless vehicle for producing inter-
national peace and understanding . Why, therefore, should founda-
tions pour millions of public funds into "educating" the public into
the idea that the UNO is our light and our savior, the hope of human-
ity . It may be granted that it has some usefulness as a place to ex-
change ideas with other nations and to reach some common under-
standings on lower levels of interest and importance, but to play it up
as the magnificent instrument for peace which it so clearly is not, does
our people a distinct disservice by obstructing that realism without
which we cannot hope to solve our international problems .
Even the "sounding board theory of UNO usefulness finds eminent
detractors . The New York Times of August 11, 1953, reports General
Mark W . Clark as saying :
"That, although he had been the commander of United Nations forces in
Korea, he `had not had much respect' for the United Nations . It had high pur-
poses, he said, a nice big building in New York, and delegates from all over the
world . But, he added, it gave a `sounding board' to Soviet Russia and its satel-
lites, and turned loose spies, saboteurs, to the point of giving great assets to Russia
and dangerous disadvantage to the United States ."
Why are these critical points of view, shared by many eminent Americans,
such as Generals MacArthur and Van Fleet and innumerable other worthy
citizens, military and civilian, not supported or even given some distribu-
tion by the foundations and the organizations they finance, which deal
with things international?
The 1947 Year Book of The Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace contains a reprint of a document called Recommendations of the
President to the Trustees, which recites that the most significant special
circumstances favorable to an expansion of the Endowment's own direct
activities is the establishment of the United Nations with its head-
quarters in New York, and with the United States as its leading and
most influential member . "The opportunity for an endowed American
institution having the objectives, traditions and prestige of the
Endowment, to support and serve the United Nations is very great ."
The President then recommended earnestly "that the Endowment
construct its program for the period that lies ahead primarily for the
support and the assistance of the United Nations ." The program
suggested should have two objectives . First, it was to be "widely
educational in order to encourage public understanding and support
of the United Nations at home and abroad" and "it should aid in the
adoption of wise policies, both by our own government in its capacity
as a member of the United Nations, and by the United Nations Organi-
zation as a whole ."
"The number and importance of decisions in the field of foreign relations wi
which the United States will be faced during the next few years are of suc
magnitude that the widest possible stimulation of public education in this fiel
is of major and pressing importance . In furthering its educational objective
the Endowment should utilize its existing resources, such as The Internation
Relations Clubs in the colleges, and International Conciliation, and should strength
its relationships with existing agencies interested in the field of foreign affair
These relationships should include close collaboration with other organization
principally engaged in the study of foreign affairs, such as The Council on Forei
Relations, The Foreign Policy Association The 'Institute of Pacific Relations, t
developing university centers of international studies, and local communit
groups interested in foreign affairs of which the Cleveland Council on World Affai
and the projected World Affairs Council in San Francisco are examples .
"Of particular importance is the unusual opportunity of reaching large se
ments of the population by establishing relations of a rather novel sort with th
large national organizations which today are desirous of supplying their member
with objective information on public affairs, including international issues . The
organizations-designed to serve, respectively, the broad interests of business
church, women's, farm, labor, veterans', educational, and other large groups o
our citizens-are not equipped to set up foreign policy research staffs of thei
own . The Endowment should supply these organizations with basic informatio
about .the United Nations and should assist them both in selecting topics
interest to their members and in presenting those topics so as to be most readil
understood by their members . We should urge The Foreign Policy Associati
and The Institute of Pacific Relations to supply similar service on other topics
international significance .
"Exploration should also be made by the endowment as to the possibilities o
increasing the effectiveness of the radio and motion pictures in public educatio
on world affairs ." (Hearings, pp . 920, 921 .)
It should be noted at this point that the President of the Carnegi
Endowment for International Peace who made these recommendation
was Mr . Alger Hiss .
A continued inquiry into foundation activities might well stud
their support of Unesco projects . Whether all these are to the bes
interests of the United States, warranting the support by public fund
through foundations, is doubtful .
AN INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE REARCH COUNCIL .
One agency which has come into being as a result . of Unesco actio
deserves special study . It is the Provisional International Socia
Science Council . Donald Young, President of the Russell Sage Foun
dation, explains the origin of this new organization in the March, 195
issue of Items, the publication of the Social Science Research Counci
A consultative organization meeting was held at the call of MME
ALVA MYRDAL as Director of the Department of Social Science
of Unesco . MME. MYRDAL (wife of Gunnar Myrdal, whose A
American Dilemma is discussed in section XIII of this report) is a
extreme leftist who was at one time denied a visa by our State Depart
ment . That a person of MME. MYRDAL's persuasion should be
director of the social science department of Unesco is rather forbiddin
Three Americans were selected for places in the ten man initia
group to organize the new International Council . One of these wa
Mr. Young, who was elected president ; another was Professor P .
Odegard of the University of California ; the third was PROFESSO
OTTO KLINEBERG of Columbia University, well-known as an e
treme leftist .
We have been unable to expend the time to investigate this ne
organization with any thoroughness . We suggest that such an in
Science Research Council acts in the domestic scene . The oppor-
tunities for coercive direction of research into a leftist direction will
be present ; and its integration with Unesco makes it likely that its
direction will be to the left . Foundation support for its activities is
apparently expected . The extent and purpose of such support, cur-
rently and in the future, bears watching . Perhaps more significant
than anything else is that the International Council shall have among
its duties (according to Mr . Young's article) this function :
"Whenever asked to do so, to tender [to Unesco] advice on the choice . of
suitable social scientists for interdisciplinary projects of research ."
It could thus become a virtual accrediting agency, with all the power
and danger such a system involves . The danger is increased by the
apparent fact that the structure of the new organization is undemo-
cratic, perhaps even more so than that of The Social Science Research
Council after which it seems to have been somewhat patterned .
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT AND THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION .
Starting in 1946 The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
made substantial contributions to the American Bar Association on a
matched-fund basis-that is, requiring the Association itself to supply
part of the necessary funds-for the purpose of studying problems of
international law . One of the problems contemplated for study was
the crime of genocide . This project commenced while ALGER Hiss
was President of the Endowment and progressed while Professor
Shotwell was his interim successor . Shortly after Joseph E . Johnson,
the present President of the Endowment, came into office he launched
into a controversy with the American Bar Association claiming that
it had misused the funds granted by the Endowment . His main claim,
as expressed in a letter of September 27, 1950 to Mr . Codey Fowler,
President of the American Bar Association, was "that funds from the
Endowment grant have been or are being employed for the purpose of
opposing ratification of the Genocide Convention as submitted to the
United States Senate by the President ." Mr. Johnson also com-
plained that in the deliberations of the Association the point of view
supporting the Genocide Convention had not been given sufficient
hearing .
Without going into details of the controversy, which involved some
rather sharp correspondence, we conclude from the facts that Mr .
Johnson's irritation stemmed from the Bar Association's having
dared to condemn the Genocide Convention .
Foundation executives make much of the assertion that they are
under no obligation to follow up their grants and that they have in
fact no right to interfere with the use of funds which they have allotted .
Mr . Johnson's quite bitter controversy with the Bar Association,
however, indicates that when the grantee arrives at conclusions dis-
tasteful to those who control the granting foundation, they feel they
have a right to object and complain . We do not believe that Mr .
Johnson would have complained if the American Bar Association had
come to the conclusion that the Genocide Convention should be rati-
fied . This is consistent with the propaganda nature of the Carnegie
Endowment .
55647-54 13
It has already spent vast sums of money on projects abroad . One of
its five major programs concerns international and foreign objectives .
We find, in the furtherance of this program, grants in 1951 and 1952
to the American Friends Service Committee aggregating $1,134,000 .
The Ford Foundation Annual Report for 1951 recites that the "officers"
(note it is not the trustees) "felt that the American Friends Service
Committee had demonstrated over a long period its capacity to deal
effectively with many of the economic, social and educational condi-
tions that lead to international tensions ." The same report later
contains this somewhat naive statement :
"Our policy in Asia has failed to lead us to the real objectives of the American
people because its preoccupation with strategy and ideology has prevented
our giving sufficient weight to the economic, social and political realities of Asia .
There, as elsewhere, we have tended to label as Communist any movement that sought
a radical change in the established order, without consideration of the roots of such
a movement . Quaker workers, during years of service in the troubled Orient,
have witnessed the great changes taking place and the increasing hostility with
which the United States has regarded them . They are convinced that an effective
policy must take into account the actual conditions that have produced these
changes, as well as the new situation that revolution has created in Asia . Our
fundamental ignorance of the East is costing us dear, but the situation has been
further complicated by the fact that United States policy towards Asia has recently
been exposed in an unusual degree to the hazards of domestic criticism arising from
political partisanship .
"It is surprising that we have not been able to understand the situation in Asia,
because Americans should be peculiarly able to comprehend the meaning of
revolution . Our own independence was achieved through a revolution, and we have
traditionally sympathized with the determined attempts of other peoples to win national
independence and higher standards of living . The current revolution in Asia is a
similar movement, whatever its present association with Soviet Communism ."
[Emphasis supplied .]
Are these "officers" of a foundation who characterize a Russian-
Communist armed and financed coup in China as a revolutionary move-
ment similar to our War of Independence qualified to expend huge sums
of money belonging in equity to the American people! Can a foundation
be trusted to administer a half billion dollars o f public funds in an area
having to do with foreign affairs and international relations when its
trustees apparently follow the advice of "officers" so uninformed in
American history and institutions as to draw an analogy between a Com-
munist conquest and the American Revolution!
AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE .
Now let us briefly examine the record of the American Friends
Service Committee to which the officers of the Ford Foundation : attrib-
uted such "capacity to deal effectively" with vital problems that the
Foundation granted that organization a total of $1,134,000 of the
public's money .
The Friends Service Committee supported the pacifist Frazier Bill
which would have prevented us from waging war ; and the Griffen
Bill which would have prevented us from denying citizenship to those
aliens who refused to take oath to defend the United States .
It sponsored the WORLD YOUTH CONGRESS which has been cited
as a Communist front . It sent a delegate to the WORLD YOUTH
FESTIVAL, held in Prague in 1947, a pro-Soviet and Communist-
sponsored affair .
In June, 1948 it circulated Congress with a statement expressing
its unalterable opposition to conscription for military service . This
front affiliations of these two men (as well as of others associated with
the Friends Service Committee) are-shown in an appendix to this report .
The Friends Service Committee organized the Student Peace Service
Committee, which assisted in the organization of the Youth Committee
Against War, which brought together :
THE AMERICAN STUDENT UNION (cited as a Communist front) ;
THE WAR RESISTERS LEAGUE ;
THE FELLOWSHIP OF RECONCILIATION ;
THE YOUNG PEOPLES SOCIALIST LEAGUE ;
THE FARMERS UNION ;
THE INDEPENDENT COMMUNIST LABOR LEAGUE ;
THE METHODIST FEDERATION FOR SOCIAL SERVICE Youth
Section) ;
THE AMERICAN YOUTH CONGRESS ;
and other left wing groups .
The Friends Service Committee has been an active lobbyist . A few
years ago an organization known as the Friends Committee on National
Legislation was set up in Washington . It is believed to be a vehicle
of the American Friends Service Committee, or closely associated
with it . This unit opposes military training, favors liberalization of
the immigration laws and asks legislation to sustain conscientious
objectors . It supported the Lehman Amendment to the McCarran-
Walter Immigration Act ; it urges extensive foreign aid programs . It
solicits financial contributions . Whether it is right or wrong in its
respective legislative positions is of no moment here-the point is
that it engages actively in prompting some legislation and opposing
other measures . This function should, in itself, deny it the support
of a foundation .
Nor does the American Friends Service Committee itself refrain from
political pressure . In January, 1950, it wrote the following message'
to President Truman, presuming to press him in an area of govern-
ment activity of the greatest moment :
"Further intervention will result in the hardening of Chinese resentment
against America and the strengthening of Sino-Russian ties by treating Com-
munist China as an enemy and by refusing to recognize her, we are not isolating
China, we are isolating ourselves ."
It is the conclusion of this Committee that, in deciding that this
organization should be supported, the officers of The Ford Founda-
tion exhibited a lack of sound bases for judgment ; and the trustees
who gave these officers their support in distributing $1,134,000 of
public trust money were guilty of gross negligence .
Remember the contention of the foundations, expressed several
times in the Cox Committee hearings, that they are entitled to make
mistakes, that they cannot enter "experimental" fields without making
mistakes! This contention is wholly acceptable when a mistake is
sometimes made in some innocuous, nose-counting piece of research .
When the mistake relates to the safety of our country, the burden
passes heavily to the foundation to prove that its action was reasonable,
carefully thought-out and without reasonable possibility of damage .
The Ford Foundation has become a propagandist for Unesco, as
indeed have several of the other great foundations . Our school chil-
mine, but merely blind adulation . The following testimony by Mr
Aaron Sargent is illuminating regarding Ford's position :
The Ford Foundation used its financial power to attempt to resist the will o
the people of Los Angeles in connection with a pamphlet known as "The F, i
(inesco." This pamphlet was put out by the Los Angeles City School Depart
ment, and it promotes various Unesco activities, and it includes the internationa
declaration of human rights .
Mr . Paul Hoffman, the president of The Ford Foundation, personally appeare
before the Los Angeles Board of Education and sought to prevent the removal of
these pamphlets out of the Los Angeles city schools by the action of a duly con-
stituted board of the city of Los Angeles, and in so doing he engaged in lobbying
an activity prohibited to The Ford Foundation .
I have a news clipping, bearing date of August 26, 1952, Tuesday, in the Los
Angeles Times, and it contains a picture of Mr . Hoffman, several other gentleme
with him, and the statement below reads as follows :
"Urge that it stay-These proponents of teaching Unesco were on hand a
speakers . From left : Dr . Hugh M . Tiner, Pepperdine College president ; Paul G
Hoffman, of Ford Foundation ; Elmer Franzwa, district governor of Rotary, an
William Joyce ."
Mr . HAYS . What is wrong with that?
Mr . SARGENT. He has no right to engage in lobbying, and he was opposing
local matter and should not have in any way interfered with it . He was presi
dent of The Ford Foundation .
Mr . HAYS . You would not want anybody to say you have no right to come
here and expound your views, would you?
Mr. SARGENT . He did it as president of The Ford Foundation, and used the
power of The Ford Foundation as a leverage in the case . (Hearings, p . 379 .)
Later came the following colloquy :
Mr. HAYS . You are inferring that because he was president of The Ford
Foundation and he went out there to advocate this, he automatically brought
The Ford Foundation into it.
Mr . SARGENT. They were discussing how they were going to handle it and they
were afraid the Unesco pamphlet was going to be thrown out and they were dis-
cussing other ways in which they could back up Mr . Hoffman and bring more
strength to bear on that Los Angeles City Board of Education . I overheard that
conversation, and 1 was in the office at the time . Mr . Hoffman was lobbying
intentionally. (Hearings, p . 381 .)
(The statement filed by the Ford Foundation maintains that Mr
Hoffman did this bit of lobbying on his own as a private citizen and
a resident of California, unconnected with his position with the
Foundation . That may, of course, well be . He may, for the moment,
have stepped out of his official character to go to work as an indi-
vidual, but the general impression that he was acting as President of
The Ford Foundation was a reasonable one .)
Subsequently Mr . Sargent explained that the propaganda in the
Unesco matter included the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
which has been rejected by the American Bar Association and our
government itself . (Hearings, p . 382 et seq .)
The frantic efforts of some of the foundations to widen public sup-
port for Unesco deserve studied attention .
INTERCULTURAL PUBLICATIONS, INC .
One of the organizations established by the Ford Foundation
"In an attempt to increase understanding among the peoples of the world and
to advance mutual appreciation of differing cultural and intellectual backgrounds
through the exchange of ideas and literary and artistic productions * * *"
was Intercultural Publications, Inc . According to the application for
a tax-exempt status filed with the Internal Revenue Service, it was
organized, among other purposes
United States knowledge of the culture, art, intellectual works, customs, and
interests of the United States and its peoples ; * * *"
by means of production and distribution of all forms of written and
spoken communication .
In addition to the quarterly magazine Perspectives, U . S., which is
published in 20 countries, it also publishes Diogenes, Kultura, and
an Atlantic Monthly Supplement, Perspective of India .
From its establishment in April 1952 until the close of 1953 The
Ford Foundation has granted $759,950 to Intercultural Publications,
Inc., no figures being available for the year 1954 .
As in so many of the projects with which The Ford Foundation
and its offspring have associated themselves, the purposes set forth
are entirely praiseworthy . But as a practical matter, based on a
study of the six issues of Perspectives published to date, it is evident
that there might be two schools of thought as to whether the particular
means selected, as demonstrated by the content of these quarterly
volumes, would necessarily accomplish the avowed purposes .
There is a much bigger question mark, however, in the minds of
this committee, based on a study of the personalities associated with
this "cultural" disciple of The Ford Foundation, either as a member
of the advisory board, as a contributing author, or as an author whose
works are selected for review .
The latest volume available (No . 6) lists 59 individuals as members
of the advisory board . Of that number 18 have been mentioned in
one way or another before Government agencies looking into sub-
version . These individuals, whose complete records are included in
the appendix to this report are-
MORTIMER ADLER PERRY MILLER
JAMES AGEE Robert Motherwell
W . H . Auden Dorothy Norman
Jacques Barzun Norman Holmes Pearson
BERNARD BERELSON Duncan Phillips
Paul Bigelow Renato Poggioli
R . P . Blackmur John Crowe Ransom
Francois Bondy Annada Sankar Ray
Harvey Breit ROBERT REDFIELD
Cleanth Brooks Kenneth Rexroth
Marguerite Caetani Selden Rodman
Cyril Connolly Eero Saarinen
AARON COPLAND MEYER SCHAPIRO
MALCOLM COWLEY ARTHUR SCHLESINGER, JR .
HALLIE FLANAGAN DAVIS Mark Scherer
IRVIN EDMAN Delmore Schwartz
JAMES T . FARRELL GILBERT SELDES
Francis Fergusson KARL J . SHAPIRO
W. H . Ferry Wallace Stegner
Alfred M . Frankfurter Allen Tate
ALBERT J . GUERARD Lionel Trilling
Hiram Haydn Ralph E . Turner
Rudolf Hirsch ROBERT PENN WARREN
Henry Russell Hitchcock Gordon Bailey Washburn
Alfred Kazin Victor Weybright
Paul Henry Lang Monroe Wheeler
Melvin J . Lasky TENNESSEE WILLIAMS
HARRY LEVIN Kurt Wolff
Alvin Lustig Morton D . Zabel
Richard P . McKeon
in the appendix .
KENNETH BURTKE PERRY MILLER
AARON COPLAND GARDNER MURPHY
MALCOLM COWLEY HENRY MURRAY
MARTHA GRAHAM REINHOLD NIEBUHR
HORACE GREGORY MEYER SCHAPIRO
KENNETH GEARING KARL SHAPIRO
ALBERT J . GUERARD ARTHUR SCHLESINGER, JR .
SIDNEY H0oN GILBERT SELDES
ROBERT HUTCHINS JACOB VINER
JOHN HOUSEMAN ALEXANDER WERTH
GEORGE F . KENNAN WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS
ARCHIBALD M . MACLEISH EDMUND WILSON
NORMAN MAILER
Summarized, tax exempt funds are being channeled into the hands
of persons like Malcolm Cowley (literary editor of the New Republic),
a member of the advisory board who has consistently followed the
Communist Party line, has sponsored or been a member of at least
half a dozen or so organizations cited by the Attorney General and
Congressional committees and other governmental agencies as Com-
munist, subversive or Communist front organizations. Or, like Aaron
Copland, also a member of the advisory board, who in addition to a
consistent record of joining such organizations as did Cowley, has
composed a song entitled "The First of May" which drew high praise
from such Communists as Hans Eisler .
The records of individuals obtained from official sources have been
included in the appendix, and will bear close scrutiny . This Commit-
tee finds it difficult to believe that only these individuals can adequately
portray to the people of the world the culture of the United States,
and equally difficult to believe that there do not exist in this country
rising artists of equal ability, whose art would be enhanced by a firm
belief in the fundamental concepts of our political philosophy .
GLOBALISTIC ECONOMICS .
The extent to which foundations have promoted the theory that
we must subordinate our own economic welfare for that of the world
in order to have peace is worth an investigation of its own . The
Rockefeller Foundation in its 1941 report said:
"If we are to have a durable peace after the war, if out of the wreckage of the
present a new kind of cooperative life is to be built on a global scale, the part that
science and advancing knowledge will play must not be overlooked ."
The presumption is that a global economic system is desirable . Such
a system could not exist without some form of coercive supervision
Whether Americans are ready to accept such supervision is extremely
doubtful .
An aspect of this subject which may sorely need attention is the use
made of foundation funds to promote international arrangements for
the control and distribution of raw materials and other interferences
with domestic manufacture and trade . In the overwhelming desire
to make us part of "one world" as quickly as possible, many associated
with foundation work have supported movements which are decidedly
short-sighted from the standpoint of the nationalistic world in which
we still, as a practical matter, live and work .
Education for International Understanding in American Schools-
Suggestions and Recommendations, prepared by the Committee on
International Relations, the Association for Supervision and Curriculum
Development and the National Council for the Social Studies, all depart
ments of the NEA . (Hearings, p . 64 et seq .) It was the result of a
project financed in part directly by the NEA through contributions
from teachers and partly by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation o
New York . (Hearings, p . 65 .)
The foreword by Warren Robinson Austin, then our representative
at the UN, stated that the UN in 1949 had unanimously called upon
the member states to provide effective teaching about the UN in
schools . Apparently the NEA project was at least partially in answer
to this call . It recommended that the teachers in our schools educate
pupils into internationalism and gave specific suggestions as to objec-
tives and methods . (Hearings, p . 65 .)
There is a grave question in the minds of this Committee whether
this powerful organization of teachers has any right to attempt to
promote a uniform program of education on a national basis ; but, if
such. a procedure is proper, it might well be that planning to educate
our hildren into a better understanding of the world and its com-
ponent parts and how international things work might be highly
desirable . The program of the NEA, however, as expressed in the
book under discussion, went far further than a mere educational
program . It assumed that because the United Nations had been
accepted as an intrinsic part of American foreign policy it should
receive virtually unqualified and uncritical support .
The fact is that while the United Nations does play an intrinsic part
in our foreign policy, support among our citizens for its mechanism
and the detailed actions of its various constituents, boards and
bodies is far from universal . The intelligent observer cannot escape
the conclusion that the agencies of the United Nations themselves in
many instances have promoted ideas and concepts which seem anti-
thetical to many of our own basic principles .
We find in Mr . Austin's preface, for example, reference to the
necessity for "rationalization of production and distribution on a
world-wide basis ." It is suggested that "solution of economic prob-
lems on a purely national basis without regard to the effect of their
conduct on other peoples and nations breeds economic war ." (Hear-
ings, p . 66 .) That may well be but there are many in the United
States who believe that our efforts to improve the world's economy at
enormous cost to the American taxpayer have not only been ineffective
but have been met with a universal egocentric response by the other
nations . The general tone of the volume is that we must sacrifice a
considerable part of our national independence in order to create a
stable and peaceful world . That may also be true if and when the
time comes when most of the nations of the world will be ready them-
selves for honest international collaboration . In the meantime, to
train our children into the desirability of becoming internationalists at
time when world society is characterized by the most intense kind of
selfish nationalism seems both unrealistic and dangerous .
The volume implies that the creation of the United Nations is only
the first step in the establishment of a world order . Its adulation of
dispute that affects the peace of the world can be brought before an
international body endowed with authority to take all necessary steps
for the restraint of aggression ." (Hearings, p . 67 .) . To impose this
concept upon our children in the schools is to teach them nonsense . The
futility of the United Nations in settling international disputes has been
tragically evident . And this futility, moreover, is not the result of a
failure on our part to be "international minded."
"Collaboration" is emphasized in this volume . We are to collabo-
rate with all the various UNO bureaus and agencies, even the Com-
mission on Human Rights .
The volume emphasizes the responsibility of teachers for "contrib-
uting to the maintenance of enduring peace" . (Hearings, p . 67.)
This is to be accomplished by indoctrinating our children with the de-
sirability of full cooperation with the UNO and all its works . "This
will certainly involve curriculum revision and the recasting of many
time-honored educational policies and practices . It is a case in which
half-measures and lip-service will not be adequate, for if these are
the substance of the effort, the challenge will go unanswered ." (Hear-
ings, p . 68 .) The goal is set as producing citizens who might be called
"world-minded Americans" . We cannot escape the conclusion that
what is meant is the production of advocates of a world state .
Again, we say that someday a world state may be desirable and
possible . However, we are living in a very realistic era in which
"one world" could only be accomplished by succumbing to Commu-
nism . The program suggested contains this specific identification of
the "world-minded American" : "The world-minded American knows
that unlimited national sovereignty is a threat to world peace and that
nations must cooperate to achieve peace and human progress ."
On page 21 of this volume we find this astounding statement
(Hearings, p . 69)
"* * * More recently, the idea has become established that the preservation
of international peace and order may require that force be used to compel a nation to
conduct its affairs within the framework of an established world system . The most
modern expression of this doctrine of collective security is in the United Nations
Charter ."
On page 31 we find this :
"* * * The social causes of war are overwhelmingly more important than the
attitudes and behavior of individuals . If this be true, the primary approach to the
prevention of war must involve action in the area of social and political organization
and control. (Hearings, p . 69 .) [Emphasis supplied .]
Education is the recommended road to "social and political organi-
zation and control" and education is described "as a force for condi-
tioning the will of a people * * * . It utilizes old techniques and
mass media such as the printed word, the cinema, the radio, and now
television ." (Hearings, p . 69 .) If we read these terms correctly
they seem to mean to us that the educators are to use all the tech-
niques of propaganda in order to condition our children to the particu-
lar variety of "world-mindedness" which these educators have adopted .
Considerable space is later spent for "education for peace through
mass media ." (Hearings, pp. 69, 70 .)
world peace" . On page 44 we find :
"* * * Many persons believe that enduring peace cannot be achieved so long as
the nation-state system continues as at present constituted . It is a system of inter-
national anarchy-a species of jungle warfare . Enduring peace cannot be attained
until the nation-states surrender to a world organization the exercise of jurisdiction
over those problems with which they have found themselves unable to deal singly in the
past. If like conditions continue in the future as in the past, like situations will
arise . Change the conditions, and the situations will change ."
Again, on page 46, we find this :
"We are likely to take the present nation-state system for granted ; but in so doing,
we are likely to overestimate its permanence and underestimate its significance . * * *"
[Emphasis supplied.] (Hearings, p . 70 .)
There is a definite call to political action or at least to a promotion
of the idea that we must surrender some of our political independence .
On page 57 we find this :
"* * * The demonstration of the feasibility of international organization in
nonpolitical fields and the failure of the League of Nations makes even more clear
the fact that it is in the area of `political' organization where failure seems to be
consistent . This suggests that the difficulty may be traceable to the dogma of
unlimited sovereignty-that nothing must be allowed to restrict the complete
independence of the state . It suggests also that the dogma of sovereignty has a
high emotional content that is self-generated and self-sustained and that so long
as the dogma of illimitability obtains, international cooperation of a political
nature will at best be tenuous ." (Hearings, p. 71 .)
On page 60 we find this recommendation that we must conform our
national economic policies to an international world economy :
"* * * The development of international cooperation as a contributing force
to economic well-being is possible only insofar as it is applied to give direction to
common positive aims and to condition the effects of national economic policies
that would otherwise be serious disruptions of the interdependent world
economy ." (Hearings, p . 71 .)
We must have (page 62) a "planned economic cooperation on a
world-wide scale."
Our children are not merely to be educated into international points
of view-they are told how to make themselves effective in creating
political pressure . We offer these quotations as examples :
Page 80 :
"* * * An individual can increase his effectiveness in influencing foreign policy
by associating himself with organizations and by helping -to formulate their
attitudes on international questions . The groups most suitable for this purpose
are the political party and those generally called pressure groups ."
Page 81 :
"* * * The world-minded American, as a part of his program of action, should
concern himself with how these groups operate . He will find that he himself can
probably have a greater influence through this technique . He will also find that
since a great deal of official action is determined by pressure group action, the
use of this device will enable him to be heard and will also enable him to urge
his interest for peace against those he considers to be urging a contrary interest .
He will find that the variety and interest of the groups with which he can affiliate
are endless ; and he must, therefore, examine carefully the aims of the group or
groups to which he will devote his energies ."
Page 82 :
"* * * Teachers must act . As citizens, their obligation to act on behalf of
peace and international cooperation is a responsibility shared with all other
citizens . But teachers cannot be content merely to do just as much as others ;
they must do more . Teachers in almost any American community have greater
competence in leadership skills and in knowledge than most of their fellow
The school is to be a sort of militant agent so that "the total impact
of community thinking may be brought to bear on major issues .
Such a role brings the school into working contact with those agencies
in the community which are keyed to action * * * ."
The schools are told how "to assume their responsibility" . Pro-
grams are to be developed rapidly . School planning committees are
to pool ideas and coordinate . "Aids and sources" are recommended,
including reading materials, film and film strips, etc . A list of books
are recommended and among them we find some the advisability of
recommendations we seriously doubt. (Hearings, p . 73 .)
Putting the evidence together, we conclude that the National Education
Association has been an important element in the tax-exempt world used
to indoctrinate American youth with "internationalism", the particular
variety which Professor Colgrove referred to as "globalism ." This point
of view is cloesly related to the "new era" which so many social scientists
have envisioned as the ultimate goal of our society when they have gotten
through "engineering" us into it .
We note that the filed statement by the National Education Asso-
ciation has made no effort to explain any of the criticisms made of that
organization in the testimony, including the material we have just
treated on globalism. This crucial and well documented issue is com-
pletely evaded with the remark that the NEA is "unable to learn
whether any of the previous testimony is regarded by your Committee
as worthy of further examination ." The following characterization
disposes of the evidence itself : "This testimony, insofar as we have
been able to examine it, is so vague and so self-contradictory, that
detailed comment seems unnecessary ." (Hearings, p . 1147 .) We beg
to differ with the NEA .
EXPENDITURES ABROAD .
This Committee has not been able to expend the time to ascertain
the extent of foundation spending abroad . It is clear,, however, that
millions of the taxpayers' money are spent annually outside of the
United States . A further investigation might well consider whether
there should not be some limitations placed upon such a foreign use
of American money . In this era in which our Government feels
obliged to pour billions into the support of the rest of the world, it is
questionable whether foundations should have the right, freely to use
further millions of the people's money in alien ventures .
There is the further problem of whether foundation expenditures
abroad may not, at times, directly conflict with government policy .
The whole subject is worthy of intensive study .
THE BASIC, FOUNDATION-SUPPORTED PROPAGANDA RE FOREIGN
AFFAIRS .
It is our conclusion, from the evidence, that the foundation sup-
ported activities which relate to foreign policy have been turned
consciously and expressly in the direction of propagandizing for one
point of view . That point of view, widely disseminated by founda-
tions at great cost in public funds, has been the official line of the
former two administrations, submitted with such rare criticism, if any,
as to constitute truly political activity . Where has been the objec-
tivity which we have the right to expect when trustees disburse our
The following quotation is from the speech of ex-President Hoover,
as reported in The New York Times of August 11., 1954, upon the
occasion of his 80th birthday, after so many years of selfless devotion
to the people of the United States :
"In our foreign relations there are great dangers and also vital safeguards to
free men . During the last war we witnessed a, special encroachment of the Exec-
utive upon the legislative branch . This has been through a new type of com-
mitment of the United States to other nations .
"I am not going to argue legalisms, for they do not go to the center of the issue .
The real issue is whether the President, through declaration or implication or by
appeasement or by acquiescence or by joint statements with foreign officials, can
commit the American people to foreign nations without the specific consent of the
elected representatives of the people.
"There has been a grievous list of such commitments . They include interna-
tional agreements which shackle our economy by limiting a free market . But
more terrible were such executive agreements as our recognition of Soviet Russia
which opened the headgates for a torrent of traitors .
"Our tacit alliance with Soviet Russia spread communism over the earth . Our
acquiescence in the annexation by Russia of the Baltic States at Moscow and the
partition of Poland at Teheran extinguished the liberties of tens of millions of
people .
"Worse still was the appeasement and surrender at Yalta of ten nations to
slavery . And there was the secret agreement with respect to China which set in
train the communization of Mongolia, North Korea and all of China .
"These unrestrained Presidential actions have resulted in a shrinking of human
freedom over the whole world . From these actions came the jeopardies of the
`Cold War .' As a by-product these actions have shrunk our freedoms by crush-
ing taxes, huge defense costs, inflation and compulsory military service .
"We must make such misuse of power forever impossible .
"And let me say, I have no fears of this evil from President Eisenhower but
he will not always be President .
"Our dangers from the Communist source of gigantic evil in the world are un-
ending. All of the peace agencies we have created and all of the repeated con-
ferences we have held have failed to find even a whisper of real peace.
"Amid these malign forces, our haunting anxiety and our paramount necessity
is the defense of our country .
"It is not my purpose to define the foreign policies of our Government .
"Sooner or later a new line of action will become imperative .
"I have disagreed with, and protested against, the most dangerous of our
foreign political policies during the whole of the twenty years prior to the last
Presidential election . I opposed and protested every step in the policies which
led us into the Second World War .
"Especially - in June, 1941, when Britain was safe from a German invasion
due to Hitler's diversion to attack on Stalin, I urged that the gargantuan jest of
all history would be our giving aid to the Soviet Government . I urged we should
allow those two dictators to exhaust each other . I stated that the result of our
assistance would be to spread communism over the whole world . I urged that
if we stood aside the time would come when we could bring lasting peace to the
world .
"I have no regrets . The consequences have proved that I was right ."
It would be interesting to take each criticism offered by President
Hoover and to determine how much foundation money has been spent
in disseminating it among our people, as against disseminating the
concept or principle which it criticizes . We are confident, from the
evidence we have examined, that the result would show a preponder-
ance against Mr . Hoover's criticisms of about one million to one, in
almost every instance . If this is the way these foundations have dis-
charged their duty to the people to be objective and fair, we are frank to
say that their tax exemption may have been a tragic mistake . They have
been propaganda agencies ; and foundation propaganda in any political
area cannot be tolerated .
The group frequently referred to as the "anti-anti-Communists"
has persuaded a large part of the American public that exposing Com-
munists and their helpers undermines our traditions and principles
It admits that Communism is a grave danger to our national safety
It asserts that Communists should be driven out of government and
places of power and influence . But it suggests that this should be
done (in some mysterious and undefined way) by the government
Yet, strangely, these anti-anti-Communists vigorously and consist-
ently oppose all determined and effective measures by which the gov-
ernment, through its duly delegated committees, exposes Communists
It does not seem quite clear how this is to be managed ; but nothing
is worse, in the opinion of this vociferous group, than a Congressional
investigation . That, they assert, is the worst way to handle the
problem ; a Congressional investigation is almost per se a violation of
individual right ; the individual must be protected, they allege, against
the abuse inherent in Congressional inquiries even if the safety of the
nation is at stake .
Some of this group say that the Attorney General should act, and
he alone ; forgetting that he cannot prosecute anyone for merely being
a Communist : he can prosecute for espionage (and how rarely a spy
is caught) or for perjury (and how rarely even a Hiss is caught)
Others say that the job is one for the F . B . I ., as though it should be
used as a sort of Gestapo, with the right to both catch and try and,
perhaps convict, for Communism . The fact is that the F . B . I. can
only report what it finds to executive authority and then hope for
the best . Many feel that, in any event, no man should be deprived
of any right to position or employment unless he has actually been
convicted of espionage or something equally overt and sinister . A
man may, after all, they say, be a Communist and still be a good
citizen and mean us no harm .
Against these various types of soft-mindedness and blindness to
danger, the Congressional investigation still stands as a protection
If, for example, the Cox Committee had done nothing else, its investigation
was justified in so far as it disclosed that there had been an actual, definitive
and successful Russian-Communist plan to infiltrate American philan-
thropic foundations . Little reference has subsequently been made
to this material disclosed by the Cox Committee hearings-it has
certainly been conveniently forgotten by those in the foundations who
are anti-anti-Communists . It bears review .
One of the Cox witnesses was Maurice Malkin, Consultant with the
Immigration and Naturalization Service, who had been a charter
member of the Communist party in America and had been expelled
in 1937 . He testified that a Russian agent had come to this country
in 1936 "and ordered us that instead of depending on Moscow to
finance the American party directly and at all times, we should try to
work out ways and means of penetrating philanthropic, charitable,
grants, foundations, and et cetera, and these organizations like social-
service organizations, charitable institutions, and other cultural fronts,
to try to penetrate these organizations, if necessary take control of
them and their treasuries : if not, to at least penetrate them where
we would have a voice of influence amongst those organizations, in
subsidies that will be granted by Moscow ." (Cox Hearings, p . --.)
The existence of this plot was corroborated by others and stands
amply proved. The infiltration had commenced earlier than 1936 .
Mr. Bogolepov testified before the Cox Committee concerning in-
filtration as early as 1930 . Bogolepov quoted Stalin as having said
that Marx was wrong in so far as he may have thought that the
Western world could be won by the workers . Stalin said :
"* * * it would be necessary to maintain the revolutionary status through
the brains of Western intellectuals who were said to be sympathetic with Com-
munist ideas ." (Cox Hearings, p . 676 et seq .)
There were many waiting to be used by the Communists for their
own purposes, socialists and other leftists who did not always have
sympathy with Communism itself but joined with it in certain imme-
diate objectives, not realizing that, by doing so, they were assisting
Communism to achieve its ultimate goals . Among this group were
those innocents who, in the 30's, sought to direct education in the United
States, and research in the social sciences, to the end of ushering in a new
order, prerequisite to which was the destruction or sapping of free enter-
prise . We have met some of them in previous sections of this report .
In the August 20, 1954 issue of U. S . News and World Report is a
long interview with Congressman Martin Dies, entitled They Tried
To Get Me, Too . It is well worth reading . Mr. Dies tells the story
of his difficulties as Chairman of the famous committee bearing his
name which investigated Communism, in the face of the most bitter
opposition from the then Administration . To the "liberals" of that
day, Mr. Dies was worse than McCarthy is to the "liberals" of today .
Yet his disclosures of Communism in high and important places were
beyond questioning and were staggering in their implications . At one
time he presented to the Executive a list of 2,000 Communists on
the Federal payroll, including Alger Hiss, Harry Dexter White and
Harold Glasser . Perhaps no one man, outside the F . B . I ., knows
more about the subversive movement during the period of his inves-
tigation than Mr . Dies . In his interview he recounts how so many
"liberals" became the tools of Communism :
"The truth of the matter was, as I told the Jenner Committee, there were 10
million `liberals' running around like a chicken with its head chopped off and
wanting to change everything . They didn't know exactly what they wanted to
change, but they were for changes . Along came the Commies, and they were
the only group in that bunch that had a program . They knew where they were
going and what they were doing .
"So they took over this 10 million and used them, and then suddenly came
the exposure that here were these organizations that the `liberals' had sponsored
and worked under and contributed money to under the control of Moscow ."
Mr . Louis Budenz testified before the Cox Committee that he was
chairman of a Communist group which penetrated the press and other
media of public information and that a commission had been created
to penetrate the foundations, and he named names . Mr . Manning
Johnson testified that he was a member of the Party from 1930 to
1940 and gave his opinion that the foundations had been successfully
penetrated on both high and low levels . He said that from his own
personal experience he knew that the Garland Fund, the Marshall
Foundation, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and the
How Do THEY Do IT?
How has the penetration by Communists taken place? How was it
accomplished? In an effort to see if the foundations themselves could
assist in answering these questions, Counsel to this Committee asked
three selected foundations, the William C . Whitney Foundation, th
Rockefeller Foundation and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial
Foundation, to examine their own records to try to see if they coul
shed any light on how grants to Communists and Fellow-travellers
came to be made . In the case of the Whitney Foundation, two of it
officers cooperated fully . In conferences with Counsel, it was agree
that no pattern appeared and the number of grants to subversives was,
in any case, insufficient to provide a pattern .
In the case of the Rockefeller Foundation, Mr. Dean Rusk, its
President, also cooperated fully, reporting to'Counsel in writing both
for the Foundation and for the (Rockefeller) General Education Board
The reports described the origin of each grant in so far as Mr . Rusk
was able to ascertain it, and stated his conclusion that "no pattern
emerges ."
In the case of the Guggenheim Foundation, nothing further was
heard from Dr . Moe, its chief officer, after the request for a study was
made by Counsel . As the suggestion bad been made merely to see if
the foundations could assist in discovering how subversive grants
came about, nothing further was done in the case of the Guggenheim
Foundation, which apparently did not see fit to cooperate . (Appendix
to Report, pp . .)
This Committee is unable to arrive at any express conclusion as t
the methods and manner of Communist penetration of foundations or
the ways which have been used to take advantage of foundations
The subject would require detailed study far beyond this Committee's
capacity in time and money . We suspect, however, that one factor
which has contributed to the ease with which Communism has used
our foundations has been the attitude of many foundation executives
that the political opinions of a grantee is of no consequence . Dr
Hutchins, long a power in The Ford Foundation and now President of
its offspring, The Fund for the Republic, has put himself on record a
taking that position, and he is not alone . The attitude of Dr . Johnso
in selecting his assistants in connection with the preparation of the
Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, referred to elsewhere, seems typical
of many of the leading characters in the social science field .
Some foundations have prided themselves that they do not enquire
into the "politics" of those who receive grants or fellowships . They
say they would not, of course, take on an avowed or proven, present
Communist, but they do not seem concerned, however leftist the
political or social bias of the prospective recipient of public money by
their grace may be, short of actual, present, proven Communist mem-
bership . To some this position may seem sound-that a "scientist"
should not be condemned or discriminated against unless he is estab-
lished as an enemy of our country . Certainly whether the recipient
is a Democrat or a Republican can make no possible difference . It
may not even matter that he is some variety of collectivist, provided
his political slant could make no material difference in the area in
grantee may have enormous impact on his work . In dealing wit
mathematics or physics, it may be utterly inconsequential that a re
searcher is a socialist : in the social sciences, which so often have direct
or indirect political significance, the radical character of the researche
may be all-important . Political conformity should not be the price o
foundation support . However, in projects of political significance, whe
the radical opinions of the applicant may affect his work foundation sup
port should be denied. Nor is it sujicient for a foundation to take th
position that it is not responsible for the results produced by a radical wh
has received a grant in error or who has abused the confidence of the founda
tion . It is encumbent on the foundation, as a dispenser of public money
to publicly disavow the radical results promptly and without equivocation
THE EXTENT OF SUBVERSIVE GRANTS .
During the testimony of Professor Rowe of Yale, Mr . Hays of thi
Committee pointed out that, in the case of one foundation, it had mad
only forty grants to persons or organizations allegedly subversive, an
that this was but a small percentage of the total grants . Professo
Rowe answered that it seemed to him this was a mis-use of statistics
His position was that it was the aggregate impact of the unfortunat
grants which was important, not their relative number . The Chair
man then suggested that the number of grants did not tell the whol
story of Communist infiltration, whereupon the testimony continued
Dr . Rows . Yes. Could I comment on that briefly, and make a few othe
comments that are connected with this? I am fully in agreement with the notio
that-picking a figure out of the air-2 or 3 grants that are made to wrong peopl
can have a tremendous effect in undoing much of the good that is made by th
.rest of the 40,000 . Again it is not a matter of every grant being equal in signifi-
cance. You can't evaluate them in terms of how many dollars were involved
A small grant made to a person in a critical position where he is going to make
wrong move, and implement the matter, can negate hundreds and thousands o
grants made to people who are out on the fringes, the outskirts of positions of
power and influence where the impact of everything they do that may be good
will not be directly felt in policy areas .
Another interesting feature of that is that grants to organizations, it seems to
me, have to be very carefully taken into account when you are talking about the
total number of grants . I don't quite understand here whether the grants t
organizations were included in this total figure .
The CHAIRMAN . They were not . These are grants to individuals.
Dr. Rows. Of the grants to organizations I can only give you the best exampl
that I know of . Those that involved, for instance, the Institute of Pacific Relations
I don't know what the sum total of the money was . It came from Rockefeller an
Carnegie and from private contributions .
Mr . WORMSRR . I believe it was something over $3 million .
Dr. Rows . $3 million . The grants to the Institute of Pacific Relations,
seems to me, helped to implement a lot of people who did not, in my opinion,
have the best interests of the United States at heart . (Hearings, pp . 535, 536 .)
Professor Rowe then proceeded with testimony which this Com
mittee found to be of extreme importance :
Here I want to talk about another item . It seems to me we make a mistak
in talking about identifying Communists as grantees on the one hand, non-
Communists as grantees on the other hand . In much of the activity that has t
do with identification of Communist activity in the United States, it has seeme
to me that we are going off on the wrong track when we limit ourselves to efforts to
identify overt Communists, or let us say organizational Communists, people who
carry a card or who can be positively identified as members of an organization subject
to organized discipline . For every one of those that you fail to identify, and it seems
of world communism, in spite of the fact that they are not subject to discipline and
do not belong to any organization.
So here again I think your categories, statistically, have to be refined somewhat .
Here, of course, you get into this area of opinion . What constitutes an individual
who is attempting to advance the interests of world communism?
This is a very controversial subject, but if we are ever to deal with the problem
of Communist influence in this country, or ever to deal with the problem of
preserving our security against the world Communist conspiracy, this is the
critical area . The people who can be trailed and tagged by the FBI are a very,
very small minority . They occupy a very powerful position and a potentially
important one, but the people who do the important work are unidentifiable, and
if I were planning to infiltrate the United States, I would see to it that they were
unidentifiable.
Here it seems to me you have to set up an entirely different category than the
two categories of Communists on the one side, and other people on the other side .
(Hearings, p . 536 .) [Emphasis supplied .]
To illustrate the necessity of making qualitative rather than quan-
titative judgments as to foundation grants, Professor Rowe discussed
the IPR situation as follows :
* * * I would like to add this regarding the IPR and regarding the problem
of Far Eastern policy . You remember some of my earlier remarks about the
state of Far Eastern studies in the United States 20 or 30 years ago, how I said
there was practically none of it ; how some of the foundations started to finance
the building up and training of personnel . It seems to me this kind of thing has
to be taken into account in evaluating foundation grants, namely, that the area
of ignorance in the United States about Far Eastern matters was so great that
here was the strategic place in which to strike at the security of the United States
by people interested in imperilling our security and fostering the aims of world
communism . They would naturally not pick the area in which we have the
greatest intellectual capacities and in which we have the greatest capacities for
defense . They would pick the area of greatest public ignorance, with the greatest
difficulty of defending against the tactics of their attack, and so these people
naturally poured into Far Eastern studies and exploited this area as the area in
which they could promote the interests of world communism most successfully
in the general ignorance and blindness of the American people .
So that it is not only quantitative evaluation that counts ; it is not only the
numbers of grants or the amounts of grants ; it is the areas in which the grants
are given that are significant . Here, you see, it seems to me, it takes a great deal
of subject matter know-how-quite apart from dollars and cents-people and
their affiliations or lack thereof, to evaluate the impact on this country of any
given foundation grant, I don't care whether it is $50 or $5 million . It is a quali-
tative matter, not a quantitative matter . Here is where judgment comes in and
where the greatest possibility of disagreements and controversies lies . But where
it seems to me if you are going to do an evaluating job on foundation activities
you are going to have to make up your mind with the best help you can find just
what the meaning of the grants was . (Hearings, pp . 541, 542 .)
SUBVERSIVES FED TO GOVERNMENT .
We have described briefly elsewhere the extent to which the gov-
ernment has come to rely upon foundations and foundation-supported
organizations to provide "social scientists" for research and in advi-
sory capacities . The whole subject deserves deep and careful study
and analysis, particularly the part which these foundations and asso-
ciated organizations have played in infiltrating government with sub-
versives. A shocking example of this was disclosed by the testimony
of Professor Kenneth Colegrove .
Professor Colegrove testified concerning the appointment of politi-
cal advisors to the occupation forces at the end of the second World
War. In 1945, as Secretary of the American Political Science Asso-
who would be helpful to the government . While he did not put his
own name on the list, he was asked to become an adviser to General
MacArthur, and did subsequently occupy that position . (Hearings,
p . 560 .)
What became of the list which Professor Colegrove had provided?
It was not accepted by the Pentagon . Another list was accepted
and, as Professor Colegrove testified :
I was shocked when I saw the list, because there were none of the recommenda-
tions that we had made .
I took that list over to an old friend of mine who had served as Chief of the
Far Eastern Division in OSS (Office of Strategic Services) . His name is Charles
Burton Fahs, a very outstanding specialist in Japan and a man of great integrity .
And I remember that Charles Burton Fahs was astonished by the character of the
names that had been recommended .
We checked those names off. Some of them were known to us to be Communists,
many of them pro-Communists or fellow travelers . They were extremely leftist.
I went back to the Pentagon to protest against a number of these people, and
to my amazement I found that they had all been invited, and they had all accepted,
and some of them were already on their way to Japan .
I wanted to find out where the list came from, and I was told that the list had come
from the Institute of Pacific Relations . [Emphasis supplied.] (Hearing, p . 561 .)
Professor Colegrove testified later that another list had been supplied
by the American Council of Learned Societies and that the final selections
had been made from these two lists (the IPR and the American Council
of Learned Societies) and the list of the American Political Science
Association had been ignored . (Hearings, p . 580 .)
"And so",
said Professor Colegrove,
"General MacArthur, who had very little control over the personnel that was
sent to Japan at this time for civil affairs, practically no control, had to receive a
large group of very leftist and some of them communist advisers in the field of
political science ." (Hearing, p . 561 .)
THE BASIC PROBLEM OF SUBVERSION .
There have been very few foundations which would consciously
make a grant to a known Communist . In fact, with a few notable
and tragic exceptions such as the Institute of Pacific Relations, the
Marshall Foundation and the Garland Fund (these last two having
lost their tax exemption and being now extinct) we do not know that
any large sums of foundation money have gone directly into Com-
munist channels. That is not the most serious problem which faces
those foundation trustees who wish to do their full fiduciary duty to
the people whose money, in the form of foundation trust funds, they
administer . The leakage, the substantial diversion of foundation funds
to subversive purposes, comes clearly through the support of individuals
and efforts which are contributive to Communist success though not
always easily so recognizable .
Many individuals have permitted themselves to be seduced into the
support of Communist front organizations through negligence and an
anxiety to join "progressive" and "liberal" causes . So, the founda-
tions have often, in the social sciences, lent themselves to the support
of efforts and causes which weaken our society and create factors
of dissidence and disorganization of which the Communists are alert
to take advantage . We cannot too strongly state that this Committee
55647-54-14
`.`liberal" in quotes, we do so to indicate a type of leftist who is the u
conscious helper of Communism . He may be, with the utmost earnes
ness, a violent and inveterate opponent of Communism : but he trave
iN, if not UNDER the same direction . The term "fellow-traveller"
perhaps too extreme . He may utterly reject revolution in favor of evol
tion, but the evolutionary change he seeks must be a quick one, and h
must hurry to aid in ushering it in . In his anxiety for the better wor
of the future, he falls into the error of wishing to destroy before he know
the significance of that with which he wishes to replace .
These political comments are to this Committee of grave importance
relation to foundations . The evidence indicates that the foundatio
dealing in the social sciences have become so enamoured of the idea th
foundations funds must be used for "risk capital" that they have all t
infrequently failed to measure the risk . The "risk capital" concept
admirable in such areas as medicine and health and the physical sciences
To apply it in areas where the security of the state is involved, and th
construction and manner of our society, converts it into "danger capita
instead of "risk capital ." It propels foundation executives into a con
stant search for something new, a pathological scrutinizing of what w
have, on the premise that there must be something better . Much of wha
we have is undoubtedly susceptible of improvement or even desirabl
supplanting . But much that we have is, to the average American, soun
and inviolate . The tendency always to seek an improvement runs founda
tion executives into the hazards of neglecting the study of what we have i
order to ascertain why it is so good and, rather, supporting change on th
premise that what we have must be wrong .
This premise leads to the support of the leftist, the man who does no
like what we have and wants to change it . What so few of the trustee
of the major foundations seem to realize is, as Harold Lord Varne
put it in his article in the American Mercury entitled The Egg-Hea
Clutch on the Foundations :
"The social sciences are the citadel of the 'egg-heads' . Once the foundatio
millions begin to flow into these fields, queer specimens with queer ideas begi
to come out from under the academic logs, and qualify for grants and fellowship
and sinecures . The Left Wing boys constitute the largest segment of this zan
band ."
We quote again from Mr . Hoover's speech 27 rendered on his 80t
birthday:
"Despite the clamor over ferreting out these persons, you must not be led int
the mistake that Moscow has closed down its recruiting offices for America
agents . Or that continued action of the F . B . I . and Congressional committee
is not equally imperative .
"I have little fear that these Communist agents can destroy the Republic i
we continue to ferret them out . Our greater concern should be the other varieties o
Karl Marx virus .
"Among them are the Socialists . They assert they would proceed only b
Constitutional means .
"The Socialists prowl on many fronts . They promote the centralized Federa
Government, with its huge bureaucracy . They drive to absorb the income of th
people by unnecessary government spending and exorbitant taxes . They hav
pushed our government deep into enterprises which compete with the rights of
free men . These enterprises are endowed with exemption from control of stat
and local governments . Congressional committees have listed hundreds of thes
47 New York Tfrnes, August 11, 1964 .
"Every step of these programs somewhere, somehow, stultifies the freedom, the
incentives, the courage and the creative impulses of our people .
"Beyond all this, there is proof in the world that the end result of socialism
can be bloody communism . In the Iron Curtain states it was the Socialist intellec-
tuals who weakened the freedom of men by destroying free enterprise . Thus they
furnished the boarding ladders by which the Communists captured the Ship of
State.
"One of the post-war cousins of socialism is the so-called `Welfare State .' This
poison gas is generated by the same sort of fuzzy-minded intellectuals . Its slogan
is `Planned Economy .' The phrase itself was borrowed from totalitarian govern-
ments . The end of it would at least be a government wherein whatever is not
forbidden would be compulsory .
"One. of the annoyances of this cult is its false assumption that our nation has never
been heedful of the welfare of our people . That we are our brother's keeper was rooted
in religious faith long before these fuzzy-minded men were born . Since the founda-
tion of the Republic we have recognized and practiced both private and govern-
mental responsibility for the unfortunate and the aged ; for the education of our
youth and the health of our people .
'Moreover, this cult has a host of gimmicks for giving away the people's
money . Among their ideas is that government should guarantee every citizen
security from the cradle to the grave .
"But it is solely the initiative and the labor of the physically able in the prime
of life that can support the aged, the young, the sick-and the bureaucracy . And
this active earning group requires the pressures of competition, the rewards of
enterprise and new adventure to keep it on the job .
"Even if security from the cradle to the grave could eliminate the risks of life,
it would be a dead hand on the creative spirit of our people . Also, the judgment
of the Lord to Adam about sweat has not been repealed .
"When we flirt with the Delilah of security for our productive group we had
better watch out lest in our blindness we pull down the pillars of the temple of
free men .
"The British under a Socialist government tried it . Its result was a level of
poverty which British Socialists sought to obscure with the term `austerity .
Britain is now in retreat from it .
"Among the delusions offered us by fuzzy-minded people is that imaginary
creature, the Common Man . It is dinned into us that this is the Century of the
Common Man . The whole idea is another cousin of the Soviet proletariat . The
Uncommon Man is to be whittled down to size . It is the negation of individual
dignity and a slogan of mediocrity and uniformity .
"The Common Man dogma may be of use as a vote-getting apparatus . It
supposedly proves the humility of demagogues .
"The greatest strides of human progress have come from uncommon men and
women . You have perhaps heard of George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, or
Thomas Edison . They were humble in origin, but that was not their greatness
"The humor of it is that when we get sick, we want an uncommon doctor
When we go to war, we yearn for an uncommon general or admiral . When we
choose the President of a university, we want an uncommon educator .
"The imperative need of this nation at all times is the leadership of the Uncom-
mon Men or Women . We need men and women who cannot be intimidated, who
are not concerned with applause meters, nor those who sell tomorrow for cheers
today .
"Such leaders are not to be made like queen bees . They must rise by their own
merits . America recognizes no frozen social stratifications which prevent this
free rise of every individual . They rise by merit from our shops and farms
They rise from the thirty-five million boys and girls in our schools and colleges
That they have the determination to rise is the glorious promise of leadership
among free men .
"A nation is strong or weak, it thrives or perishes upon what it believes to be
true . If our youth is rightly instructed in the faith of our fathers ; in the traditions
of our country ; in the dignity of each individual man, then our power will be
stronger than any weapon of destruction that man can devise .
"And now as to this whole gamut of Socialist infections, I say to you, the
neighbors of my childhood, the sons and daughters of my native state, God has
blessed us with another wonderful word-heritage . The great documents of that
heritage are not from Karl Marx . They are the Bible, the Declaration of Independence
dren, that they may not become the prisoners of a hydraheaded socialism .
"If anyone rises to say that all this is reactionary, you may class him as either
fuzzy-minded or an ignorant enemy of free men ." [Emphasis supplied .]
The evidence before us leads to the conclusion that conservative
causes, those which seek to support what we have, have received but
meager support from foundations operating in the social sciences ;
overwhelmingly, the foundations have prompted and supported
ventures and individuals to the left. In a broad sense, and vitally so,
much of this leftist trend of the foundations in the social sciences has been
"subversive", in so far as it has worked to undermine some of our precious
institutions, and some of our basic moral and religious and political
principles.
The social scientist can fall readily into a close relationship with
Communism or socialism if he succumbs to what Professor Hobbs has
called "liberal scientism ." Starting at page 145 of his Social Problems
and Scientism, Professor Hobbs says :
"One of the greatest windfalls which ever fell the way of the zealots of scientism
was the depression of the 1930's . How eagerly they exploited this temporary
condition, and how reluctant they are to recognize that it is long since past .
Particularly amusing was the exploitation of 'one-third of a nation .' This phrase,
or a similar one, is to be found in practically every sociology textbook published
from 1937 to the present . The wide usage, and the unquestioning acceptance of
such a phrase is another illustration of the double standard of evidence employed
by `liberal' zealots of scientism . The phrase itself goes back at least to 1919,
when it was picked out of the air by a social worker to dramatize poor housing
among unskilled workers . It was then revived on the basis of a study made in
the mid-thirties . This study was not even a study of income distribution, and
was full of misleading interpretations . Did the `scientists' investigate it, and
point out the fallacies? Not at all . They were even more eager than politicians
to seize upon any data which seemed to give scientific support to their dramatiza-
tion of the failure of capitalism . They not only accepted the conclusions of one
of the loosest studies ever made, they even exaggerated them . They coupled
such conclusions with horrendous plaints about the breakdown of the system, the
death of opportunities for youth, and the futility of efforts to improve one's
economic or social status . They were pathetically eager to seize this seeming
excuse to plead for ever-greater expansion of government .
"When the depression ended, the scientistic liberals were among the last to
admix it, and they still continue to present figures to `prove' that a large percentage
of the people are in an `underprivileged' category . Despite great increases in
wages-increases which far outstrip rises in prices-despite marked narrowing of
the gap between upper and lower income groups, the theme continues to be
played . As a matter of fact, several of the textbooks appearing during the
period of high wage levels following World War II contained figures which
`proved' that there was a higher percentage of underprivileged than was alleged to
exist during the depression! Governmental agencies have also contributed to-
ward fostering this delusion . The exaggerated and one-sided criticism of the
economic system is not confined to textbooks but is also expressed in many novels
and in some of the most popular non-fiction `trade' books . One of the more
popular of these was Middletown .
"Scientistic liberals make no serious effort to describe the economic system nor
to present an objective description of economic conditions . Their efforts are
devoted almost solely to criticism . This criticism paints a picture of tragic con-
ditions which can be remedied only by `social planning .' The details of such
planning are not described, nor are the ramifications admitted, but almost in-
variably it is presented as a remedy . You will find `social planning"recommended
in a substantial majority of the modern textbooks in sociology, and I believe you
will also find it in other fields of social science . It is commonly recommended
even in the professional journals, which are supposed to be much more scientific
and moderate than the texts . A study of articles dealing with the topic of social
planning was made by a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania,
Mr. Kenneth E . Cuthbertson . Mr . Cuthbertson analysed all such articles which
articles studied, not one raises the question of the desirability and necessity of
social planning . Without exception, every article is based on the assumption that
social planning is necessary .'
"Recommendations for social planning are presented in a manner which gives
the impression that they have a scientific basis, whereas no scientific basis actually
exists . The technique is one wherein one-sided criticism is levelled against the
economic system ; economic conditions arising out of capitalism are assumed to
cause a wide variety of individual and social problems, and social planning is
presented as the remedy . Of course, it has never been proved that economic
conditions do actually cause delinquency, marital maladjustment and the other
problems which they are supposed to cause . Nor do the `liberal' advocates of
social planning specify how the planning is to be scientifically accomplished or
how it will remedy the conditions it is designed to cure . As with most other
aspects of scientistic liberal programs, social planning is offered as an amorphous
idealism . On this level, those who question social planning can be denounced as
`reactionaries,' `vested interest groups,' and enemies of progress .
" `Liberals' as well as Communists and Socialists consistently criticize private
enterprise and capitalism . The criticism is frequently one-sided and creates a
very unfavorable impression of what has been, by and large, a highly successful
economic system . The criticism is not confined to intervals of economic depres-
sion, but continues unabated during prosperity such as no society in history has
ever witnessed . It is of such persistence and variety that it can never be satisfied
by any objective improvement in the system or in economic conditions .
"These three groups similarly advocate `social planning .' The programs and
techniques differ in detail, but are similar in principle . This similarity should
not serve as an excuse for silencing merited criticism of capitalism, nor for label-
ling all critics as `Communists' or `Socialists,' but it should be recognized ."
He says further, at p . 160 :
"The line of liberal scientism parallels those of communism and socialism
through several important areas . All three have a common focus in economic
determinism which contends that economic inequalities are responsible for de-
linquency, unhappiness, marital maladjustment, war, and a variety of other
problems. All three slant toward an exaggerated and one-sided criticism of the
economic system of capitalism and private enterprise . All three contrapose their
exaggerated criticism with idealisms such as `cooperation' and `security' and
`democracy .' All three, but in varying degrees, advocate governmental regula-
tion of economic processes in a program of `social planning .' All three promote
political policies behind a facade of `science' and `democracy' . All three exploit
desire for peace and the conditions of war to promote their economic-political
programs, to disparage patriotism, and to promote internationalism . All three
emphasize differences between social classes and the extent of class conflict ."
FOUNDATIONS AND SUBVERSION .
Foundation spokesmen have emphatically denied any support of
subversion . We question, however, whether in such denials they did
not misinterpret the meaning of the term "subversion" . Their de-
nials were justified in so far as they are related to the direct support
of Communism, but these spokesmen were well aware of the nature
of some of the evidence produced before this Committee which showed
that foundations had frequently supported those who wish to under-
mine our society . Their denials of subversion in relation to such
activities are without merit .
What does the term "subversion" mean? In contemporary usage and
practice, it does not refer to outright revolution, but to a promotion of
tendencies which lead, in their inevitable consequences, to the destruction
of principles through perversion or alienation . Subversion, in modern
society, is not a sudden, cataclysmic explosion, but a gradual under-
mining, a persistent chipping away at foundations upon which beliefs
rest .
I d
free society outright and honest criticism is not only permissible but
immensely desirable . Individuals who engage openly in such criti-
cism, who criticize political institutions from a political perspective,
and economic institutions from an economic perspective, should be
given free rein and encouraged . The issues involved in permitting
open and honest criticism, however, differ vitally from the issues
raised by subversion promoted by foundations . Some of these vital
differences (which foundation spokesmen refused to acknowledge,
much less discuss, in their conscious misinterpretation of the term
"subversive") are these :
Fundamental to the entire concept of tax-exemption for
foundations is the principle that their grants are to be primarily
directed to strengthening the structure of the society which
creates them . Society does not grant tax exemption for the privi-
lege of undermining it . Reasonable license is granted to satisfy
personal idiosyncracies, with the result that there is much social
waste when grants serve no truly useful purpose to society . But
such tolerated waste is something far different from the impact
of grants made by foundations which tend to undermine our
society . Such grants violate the underlying, essential assump-
tion of the tax-exemption privilege, that the substantial weight
of foundation effort must operate to strengthen, improve and
promote the economic, political and moral pillars upon which
our society rests.
Despite vehement protestations to the contrary, abundant
evidence indicates that many of the social science projects
sponsored by foundations are neither in the form of open and
honest criticism, nor can they be interpreted as promoting the
welfare of our society-except as interpreted by those who wish
radically to change its form and nature .
In the modern usage of the term, "subversion", it is no exaggeration
to state that in the field of the social sciences many major projects which
have been most prominently sponsored by foundations have been sub-
versive .
Numerous examples of such foundation-sponsored projects, sub-
versive of American moral, political and economic principles, were
offered in testimony . Foundation spokesmen failed utterly to provide
any evidence that such heavily-financed and prominently-sponsored
projects were in any real sense balanced by projects which promoted
or strengthened the principles upon which our society rests . In this
sense, the weight of influence of foundation tax-exempt funds applied
in the social sciences has been on the side of subversion .
Moreover, the subversive projects have been offered with spurious
claims to "science ." With this false label they have been awarded a
privileged status . They have been offered as "scientific" and, there-
fore, beyond rebuttal . The impact of these subversive works has
been intensified manifold by the sponsorship of foundations .
PART THREE
CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
XIII . SOME SUPPLEMENTAL COMMENTS
THE PROBLEM OF FOUNDATION SURVIVAL .
A number of foundations have complained bitterly about a "second"
investigation, bemoaning the inconvenience of repeated inquiries .
Whatever the inconvenience, this Committee urgently recommends a
continued inquiry . The fullest possible study is necessary adequately
to expose certain weaknesses and errors of operation, the failure to
recognize which might, some day, result in a growing movement to
destroy the foundation as an institution by wholly denying it tax
exemption.
There are many today who believe that foundations should not be
permitted . Among them are one group of advocates of "state plan-
ning," who take the position that all the functions now performed by
foundations should be in government control ; that foundations pre-
vent the over-all coordinated planning in Washington which, they say,
should be our goal . Others feel that the privilege of giving away thie
public's money (tax-exempt money) should not be subject to the idio-
syncrasy of the donor or the disposition of a self-perpetuating group
of foundation managers . There are others who resent, on a simple
motivation of human envy, the presence of great sums of money segre-
gated to the directed desires of some person of great wealth .
None of these points of view are received sympathetically by this
Committee .
There is another group, however, which says that nothing would be
lost by abolishing foundations, except factors which are undesirable
or unpleasant . That is, they say, a donor could still make all the
charitable donations he wished, by conferring his benefactions on exist-
ing institutions such as colleges and universities, hospitals, churches,
etc . He could still get the same tax benefit for himself and for his
estate, and save the equity control of a business for his family through
such transfers . He could give himself the same egotistical satisfac-
tion, if that is important to him, by attaching his name to a fund. He
could even designate a purpose for which a recipient college, for ex-
ample, must use his grant . He could even attach reasonable condi-
tions and restrictions to his gifts .
All that would thus be lost by abolishing foundations, say these
critics, would be (1) the inability to use a foundation itself as a vehicle
for maintaining control or partial control of a business and (2) the
inability to insist upon the management of the fund through family
members or other self-perpetuating, designated persons. We would
thus still have the equivalent of foundations, but they would be ad-
ministered by universities and other responsible institutions instead of
by those appointed by a miscellaneously selected board of private
trustees and by "clearing houses ."
2 07
capital ." If the risk capital theory is sound, would it not be a safe
"risk" to society to have such funds administered by responsible
university trustees? The delineation of scope of purpose in a dee
of gift could very easily warrant the taking of reasonable "risks ."
While we recognize the weight of these arguments, we do not suppor
the proposal that foundations be abolished or refused Federal tax exemp
tion . One reason is that foundations are generally creatures of stat
law and it does not seem to us that the Federal government should
through the power of its taxing arm, virtually prevent the states from
retaining the foundation as a permissible institution if they wish to
Another reason is that some foundations have accomplished s
much that is good . Institutions which are capable of doing for the
American people the magnificent things which foundations have bee
responsible for, in medicine, public health and elsewhere, indicat
that they should be saved if they can be . But the foundations canno
rest on their beneficial accomplishments alone . Not only must thei
balance sheets show a preponderance of . good-that preponderanc
must be truly overwhelming . That they have improved the publi
health, for example, cannot offset that they have permitted themselve
to be used to undermine our society and some of our most preciou
basic concepts and principles .
If they are to be permitted to continue and to wield the tremendous
power which they now exercise, it must be upon the basis of complet
public acceptance-because they will have committed mere venia
sins and not mortal ones . For this reason we so strongly advocat
the most complete possible airing of criticism and the most thoroug
possible assembling of facts . In no other way can foundation trustee
come to realize the full degree of their responsibility, nor the extent o
the dangers which they must avoid to prevent foundation destruction
THE PROPOSED CONTINUED INQUIRY .
Various suggestions have been made as to the proper or most
advisable vehicle for a continued inquiry . One is that a permanen
sub-committee of Ways and Means be created to complete the investi-
gation and to act as a permanent "watch-dog ." Another is that th
whole problem be turned over to the Joint Committee on Interna
Revenue Taxation . A third is that something in the nature of
British "royal commission" be created . Whatever the means used,
we urge that the investigation be retained under the control of the
legislative branch of the government, where it belongs .
How should that continued inquiry be conducted? We have pointed
out that such an inquiry is primarily a matter of laborious research
Facts are best secured by this method, rather than through the
examination and cross-examination of a parade of witnesses .
Some foundation spokesmen have alluded to "Committee witnesses"
and "foundation witnesses" in connection with the current investi-
gation. There has been no such division of witnesses . All who came
or were to come, before us were, or were to be, "Committee witnesses .
What these foundation spokesmen have attempted to do is give this
proceeding the character of a trial, rather than an investigation . I
has been no trial, and could not be .
character to approach very closely to trial practice . Such suggestions
fly in the very face of the nature of Congressional investigations and
seek to undermine the independence of the legislative arm of the
government by depriving it of the right to unhampered inquiry .
The use of a trial method, with complaint, answer, reply, rebuttal,
surrebuttal, etc ., as to each issue, would mean utter confusion and
make of each investigation an endless "circus ."
This Committee has been much maligned, in part by the press and
by foundation spokesmen, because it first placed critical witnesses on
the stand . This was done, with the unanimous approval of the full
Committee, in order to be utterly fair to the foundations by letting
them know, in advance of their own expected appearances, the main
lines of inquiry which were to be followed . This was explained re-
peatedly by the Chairman and by Counsel, and appears in the record
again and again. In the face of these statements foundation spokes-
men, echoed by parts of the press inimical to this investigation for
whatever reasons of their own, have cried "unfair!"
The insistence on something close to trial practice is illustrated
by a telegram from The Rockefeller Foundation to, the Committee
which says :
"We must assume that the Committee's decision [(to discontinue the hearings)]
means that it will not submit a report to the Congress containing any material
adverse to our foundation on which we are not fully heard ." (Hearings, p. 1062.)
This statement is made as though this condition were advanced as a
matter of right . We reject it emphatically . We are not "trying"
the foundations ; we are investigating them . To require us, in advance
of a report, to submit to a foundation every piece of evidence or com-
ment which our staff may have collected would be an absurdity,
hampering a committee such as this to the point of destroying its
effectiveness .
The Rockefeller Foundation statement goes even further than
demanding to see every piece of material which might be used in criti-
cism of it . It says : "We suggest that the Committee insure this
[refraining from unfairly injuring the foundations] by affording the
foundations an opportunity to be heard on the draft of any report
which the Committee proposes to submit ." That is both intolerable
arrogance and an absurdity . Perhaps this will be added to the list of
things which the advanced "liberals" are asking of Congressional
procedure-that no Congressional committee be permitted to file any
report until all persons interested have had an opportunity to see it
in draft and comment upon it to the committee!
Such procedure, aside from its interference with the independence
of Congress, would involve the endless protraction of investigations .
In our case, for example, there are some seven thousand foundations .
Does Mr . Rusk, who signed the Rockefeller statement, believe that
only The Rockefeller Foundation should have the right of examination?
Or does he believe all foundations should have that right? Does he
suggest they be called in one by one, or all in a group? The impossi-
bility of his suggestion is obvious enough . And how about the cost?
We have heard no foundation voice raised to assist this Committee
in securing adequate financing .
United States News and World Report . of October 22, 1954, page 10
contains excerpts from an article in Harpers Magazine for Februar
1936, concerning Congressional investigations, written by Supre
Court Justice Hugo L . Black . Justice Black describes how pressu
against an investigation commences before the investigation ev
begins .
"At the first suggestion of an investigation the ever-busy, ceaseless vigila
Washington lobby sounds the alarm ."
The instant a "resolution is offered, or even rumored, the call to arms
sounded by the interest to be investigated ."
"High-priced political lawyers swarm into the Capitol . Lobbyists desce
upon members . Telegrams of protest come from citizens back home protesti
against the suggested infamy ."
Certain newspapers can generally be depended upon to raise a c
against the proposed investigation . The opposition does not e
when a resolution passes ; the next step is to try to influence appoin
ments to the Committee . Finally, pressure is put upon the controlli
legislative Committee to restrict the activities of the investigati
committee by limiting its funds .
Justice Black's article is worth reading . It goes on to describe t
difficulties which confront Congressional investigations when they
get under way .
Unfortunately this Committee concludes that some of the found
tions have folowed the traditional course which Justice Bla
described as taken by "the interest to be investigated ." Nor have
been impressed with the general willingness of foundations to subm
their performance to public scrutiny.
This Committee can judge the attitude only of those foundatio
with which it has had intimate contact . These, as well as the "clea
ing house" organizations have been fully cooperative in supplyi
information . Both groups, however, have demonstrated an intole
ance toward criticism . This unwillingness even to consider that th
might, in any respect, be guilty of serious error, we find distressing a
discouraging . We can only conclude that it emanates from a sense
power and security, even vis-a-vis the Congress . Some of the found
tions have gone so far as to imply that it is an injustice for Congre
to investigate any complaint against them .
They have filled their statements with cliche material regarding t
desirability of "free speech", and "freedom of thought", and "ac
demic freedom" as though they had a monopoly on the defense
freedom and there were serious danger that Congress might unfair
curtail it . A form of arrogance and a pretension to superiority lea
them to believe that critics must, per se, be wrong. Foundations a
sacred cows . The men who run them are above being questione
This Committee, continues their general attitude, is bent upon t
destruction of the sacred right of foundations to do as they pleas
it is full of malice ; its staff is manned with incompetents who ha
called in incompetents as witnesses ; no one who criticizes a foundati
could be competent .
One gathers the impression from some of the filed statements tha
the foundation officers who have signed them believe that they have
vested and inalienable right to do as they please, and that it is
of their actions .
limited by what the public may determine is for its own good ; and
the public, in this sense, is represented by the Congress .
This Committee has even been attacked by foundations which it has
not investigated in any detail . Several such attacks, for example, have
been launched by the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'ritb, one
appearing in its October, 1954, Bulletin, which begins by announcing-
before the completion of our investigation, that it has failed . The
lengthy article refers to the Committee members and staff as "actors"
in a "charade", and refers to the witnesses called by the Committee
as "a strange group ." It is replete with vituperation and prejudges
in vicious manner before the publishing of a report upon which alone
any final judgment of this Committee's work could be made . The
concluding sentence of the article is :
"Its failure as a Congressional investigation is a great victory for the American
people ."
There can be no possible justification for such an attack by a . tax
exempt organization in the course of a Congressional investigation .
This Committee is quite conscious of the possibility that it may
itself have erred in some facts or in some judgments . Unlike some
of the foundation-supported social scientists and some of the founda-
tion executives (to judge them from their own statements) we do not
consider outselves Olympian . It is partly for this reason that we
strongly recommend a completion of the project of an investigation
of foundations-so that all possible facts in the criticized areas may
be adduced which might be favorable to them . Based on an incom-
plete inquiry, all final conclusions are subject to possible revision .
On the other hand, we are quite shocked that some of the foundations
have presumed to imply malice and an intention by this Committee
to do a biased and prejudiced job . We should like to print in full the
initial report prepared by Counsel to the Committee under date of
October 23, 1953, outlining his proposals for the conduct of the work .
It is a measured, objective and thoroughly unprejudiced document
running to 22 pages, the result of extremely careful thought ; it formed
the basis upon which the Committee built its operations . We shall
quote merely part of it to indicate the attitude which this Committee
has had in its work .
"Control as a Basic Problem . This brings us to the basic control problem . We
would assume that the Committee would be disposed to a minimum of Federal
control . The rights, duties and responsibilities of foundations are, in our opinion,
primarily matters of state law with which the Federal government should not
interfere unless grounds of national welfare, strong enough to induce an application
of a broad Federal constitutional theory, should appear . For the moment, then,
the only available mechanism of control available to the Congress is the tax law .
Congress has the clear right to place reasonable conditions upon the privilege of
tax exemption . It has done so, as to income tax, gift tax and estate tax . If
amendments to these tax laws come to appear desirable it is the province of the
Committee on Ways and Means, as we understand it, to consider such amend-
ments . We conceive our function in part to be to produce the facts upon which
that Committee may, if it chooses, act further . We deem it within our province
to state the facts which have appeared, collate them, and suggest areas of con-
sideration for Ways and Means if the Committee finds this desirable .
"If acute or chronic foundation ailments should appear, the remedies may not .,
in every case, be through legislation . A disclosure of the ailments may, to some
extent, induce reform within the ailing foundation itself . And the very statement
of the facts may induce the public to take an interest of a nature to bring about
reform through the force of public opinion ."
some of the foundations purport to fear, destroy their usefulness
To quote once more from this initial and guiding report of Counsel
"Starting with the premise that foundations are basically desirable, excessiv
regulation, which would deprive them virtually of all freedom, might well destro
their character, their usefulness and their desirability . Therefore, regulator
measures should be approached with great caution . We are not prepared at thi
time even to suggest that further regulation is needed . It seems essential to u
that as scientific a collection and integration of facts as possible be accomplishe
before anyone, whether in this Committee or outside, arrives at any precis
conclusions ."
This is the spirit in which this Committee started its work and i
which it has continued through the preparation of this report .
XIV . SPECIAL RECOMMENDATIONS NOT FULLY COVERED IN THE
PREVIOUS TEXT
55647-54-16
General cited the Council as subversive and Communist (press releases
of June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated April 27, 1953) .
Ruth Benedict was one of those who signed a telegram to President
Roosevelt and Attorney General Jackson on behalf of the Interna-
tional Fur and Leather Workers Union defendants, sponsored by the
New York Conference for Inalienable Rights (Daily Worker, Sep-
tember 17, 1940, pages 1 and 5) . The New York Conference
was cited as a Communist-front organization which called a conference
for February 14, 1941 in New York City "to attack anti-sabotage
legislation and the Rapp-Coudert Committee investigating subversive
activities in the New York public-school system ." (Special Com-
mittee * * * in report dated March 29, 1944 ; the Special Committee
also cited the union referred to above as being strongly entrenched
with Communist leadership .)
A statement by Miss .Benedict is included in the pamphlet, "We
Hold These Truths," prepared and published by the League of
American Writers. The Attorney General found that the League of
American Writers was founded in 1935 "under Communist auspices"
and "in 1939 * * * began openly to follow the Communist Party
line as dictated by the foreign policy of the Soviet Union ." (Con-
gressional Record, September 24, 1942, pages 7685 and 7686 .) The
Special Committee cited the League as a Communist-front organiza-
tion in three reports (January 3, 1940 ; June 25, 1942 ; and March 29,
1944) .
According to a pamphlet entitled "7% Million * * *," (page 19)
Ruth Benedict was a member of the Commission on Latin America
of the American League for Peace and Democracy, an organization
cited as subversive and Communist by the Attorney General (press
releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948) ; previously, the organiza-
tion had been cited as "designed to conceal Communist control, in
accordance with the new tactics of the Communist International"
(Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, pages 7683 and 7684)
The Special Committee * * * cited the organization as a Communist
front (reports of January 3, 1939 ; January 3, 1940 ; January'3, 1941
June 25, 1942 ; March 29, 1944) .
The Daily Worker of August 23, 1948 (page 7), reported that Ruth
Benedict was delegate to the Intellectuals World Congress for Peace
she was identified as an anthropologist . The World Congress of
Intellectuals was held in Wroclaw, Poland on August 25-28, 1948
and was cited by the Committee on Un-American Activities as
follows :
This bitter hatred for all western culture and the attempt to divorce writers,
scientists, and artists from their own native land and win their allegiance for the
Soviet Union is the underlying aim and theme of these scientific and cultural
conferences for world peace (House Report 1954, April 26, 1950, originally
released April 19, 1949.)
T. A . BISSON
Organization and affiliation Source
American Friends of the Chinese Letterhead, May 16, 1940 .
People (1) . Member, National
Advisory Board .
Democracy (1) and (2) . Spon- p. 2 .
sor, "Boycott Japanese Goods
Conference ."
American Student Union (1) . "The Student Almanac-1939"
Convention speaker ; Foreign for the 4th Annual National
Policy Association . Convention, Dec . 26-30, 1938,
p. 32 .
Committee for a Democratic Far "Far East Spotlight," March
Eastern Policy (2) . Consult- 1949 (inside front cover) ; "Far
ant, "Far East Spotlight ." East Spotlight," June 1949,
p. 2 .
Member, Board of Directors ; Letterhead, May 28, 1948 .
Consultant .
Consultant Letterheads, 1946 and 1947 .
Committee for a Democratic Far "Daily Worker," Jan . 16, 1948,
Eastern Policy (2) and Confer- p. 7 .
ence on American Policy in
China and the Far East (2) .
Sponsor .
Friends of the Soviet Union (1) "Soviet Russia Today," Novem-
and (2) . Contributor, "Soviet ber 1938, p . 15 .
Russia Today" .
National Conference on American "Daily Worker," Jan . 1, 1948,
Policy in China and the Far p. 3 .
East (2) . Co-chairman ; for-
mer, Spec . advisor, Gov't. Sec-
tion GHQ, Supreme Command
Allied Powers, Japan .
National Chairman "* * * Jan . 23-25, 1948, New
York City" Conf . Call .
Open Letter for Closer Coopera- "Soviet Russia Today," Septem-
tion with the Soviet Union (1) . ber 1939, p . 25 .
Signer ; Research Assoc ., For-
eign Policy Association .
"Soviet Russia Today" (1) . Con- "Soviet Russia Today," Novem-
tributor. ber 1940, p . 14 .
Author of "Japan in China" re- "New Masses," June 14, 1938, p .
viewed by Anna Louise Strong : 24 .
"He talked with Mao Tsetung
and other Communist leaders
last summer ."
Signed statement* in defense of "Daily Worker," Aug . 17, 1945,
Chinese Communist armies p. 2 .
(*Note : this statement imme-
diately preceded formation of
the Committee for a Demo-
cratic Far Eastern Policy) .
His books, "Japan's War Econ- "Spotlight on the Far East," Mar
omy" and "American Policy in 1947, p . 7 .
the Far East, 1931-41" recom-
mended .
important role in enlightening p. 11 .
the American reading public on
the Far East .
His book, "Prospects for Democ- "Far East Spotlight," Feb . 1950,
racy in Japan" favorably re- p. 13 .
viewed by Philip 0. Keeney .
Wrote article of attack on Ameri- "Daily Worker," Apr . 5, 1948, .
can policy in Japan . p . 8.
Photo "Spotlight on the Far East, Feb .
1948, p . 6 .
Record given Congressional Record, March 30,.
1950, pp . 4433-4470 .
Contract as visiting political sci- "Daily People's World," July 8,,
ence lecturer at University of 1953, p . 6 .
California terminated ; was a
witness before the Senate In-
ternal Security Subcommittee
in 1952 .
PAUL BLANSHARD
Organization and affiliation Source
American Student Union (1) Announcement, "Are You an
Member of the Sponsoring Com- Alumnus Without an Alma
mittee of a dinner . Mater?" which appeared in
"The Student Advocate," pub-
lication of the American Stu-
dent Union issue of Feb . 1937,,
p. 2 .
Consumers Union (1) . Sponsor : Undated circular, "New Masses,"'
identified as Commissioner of Mar. 2, 1937, p . 28 .
Accounts, New York City.
BRUCE BLIVEN
Contributions by Bruce Bliven have appeared in the following
issues of "New Masses" : January 2, 1934 (p . 22) ; December 21, 1937
(p. 20) ; March 15, 1938 (p . 19) ; April 5, 1938 (p . 21) ; and April 12,.
1938 (p. 19) .
In the report of March 29, 1944, the Special Committee on Un-
American Activities cited "New Masses" as the "nationally circulated
weekly journal of the Communist Party ." The magazine was cited
also by the Attorney General of the United States as a "Communist
periodical" (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, p . 7688) .
Bruce Bliven, identified as an Editor of "New Republic" was a
member of the National Advisory Committee of the American Youth
Congress, as shown in the pamphlet, "Youngville, U . S . A.," (p . 62) ;
his name appeared on a letterhead of the American Youth Congress
(undated) among the members of the National Advisory Board . "The
Student Advocate" for February 1937 (p. 2) listed Bruce Bliven as a
member_ of the Sponsoring Committee for an "Alumni Homecoming"
The American Youth Congress was cited by the Special Committee
on Un-American Activities as "one of the principal fronts of the
Communist Party" and "prominently identified with the White House
picket line * * * under the immediate auspices of the American Peace
Mobilization" (Report of June 25, 1942, p . 16 ; also cited in Reports
of January 3, 1939, January 3, 1941, and March 29, 1944) . The
Attorney General of the United States cited the American Youth Con-
gress as having been formed in 1934 and "controlled by Communists
and manipulated by them to influence the thought of American
youth" (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, p . 7685) ; it was
included in the Attorney General's lists of subversive and Communist
organizations furnished the Loyalty Review Board and released to
the press by the U . S . Civil Service Commission, December 4, 1947
and September 21, 1948 . The organization was- redesignated by the
Attorney General, April 27, 1953, pursuant to Executive Order No .
10450, and included on the April 1, 1954 consolidated list of organiza-
tions previously designated .
The American Student Union was cited as a Communist front
which was "the result of a united front gathering of young Socialists
and Communists" in 1937 . The Young Communist League took
credit for creation of the American Student Union, and the Union
offered free trips to Russia . The Union claims to have led "as many
as 500,000 students out in annual April 22 strikes in the United
States." (Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Report of
January 3, 1939, p . 80 ; also cited in Reports of January 3, 1940,
June 25, 1942 and March 29, 1944.)
The "Daily Worker" of February 13, 1939 (p . 2) reported that
Bruce Bliven was a member of the Descendants of the American
Revolution ; he was listed as a sponsor of the Descendants * * * on
the back page of a pamphlet entitled "Descendants of the American
Revolution ."
The Special Committee on Un-American Activities cited the
Descendants of the American Revolution as-
a Communist-front organization set up as a radical imitation of the Daughters
of the American Revolution . The Descendants have uniformly adhered to the
line of the Communist Party . * * * The educational director * * * is one
Howard Selsam, an instructor at the Communist Party's Workers School in
New York. (Report of June 25, 1942, pp . 18 and 19.)
"New Masses" for January 5, 1937 (p . 31) listed Bruce Bliven as a
member of the General Committee, American Friends of Spanish
Democracy, Medical Bureau . A letterhead of the American Friends
of Spanish Democracy dated February 21, 1938 listed him as a member
of the Committee, and the "Daily Worker" of April 8, 1938 (p . 4)
reported that he signed a petition of the American Friends * * * to
lift the arms embargo . The "Daily Worker" on February 27, 1937
(p. 2) reported that Mr . Bliven was a tag day sponsor -of the North
American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy . He was listed in
the booklet, "These Americans Say :" on p . 8, as one of the repre-
sentative individuals who advocated lifting the embargo on Spain ;
the booklet was prepared and published by the Coordinating Com-
mittee to Lift the (Spanish) Embargo .
Activities in the Report of March 29, 1944 (p . 82) :
In 1937-38, the Communist Party threw itself wholeheartedly into the campaign
for the support of the Spanish Loyalist cause, recruiting men and organizing
multifarious so-called relief organizations * * * such as * * * American Friends
of Spanish Democracy . .
In the same report (pp . 137 and 138), the Special Committee cited
the Coordinating Committee to Lift the (Spanish) Embargo as one of
a number of front organizations set up during the Spanish Civil
War by the Communist Party in the United States and through which
the party carried on a great deal of agitation . The North American
Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy was cited as a Communist
front by the Special Committee (Reports of January 3, 1940 and
March 29, 1944) and as Communist by the Attorney General of the
United States (press release of the U . S . Civil Service Commission,
April 27, 1949) . This organization was redesignated by the Attorney
General, April 27, 1953, and included on the April 1, 1954 consolidated
list.
The "Daily Worker" of April 6, 1937 (p . 9) reported that Bruce
Bliven was a member of the Advisory Board of Frontier Films . His
name was carried on an October 3, 1936 letterhead among the members
of the Non-Partisan Committee for the Re-election of Congressman
Vito Marcantonio . . A letterhead of March 16, 1937 listed him among
the members of the National Peoples Committee Against Hearst .
Both Frontier Films and the Non-Partisan Committee for the
Re-election of Congressman Vito Marcantonio were cited as Com-
munist fronts in the report of the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities dated March 29, 1944.
In the June 25, 1942 report of the Special Committee on Un-
American Activities, the National Peoples Committee Against Hearst
was cited as a "subsidiary" organization of the American League for
Peace and Democracy . The Special Committee, in its report of
January 3, 1939, cited the American League as "the largest of the
Communist `front' movements in the United States." The League
was cited also as a Communist front by the Attorney General (Con-
gressional Record, September 24, 1942, pp . 7683 and 7684) and was
later included on the Attorney General's lists of subversive and
Communist organizations furnished the Loyalty Review Board (press
releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948) . The organization was
redesignated by the Attorney General, April 27, 1953, pursuant to
Executive Order No . 10450, and included on the April 1, 1954 con-
solidated list .
A letterhead of the Conference on Pan-American Democracy dated
November 16, 1938 listed Bruce Bliven as a sponsor ; he signed a Call
of the Conference on Pan-American Democracy, as shown in "News
You Don't Get," November 15, 1938 (p. 3) . Mr. Bliven signed a
cable sponsored by the Prestes Defense Committee, as reported in the
"Daily Worker" of February 13, 1937 (p . 2).
The Conference on Pan-American Democracy was cited as sub-
versive and Communist by the Attorney General in lists furnished
the Loyalty Review Board and released to the press by the U . S
1953, pursuant to Executive Order No . 10450 . The Special Com-
mittee cited the Conference as a Communist front which defended
Carlos Luiz Prestes, a Brazilian Communist leader and former mem-
ber of the executive committee of the "Communist International"
(Report of March 29, 1944, pp .. 161 and 164) . The Prestes Defense
Committee was cited as a "Communist organization" by the Special
Committee in the report of March 29, 1944 (p. 112).
In a pamphlet entitled "The People vs . H . C . L ." dated December
11-12, 1937 (p . 2), Bruce Bliven was listed as a sponsor of the Con-
sumers National Federation, cited as a Communist front by the
Special Committee in the Report of March 29, 1944 .
A statement released by the International Juridical Association
was signed by Bruce Bliven, as reported in the "Daily Worker" of
July 25, 1936 (p. 2) .
The Special Committee, in its report of March 29, 1944 (p . 149),
cited the International Juridical Association as a Communist front .
In Report 3123 of the Committee on Un-American Activities dated
September 21, 1950, it was cited as a Communist front which "ac-
tively defended Communists and consistently followed the Communist
Party line ."
The "Daily Worker" of March 9, 1938 (p . 5) reported that Bruce
Bliven was a sponsor of a conference of the Book and Magazine
Guild, Local 18, United Office and Professional Workers of America .
In Report 1311 of March 29, 1944 (pp . 18 and 19), the Special Com-
mittee cited the United Office and Professional Workers of America
as one of the CIO unions in which the Committee found Communist
leadership entrenched . The Union was expelled from the CIO on
charges of Communist domination by vote of the Executive Board,
February 15, 1950 (Press Release of the 12th CIO Convention,
November 20-24, 1950) .
During testimony before the Committee on Un-American Activities
in public hearings on . July 13, 1949, Rabbi Benjamin Schultz stated
that Bruce Bliven was "not a Communist ." ("Communist Infiltra-
tion of Minority Groups," p . 437 .)
It is noted that a sworn affidavit of Bruce Bliven, member of the
editorial board and managing editor of the "New Republic," is found
on page 3092 of the public hearings of the Special Committee on
Un-American Activities in which Mr . Bliven denied that "New
Republic" was a Communist publication .
ROBERT BRADY
Organization and affiliation Source
American League for Peace and Letterhead of Baltimore Divi-
Democracy (1) (2) . Member, sion, ALPD, May 18, 1939 ;
National Committee (shown as letterhead, ALPD, July 12,
a Professor in California) . 1939 ; and pamphlet, "732 Mil-
lion" page 34 .
See Also : Public Hearings, Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, vol . 3, page 1988 ; vol . 10, page 6278 ; Appendix V (1941),
pages 1661 and 1680 .
Harry Bridges Defense Committee Letterhead, Aug . 24, 1939 .
(1) . Member, Northern Divi-
sion, California Sponsoring
Committee .
"Hollywood Quarterly" [published Hollywood Quarterly, April
by Hollywood Writers Mobili- 1947, No. 3, Vol . 11, p . 22
zation (2)] . Writer of article and, Screen Writer, July 1947
(Professor, Univ. of Calif ., Ber- p . 41 .
keley ; author of "The Spirit and
Structure of German Fascism") .
Open Letter for Closer Coopera,- "Soviet Russia Today," Sep
tion with the Soviet Union (1) . 1939, p . 25 .
Signer (Prof . of Economics,
Univ. of Calif .) .
See Also : House Report No . 2748, Special Committee on Un
American Activities, Jan . 2, 1943, page 5 . Hearings Regardin
Communist Espionage in the United States Government, Committe
on Un-American Activities, July-Sept . 1948, page 626 .
THEODORE BRAMELD
Organization and affiliation Source
Signer of statement defending the "Daily Worker," Feb . 28, 1949
twelve Communist leaders . p.-9 .
Signer of appeal to President "Daily Worker," Dec . 10, 1952
Truman requesting amnesty for p. 4.
leaders of the Communist Party
convicted under the Smith Act .
Signer of statement in defense of "Daily Worker," Feb . 10, 1938
the appointment of Simon W . P. 1 .
Gerson, a Communist, to the
staff of Stanley Isaacs .
American Committee for Protec- "Daily Worker," Aug . 10, 1950
tion of Foreign Born (1) and (2) . p. 5 .
Signer of statement against de-
naturalization .
American League for Peace and "Daily Worker," Jan . 11, 1938
Democracy (1) and (2) . Sup- p . 2 and Jan . 25, 1938, p . 2 .
porter of the Boycott Japanese
Goods Conference .
Committee for Peaceful Alterna- Statement attached to press re
tives to the Atlantic Pact (1) . lease of the organization date
Signer of statement calling for Dec . 14, 1949, p . 12 .
an international agreement to
ban the use of atomic weapons .
Mid-Century Conference for Peace Conference Program (reprinte
(1) . Sponsor of conference, in report of the Committee o
May 29 and 30, 1950, Chicago, Un-American Activities, on th
Ill. Communist Peace Offensive
Apr . 1, 1951, pp . 144-146) .
ences and Professions (1) . Spon-
sor of the Cultural and Scientific
Conference for World Peace,
New York City, Mar. 25-27,
1949 . Leaflet, "To Safeguard These
Sponsor of conference held Rights * * *," published by
Oct . 9-10, 1948 . the Bureau of Academic Free-
dom of the Council .
Signer of statement Congressional Record, July 14,
1949 . A . 9620.
National Council of the Arts, Sci- Mimeographed list of signers at-
ences and Professions (1) . tached to a letterhead of July
Signer of "Resolution Against 28, 1950.
Atomic Weapons" .
Independent Citizens Committee Letterhead of Minn . Division
of the Arts, Sciences and Pro- dated Sept . 28, 1946 .
fessions (1) . Initiating sponsor .
Non-Partisan Committee for the Letterhead dated Oct . 3, 1936 .
Re-Election of Congressman
VitoMarcantonio (1) . Member .
Refugee Scholarship and Peace Letterhead dated Aug . 3, 1939 .
Campaign (1) . Sponsor .
Signer Brief on behalf of John Howard
Lawson and Dalton Trumbo
submitted by Cultural Workers
to the Supreme Court at the
October Term, 1949 .
PEARL S . BUCK
Pearl S . Buck contributed a review of John Steinbeck's book, "The
Moon is Down," to the March 24, 1942 issue of "New Masses" (p . 23) .
"New Masses" was cited by the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities as the-
nationally circulated weekly journal of the Communist Party * * * whose
ownership was vested in the American Fund for Public Service (from Report 1311
of the Special Committee dated March 29, 1944 ; also cited in Reports of January
3, 1939 and June 25, 1942) .
It was cited as a "Communist periodical" by the Attorney General of
the United States (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, p . 7688) .
The April 1943 issue of "Soviet Russia Today" '(p. 31) listed Pearl
S . Buck as a sponsor of the "Soviet Russia Today" dinner celebrating
the 25th Anniversary of the Red Army, February 22, (1943), Hotel
Commodore, New York City . Jessica Smith, Editor of "Soviet
Russia Today," in a letter addressed "To Valentina Grizodubova,
Chairman of the Soviet Women's Anti-Fascist Committee, and to all
Soviet Women" stated :
So as you hold your meetings throughout the Soviet Union on March Eighth
International Woman's Day, accept these messages as representing the new spirit
that now fills the women of America, * * * ("Soviet Russia Today," March
1942, pp . 10 and 11)-
I send my personal congratulations to the brave Soviet women, who are an en
couragement to all women . We look to Russia with fresh hope and new under
standing . We work together not only for victory in war but for a better worl
to come .
It is noted that the west coast organ of the Communist Party, th
"Daily People's World" in the issue of March 9, 1942 (p . 5), pub
lished the same statement by Mrs . Buck in an article entitled "Mes
sages of Solidarity From U. S . to Women of the U . S . S . R ."
The Special Committee on Un-American Activities, in its Repor
of March 29, 1944, cited "Soviet Russia Today" as a Communis
front ; the Committee on Un-American Activities cited it as a "Com
munist-front publication" in Report 1953 of April 26, 1950, original
released October 23, 1949 (p . 108) .
Pearl Buck was one of the sponsors of the Congress of American
Soviet Friendship, as shown in "Soviet Russia Today" for Decembe
1942 (p . 42) ; a letterhead of the Congress dated October 27, 1942
listed her as a patron of the group . The Congress of American
Soviet Friendship was cited as a "Communist-front" organization b
the Special Committee * * * in its Report of March 29, 1944 (p . 94
"New Masses" for April 7, 1942 (p . 25, an advertisement) and th
"Sunday Worker" for March 22, 1942 (p . 8, an advertisement), name
Pearl S . Buck as a speaker at a meeting scheduled for April 8, (1942
Manhattan Center, (New York City), under the auspices of th
Council on African Affairs . The United States Attorney Genera
included the Council on African Affairs on lists of subversive an
Communist organizations furnished the Loyalty Review Board an
released to the press by the U . S . Civil Service Commission, Decem
ber 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; the Council was redesignated b
the Attorney General pursuant to Executive Order 10450, April 2
1953 .
Mrs . Buck was named as a Representative Individual who advo
cated lifting the embargo on arms to Spain, in a pamphlet entitle
"These Americans Say :" which was prepared and published by th
Coordinating Committee to Lift the (Spanish) Embargo. The Specia
Committee * * *, in its Report of March 29, 1944, cited the Coordi
nating Committee * * * as one of a number of front organizations,
set up during the Spanish Civil War by the Communist Party in th
United States and through which the party carried on a great deal o
agitation .
Pearl S . Buck was the author of "Talk About Russia With Mash
Scott," recommended by the Washington Cooperative Bookshop, a
shown in "Books on the USSR," a selected bibliography by Bessi
Weissman, issued by the Washington Cooperative Bookshop (p. 20
The Washington Cooperative Book Shop, under the name The Book Sho
Association, was incorporated in the District of Columbia in 1938 . * * * I
maintains a book shop and art gallery at 916 Seventeenth Street, Northwest
Washington, D . C ., where literature is sold and meetings and lectures hel
Evidence of Communist penetration or control is reflected in the following
Among its stock the establishment has offered prominently for sale books an
literature identified with the Communist Party and certain of its affiliates an
front organizations * * * certain of the officers and employees of the bookshop
including its manager and executive secretary, have been in close contact wit
local officials of the Communist Party of the District of Columbia (United State
Attorney General, Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7688) .
Board (press releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ;
redesignated, April 27, 1953, pursuant to Executive Order 10450) .
The Special Committee * * *, in the Report of March 29, 1944, cited
the Book Shop as a Communist front .
On January 15, 1951, a letter from Mrs . Buck appeared in the
Washington "Evening Star" (p . A-10), in which she made the state-
ment that "The Communists in China know how heartily I oppose
their creed."
"New Times" was cited by the Committee on Un-American Activi-
ties as an "internationally circulated Communist publication" pub-
lished in Moscow . "Its purpose is obviously to guide the policy of
Communist Parties throughout the world ." Its predecessors were the
War and the Working Classes, World News and Views, and Inprecorr
(Imprecorr) . (Report 1920, May 11, 1948, pp . 23, 25, and 43 .)
N . Sergeyeva, writing in the "New Times" for August 29, 1951
(pp . 10-12) stated
"Asia and America" is a subject very much in vogue in the American press .
One of those who are racking their brains over the problem is the well-known
authoress Pearl S. Buck, who has the reputation of being an authority on China .
An article of hers that appeared in the Christian Century of June 27, is typical
of others. In order to acquaint our readers with her line of thought, we shall
reproduce the gist of her article in the form of a dialogue .
The article concluded with the following statement :
We beg the reader to forgive us for having expounded Pearl S . Buck's article
so freely . All the same, her trend of mind is very significant . She cannot help
seeing that American policy is a failure, and she ventures to say so more or less
coherently . She tries, it is true, to avoid drawing the conclusions, but at bottom
her remarks are a damning characterization of imperialist policy in Asia.
A review of Pearl Buck's book, "Kinfolk," published in 1949, is
found in the March 15, 1950 issue of "New Times" (pp . 27-32) ; ex-
cerpts from the review, written also by N . Sergeyeva, follow :
"Kinfolk," the latest in Pearl Buck's series of novels about modern China, is
a book that merits attention . In it this writer, who is considered an expert on
Chinese life and customs, attempts to deal with political, moral and psychological
problems of considerable interest at the present time . * * *
The daugher of an American missionary, and a missionary herself, Pearl Buck
lived in China for many years . A writer of undoubted ability, she attracted
attention in the thirties by her books about the life of the Chinese people, and
especially of the Chinese peasants . Her prewar novels * * * which were trans-
lated into Russian too, are widely known to the reading public .
However, there was always one big failing in Pearl Buck's books . This was her
attempt to ignore the tremendous political and social changes taking place in
modern China . Mrs . Buck is not a progressive-minded individual . Her literary
ability and gift of observation sometimes get the better of her prepossessions, and
the truth of life prevails over her false political views . And so, alien as she is to
the vanguard section of Chinese society, to the progressive forces of the people,
her books, particularly the earlier ones, were not without social significance .
They revealed the appalling poverty of the Chinese peasant, his want and land
hunger, the ruthless exploitation to which he was subjected, the bestial visage of
militarism . She gave some lifelike portraits of ordinary Chinese folk, very
moving in their beauty and integrity of character . The finest traits of the Chinese
people were embodied in these toilers of the soil, and they stood out the more
saliently against the background of the corrupt and decaying feudal system, the
brigandage of the militarists and the rapacity of the comprador bourgeoisie .
But even in these early writings, Pearl Buck's presentation of Chinese realities
was very one-sided, precisely because she tried to shut out the class struggle and
China's political life from the reader's view . While her books could help the
would no
speak of the development of the popular revolution . She would not see the event
that were impending in China . And in. the Chinese people's great wad fir 1iboa
tion, Pearl Buck was not on their side .
While carefully studying the manners, customs, traditions, and psychology
of the Chinese people, Mrs . Buck completely ignored their political aspiration
and political life . That was her political contribution to the effort of American
big business to subjugate China .
In a China enveloped in the flames of civil war and waging a desperate, heroic
struggle against the foreign imperialists and the Chiang Kai-shek clique-a China
where new forms of social relations were being established under the guidance o
the Communist Party-Pearl Buck's characters lived in a seeming vacuum,
totally unaware of any of these events .
* * * In her political utterances and articles on world affairs, Pearl Buck
looks at China through the spectacles of U . S . aggressive imperialism . Eve
today she seems to think that, provided dollars are handed out in sufficient
profusion, the march of history could be reversed and the old way of thing
restored in China.
You will look in vain in Pearl Buck's novels for any mention of imperial-
ists .
And in her latest book, written at the height of the people's victorious-libera-
tion movement, Pearl Buck still clings to her false conceptions, and attempts, i
spite of everything, to wall herself off from politics and ignore the changes i
China. By doing such monstrous violence to realities, she courts-and achieves
utter failure . Her literary ability and craftsmanship are powerless to save her
Mrs . Buck's new novel sets the seal on her bankruptcy, as artist and as "expert
on China" alike .
On November 28, 1952, the "Daily People's World" (p . 6M)
carried an unsigned review of Miss Buck's "The Hidden Flower,
which stated :
Miss Buck could have shown her characters putting up a real fight against
prejudice, living happily together and bringing up their babies, as thousands o
mixed couples do, even in the U . S . The assumption is such a happy endin
might have landed her in trouble with the House un-American committee .
RAYMOND LESLIE BUELL
Organization and affiliation Source
Coordinating Committee to Lift Booklet, "These American
the Embargo (1) . His Indi- Say :," p . 4 .
vidual Statement on lifting the
Spanish embargo appears in the
organization's booklet .
World Youth Congress (1) . Daily Worker, Mar . 28, 1938
Sponsor . p. 3 .
Committee of Professional Groups Letterhead, dated Sept . 22, 1936 ;
for Earl Browder and James W . Daily Worker, Sept . 2, 1936 .
Ford, Communist candidates for
President and V-President (1) .
Member .
Committee for Israel Amter's can- Daily Worker, Oct . 21, 1936 .
didacy for President, N . Y . City
Board of Aldermen on Com-
munist party ticket . Member .
John Reed Club Writers School, Testimony, Walter S . Steele,
N . Y . City (1) (3) . Lecturer . August 1938, Public Hearings,
Volume I, pp . 560-561 .
Proposed national convention of Same . Daily Worker, Jan . 18,
American revolutionary writers, 1935 .
to be affiliated with Inter-
national Union of Revolutionary
writers "as was the John Reed
Club ." Signer of Call .
A Call was issued for a Congress of American revolutionary
writers to be held in New York City, May 1, 1935, with the
proposal
that to this Congress shall be invited' all writers who have achieved
some standing in their respective fields ; who have clearly indicated
their sympathy to the revolutionary cause ; who do not need to be
convinced of the decay of capitalism ., of the inevitability of revolution
* * * We believe such a Congress should create the League of American
Writers, affiliated with the International Union of Revolutionary
Writers .
This source named Kenneth Burke as one of those who
"have already responded to this call" .
Congress of American Revolu- Daily Worker, Apr . 29, 1935 ;
tionary Writers (1) (2) (3) . Daily Worker, July 7 and 9,
Speaker at First, Second, and 1937 ; Program Direction, May-
Third Congress ; Signer of Call June, 1939 ; Congressional 'Rec-
for Third Congress . ord, Sept . 24, 1942, pp . 7685,
7686 .
New Masses (1) (2) (3) . Con- New Masses, June 15, 1937,
tributor Reviewed Kenneth Oct . 5, 1937, Feb . 8, 1939,
Fearing's "Dead Reckoning ." Feb . 21, 1939 .
Science and Society (1) (3) . Con- Science and Society, vol . VIII
tributing Editor. No . 2 .
The Worker Sunday edition of the Issues of the Worker Dec . 21,
Daily Worker (1) (3) . Con- 1931, Dec . 21, 1935 .
tributor .
The chief journalistic mouthpiece of the Communist Party * *
founded in response to direct instructions from the Communist Inter-
national in Moscow . * * * No other paper or publication of any kind
in all American history has ever been loaded with such a volurr .e of sub-
,versive, seditious, and treasonable utterance as has this organ of the
American Committee for Protec- Printed Program of 5th National
tion of Foreign Born (1) (2) (3) . Conference, Atlantic City, N .J .
Sponsor . Mar . 29-30, 1941.
Book Union (2) (3) . Member of Undated letterhead of Book
Advisory Council . Union, Inc . ; Special Committee
Report, Mar . 29, 1944, p . 96 .
EDWARD C . CARTER
. A letterhead of the American Russian Institute, dated July 12, 1939,
named Edward C . Carter as a member of the Board of Directors of
that organization ; an invitation to dinner issued by the American
Russian Institute for October 19, 1944, and dedicated to American-
Soviet Post-War Relations, named him as one of the sponsors and a
a member of the organization's Board of Directors .
The Attorney General of the United States cited the American
Russian Institute as Communist in letters released to the press Apri
27, 1949 ; redesignated pursuant to Executive Order 10450 in Con-
solidated List of April 1, 1954 .
A letterhead of the Congress of American-Soviet Friendship, dated
October 27, 1942, contains the name of Edward C. Carter in a list of
patrons of that congress, cited as a Communist-front organization by
the Special Committee on Un-American Activities in Report 1311 of
March 29, 1944 .
It was reported in the Daily Worker of March 17, 1938 (p . 2), tha
Edward C . Carter spoke at a meeting at Mecca Temple Auditorium
on "The Soviet Union and Present World Affairs ." His photograph
appeared in the Daily Worker on November 8, 1941 (p . 5) . He was
identified in this source ; as, Chairman of the Board, Russian War
Relief, Inc ., and was being presented with a $5,000 check "to purchase
four portable X-ray machines and accessories ." The Daily Worker
of June 28, 1945 (p . 4) reported that he had been invited to the
U . S. S. R . on relief problems .
The New York Times of July 3, 1944 reported that Edward C
Carter, President, Russian War Relief, was invited to speak at an
annual convention of the International Workers Order, Carnegie Hall,
New York City .
The International Workers Order has been cited as "one of the most
effective and closely knitted organizations among the Communist-
'front' movements" . It has also been cited as "one of the strongest
Communist organizations ." (Special Committee on Un-American
Activities in reports of January 3, 1939 ; January 3, 1940 ; June 25,
1942 ; and March 29, 1944 and a report of the Committee on Un-
American Activities dated June 26, 1949, respectively .) The At-
torney General cited the International Workers Order as subversive
and Communist and as "one of the strongest Communist organiza-
tions" (press releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948
also included in consolidated list of April 1, 1954 ; and the Congres-
sional Record of September 24, 1942, p . 7688, respectively) .
Edward C . Carter contributed to Soviet Russia Today, as shown
in the May 1938 issue (page 10) ; he was named in the September 1941
in support of the U . S . S. R . Soviet Russia Today has been cited as a
Communist-front publication (Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, reports of June 25, 1942 and March 29, 1944 ; and the
Committee on Un-American Activities, report of October 23, 1949) .
STUART CHASE
Stuart Chase signed a letter of the American Friends of Spanish
Democracy to the President as shown in the "Daily Worker" of
February 7, 1938 (p . 4).
"In 1937-38, the Communist Party threw itself wholeheartedly
into the campaign for the support of the Spanish Loyalist cause,
recruiting men and organizing multifarious so-called relief organiza-
tions * * * such as * * * American Friends of Spanish Democracy ."
(Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Report, March 29,
1944, p . 82 .)
The Communist "Daily Worker" of January 21, 1938 (p . 2) named
Stuart Chase as a member of the Advisory Board of the organization
known as Descendants of the American Revolution ; he was listed in
the February 13, 1939 issue of that newspaper (p. 2) as a member
of that organization ; and a pamphlet entitled "Descendants of the
American Revolution" named him as one of its sponsors .
The Descendants of the American Revolution has been cited as a
"Communist front organization set up as a radical imitation of the
Daughters of the American Revolution . The Descendants have
uniformly adhered to the line of the Communist Party . * * * The
educational director * * * is one Howard Selsam, an instructor at
the Communist Party's Workers School in New York." (Special
Committee on Un-American Activities, Report No . 2277, dated June
25, 1942, pp .'18 and 19.)
The Russian Reconstruction Farms, Inc ., was cited by the Special
Committee on Un-American Activities as "a Communist enterprise
which was directed by Harold Ware, son of the well-known Commu-
nist, Ella Reeve Bloor . It received funds from the Garland Fund ."
(Report No . 1311, dated March 29, 1944, p . 76 .) On a letterhead of
the Russian Reconstruction Farms, Inc ., dated March 20, 1926,
Stuart Chase was listed as treasurer of the group .
He was a sponsor of two organizations which were cited by the
Special Committee on Un-American Activities in its Report No . 1311
of March 29, 1944 : The Consumers National Federation (from a
pamphlet entitled, "The People vs . H . C . L.", dated December 11-12,
1937) ; and the Public Use of Arts Committee (as shown on an undated
letterhead of the group) .
Stuart Chase was a member of the Reception Committee for the
four Soviet flyers who flew the "Land of Soviets" from Moscow to
New York in 1929 ; the reception was arranged under the auspices of
the Friends of the Soviet Union (see : pamphlet entitled, "Welcome,
`Land of Soviets' ") .
The "Daily Worker" of March 2 ; 1937 (p . 2) listed Stuart Chase as
a member of the First American Delegation to the U . S . S. R . Stuart
Chase's activities in Moscow as a member of the unofficial American
labor delegation in 1927 are described in articles found in the "Daily
Worker" listed Stuart Chase as one of those who signed a "Call" fo
the American Delegation to the U . S . S . R ., sponsored by the Friend
of the Soviet Union .
Friends of the Soviet Union has been cited as "one of the most ope
Communist fronts in the United States" whose purpose "is to prop
gandize for and defend Russia and its system of government . * *
(It) is a section of an international movement directed from Moscow
The Friends admit that they "Penetrate our industrial sections
(Special Committee on Un-American Activities, reports of January 3
1939, January 3, 1940, June 25, 1942, and March 29, 1944 .) Frien
of the Soviet Union was cited as subversive by the Attorney Gener
of the United States in letters to the Loyalty Review Board, releas
December 4, 1947, June 1, and September 21, 1948 . The organizati
was redesignated by the Attorney General, April 27, 1953, and in
cluded on the April 1, 1954 consolidated list of organizations previous
designated pursuant to Executive Order No . 10450 .
. During testimony of Benjamin Gitlow, former general secretary
the Communist Party of the United States, before the Special Co
mittee on Un-American Activities on September 11, 1939, the followi
reference was made to Stuart Chase :
Then the party, upon instructions of the Communist International, started t
work of organizing what was to be known as an impartial delegation of Americ
trade unionists, who were not Communists, who would visit Soviet P ussia, trav
over the country, investigate conditions, and submit an impartial, unbias
report to the American people on what were the actual conditions in Sovi
Russia . And all this preliminary organization work and how to constitute t
committee and how to organize it, was done by the Communist Party in t
United States. And the money involved for expenses, that was first raised throu
the furriers' union by having them take $500 out of their treasury, which w
later supplied by Moscow, because the traveling expenses and all of the expens
involved in the organization of the delegation was paid by Moscow, and when
report was printed, the payment for printing the report also came from Mosc
Following the above statement, the Honorable Joe Starnes requeste
Mr . Gitlow to supply names of the members who went on that tri
The name of Stuart Chase appeared on the list, identified as follow
Director, Labor Bureau, Inc ., and certified public accountant, Massachuse
Institute of Technology and Harvard University, author, Tragedy of Waste, et
(See : Vol . 7, pp. 4699 and 4700, Public Hearings before the Special Committ
on Un-American Activities .)
The name of Stuart Chase appears in a list of sponsors of a Dinne
Forum on "Europe Today," arranged under the auspices of t
American Committee to Save Refugees, the Exiled Writers Co
mittee of the League of American Writers, and the United Americ
Spanish Aid Committee .
The American Committee to Save Refugees was cited as a Co
munist front organization by the Special Committee on Un-America
Activities in its report of March 29, 1944 .
The League of American Writers was cited as subversive a
Communist by the Attorney General in letters released June 1, 1948
and September 21, 1948 . The organization was redesignated April 2
1953, and included on the April 1, 1954 consolidated list . The organ
zation was cited previously by the Attorney General as "found
under Communist auspices in 1935" (Congressional Record, Septembe
24, 1942, pp . 7685 and 7686) . The Special Committee on Un-Americ
organization .
The United American Spanish Aid Committee was cited as Com-
munist by the Attorney General in a letter released July 25, 1949 .
The organization was redesignated April 27, 1953, and included on the
April 1, 1954 consolidated list . The Special Committee on Un-
American Activities, in its report of March 29, 1944 (pp . 82 and 138),
cited the United American Spanish Aid Committee as a Communist
front organization .
According to an article which appeared in the "Daily Worker" of
February 13, 1937 (p . 2), Stuart Chase was one of those who signed the
cable which was sent to the President of Brazil by the Prestes Defense
Committee, "defending Luiz Carlos Prestes, leading Brazilian Com-
munist and former member of the executive committee of the Com-
munist International ." (Cited by the Special Committee on Un-
American Activities in Report 1311 of March 29, 1944, p . 112 .)
Mr . Chase was shown in the October 1927 issue of "New Masses"
(p . 3) as Contributing Editor of that publication ; in the January 1928
issue (p . 5) he was listed as a contributor .
"Probably no one who is acquainted even superficially with the
New Masses Magazine would deny that it is the weekly publication
of the Communist Party ." (Report No . 2277 of June 25, 1942, by
the Special Committee on Un-American Activities .) The publication
was cited several times in the Special Committee's report No . 1311
(pages 127, 139, 166, 75) . The Attorney General cited the publica-
tion as a "Communist periodical" (Congressional Record, September
24, 1942, p . 7688) .
Another Communist magazine to which Stuart Chase contributed
was "The Liberator," cited by the Special Committee on Un-
American Activities in Report No . 2277 of June 25, 1942. (See:
"The Liberator," June 1918, p . 24 ; July 1922, p . 11 ; and August
1922, p . 23 .)
Stuart Chase was the subject of an article by Ted Tinsley in the
March 14, 1952 issue of the "Daily People's World" (Magazine
Section, p . 2) . The following is quoted from that article : "For a
time Stuart Chase was left of center. Now he chases from centerfield
to right, patting his glove and waiting to catch the next theory on the
Y•
EVANS CLARK
Organization and affiliation Source
Conference on Pan American De- Letterhead, Nov . 16, 1938 ; testi-
mocracy (1) (2) . Sponsor . mony of Walter S . Steele,
public hearings, Committee on
Un-American Activities, July
21, 1947, p . 136 .
Consumers National Federation "The People vs . H . C . L." a pam-
(1) . Sponsor . phlet, p. 2, Dec . 11-12, 1937 .
Russian Soviet Government Bu- "Revolutionary Radicalism,"
reau . Member of Staff . Part 1, Vol . 1, p. 655 (Report
of the Joint Legislative Com-
mittee of the State of New .
York Investigating Seditious
Activities--1920) .
.55647-54-17
Source
Committee of Welcome for the Daily Worker, Sept . 22, 1948 .
"Red" Dean of Canterbury,
Very Reverend Hewlett John-
son, D . D ., 1948 . Dean John-
son was originally invited to
visit the U . S . by the National
Council of American-Soviet
Friendship, for a country-wide
tour under its auspices . (1) (2)
(3) . Member .
Wrote article "Who is Loyal to America" for Harpers, September
1947, which was praised by Samuel Sillen in the Daily Worker o
September 4, 1947, who said :
Mr. Commager * * * writes in sharp warning and protest against the current
"loyalty" agitation in which he sees the reversal of the American heritage . Th
article by this influential historian is one of the most important statements t
appear in an American publication this year .
Wrote in New York Times Magazine, Sunday, November 1950
which was featured in an article in the Daily Worker of November 29
1950, entitled "Leading Historian Warns : `We Are Moving Away
From Americanism .' " Following are excerpts :
In the nation's embarking on "imperialistic adventures" and its attack on free-
dom of expression and association we are moving from "Americanism toward un-
Americanism," Henry Steele Commager, prominent Columbia University histo-
rian, declared Sunday in an article in the New York Times Magazine * * * "Not
only the McCarran Act, but a hundred state and local laws and ordinances testify
to our readiness to penalize dissent and nonconformity," he wrote, erroneously
attributing to the people the actions of the pro-fascist minority . Taking a crac
at the Attorney General's list and the McCarran Act, he said "we are no longer
willing to take our chances with voluntary organizations-those organizations
which from the days of the Mayflower Compact to the present have furnished the
real machinery of our democracy-but require that they be vacuum-cleaned i
advance * * *" He hit out at the persecution of progressive teachers and the
idea that Communists not be allowed to teach by declaring that "we demand that
they conform to a prearranged pattern ." Closely connected with this attitude
toward war and peace, he said, is the deeply ingrained tradition of supremacy o
civil over military authority . That principle, he suggested, has gone by the boards,
as witness support for MacArthur's "attempt to determine American polic
toward Formosa and-by implication-toward China ."
AARON COPLAND
Organization and affiliation Source
All Eisler Program, Town Hall, Release dated Feb . 28, 1948 .
February 28, 1948 . Sponsor .
Aaron Copland signed a petition to the Attorney General
in behalf of Hans Eisler, a Communist, according to the
Daily Worker, December 17, 1947 .
Signed a protest against a ban on a Communist speech,
according to Daily Worker, October 23, 1936 .
Signed a statement to President Roosevelt, defending the
Communist Party, according to the Daily Worker, March
5, 1941 .
American Committee for Democ- Attachment to letterhead of or-
racy and Intellectual Freedom ganization, dated Jan . 17, 1940
(2) (3) . Signer of petition spon-
sored by organization .
tion of Foreign Born (1) (2) (3)
"one of the oldest auxiliaries of
Communist Party in the United
States ." Sponsor, 5th Nat'l .
Conference, Atlantic City, N . J .,
March 1941 .
N . Y . Committee for Protection Letterhead, Jan. 2, 1941 .
of Foreign Born (1) (2) (3) .
Sponsor .
United Nations in America Din- Invitation to dinner, Apr . 17,
ner, sponsored by American 1943 .
Committee (1) (2) (3) . Sponsor .
American League Against War New Masses, Nov. 16, 1937 .
and Fascism (1) (2) (3) later
again known as American
League for Peace and Democ-
racy (1) (2) (3) . Judge of song
contest under auspices of N . Y .
City Division .
Artists Front to Win the War (2) Program, Oct . 16, 1942, Daily
(3) . Sponsor . Worker, Oct . 7, 1942 .
Citizens Committee for Harry Letterhead, dated Sept . 11, 1941 .
Bridges (1) (2) (3) . Committee
member and/or sponsor.
Committee of Professional Groups Letterhead, dated Sept . 22, 1936,
for Browder and Ford (1) . Daily Worker, Sept . 2, 1936 .
Member .
Coordinating Committee to Lift "These Americans Say!"
the Embargo (1) (3) . (Set up
during the Spanish Civil War by
the Communist Party.) Listed
as representative Booklet in-
dividual in .
American Music Alliance of Daily Worker, Mar . 26, 1938 .
Friends of the Abraham Lincoln
Brigade (1) (3) . Entertained
by Copland .
Frontier Films (1) (3) . Member Daily Worker, Apr . 6, 1937 .
of Advisory Board .
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Com-
mittee (1) (2) (3) . Sponsor of
"The Century of the Common
Man" dinner .
National Committee for Peoples Leaflet "News You Don't Get"
Rights (formerly known as the dated Nov . 15, 1938 . Letter-
National Committee for the De- head, Oct . 31, 1935 .
fense of Political Prisoners) (1)
(2) (3) "substantially equivalent
to International Labor Defense,
legal arm of the Communist
Party ." Member .
Soviet Friendship . Sponsor . Soviet Friendship, Nov . 6-8,
1943 ; letter dated Mar . 13,
1946 ; memorandum issued by
organization Mar . 18, 1946 .
Signer, statement calling for Daily Worker, June 21, 1948 .
conference with Soviet
Union, sponsored by NCA-
SF.
Signer of statement in praise Pamphlet "How to End the Cold
of Henry Wallace's open War and Build the Peace,"
letter to Stalin, in May issued by National Council .
1948 .
Signer, letter to Mayor of Soviet Russia Today, June 1943.
Stalingrad, released by Na-
tional Council .
Musicians Committee of Na- Report to members of NCA-SF
tional Council . Vice Chair- by Director, Mar . 7, 1945 .
man .
American-Soviet Cultural Testimony, Walter S . Steele,
Conference, November 18, Public Hearings, July 21, 1947 .
1945 (1) (2) (3) . Speaker .
National Council of Arts, Sciences Daily Worker, Oct . 19, 1948 .
and Professions (1) . Signer,
letter in support of Henry A .
Wallace .
Speaker Daily Worker, Feb . 28, 1949 .
Cultural and Scientific Conference Conference program Daily
for World Peace (1) . Sponsor Worker Feb . 21, 1949, Mar.
and speaker . 13, 1949 .
National Federation for Consti- Daily Worker, Dec . 19, 1940 .
tutional Liberties (1) (2) (3) .
Signer, appeal by NFCL for
"immediate dismissal of charges
against Sam Adams Darcy,
Communist leader * * * "
Signer, Open Letter to Presi- Pamphlet, published by NFCL,
dent of U . S ., urging recon- "600 Prominent Americans Ask
didert,tion
n of order deport- President to Rescind Biddle
ing Harry Bridges, spon- Decision" ; Letter referred to
sored by NFCL. fact it is equally essential that
the Attorney General's ill-ad-
vised, arbitrary and unwar-
ranted findings relative to the
Communist Party be re-
scinded ."
New Masses Benefit (1) (2) (3) . New Masses, Feb . 1, 1938 .
Entertainer.
Non-Partisan Committee for Re- Letterhead, dated Oct. 3, 1936 .
Election of Congressman Vito
Marcantonio (1) (3) . Member .
Open Letter in Defense of Harry Daily Worker, July 19, 1942 .
Bridges (1) . Signer .
Reichstag Fire Trial Anniversary Advertisement appearing in N. Y.
(1) (3) . Signer of Declaration . Times, Dec . 22, 1943 .
Schappes Defense Committee (1) Undated letterhead, and pamph-
(2) (3) . Sponsor . let "In the Case of Morris U .
Schappes ."
"The First of May" . Composed Testimony of Hans Eisler, Sept .
and written By Copeland . 24, 25 and 26, 1947 .
The dark epoch of fascism makes it clear to each honest artist that
close cooperation with the working masses is the only way leading to
creative art . Only in a revolutionary struggle will an artist find his
own individuality . * * * Similar developments can be observed in
America where the recognized composer, Aaron Copeland, has com-
posed a mass song "The First of May" . * * * Revolutionary music
is now more powerful than ever . Its political and artistic importance
is growing daily .
In an interview with Eisler appearing in the Evening
Moscow June 27, 1935, he stated :
I am extremely pleased to report a considerable shift to the left
among the American artistic intelligensia . I don't think it would be
an exaggeration to state that the best people in the musical world of
.America (with very few exceptions) share at present extremely pro-
gressive ideas .
Their names? They are Aaron Copeland,
American Council on Soviet Rela-
tions . Signer, Statement to the
President of the U . S . urging
declaration of war on Finland .
GEORGE S . COUNTS
George S . Counts was a sponsor of the National Congress for
Unemployment and Social Insurance, as shown on a list of members
of the New York City Sponsoring Committee dated December 12,
1934 . The National Congress for Unemployment and Social Insur-
ance held January 5-7, 1935, in Washington, D . C ., and headed by
Herbert Benjamin, a leading Communist, was cited as a Communist
front by the Special Committee on Un-American Activities in Report
1311 of March 29, 1944 (pp . 94 and 116) .
A letterhead of the American League Against War and Fascism
dated August 22, 1935, listed George S. Counts as a member of the
National Executive Committee . The same information was shown
in the "Daily Worker" of August 17, 1934, and on the "Call to the
Second U . S . Congress Against War and Fascism, September 28, 29,
and 30, 1934, Chicago, Illinois" (p . 2) . The U. S . Attorney General
cited the American League Against War and Fascism as subversive
and Communist in letters furnished the Loyalty Review Board and
released to the press by the U . S . Civil Service Commission, December
4, 1947, and September 21, 1948 ; it had been cited, previously, by the
Attorney General as a Communist front (Congressional Record,
September 24, 1942, p . 7683) . The Special Committee on Un-
American Acitivities cited the American League Against War and
Fascism as "organized at the First United States Congress Against
War which was held in New York City, September 29 to October 1,
1933 . Four years later at Pittsburgh, November 26-28, 1937, the
name of the organization was changed to the American League for
before ." (Report 1311, March 29, 1944, p . 53 ; also cited in Reports,
January 3, 1939 ; January 3, 1940 ; and June 25, 1942.)
George S . Counts was a member of the National Committee for the
Defense of Political Prisoners (letterhead, October 31, 1935) and
member of the National Committee for People's Rights (letterhead,
July 13, 1938 ; "News You Don't Get," November 15, 1938).
The National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners,
"substantially equivalent to International Labor Defense, legal arm
of the Communist Party," changed its name "in January 1938 t
National Committee for People's Rights * * * no substantial chang
was made in its set-up or functions ." (U. S . Attorney General,
Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, p . 7686 .) The Nationa
Committee for theDefense of Political Prisoners was cited as subversiv
and Communist by the Attorney General in lists furnished the Loyalt
Review Board (press releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21
1948) . Both the National Committee for the Defense * * * an
the National Committee for People's Rights were cited as Communis
fronts by the Special Committee on Un-American Activities in Re-
ports of June 25, 1942 (pp . 20) and March 29, 1944 (p . 48 and 182)
The National Committee for People's Rights was cited by the Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities as being among a "maze of organi
zations" which were "spawned for the alleged purpose of defending
civil liberties in general but actually intended to protect Communis
subversion from any penalties under the law" (Report 1115, Septembe
2, 1947, p . 3) .
In a pamphlet entitled "The People vs . H . C . L.," of Decembe
11-12, 1937 (p . 2) . George Counts was shown as a sponsor of the Con
sumers National Federation which was cited as a Communist-front
organization by the Special Committee on Un-American Activities
in Report 1311, March 29, 1944 (p . 155).
George S . Counts was one of those who signed a petition of the
American Friends of Spanish Democracy to lift the arms embargo
("Daily Worker," April 8, 1938, p . 4) ; he was one of the sponsors
of the Conference on Pan American Democracy, as shown on a letter
head of that organization dated November 16, 1938 . He was a
sponsor of a Citizens' Rally held under the auspices of the America
Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, April 13, 194
in New York City (leaflet, "Citizens Rally") .
The American Friends of Spanish Democracy was cited as a Com-
munist front by the Special Committee on Un-American Activities
in Report 1311 of March 29, 1944 .
The Conference on Pan-American Democracy (known also as
Council for Pan American Democracy) has been cited as a Com-
munist front which defended Carlos Luiz Prestes, a Brazilian Com-
munist leader and former member of the executive committee of the
Communist International (Special Committee on Un-American
Activities in Report 2277, June 25, 1942 and Report 1311, March 29
1944) . It has also been cited as subversive and Communist by the
U. S . Attorney General (press releases of the U . S . Civil Service Com-
mission dated June 1 and September 21, 1948) .
The American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom
was cited as a Communist front which defended Communist teachers
George S . Counts was a member of the Advisory Board of the
American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born, as shown on
letterheads of the organization dated January 1940 and April 27,
1938 and on the "Call to the Third Annual Conference" of the group .
He was a sponsor of the American Committee for Protection of For-
eign Born, according to a letterhead announcing the fourth Annual
Conference which was held at the Hotel Annapolis, Washington,
D. C ., March 2-3, 1940 .
The American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born was cited
as "one of the oldest auxiliaries of the Communist Party in the
United States" in Report 1311 of the Special Committee on Un-
American Activities . It had previously been cited by the Special Com-
mittee in Report 2277 of June 25, 1942 . The American Committee
* * * has been cited as subversive and Communist by the U. S .
Attorney General in lists furnished the Loyalty Review Board (press
releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948) .
A pamphlet entitled "Presenting the American Student Union"
(back cover) shows that George S . Counts was a member of the
Advisory Board of this organization, cited as a Communist front by
the Special Committee * * * in Reports of January 3, 1940 ; June 25,
1942 ; and March 29, 1944 .
He was a member of the National Committee of the Student Con-
gress Against War, according to a pamphlet issued by the organiza-
tion, "Fight War" (p . 4) :
During the Christmas holidays of 1932, the Student Congress Against War was
convened at the University of Chicago . This gathering was held at the direct
instigation of the (Amsterdam) World Congress Against War . The Chicago Con-
gress was completely controlled by the Communists of the National Student
League . * * * The gathering ended its sessions by adopting the program oi : the
(Amsterdam) World Congress Against War which, as has been pointed out, called
for "the turning of imperialist war into civil war ." For many years, the latter
slogan represented one of the chief objectives of the Communist movement
throughout the world . (Special Committee on Un-American activities, Feport
1311, March 29, 1944, p . 119 .)
George S . Counts was a sponsor of the New York Tom Mooney
Committee, as shown on an undated letterhead of the Committee .
For many years, the Communist Party organized widespread agitation around
the Mooney case, and drew its members and followers into the agitation (Report
1311, March 29, 1944, p. 154, Special Committee * * *) .
A booklet entitled "These Americans Say :" (p . 8) listed George S .
Counts as a representative individual who advocated lifting the em-
bargo against Spain ; the booklet was published by the Coordinating
Committee to Lift the Embargo, cited as one of a number of front
organizations set up during the Spanish Civil War by the Communist
Party (Report 1311 of the Special Committee * * * pp . 137 and 138) .
George S . Counts, identified as the editor of "Social Frontier,"
endorsed the Reorganization Plan of Commonwealth College, as shown
in "Fortnightly," August 15, 1937 (p . 3) . Commonwealth College at
Mena, Arkansas, was cited as Communist by the U . S . Attorney
General in a list furnished the Loyalty Review Board (press release of
April 27, 1949) . The Special Committee * * * cited it as a "Com-
munist enterprise" (Report of March 29, 1944, p. 76 and 167).
one of those who headed the American Russian Institute, New York
New York (Vol . I, p. 344) . The American Russian Institute (Ne
York) was cited as Communist by the U . S. Attorney General in a li
furnished the Loyalty Review Board (press release of April 27, 1949
Dr. George S . Counts, identified as Associate Director of the Inter
national Institute of Teachers College, Columbia University, was th
chief speaker at the first membership mass meeting of the New Yor
branch of the Friends of the Soviet Union held in New York City
April 11, 1930, as shown in the "Daily Worker" of April 8, 1930 (p . 1
He spoke on "Educational and Social Planning in the Soviet Union
In the same article it was reported that "Dr . Counts has just returne
from a 6,000 mile trip through the Soviet Union . He was a membe
of the technical staff of the American trade union delegation tha
visited the U . S . S . R . in 1927 ."
The Friends of the Soviet Union, predecessor of the America
Council on Soviet Relations, was cited as Communist by the U.
Attorney General in lists furnished the Loyalty Review Board (press
releases of December 4, 1947, June 1, and September 21, 1948) . Th
Special Committee * * * cited the Friends of the Soviet Union a
"one of the most open Communist fronts in the United States," whos
purpose "is to propagandize for and defend Russia and its system o
government ." It "is a section of an international movement directe
from Moscow ." The Friends admit "they penetrate our industria
sections" (Report, January 3, 1939 ; also cited in Reports, January 3
1940 ; June 25, 1942 ; and March 29, 1944) .
In Public Hearings before the Special Committee on Un-America
Activities, September 11, 1939, Benjamin Gitlow, former Genera
Secretary of the Communist Party of the United States, submitte
the names of the members of the American Trade Union Delegatio
to the Soviet Union in 1927 . (See reference in-first paragraph of thi
page .) Mr. Gitlow gave the following testimony concerning the dele
gation and listed "George S . Counts, Ph . D ., professor of education
Teachers' College ; director of International Institute of Education
as a member of the Technical and Advisory Staff of the delegation :
Mr . GITLOW . * * * In order to win the trade unions' support of Soviet Russia
and particularly to mobilize them behind a campaign for recognition of Sovie
Russia, the Communist International instructed the American party to organiz
a delegation of trade unionists who would be invited to visit the Soviet Union
travel, and see for themselves, and draw up a report . The report should be us
for propaganda purposes among trade unionists, and the trade-union leaders
who would be brought to Moscow, an effort would be made to win them over fo
the campaign of recognition in support of the Soviet Union .
* * * * * * *
Then the party, upon instructions of the Communist International, started th
work of organizing what was to be known as an impartial delegation of America
trade unionists, who were not Communists, who would visit Soviet Russia, trav
over the country, investigate conditions, and submit an impartial, unbiased repo
to the American people on what were the actual conditions in Soviet Russia .
And all this preliminary organization work and how to constitute the com
mittee and how to organize it, was done by the Communist Party in the Unite
States . And the money involved for expenses, that was first raised through th
furriers' union by having them take $500 out of their treasury, which was late
supplied by Moscow,. because the traveling expenses and all of the expenses in
volved in the organization of this delegation was paid by Moscow, and when it
Well, I can say that the delegation was split into three parts, and in 2 weeks'
time they had to cover thousands of miles . Every place where they stopped they
were met by a reception committee . They were given banquets . They were
taken on sightseeing tours and they had no time to investigate actual conditions .
They had what you call one wild party from the day they landed in Russia to the
day they got out of Russia.
At the same time the technical staff surrounding the delegation, the staff of
economists, so-called, and experts, who were supposed to advise the delegation on
what they were seeing and to explain it to them-these people were all party
people . And these were the people who actually wrote the report and when they
wrote the report, their report first was 0 . K .'d by the Communist International
and later on the American Communist Party again went over the report with a
fine comb to see that nothing detrimental to Russia would slip into the report .
* * * (Public Hearings, Volume 7, pp. 4699-4701.)
On August 19, 1949, the Committee on Un-American Activities
issued the "Review of the Scientific and Cultural Conference for
World Peace," in which the conference which was arranged by the
National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions was cited as a
"gathering at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City on March
25, 26 and 27, 1949," which "was actually a supermobilization of
the inveterate wheelhorses and supporters of the Communist Party
and its auxiliary organizations ." The same Review (p . 13) contains
the following reference to Professor Counts :
In an open letter to the Conference signed by Prof. George S . Counts, of Teach-
ers' College, Columbia University, and Sidney Hook, well-known philosopher,
they pointed out the plight of . culture under Soviet system represented by Fadayev
and his associates . We quote the letter in part :
"Over the last three decades the Soviet dictatorship has mercilessly imprisoned,
exiled, or executed distinguished men of letters in that country . These were not
:just ordinary individuals of mediocre attainment . They were men of stature
renowned throughout the civilized world to those who know literature and poetry .
"Not one of these men is to be found anywhere in the Soviet Union . They
have disappeared without a trace . Some we know are dead . Some are perhaps
dragging out their last days in a Siberian prison camp ."
Addressing themselves to Dr . Harlow Shapley, the Conference chairmen, the
writers asked :
"when the delegates from the Soviet Union appear at your Conference, to
make inquiry of them as to what has happened to the purged artists, writers,
and critics of the Soviet Union . What has happened to Kornilov, Kyrilov,
Boris Pasternak, Babel, Ivan Katayev, Orlov and Pilnyak?"
The "Daily Worker" of January 6, 1953 (p . 5) published an editorial,
"Dr . Counts is Afraid," which stated :
Dr . GEORGE S . COUNTS, many of whose associates in the Liberal Party and the
labor movement are demanding clemency for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, sought
to dissipate the growing movement against the planned cold-war twin-murder
with a redbaiting blast in yesterday's newspapers . Counts spoke for the
American Committee for Cultural Freedom, a misnamed group sponsored by the .
U . S . State Department .
The Rosenbergs are guilty, announced Counts, because "the Daily Worker
didn't even bother to inform' its readers that the trial was taking place ." Are we
to believe that henceforth juries will adjudge guilt or innocence on the basis of
the Daily Worker's news selection? However, the record will reveal that the
Daily Worker did report the trial .
"This preeminent fact of guilt," Counts threatens, "must be openly acknowl-
edged before any appeal for clemency can be regarded as having been made in
,good faith ." Here Counts repeats the Justice Department's immoral invitation
This gruesome effort of Counts to smother the Rosenberg clemency movement
with a blanket of redbaiting indicates the extent and the power of that move-
ment .
MALCOLM COWLEY
Organization and affiliation Source
Communist Party Mass Meeting Daily Worker, Apr . 7, 1933.
(New York District) . Speaker .
Call for support of Communist Daily Worker, Sept . 14, 1932 ;:
Party National Elections and Daily Worker, Nov. 6, 1933.
its candidates, Foster and Ford .
Signer of Call and later state-
ment.
Protest Against Attack on Right Daily Worker, July 23, 1940 .
of Communist Party to Use
Ballot. Signer, Open Letter to
President .
League of Professional Groups for Culture and Crisis, p . 32 .
Foster and Ford . Member .
Mother Ella Reeve Bloor 45th Program, Jan . 24, 1936 .
Anniversary Banquet . Sponsor .
Mother Bloor Celebration Com- Undated letterhead .
mittee, honoring 75th birthday
in 1937 . Ella Reeve Bloor was
a well-known Communist leader .
Sponsor .
Committee for I . Amster's Candi- Daily Worker, Oct . 21, 1936 ;:
dacy . Amster was Communist New Masses, Nov . 1938 ; Daily
Party candidate for president Worker, Nov. 3, 1936 .
N . Y. City Board of Aldermen .
Member .
Letter upholding Simon W . Ger- Daily Worker, Feb . 10, 1938 .
son, avowed Communist, as
confidential assistant to
Borough president of Manhat-
tan (forced to resign in 1940)
(3) . Signer.
American Committee for Democ-
racy and Intellectual Freedom
(1) (3) . Signer, petition attached
to letterhead Jan . 17, 1940 .
American Committee for Struggle "The Struggle Against War," June
Against War (1) (3) . Chairman . 1933 .
American League Against War Call to the Second U . S . Con-
and Fascism (1) (2) (3) . Mem- gress against War and Fascism,
ber, national committee . Sept . 28, 29, and 30, 1934,.
Chicago .
Member, National executive Letterhead, Aug . 22, 1935 .
committee .
Member, editorial committee "Fight", January 1934 .
of "Fight"-official pub-
lication of League .
Contributor December 1933, issue . .
ican League Against War and
Fascism) (1) (2) (3) . Member
of Advisory Board-N . Y . City
Division .
Endorsed 5tb N . Y . City Con- Daily Worker, Mar. 4, 1939 .
ference .
Writers and Artists Committee of Letterhead of American League
American League (1) (2) (3) . Apr . 6, 1939 .
Member .
American Friends of Spanish De- New Masses, Jan. 5, 1937 .
mocracy (1) (3) . Member of
General Committee .
Medical Bureau . Sponsor--- New Masses, Mar. 16, 1937 .
Send-Off Dinner for Ambu-
lance Corps (given by
American Writers and Art-
ists Committee) . Sponsor .
American Society for Technical New Masses, Jan . 26, Feb . 16,
Aid to Spanish Democracy (1) . 1937 .
Member, Board of Directors .
North American Committee to Aid New Masses, Sept . 28, 1937 .
Spanish . Democracy (1) (2) (3) .
Sponsor .
American Relief Ship for Spain (1) Letterhead, Sept . 3, 1938 .
(3) . Sponsor .
Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign Pamphlet "Children in Concen.
(1) (3) . Sponsor. tration Camps ."
Conference on Pan American De- "News You Don't Get", Nov .-15,
mocracy (1) (2) (3) . Signer of 1938 . Letterhead dated - Nov .
"Call ." Sponsor . 16, 1938.
Defended Carlos Luiz Prestes, Brazilian Communist
Leader, and former member of the executive committee of
the Communist International .
Descendants of the American Rev- Daily Worker, Feb . 13, 1939 .
olution (1) (3) . Member, Spon- Pamphlet issued by organiza-
sor . tion .
Set up as a radical imitation of the Daughters of the Ameri-
can Revolution, which has uniformly adhered to the line of
the Communist Party * * * Special Committee Report,
June 25, 1942 .
Friends of the Soviet Union Prede- Soviet Russia Today, December
cessor of American Council on 1933 .
Soviet Relations (1) (2) (3) .
Endorsed National Committee .
Frontier Films (1) (3) . Member Daily Worker, Apr. 6, 1937 .
of Advisory Board .
(1) (3) . Signer.
Open Letter to American Liberals Soviet Russia Today, March
(1) (3) . Signer . 1937 . .
International Labor Defense Pris- "Labor Defender", publication of
oners' 'Relief Fund (1) (2) (2) I. L . D ., July 1931 .
(3) . Member .
Signer of petition to Japanese Daily Worker, Mar . 19, 1938 .
Ambassador issued by ILD .
Sponsor of Christmas Drive "Equal Justice," publication of
ILD, November 1938 .
Sponsor of Summer Milk Drive "Equal. Justice," publication of
ILD, June 1939 .
Cited as the "legal arm of the Communist Party" by Attor-
ney General (Congressional Record, September 24, 1943,
p . 7686) ; redesignated by Attorney General April 1, 1954 .
John Reed Clubs (1) (3) . Member Daily Worker, May 21, 1930 .
National Committee for Defense Letterhead, dated Oct . 31, 1935 .
of Political Prisoners (1) (2) (3) .
Member .
Predecessor of National Com- Letterhead, dated Jul 13, 1938
mittee for Peoples Rights "News You Don't ", Nov.
(1) (2) (3) . Member . 15, 1938.
National Congress for Unemploy- Unemployment Insurance Re-
ment and Social Insurance (1) view, Volume 1 (1935) p . 3 ;
(3) . Signer of "Call" ; Sponsor . Leaflet, "Call to a National
Congress for Unemployment
and Social Insurance," headed
by Herbert Benjamin, leading
Communist .
National People's Committee Letterhead, Mar . 16, 1937 .
Against Hearst (1) (3) . (Sub-
sidiary of American League for
Peace and Democracy) . Mem-
ber .
National Student League (1) (2) Daily Worker, Sept . 28, 1932 .
(3) . Signer of Call for Support .
Congress of American Revolution- Daily Worker, Jan . 18, 1935 .
ary Writers (1) . Signer of Call .
League of American Writers (1) Bulletin of League ; Daily
(2) (3) . Member ; Member of Worker, Apr . 30, 1935 ; Letter-
Executive Committee ; Vice heads, dated Dec . 29, 1938 and
President. July 7, 1939 .
American Writers' Congress Spon- Daily Worker, Apr . 29, 1935 .
sored by League of American
Writers (1) (2) (3) . Addressed
1st Congress "What the Revo-
lutionary Movement Can Give
to The Writer ."
Elected delegate to Inter- Daily Worker, June 8, 1937 .
national Congress of Writers
in Madrid, June 20, 1937 ;
speaker at American
Writers' Congress, June
4-6, 1937 ; elected vice
president.
Signed call of 3rd American Direction, May-June 1939 .
Writers' Congress .
Chairman of arrangements Program .
3rd American Writers' Con-
gress.
Speaker at general delegates Program, 3rd American Writers'
session of that congress . Congress .
Earl Browder, general secretary of the Communist Party was
a speaker at the second biennial American Writers Congress
in 1937, sponsored by the League of American Writers
Book Union (1) (3) . Member, Book Union Bulletin, August
editorial Board . 1938 .
International Publishers-Anni- Daily Worker, Dec . 18, 1934 .
versary Reception of (1) (2) (3) .
Attended dinner :
Daily Worker (1) (2) (3) . Con- Issues of Apr . 6, 1933 ; Sept . 30,
tributor . 1933 ; Nov . 6, 1933 ; Dec . 21,
1935 . Photograph-in issue of
Sept . 21, 1934 . Reported as
a witness for Alger Hiss issue
of June 24, 1949.
Soviet Russia Today (1) (3) . Issues of December 1938, January
Member, editorial Board. 1939 .
Contributing editor June 28, 1932 .
Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Daily Worker, Feb . 21, 1940 .
Brigade (1) (2) (3) . Signer,
protest - to President and At-
torney General against attacks
against Abraham Lincoln
Brigade .
Defense of Hans Eisler. Com- Testimony of George S . Messer-
municated with State Depart- smith (Hearings Regarding
ment in behalf of Eisler . Hans Eisler, pp . 127-129) .
ture, " published by State Publishing House, Moscow,
Russia, official organ of International Union of Revolution-
ary Writers:
Two gatherings held in one evening in New York City were a clear
indication of the radicalization of the American Intellectuals as a
whole . About 2,000 professionals, artists, writers, and scientists gath-
ered as a public demonstration of the support of the American intel-
lectuals to the Communist candidates in the recent election .
Malcom Cowley, literary editor of the New Republic, explained
his reasons for acceptance of a revolutionary position : "It wasn't
the depression that got me," Cowley said . "It was the boom ; I saw
my friends writing tripe demanded by the present order, stultified
and corrupted and unable to make real use of their talents . After
that I had to discover the reason for this state of affairs which comes
from the very nature of the ruling class that lives by exploiting
everyone else ."
Organization and affiliation Source
New Republic. Editor Report of House Un-America
Activities Committee, No . 2277
June 25, 1942 ; No. 2748, Jan
2, 1943 .
Our investigation has shown that a steady barrage against Congress
comes * * * from the New Republic, one of whose editors, Malcolm
Cowley, was recently forced out of an $8,000 Government job by the ex-
posure of his Communist activities
Parenthetically, it may be said that Malcolm Cowley, one of the edi-
tors of the New Republic, published a volume of poetry in February of
this year in which volume he described enthusiastically the capture of
the Capitol in Washington by a revolutionary mob .
On January 15, 1942, the chairman of the committee, in a speech on
the floor of the House, called attention to the presence in the Office of
Facts and Figures, of one Malcolm Cowley, chief information analyst,
at a salary of $8,000 per annum . The chairman inserted in his speech
the record of Malcolm Cowley which showed 72 affiliations with the Com-
munist Party and its front organizations . Several weeks later, Mr. Cow-
ley resigned his position with the Federal Government .
LAUCHLIN CURRIE
On August 13, 1948, Lauchlin Currie appeared before the Committe
on Un-American Activities at his request to answer false statement
and misleading suggestions which had been made concerning him i
prior testimony before this committee . His name was first brough
into the picture in testimony of Elizabeth Bentley, July 31, 194
(p. 519), as follows :
Mr. STRIPLING . * * * Are there any other names, Miss Bentley, of the Sil
vermaster group that you have not mentioned?
Miss BENTLEY . Just one . The man was not a Communist but he did giv
information . Lauchlin Currie .
Mr . STRIPLING . What type of information did he give?
Miss BENTLEY . Well, being in the position he was in, he had inside informatio
-on Government policy .
Mr . STRIPLING . Was he a secretary to the President of the United States?
Miss BENTLEY . I believe that was his title . I am not sure .
Mr . STRIPLING . He was employed in the White House, was he not?
Miss BENTLEY . Yes .
Mr . STRIPLING. What in ormation did he furnish? What type?
Miss BENTLEY . He furnished inside information on this Government's attitud
toward China, toward other governments . He once relayed to us the informatio
that the American Government was on the verge of breaking the Soviet code
-various things .
Mr. CURRIE . Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, my name is
Lauchlin Currie ; I reside at 165 Gaylor Road, Scarsdale, N . Y .
First, some facts concerning my background and history . I was born in 1902
in Nova Scotia, Canada . My father, a Canadian citizen, was of Scottish descent.
My mother, nee Alice Eisenhauer, also a Canadian citizen, is of German descent .
In 1911 and again in 1918 my family spent the year in the United States where
I attended school . I took my undergraduate university work at London Uni-
versity and then came to Harvard in 1925 where I did my graduate work and
received my Ph . D . and remained as a teacher of economics . Shortly after coming
to Harvard I took out my first papers applying for United States citizenship .
My naturalization was completed in 1934 . While at Harvard I was offered a
position in the Treasury Department . In 1934 I accepted it and came to Wash-
ington, where I worked under Mr . Marriner Eccles until he was made Chairman
of the Federal reserve Poard later in that year. I went with him to the Board as
assistant director of research .
. In 1939 I was appointed by President F oosevelt as Administrative Assistant
to the President with special duties in the field of economics . I retained that
position until 1945, during which time I was sent twice to China to confer with
Generalissim_o Chiang-Kai-shek . During part of this period, in 1943-44, I con-
currently held the office of Deputy Administrator of the Foreign Econo -r .ic Ad-
ministration . In early 1945, on behalf of the Secretary of State, I headed a war-
time trade and financial mission to Switzerland .
In 1945 I resigned from Government service to enter private business and I am
now president of Lauchlin Currie & Co ., engaged in the export-import business,
with offices at 565 Fifth Avenue, New York .
My name has been brought into the proceedings before this committee through
the testimony of Miss Elizabeth Bentley and Mr . N . Gregory Silvermaster .
Miss Bentley admitted to you that she had never met me and had never seen me
and had never had any communication with me . The statements made by her
about me were, as noted by Congressman Rankin, heresay three times removed .
I, on my part, wish to assert unequivocally that I never met, saw, nor had any
communication with Miss Bentley . The first time I ever heard her name was
when I learned of the testimony which she gave the committee .
I understand that there is no accusation that I am or ever have been a Com-
munist Nevertheless, I welcome this opportunity to state again under oath,
as I did before the Federal grand jury, convened in the Eastern District of New
York to investigate the charges similar to those before this committee, that I am
not and never have been a Communist, a member of the Communist Party, a
believer in the tenets or doctrines of communism and that I have never been
affiliated with any organization or group sympathetic with the doctrines of
communism or engaged in furthering that cause . I have never had any reason
to believe that any friends of mine or even acquaintances or associates were
Communists. (Public Hearings, pages 852-853 .)
ROBERT E . CUSHMAN
In the dissenting opinion of J . Edgerton in the "Decision of the
U. S . Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in re Edward
Barsky et al ., appellants v . United States of America, appellee"
(March 18, 1948, p . 15), the following footnote appears :
Professor Cushman says : "The opprobrious epithet 'un-American' was applied
to all those who indulged in any open criticism of our existing institutions, our
so-called American way of life, or of Mr. Dies. * * * Good loyal American citi-
zens who ought to know better were persuaded to give their support to the sup-
pression of free speech and free press on the grotesque theory that they were
thereby showing their loyalty to the basic principles of American democracy .
Bigotry was made not merely respectable but noble . By the skillful use of labels,
or slogans . American public opinion was inoculated with the dangerous idea
that true Americanism consists in the stalwart defense of the status quo and the
suppression of those dangerous and disloyal people who are unpatriotic enough
to want to criticize it or suggest any change in it."
United States Workers' Theater October 1934 of "New
was official, later name changed Theatre ."
to The New Theatre (1) (3) .
Contributing Editor .
New Theatre League . Sponsor, Leaflet "Meet the People of the
Reunion Dance Apr . 18, 1941 . Progressive Theatre ."
Moscow University Summer Testimony of Walter S . Steele,
School. Advisory Committee . Public Hearings, Aug. 17, 1938 .
Cultural -and Scientific Conference Conference "Call" and Program ;
for World Peace, New York Daily Worker Feb . 21, 1949 .
City, Mar . 25-27, 1949, under
auspices of National Council of
the Arts, Sciences, and Profes-
sions (1) . Sponsor .
Daily Worker (1) (2) (3) Photograph appeared Dec . 23,
1940 .
VERA MICHELES DEAN
Organization and affiliation Source
Golden Book of American Friend- "Soviet Russia Today," Novem-
ship with the Soviet Union (1) . ber 1937, p . 79 .
Signer .
National Council of American- Testimony of Walter S . Steele,
Soviet Friendship (1) and (2) . Committee on Un-American
Books by Mrs. Dean listed as Activities, July 21, 1947, p. 63
source material in the Bibliog-
raphy on the Soviet Union
issued by the Committee on
Education of the National
Council of American-Soviet
Friendship .
"The United States and Russia" "New Masses," Dec . 23, 1947,
by Vera Dean reviewed . p. 19 .
Named as author of a favorable "Daily Worker," May 3, 1948,
survey on Bulgaria, Czecho- p. 8 .
slovakia and Poland .
Participated in International As- Committee on Un-American Ac-
sembly of Women held at Kort- tivities, Report of the Congress
right, New York, October 21, of American Women, Oct . 23,
1946 "* * * apparently arranged 1949 .
at the initiative of a group of
well-known American non-Com-
munist women . The Russians
were invited to send a delegation
but gave no answer. * * * Fifty-
six nations were represented
by 150 foreign delegates and
fifty Americans . Following the
traditional `boring from within'
tactics, foreign Communist
women delegates participated,
as well as outstanding pro-
Soviet Americans ."
officially cited by the Special Committee and/or the Committee on
Un-American Activities ; (2) indicates that it has been cited by the
Attorney General of the United States .
Organization and affiliation Source
National Council of American- Report of the Director to Mem-
Soviet Friendship (1) and (2) . bers of National Council
Chairman, Dance Committee . Also Walter S . Steele's testi-
mony before this committee
July 21, 1947, p . 66 .
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Com- Letterhead of February 26, 1946 ;
mittee (1) and (2) . National letterhead of Feb . 3, 1948 ;
Sponsor, Spanish Refugee Ap- letterhead of Apr . 28, 1949 ;
peal of the JAFRC . Name and letterhead of May 18,
shown in these four sources as 1951 .
Agnes George DeMille .
Independent Citizens' Committee Letterhead of Nov . 26, 1946 .
of the Arts, Sciences and Profes-
sions (1) . Initiating sponsor .
Artists' Front to Win the War (1) . Program of the Artists' Front
Sponsor . * * *, Oct . 16, 1942, p . 4 .
RABBI DAVID DE SOLA POOL
(1) Cited by Special and/or Com . on Un-American Activities ; (2)
Cited by Attorney General of the United States .
Organization and affiliation _ Source
American Committee for Protec- Program and call for the con-
tion of Foreign Born (1) and (2) . ference .
Sponsor, National Conference
in Cleveland, Ohio, October 25-
26, 1947 . Name shown in
source as Rev . David de Sola
Pool .
Sponsor Letterhead Qf Dec. 11-12, 1948 .
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Com- Letterhead of Apr . 28, 1949 .
mittee (1) and (2) . National
Sponsor.
Greater New York Emergency Program of the conference .
Conference on Inalienable
Rights (1) . Panel speaker at
conference February 12, 1940 .
American Committee for Yugo- Photostat of letterhead dated
slav Relief (1) and (2) . Mem- Aug . 6, 1945 .
ber, Sponsors Committee .
Endorsed appeal Daily Worker, Apr . 26, 1947, p . 2 .
Signed statement against the Daily Worker, Jan . 30, 1950, p . 4 .
Hobbs Bill .
Signed statement to President Daily Worker, Sept . 21, 1950,
Truman against "police state pp . 1 and 9 .
bill" (McCarran Act) . Econ-
omist .
55647-54-18
(page 7), that "DeVoto has written some millions of words in his time,
but few had more point than those of his in Harper's recently which
drew instant fire from J . Edgar Hoover . As a nation, DeVoto said,
`we are dividing into the hunted and the hunters .' `We know,' he
continued, `that the thing stinks to heaven and that it is an avalanching
danger to our society.' " Mr. North further quoted Mr . DeVoto as
having concluded the FBI "has invaded areas of thought and behavior
which are entirely improper for it to enquire into" and "holds ideas
about what constitutes dangerous or subversive activity that are
unacceptable to our form of government ."
DR. W . E . B . DuBois
The Worker (Sunday edition of the Communist publication, the
Daily Worker) on April 27, 1947 reported that-
almost 100 Negro leaders, headed by W . E . B . DuPois, Paul Robeson and Poscoe
Dunjee, last week called upon Piesident Truman "to repudiate decisively" steps
to "illegalize the Communist Party ." * * * "As Negro Americans * * * we
cannot be unmindful that this proposal to outlaw the Communist Party comes
precisely when our Federal government professes grave concern over the demo-
cratic rights of peoples in far distant parts of the world ." * * * (page 8 of The
Worker) .
Dr. DuBois sponsored a statement attacking the arrest of Commu-
nist Party leaders (Daily Worker, August 23, 1948, page 3) ; he spon-
sored a "Statement by Negro Americans" on behalf of the Communist
leaders (The Worker of August 29, 1948, page 11) ; he filed a brief in
the Supreme Court on behalf of the twelve Communist leaders (Daily
Worker, January 9, 1949, page 3) ; he signed statements on behalf of
Communist leaders, as shown in the following sources : Daily Worker,
January 17, 1949 (page 3) ; February 28, 1949 (page 9) ; Daily People's
World, May 12, 1950 (page 12) ; Daily Worker September 19, 1950
(page 2) ; and in 1952, he signed an appeal to President Truman,
requesting amnesty for leaders of the Communist Party convicted
under the Smith Act (Daily Worker, December 10, 1952, page 4)
Dr . DuBois was one of the sponsors of the National Non-Partisan
Committee to Defeild the Rights of the Twelve Communist leaders,
as shown on the back of their letterhead dated September 9, 1949 .
A statement on behalf of Eugene Dennis, a Communist, contained
the signature of Dr . DuBois, identified as an educator (Daily Worker
of May 5, 1950, p . 2) ; he signed a telegram of the National Committee
to Win Amnesty for Smith Act Victims, greeting Eugene Dennis on
his 48th birthday (Daily Worker, August 11, 1952, p . 3) ; Eugene
Dennis was formerly Secretary General of the Communist Party .
The Daily Worker of August 2, 1949 (p . 2), disclosed that Dr .
DuBois endorsed Benjamin J . Davis, Jr ., well-known Communist
leader ; he was -Honorary Chairman of the Committee to Defend
V. J . Jerome, Chairman, Cultural Commission of the Communist
Party, U . S . A . (letterhead dated June 24, 1952) . A leaflet of the
Civil Rights Congress (dated March 20, 1947) named Dr . DuBois as
having defended Gerhart Eisler, Communist . He was one of the
sponsors of the Committee to Defend Alexander Tractenberg, former
member of the National Committee of the Communist Party (Daily
The Daily Worker of February 16, 1948 (page 16), reported that
some-
eighty leading New York civic leaders, trade unionists and professionals yesterday
joined Dr. William Jay Schieffelin, president emeritus of the Citizens Union ; to
demand the prompt seating of Simon W . Gerson to the City Council seat made
vacant by the death of Councilman Peter V . Cacchione, Brooklyn Commu-
nist * * * The civic leaders' statement is directed to Mayor O'Dwyer and City
Council majority leader Joseph T . Sharkey . It is a reprint of a letter to the New
York Times by Dr . Schieffelin in which he charges that the real reason for the
refusal to seat Gorman (sic . Gerson) is "the current anti-Communist hys-
teria ."
Dr. DuBois was named as having signed the statement . (See also
advertisement in New York Times of February 19, 1948, page 13 .)
Dr . DuBois was a member of a committee formed to protest the
arrest of Pablo Neruda, Communist Chilean Senator and world famous
poet : he signed a statement of the organization in support of Neruda .
(Daily 'Worker of April 7, 1948, p . 13, and April 10, 1950, p . 2, re-
spectively .) He was sponsor of a reception and testimonial for Harry
Sacher, defense attorney for the Communist leaders (Daily Worker of
December 5, 1949, p . 2) .
When Earl Browder (then general secretary, Communist Party)
was in Atlanta Penitentiary serving a sentence involving his fraudulent
passports, the Communist Party's front which agitated for his release
was known as the Citizens' Committee to Free Earl Browder (Special
Committee * * * in Report 1311 of March 29, 1944) ; the Attorney
General of the United States had cited the Citizens' Committee as
Communist (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7687,
and press release of April 27, 1949) . Dr . DuBois was a member of
the Citizens' Committee * * * in 1942, as shown on their letterhead
dated February 11, 1942 ; he sponsored a dinner of the group, according
to the Daily Worker of February 5, 1942, and signed the call to the
National Free Browder Congress, as shown in the Daily Worker of
February 25, 1942,_ pages 1 and 4.
A 1950 letterhead of the American Committee for Protection of
Foreign Born carries the name of Dr . W . E . B . DuBois in a list of
sponsors of that organization ; the same information appears on an
undated letterhead of the group, distributing a speech of Abner Green
at the Conference of December 2-3, 1950 ; a letterhead of the Mid-
west Committee for Protection of Foreign Born dated April 30, 1951,
names him as a National Sponsor of the organization . He signed
the group's statement opposing the Hobbs Bill (Daily Worker, July 25,
1950, page 4) ; he signed their statement opposing denaturalization
(Daily Worker of August 10, 1950, p . 5) ; and signed a telegram
prepared and dispatched by the organization to the Attorney General
of the United States, protesting holding nine non-citizens without
bail under the McCarran Act (Daily Worker of November 24, 1952,
page 3).
The Special Committee cited the American Committee for Pro-
tection of Foreign Born as "one of the oldest auxiliaries of the Com-
munist Party in the United States" (report of March 29, 1944 ; also
cited in report of June 25, 1942) ; the Attorney General cited the
organization as subversive and Communist (press releases of June 1
For years, the Communists have put forth the greatest efforts to capture
the entire American Labor Party throughout New York State . They succeeded
in capturing the Manhattan and Brooklyn sections of the American Labor Party
but outside of New York City, they have been unable to win control (Special
Committee's Report 1311 of March 29, 1944) .
Dr . DuBois spoke at a state conference . of the American Labor
Party (Daily Worker of December 12, 1950, page 5) ; he spoke at a
dinner, April 18th, opening the presidential campaign in New York
City (Daily Worker of April 14, 1952, page 8, an advertisement ;
and the Daily Worker of April 21, 1952, page 1) ; he spoke at an elec-
tion rally in Madison Square Garden, May 13th, held under the aus-
pices of the American Labor Party (Daily Worker of May 8, 1952,
page 8, an advertisement ; and May 14, 1952, page 1) ; and he spoke
at an election rally in Madison Square Garden, October 27th (Daily
Worker of October 22, 1952, page 8, an advertisement ; and October
29, 1952, page 2) .
The Daily Worker of March 29, 1948 (page 7), named Dr . DuBois
as a member of the Executive Board and of the Policy Committee,
Council on African Affairs ; he signed the Council's petition to the
United Nations as shown in the Daily Worker of June 5, 1950 (page
4) ; and drafted their statement against the policy of the United
States in Korea (Daily Worker of July 25, 1950, page 3) ; the
Attorney General cited the Council on African Affairs as subversive
and Communist (press releases of December 4, 1947 and September
21, 1948) and redesignated it on April 27, 1953 pursuant to Executive
Order 10450.
The Attorney General cited the Jefferson School of Social Science
as an "adjunct of the Communist Party" (press release of December
4, 1947) ; the Special Committee reported that "at the beginning of
the present year, the old Communist . Party Workers School and the
School for Democracy were merged into the Jefferson School of
Social Science" (Report 1311 of March 29, 1944) . Dr . DuBois was
honored at the Jefferson School, as shown in the Daily Worker on
February 1, 1951 (page 2) ; it was announced in the Daily Worker
on January 2, 1952 (page 7), that Dr . DuBois was scheduled to con-
duct a seminar on "Background of African Liberation Struggles" at
the Jefferson School ; the January 26, 1952 issue of the same publica-
tion (page 7), named him as a faculty member of that school .
In a report of the Special Committee, dated March 29, 1944, the
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship was cited as having
been, in recent months, the Communist Party's principal front for all
things Russian (report dated March 29, 1944) ; Dr. DuBois signed a
statement of the National Council in 1947 (Daily Worker, October 17,
1947, page 4) ; he signed the organization's statement protesting the
Iron Curtain, as reported in the Daily People's World on May 20,
1948 (page 5) ; he signed a statement of the Council, praising Henry
Wallace's Open Letter to Stalin in May 1948 (from a pamphlet en-
titled "How to End the Cold War and Build the Peace," page 9) ; he
signed their statement calling for a conference with the Soviet Union
(Daily Worker, June 21, 1948, page 3) ; he signed their Roll Call for
Peace (Daily Worker of August 31, 1948, page 5) ; he sent greetings
through the National Council on the Thirty-First Anniversary of the
-end the cold war and arrange a conference with the Soviet Union
(leaflet entitled "End the Cold War-Get Together for Peace," dated
December 1948) ; he spoke at the Congress on American-Soviet Rela-
tions, December 3-5, 1949, arranged by the National Council
and signed the Council's letter to the American people, urging that a
unified democratic Germany be established (Daily People's World,
August 13, 1952, pages 4 and 6) .
A letterhead of the Conference on Peaceful Alternatives to the At-
.lantic Pact, dated August 21, 1949, lists the name of Dr . W . E. B .
DuBois as having signed an Open Letter of the organization, ad-
dressed to Senators and Congressmen, urging defeat of President Tru-
man's arms program ; he answered a questionnaire of the Committee
for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy in favor of recognition of the
Chinese Communist government, as shown in Far East Spotlight for
December 1949-January 1950 (page 23) .
The Conference for Peaceful Alternatives * * * was cited as a
meeting called by the Daily Worker in July 1949, to be held in Wash-
ington, D . C ., and as having been instigated by "Communists in the
United States (who) did their part in the Moscow campaign (Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities in Report 378 on the Communist
"Peace" Offensive dated April 1, 1951) . The Committee for a
Democratic Far Eastern Policy has been cited as Communist by the
Attorney General (press release of April 27, 1949) .
A page of signatures from the Golden Book of American Friendship
with the Soviet Union, "sponsored by American Friends of the Soviet
Union, and signed by hundreds of thousands of Americans", was
published in the November 1937 issue of Soviet Russia Today (page
79) ; the Golden Book was to be presented to President Kalinin at
the Twentieth Anniversary Celebration . The page carried the title :
"I hereby inscribe my name in greeting to the people of the Soviet
Union on the 20th Anniversary of the establishment of the Soviet
Republic" and a fascimile of the name, W . E . B . DuBois, appeared
on that page .
The Golden Book * * * was cited as a "Communist enterprise"
signed by "hundreds of well-known Communists and fellow travelers"
(Special Committee on Un-American Activities in Report 1311 of
March 29, 1944) .
A letterhead of the New York Committee to Win the Peace, dated
June 1, 1946, contains the name of W . E. B . DuBois in a list of New
York Committee Members . The National Committee to 'Win the
Peace, with which the New York Committee is affiliated, was cited
as subversive and Communist by the U . S . Attorney General (press
releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948) and it was
redesignated on April 27, 1953 pursuant to Executive Order 10450 .
Dr . DuBois sponsored a petition of the American Council for a
Democratic Greece, as disclosed by the Daily People's World of
August 23, 1948 (page 2) ; he signed a statement of the same organi-
zation, condemning the Greek government, as reported in the Daily
Worker of September 2, 1948 (page 7) . The American Council for
a Democratic Greece has been cited as subversive and Communist,
an organization formerly known as the Greek-American Council
(U. S . Attorney General in press releases of June 1 and September 21,
Dr . DuBois was a sponsor of a conference of the National Counci
of the Arts, Sciences and Professions, October 9-10, 1948, as shown
in a leaflet entitled "To Safeguard These Rights * * *," publishe
by the Bureau of Academic Freedom of the National Council ; a let
terhead of the National Council (received for files January 1949
named him as a Member-at-Large of that organization ; he was name
as Vice Chairman of the gr oup on the leaflet, "Policy and Progra
Adopted' by the National Convention, 1950" ; a letterhead of the sam
organization's Southern California Chapter, dated April 24, 1950
lists him as a Member-at-Large of the National Council ; he wa
elected vice-Chairman of the group in 1950 (Daily Worker, May 1,
1950, page 12) ; a letterhead of the group dated July 28, 1950 named
him as a vice-Chairman of the group ; he endorsed a conference o
equal rights for Negroes in the arts, sciences and professions, sponsore
by the New York Council of the Arts, * * * (Daily Worker, Novem-
ber 9, 1951, page 7) ; the call to the conference contained the sam
information . A letterhead of the National Council, dated Decembe
7, 1952, named him as Vice-Chairman .
The call to a Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace,
issued by the National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Profession
for New York City, March 25-27, 1949, as well as the conference
program (page 12), and the Daily Worker of February 21, 1949 (pag
9), named Dr . DuBois as one of the sponsors of that conference ; h
was a member of the Program Committee of the Conference, Honorar
Chairman of the panel at Cultural and Scientific Conference (program,
page 7), and spoke on "The Nature of Intellectual Freedom" at that
conference (page 78 of the edited report of the conference entitled
"Speaking for Peace .")
The National Council of the Arts, * * * was cited as a Communist-
front organization by the Committee on Un-American Activities i
its Review of the Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace,
released April 19, 1949 ; in the same review, the Scientific and Cultura
Conference was cited as a Communist front which "was actually a
supermobilization of the inveterate wheelhorses and supporters of th
Communist Party and its auxiliary organizations ."
The Daily People's World of October 28, 1947 (page 4), named
Dr . DuBois as one of the sponsors of a National Conference of th
Civil Rights Congress in Chicago, November 21-23, 1947 ; he spon
sored their Freedom Crusade (Daily Worker,, December 15, 1948
page 2) ; the Call to a Bill of Rights Conference, called by the Civi
Rights Congress for July 16-17, 1949 in New York City, named hi
as one of the sponsors of that conference ; the program of the Nationa
Civil Rights Legislative Conference, January 18-19, 1949, called b
the Civil Rights Congress, lists him as one of the conference sponsors
he was chairman of a conference of the Congress, as reported in Th
Worker of January 2, 1949 (page 5) ; Dr. DuBois was defended by th
Civil Rights Congress (Daily Worker, February 13, 1951, page 3) ; h
signed the organization's Open Letter to J . Howard McGrath, U .
Attorney General, on behalf of the four jailed trustees of the Bai
Fund of the Civil Rights Congress of New York (advertisemen
"paid for by contributions of signers" which appeared in the Evenin
Star on October 30, 1951, page A-7) ; he participated in the organiza
The Civil Rights Congress was formed in 1946 as a merger of two
other Communist-front organizations, the International Labor Defense
and the National Federation for Constitutional Liberties ; it is "dedi-
cated not to the broader issues of civil liberties, but specifically to the
defense of individual Communists and the Communist Party" and
"controlled by individuals who are either members of the Communist
Party or openly loyal to it" (Report 1115 of the Committee on
Un-American Activities dated September 2, 1947) ; the Attorney
General cited the Congress as subversive and Communist (press
releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948) and it was
redesignated on April 27, 1953 pursuant to Executive Order 10450 .
Dr . DuBois spoke in Washington, D . C ., on May 9, 1947, under
the auspices of the Washington Book Shop, as shown by a leaflet
of the Book Shop, cited as subversive and Communist by the At-
torney General ; it had previously been cited by the Attorney General
as follows : "Evidence of Communist penetration or control is re-
flected in the following : Among its stock the establishment has offered
prominently for sale books and literature identified with the Com-
munist Party and certain of its affiliates and front organizations * * *"
(press releases of December 4, 1947, and September 21, 1948 ; and the
Congressional Record of September 24, 1942, page 7688, respectively) .
The Special Committee cited the Washington Book Shop as a Com-
munist-front organization (report of March 29, 1944) .
The Workers Book Shop catalogue for 1948 (page 5), advertised
Dr . DuBois' "The World and Africa" for sale ; the 1949-1950 catalogue
(page 11) advertised his "Black Folk Then and Now" ; The Worker
for March 1, 1953 (page 16) carried an advertisement of Dr . DuBois'
books, "The Battle for Peace" and "Black Reconstruction" on sale
at the Workers Bookshop, New York City . The Workers Book-
shops are a chain of Communist bookshops which are official outlets
for Communist literature .
As shown on the following sources, Dr . Dubois was a member of
the Advisory Council of Soviet Russia Today : Letterhead of the pub-
lication dated September 8, 1947 ; a letterhead of September 30, 1947 ;
and an undated letterhead received April 1948 . The Daily People's
World of November 6, 1952 (page 7), reported that Dr . DuBois had
written an article for the November issue of New VV orld Review .
Soviet Russia Today has been cited as a Communist-front publication
by the Special Committee in reports of March 29, 1944, and June 25,
1942 ; the Committee on Un-American Activities also cited it as a
Communist-front publication in a report dated October 23, 1949 .
Soviet Russia Today changed its name to New World Review, ef-
fective with the March 1951 issue .
The Daily Worker of July 6, 1951 (page 7), reported that Dr .
DuBois was author of the pamphlet, "I Take My Stand for Peace,"
published by the New Century Publishers, "official Communist
Party publishing house which has published the works of William Z .
Foster and Eugene Dennis, Communist Party chairman and execu-
tive secretary, respectively * * *" (Committee on Un-American
Activities in its report of May 11, 1948) .
In 1947, 1948 and 1950, Dr . DuBois was Contributing Editor on
the staff of New Masses magazine (New Masses, July 22, 1947,
of New Masses and Masses & Mainstream : New Masses for Septem
ber 10, 1946 (page 3) and June 10, 1947 (page 20) ; Masses & Main
stream for April 1951 (pages 10-16) ; and February 1952 (pages 8-14)
In 1940, Dr. DuBois signed New Masses Letter to Presiden
Roosevelt as shown in New Masses for April 2, 1940 (page 21) ; h
was honored at a dinner in New York City, January 14, 1946, arranged
by New Masses and at which awards were made for greater inter-
racial understanding (Daily Worker of January 7, 1946, page 11
columns 1 and 2) ; he endorsed New Masses, as reported in the Daily
Worker of April 7, 1947 (page 11) ; he sponsored a plea for financia
support of New Masses, as disclosed in the issue of that publication
for April 8, 1947 (page 9) ; he received the New Masses award fo
his contribution in promoting democracy and inter-racial unity a
the publication's Second Annual Awards Dinner (New Masses o
November 18, 1947, page 7) ; the February 1953 issue of Masses &
Mainstream carried a chapter from Dr . DuBois' book, "The Soul o
Black Folk," written fifty years ago (Daily Worker, February 23
1953, page 7) ; he was author of "In Battle for Peace," described a
the story of his 83d birthday, and which was published by Masses
Mainstream (The Daily Worker of June 18, 1952, page 7 ; Dail
People's World of September 17, 1952, page 7 ; the Daily Worker o
September 23, 1952, page 7 ; and The Worker of December 21, 1952
page 7
he Attorney General of the United States cited New Masses as
"Communist periodical" (Congressional Record of September 24
1942, page 7688) ; the Special Committee cited it as a "nationally
circulated weekly journal of the Communist Party" (report of Marc
29, 1944 ; also cited in reports of January 3, 1939 and June 25, 1942)
Beginning with the March 1948 issue, New Masses and Mainstream
(Marxist quarterly) consolidated into what is now known as Masse
& Mainstream, with the announcement that "here, proudly, in pur
pose even if not in identical form, is a magazine that combines an
carries forward the thirty-seven-year-old tradition of New Masse
and the more recent literary achievement of Mainstream . W e hav
regrouped our energies, not to retire from the battle but to wage i
with fresh resolution and confidence" (Masses & Mainstream fo
March 1948, page 3) .
A letterhead of the Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg
Case, dated March 15, 1952, carries the name of Dr . W . E. B. DuBoi
in a list of sponsors ; he joined in a request of that Committee for
new trial for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (Daily Worker of June 12
1952, page 6) ; he participated in a rally October 23 in New York City
to demand clemency for the Rosenbergs (Daily Worker, October 27
1952, page 8) ; he signed an amicus curiae brief presented to th
Supreme Court in Washington, D . C ., urging a new trial for th
Rosenbergs (Daily Worker of November 10, 1952, page 3) : and th
Daily People's World of November 13, 1952, page 8) . He wrote a
article entitled "A Negro Leader's Plea to Save Rosenbergs" (Th
Worker of November 16, 1952, page 3M) ; and the Daily Worker o
January 21, 1953 (page 7), reported that he had urged clemency fo
the Rosenbergs .
Peace Congress in Paris ; he was co-Chairman of the American Spon-
soring Committee of the Congress, as disclosed on a leaflet entitled
"World Congress for Peace, Paris," April 20-23, 1949 ; he was proposed
as a candidate for the World Peace Prize, awarded by the World Peace
Congress (Daily People's World of December 7, 1951, page 4) ; he was
a member of the Executive Committee of the World Peace Congress
(Daily Worker of September 14, 1950, page 5) ; he was one of the
sponsors of the Second World Peace Congress in Sheffield, England
(Daily Worker of October 19, 1950, page 3) ; he was elected to the
Presiding Committee of the World Peace Congress (Daily Worker of
November 17, 1950, page 1) ; he was a member of the World Peace
Council of that Congress (Daily Worker of November 24, 1950, page
9) ; a mimeographed letter dated December 1, 1950, contains his name
in. a list of sponsors of the American Sponsoring Committee for
Representation at the World Peace Congress .
Dr. DuBois was a member of the United States Sponsoring Com-
mittee of the American Intercontinental Peace Conference (Daily
Worker of December 28, 1951, page 2, and February 6, 1952, page 2) ;
the Peace Conference was called by the World Peace Council, formed
at the conclusion of the Second World Peace Congress in Warsaw ;
he was awarded the International Peace Prize for "six world figures"
by the World Peace Council (Daily People's World of January 29,
1953, page 7 ; and The Worker of February 8, 1953, page 5) .
The Daily Worker of June 20, 1950 (page 2), reported that Dr .
DuBois signed the World Peace Appeal ; the same information appears
-on an undated leaflet of the enterprise, received by this Committee
September 11, 1950 . A mimeographed list of individuals who signed
the Stockholm World Appeal to Outlaw Atomic Weapons, received
for filing October 23, 1950, contains the name of Dr . DuBois . He
was Chairman of the Peace Information Center where the Stockholm
peace petition was made available (Daily Worker of May 25, 1950,
page 2 ; and August 16, 1950, page 5) .
The World Peace Congress which was held in Paris, France, April
20-23, 1949, was cited as a Communist front among the "peace"
conferences which "have been organized under Communist initiative
in various countries throughout the world as part of a campaign
against the North Atlantic Defense Pact" (Committee on Un-Ameri-
can Activities in reports of April 19, 1949 ; July 13, 1950 ; and April 1,
1951) . The World Peace Council was formed at the conclusion of
the Second World Peace Congress in Warsaw and was "heralded by
the Moscow radio as the expression of the determination of the peoples
to take into their own hands the struggle for peace" (Committee on
Un-American Activities in a report dated April 1, 1951) .
The World Peace Appeal was cited as a petition campaign launched
by the Permanent Committee of the World Peace Congress at its
meeting in Stockholm, March 16-19, 1950 ; it "received the enthusias-
tic approval of every section of the international Communist hier-
archy" and was "lauded in the Communist press, putting every
individual Communist on notice that he `has the duty to rise to this
appeal' * * *" (Committee on Un-American Activities in its report
of April 1, 1951) .
ment for their `peace' offensive in the United States" (Committee on
Un-American Activities in its reports of February 19, 1951 and April 1,
1951) ; Dr . DuBois was one of the sponsors of the Crusade (Daily
Worker of February 1, 1951, page 2) ; minutes of the Sponsors Meeting
which was held in Washington, D . C ., March 15, 1951 (page 4), named
him as one of the initiators of the Crusade and also as having been
proposed as Co-Chairman of that meeting ; he was a sponsor of the
American People's Congress and Exposition for Peace which was held
in Chicago, June 29-July 1, 1951, called by the American Peace
Crusade to advance the theme of world peace (Daily Worker, April 22,
1951, page 2 ; May 1, 1951, page 11 ; the American Peace Crusader,
May 1951, pages 1 and 4 ; the Daily Worker of May 9, 1951, page 4
Daily Worker of June 11, 1951, page 2 ; a leaflet of the Congress
Daily Worker of July 1, 1951, page 3 ; a leaflet entitled "An Invitation
to American Labor to Participate in a Peace Congress * * *" ; the
Call to the American People's Congress * * *" ; the Daily Worker of
July 3 ; 1951, page 2) . He signed a petition of the Crusade, calling
on President Truman and Congress to seek a big-power pact (Daily
Worker, February 1, 1952, page 1) ; he attended a meeting of Delegates
Assembly for Peace, called by the Crusade and held in Washington,
D. C ., April 1 (Daily Worker, April 3, 1952, page 3) ; he was one of
the sponsors of a Peace Referendum jointly with the American Peace
Crusade to make the end of the Korean war a major issue in the 1952
election campaign (Daily People's World of August 25, 1952, page 8)
Dr. DuBois issued a statement on the death of Stalin which read
in part as follows : "Let all Negroes, Jews and foreign-born who have
suffered in America from prejudice and intolerance, remember Joseph
Stalin" (Daily Worker of March 9, 1953, page 3) ; the Daily Worker
of January 18, 1952 (page 8), reported that he had renewed his fight
for a passport in order to attend the American Intercontinental Peace
Conference in Rio de Janeiro ; it was reported in the Washington
Evening Star on May 10, 1952 (page B-21), that Dr . DuBois was
refused admission to Canada to attend the Canadian Peace Congress
because he refused to undergo an examination by the Canadian
Immigration service . On September 14, 1952, the Worker (page M6),
reported that Dr . DuBois had experienced passport difficulties when
leaving the United States .
IRw1N EDMAN
Irwin Edman, educator, was one of the sponsors of the Cultural and
Scientific Conference for World Peace, arranged by the National
Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions and held in New York
City, March 25-27, 1949 . (See : Conference "Call" ; Conference
Program, p . 12 ; and Daily Worker, February 21, 1949, p . 2 .)
The Congressional Committee on Un-American Activities described
the Scientific and Cultural Conference as "actually a supermobiliza-
tion of the inveterate wheelhorses and supporters of the Communist
Party and its auxiliary organizations" . (Review of Scientific -and
Cultural Conference, dated April 19, 1949, p . 1 .) The National
Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions was cited as a Com-
munist-front organization in the Committee's report, page 2 .
U. S . Attorney General cited the League of American Writers as sub-
versive and Communist in his letters to the Loyalty Review Board
(released June 1, 1948 and September 21, 1948, also included in the
Consolidated list of April 1, 1954) . It was cited as a "Communist
front" by the Special Committee * * * (Reports of Jan . 3, 1940, p. 9;
June 25, 1942, p . 19 ; March 29, 1944, p . 48 .) "The League of American
Writers, founded under Communist auspices in 1935 * * * in 1939
* * * began openly to follow the Communist Party line as dictated by
the foreign policy of the Soviet Union * * * . The overt activities of
the League of American Writers in the last 2 years leave little doubt of
its Communist control" . (The U . S . Attorney General, Congressional
Record, Sept . 24, 1942, pp . 7685 and 7686 .)
The booklet, "These Americans Say :" (p .. 8) named Irwin Edman
as a representative individual of the Coordinating Committee to
Lift the Embargo .
The Special Committee on Un-American Activities cited the
Coordinating Committee to Lift the Spanish Embargo as "One of a
number of front organizations, set up during the Spanish Civil War
by the Communist Party in the United States and through which
the party carried on a great deal of agitation" . (Report, March 29,
1944, pp. 137 and 138).
Irwin Edman was a member of the Committee of 102 Writers and
Artists which protested the arrest of Pablo Neruda, Communist
Chilean Senator and World famous poet . (Daily Worker, April 7,
1948, page 13) .
The "Daily Worker", February 16, 1948 (p. 16) reported that
Professor Irwin Edman, Columbia University, signed a statement to
the Mayor and City Council in behalf of the Communist, Simon
Gerson . An advertisement in the New York "Times", February 19,
1948 (p . 13) named him as a supporter of the Citizens Committee to
Defend Representative Government, supporting the seating of Gerson,
Communist.
CLARK M . EICHELBERGER
Clark M . Eichelberger was named in the New York Times (De-
cember 3, 1938), as a member of the Committee for Concerted Peace
Efforts ; a letterhead of the same organization, dated September 21,
1938, contains the name of Clark M . Eichelberger as Acting Chair-
man of the group ; on March 16, 1939, the New York Times (page 11),
disclosed that he was Chairman of the organization's Executive
Committee . He spoke at a meeting of the . Massachusetts Committee
for Concerted Peace Efforts in Boston, as reported by the Daily
Worker on June 10, 1938 (page 2), and again on June 11, 1938 (page
2) ; he spoke at a public meeting in Carnegie Hall, February 13, 1939,
to "Revise the Neutrality Act," as shown on a leaflet advertising the
meeting which was held under the auspices of the Committee for
Concerted Peace Efforts .
In a report by the Special Committee on Un-American Activities,
dated March 29, 1944, the Committee for Concerted Peace Efforts
was cited as an organization with the same aims as the American
Congress for Peace and Democracy, a Communist front advocating
collective security prior to the signing of the Stalin-Hitler pact .
same aims,as the American League for Peace and Democracy, a Com
munist front which beat the drums for collective security agains
Fascist aggressors in accordance with current Communist Party line
Mr . Eichelberger was a member of the Committee for Peace * * *
as shown on page 2 of the Daily Worker for March 23, 1938 ; the sam
information appeared in New Masses for April 5, 1938 (page 27), i
connection with a rally held by the Committee for Peace * * * i
Madison Square Garden, Aliril 4, 1938 . He was named in the Dail
Worker of March 29, 1938 (page 4), as having endorsed the Com
mittee for Peace through World Cooperation .
Fight magazine for April 1938 (page 57), named Clark M . Eichel
berger as one of the sponsors of a meeting of the American Leagu
for Peace and Democracy which was held in Madison Square Garden
The Attorney General of the United States cited the America
League for Peace and Democracy as having been established "in a
effort to create public sentiment on behalf of a foreign policy adapted
to the interests of the Soviet Union" ; and as being subversive an
Communist . (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, pages 768
and 7684 ; and press releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948
respectively .) The Special Committee on Un-American Activities
cited the American League for * * * as "the largest of the Com-
munist `front' movements in the United States" (reports of Januar
3, 1939 and March 29, 1944 ; also cited in reports of January 3, 1940
January 3, 1941 ; June 25, 1942 ; and January 2, 1943) .
The Attorney General also cited the American Youth Congress
as having "originated in 1934 and * * * controlled by Communist
and manipulated by them to influence the thought of America
youth" ; he also cited it as subversive and Communist . (Congres
sional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7685 ; and press releases o
December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948, respectively .) The Specia
Committee cited the American Youth Congress as "one of the prin-
cipal fronts of the Communist Party" and prominently identified
with the "White House picket line (reports of June 25, 1942 ; Januar
3, 1939 ; January 3, 1941 ; and March 29, 1944) .
In a pamphlet entitled "Youngville, U . S . A.," published in 193
by the American Youth Congress, it is noted that "the following men
and women, prominent in the political, social, cultural, educational and
religious life of the nation, are firm believers in the cardinal Youth
Congress idea-youth organization for mutual youth interest along
democratic lines. They subscribe to the Declaration of the Right
of Youth adopted by the Congress and have consented to give some
of their valuable time and advice to the central organization of Young
America. * * * They are serving in their purely personal capacities
because they have a deep interest in American youth and have had
long experience with its problems. * * *" Included in the list o
members of the National Advisory Committee of the American Youth
Congress is the name of Clark M . Eichelberger, identified as Director,
League of Nations Association. (See page 63 of the pamphlet .) The
same information appears on the organization's letterhead concerning
their Fourth Annual Conference which was held in Milwaukee, Wis-
consin, July 4, 1937 .
March 28, 1938, page 3) ; the Special Committee cited the World
Youth Congress as a "Communist conference" (reports of March
29, 1944 and January 3, 1939) .
The American Student Union was cited as a Communist front-
which was "the result of a united front gathering of young Socialists
and Communists" in 1937 . The Young Communist League took
credit for creation of the organization . (Special Committee's reports
of January 3, 1939 ; January 3, 1940 ; June 25, 1942 ; and March 29,
1944 .) Dr . Eichelberger spoke at the Fourth National Convention
of the American Student Union, December 26-30, 1938, as disclosed
in the Student Almanac for 1939 (a publication of the organization) .
The Daily Worker of June 2, 1938, (page 5), reported that Clark M .
Eichelberger supported a meeting of the Medical Bureau and North
American Committee To Aid Spanish Democracy, one of the groups
organized during 1937 and 1938 when the Communist Party cam-
paigned for support of the Spanish Loyalist cause . (From a report
.of the Special Committee dated March 29, 1944 .)
On January 17, 1950, the New York Times (page 12), reported that
Clark M . Eichelberger was the fifty-fourth defense witness for Alger,
Hiss, tried and convicted for perjury . The article stated that "Mr .
Eichelberger is a director of the American Association for the United
Nations and appeared for the defense without a subpoena . Mr .
Eichelberger testified that the reputation of Mr . Hiss for loyalty,
integrity and veracity was `excellent' . "
HENRY PRATT FAIRCHILD
The name of Henry Pratt Fairchild is found in this Committee's
Report No . 1954, "Review of the Scientific and Cultural Conference
for World Peace," April 19, 1949, in connection with officially-cited
organizations, on pages 2, 7, 9, 11, 18, 21-29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 40,
42, 43, 46-56, 58 and 60 ; a copy of the report is enclosed for your
information . Further references to Prof. Fairchild are given below :
As shown by the "Daily People's World" of February 27, 1952 (page
2), Prof . Henry Pratt Fairchild was a sponsor of an emergency con-
ference dedicated to the defense of Communists arrested under the
Smith Act and scheduled to be held in New York on March 16 ; the
same information appeared in the "Daily Worker" on February 25,
1952 (page 1) and March 6, 1952 (page 8) . A photostatic copy of an
undated letterhead of the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee,
which was received for files September 21, 1951, was signed by Henry
Pratt Fairchild ; the letter announced the formation of the organiza-
tion to oppose the Smith Act . Prof . Fairchild was reported to be a
sponsor of a two-day conference and forum of the Emergency Civil
Liberties Committee on "The Bill of Rights-Sublime Risk of Free
Men," in New York City, January 30-31 ("Daily Worker" of January
20, 1953, page 3 and "Daily People's World" of January 22, 1953,
page 2) . A letterhead of the National Committee to Win Amnesty
for the Smith Act Victims dated May 22, 1953 carried Prof . Fair-
-child's name as a sponsor . He signed an appeal to President Truman
requesting amnesty for leaders of the Communist Party convicted
under the Smith Act, as shown by the "Daily Worker," December 10,
1952 (page 4) .
signer of a statement for world peace submitted to the State Depar
ment ("Daily Worker," November 19, 1951, page 1) . According t
the "Daily Worker" of March 10, 1952 (page 1), Prof . Fairchi
signed an open letter to President Truman to halt the rearming o
Germany . He signed a letter to President Truman asking that h
act on germ warfare ("Daily People's World," June 9, 1952, page 6
He was reported in the "Daily Worker" of March 5, 1951 (page 4
to have signed a letter to President Truman to recognize the seating
the People's Republic of China in the United Nations .
The "Daily Worker" of February 1, 1951 (p . 2) listed Pro
Henry Pratt Fairchild, New York University, as a sponsor of th
American Peace Crusade ; he was listed as an initial sponsor on t
Crusade's letterheads of February 1951 and February 25, 1953 . H
was a sponsor of the American People's Congress and Exposition f
Peace of the American Peace Crusade, according to the leaflet
"American People's Congress * * * invites you to participate in
National Peace Competition" ; "The Call to the American People
Congress * * * " ; and the "Daily Worker," June 11, 1951 (p. 2
The American People's Congress and Exposition for Peace was hel
in Chicago, Ill ., June 29, 30, and July 1, 1951 . According to t
"Daily Worker," May 1, 1951 (p . 11), Professor Fairchild was
sponsor of the American Peace Crusade's contest for songs, essa
and paintings advancing the theme of world peace .
The American Peace Crusade was cited by the Committee on Un
American Activities as an organization which "the Communist
established" as "a new instrument for their `peace' offensive in th
United States" (Report 378, on the Communist "Peace" Offensive
April 25, 1951, p . 51) .
An advertisement ("Paid for by contributions of signers") in t
Washington "Evening Star," October 30, 1951 (p. A-7), name
Prof . Henry Pratt Fairchild as a signer of an "Open Letter to
Howard McGrath" in behalf of the four jailed trustees of the Bai
Fund of the Civil Rights Congress of New York .
The Civil Rights Congress was cited as subversive and Communi
by the United States Attorney General in letters furnished the Loy
alty Review Board and released December 4, 1947, and Septembe
21, 1948 ; it was redesignated by the Attorney General pursuant t
Executive Order 10450 of April 27, 1953. This, Committee, on Sep
tember 2, 1947, released a report on the Civil Rights Congress
which it was cited as having been "dedicated not to the broade
issues of civil liberties, but specifically to the defense of individua
Communists and the Communist Party" and "controlled by individ
uals who are either members of the Communist Party or openl
loyal to it" (Report No . 1115, p . 19) .
Professor Fairchild was shown as a national sponsor of the Spanis
Refugee Appeal of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee o
letterheads of that organization dated May 18, 1951 and January
1953 . He signed a petition sent to President Truman by the Span
ish Refugee Appeal * * * "to bar military aid to or alliance wit
fascist Spain" (mimeographed petition attached to letterhead o
May 18, 1951) .
of March 29, 1944 (page 174) . The Attorney General cited the
organization as subversive and Communist (press releases of Decem-
ber 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated pursuant to Exec-
utive Order 10450) .
The "Daily Worker" of October 22, 1951 (page 8) reported that
Prof . Henry Pratt Fairchild would speak at a conference of the Na-
tional Council of American-Soviet Friendship on October 27 in New
York City . It was reported in the "Daily Worker" of November
5, 1951 (page 8) that he would speak at a USA-USSR world peace
rally to be held on November 15 in New York City by the National
Council * * * He was shown as Secretary of the National Council,
of American-Soviet Friendship in the July 28, 1952 issue of the "Dail'
Worker" (page 3) .
The Special Committee * * *, in its report of March 29, 1944
(page 156), cited the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship
as "the Communist Party's principal front for all things Russian ."
The Attorney General cited the National Council as subversive and
Communist (press releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21,
1948 ; redesignated pursuant to Executive Order 10450, April 27,
1953) .
"We Join Black's Dissent," a reprint of an article from the "St .
Louis Post-Dispatch," June 20, 1951, by the National Council of
the Arts, Sciences and Professions, named Prof . Henry Pratt Fair-
child as a supporter of a rehearing of the case of the Communist
leaders before the Supreme Court . He was Chairman of the "Restore
Free Speech" rally held by the National Council, New York City,
July 25, 1951, as shown by the "Daily Worker," July 23, 1951 (page
3) . He was listed as one who would speak at a meeting calling for the
right to advocate peace which was to be held under auspices of the
National Council, New York City, September 28, 1951, as shown
by the September 26, 1951 issue of the "Daily Worker" (page 8) .
He signed the statement, "We Uphold the Right of All Citizens to
Speak for Peace * * *," as shown by the handbill, "Halt the De-
famers Who Call Peace Un-American!" which announced the Sep-
tember 28 meeting of the National Council referred to above .
Prof . Fairchild was listed as a sponsor of a conference on Equal
Rights for Negroes in the Arts, Sciences and Professions which was to
be held in New York City on November 10 by the New York Council
of the National Council ("Daily Worker," November .1, 1951, page
7 ; November 9, 1951, page 7 ; and "A Call to a Conference on Equal
Rights * * *") . He took part in "A Tribute to Jo Davidson" held
under auspices of the National Council * * *, New York City, Janu-
ary 30, 1952 (handbill, "Memorial Meeting for Jo Davidson") . Iden-
tified as Secretary of the National Council * * *, Prof . Fairchild
signed "An Appeal for Peace" to the President and Congress, accord-
ing to the "Daily Worker," March 25, 1952 (page 2) . He participated
in a meeting for Academic Freedom Against the Entertainment Black-
list held in New York City, October 10, 1952 by the National Council,
as advertised in the October 8, 1952 issue of the "Daily Worker"
(page 6) . A letterhead of the National Council (photostat dated
December 7, 1952) carries the name of Prof . Henry Pratt Fairchild
as Secretary of the group . The "Daily Worker" of March 30, 1953
Council .
The "Daily Worker" of May 1, 1953 (page 2) reported that Prof
Fairchild had been elected national chairman of the National Council
at a national convention which concluded its sessions in New York City,,
April 26 . A mimeographed handbill, "Free Cedric Belfrage," carried
his name as a speaker at a "Guardians of Liberty Rally," June 5
New York City, sponsored by the National Council and the "National
Guardian" ; the same information was revealed in the "Daily Worker"
on June 3, 1953 (page 8) . Identified as Chairman of the National
Council, Prof . Fairchild was named as a speaker at a Peace Rally
of the organization held in New York City, September 27, 1953
("Daily Worker," September 15, 1953, page 6 ; September 21, 1953,
page 2 ; and September 29, 1953, page 3) .
The Committee on Un-American Activities cited the National
Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions as a Communist front
in the enclosed report .
The "Daily Worker" of June 20, 1950 (page 2) reported that Henry
Pratt Fairchild signed the World Peace Appeal ; he was listed as a
endorser of the World Peace Appeal on an undated leaflet entitled
"Prominent Americans Call For * * *" (received September 11, 1950)
He was shown as a sponsor of the World Congress for Peace, American
Sponsoring Committee, on a leaflet, "World Congress for Peace,
Paris," April 20-23, 1949. He was shown as a sponsor of the Ameri-
can Continental Congress for Peace in Mexico City, September 5-10,
1949, as shown on the "Call" to the Congress . He was a sponsor of
the U . S . Sponsoring Committee for Representation at the Congress
of the Peoples for Peace, Vienna, a meeting of the World Peace Coun-
cil, as shown on a leaflet, "Let's Talk It Over!" and in the "Daily
Worker" (October 31, 1952, page 2) and "Daily People's World"
(November 5, 1952, page 2) .
The World Peace Appeal was cited as a petition campaign launched
by the Permanent Committee of the World Peace Congress at its
meeting in Stockholm, March 16-19, 1950 ; as having "received the
enthusiastic approval of every section of the international Communis
hierarchy" ; as having been lauded in the Communist press, putting
"every individual Communist on notice that he `has the duty to rise
to this appeal' " ; and as having "received the official endorsement
of the Supreme Soviet of the U . S . S. R ., which has been echoed by the
governing bodies of every Communist satellite country, and by all
Communist Parties throughout the world ." (Committee's Report
378, April 25, 1951, page 34 .)
The Committee, in Report 378, April 25, 1951, cited the America
Continental Congress for Peace in Mexico City as "another phase in
the Communist `peace' campaign, aimed at consolidating anti-Ameri-
can forces throughout the Western Hemisphere ."
The World Peace Congress (Paris, April 20-23, 1949) was cited by
this Committee as a Communist front among the " `peace' con-
ferences" which "have been organized under Communist initiative in
various countries throughout the world as part of a campaign against
the North Atlantic Defense Pact ." The World Peace Council was
cited as having been formed at the conclusion of the Second World
Peace Congress in Warsaw and which was heralded by the Moscow
1951, pages 16 and 38, respectively .)
The "Daily Worker" of July 9, 1952 (page 6) reported that Prof .
Henry Pratt Fairchild signed an open letter of the National Com-
mittee to Repeal the McCarran Act ; the letter was made to the
Platform Committees of the Republican and Democratic Parties and
urged that they include in the 1952 platforms "a plank calling for
repeal of the McCarran Act ." The same organization also released
an open letter to Members of the Eighty-Third Con ress urging
support of legislation to repeal the McCarran Act, as sown on an
undated official letterhead (received January 1953) which listed Henry
Pratt Fairchild as having signed the letter (page 2) .
Prof. Fairchild was among the guests who were present and intro-
duced at the 17th annual education conference of the Teachers Union
of New York held March 28 at the Hotel Commodore ("Daily
Worker," March 30, 1953, pages 3 and 8) .
JAMES T . FARRELL
James T . Farrell contributed to the following issues of the Daily
Worker : November 29, 1934, p . 5 ; May 3, 1935, p . 2 ; and December
21, 1935 p . 3 . This publication was cited as the "Official Communist
Party, Ut . S. A . organ" by the Committee on Un-American Activities
in Report No . 1920, n ay 11, 1948, p . 44 .
The "Call for Congress of American Revolutionary Writers on
May 1" listed James T . Farrell as one of the signers of the "Call ."
The same information was reported in the Daily Worker of January 18,
1935 (p . 5) and was shown in material presented to the Special
Committee on Un-American Activities by Mr. Walter S . Steele in
connection with his public testimony before the Committee on
August 17, 1938 (Public Hearings, Vol . 1, page 561) . The Congress
of American Revolutionary Writers was cited as subversive and
Communist by the Attorney General in letters to the Loyalty Review
Board released December 4, 1947, and September 21, 1948, and
included in consolidated list released April 1, 1954 .
The Daily Worker of April 29, 1935 (p . 1) reported that James T .
Farrell participated in the First American Writers Congress at Mecca
Temple, New York, N . Y ., April 26-27, 1935 . The Walter Steele
material referred to above (p . 562) shows that James T . Farrell was
elected at that congress to the national council of the League of
American Writers . This information was also reported in the Daily
Worker of April 30, 1935 .
The League of American Writers was cited as subversive and
Communist by the Attorney General in letters to the Loyalty Review
Board released June 1 and Sept . 21, 1948, and included in consolidated
list released April 1, 1954 . The Attorney General (Cong . Record,
September 24, 1942, pp . 7685-6) stated the League was "founded
under Communist auspices in 1935 * * * in 1939 * * * began openly
to follow the Communist Party line as dictated by the foreign policy
of the Soviet Union . * * *" This organization was cited as a Com-
munist front by the Special Committee on Un-American Activities,
Report of January 3, 1940, p . 9 . According to the March 29, 1944,
Report (p . 82) of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities,
Earl Browder, general secretary of the Communist Party, was a speaker
55647-54-19
A letterhead of the National Committee for the Defense of, Politic
Prisoners dated October 31, 1935, carried the name of James
Farrell as a member of that organization . The National Committ
for * * * was cited as subversive and Communist by the Attorne
General in letters to the Loyalty Review Board released Decemb
4, 1947, and September 21, 1948 ; also included in consolidated li
released April 1, 1954, and as "Substantially equivalent to Inte
national Labor Defense, legal arm of the Communist Party * *
(it) caters to financially and socially prominent liberals * *
(Cong . Record, September 24, 1942, p . 7686) .
The December, 1930, issue of New Masses (which was cited by t
Attorney General as a "Communist periodical" Cong . Record, Se
tember 24, 1942, p . 7688) shows James T . Farrell as a contribut
(p . 18), and the June 19, 1934, issue contains his contribution t
the New Masses Symposium (page 30) .
James T . Farrell contributed to Partisan Review, publication of th
John Reed Clubs, as shown by the February-March, 1934 (p . 16) a
January-February, 1935 (p . 20) issues . The Special Committ
on * * * Report of March 29, 1944, p . 175, indicates these clu
were "Named after the founder of the American Communist Party
An undated letterhead of Book Union, Inc ., lists James T . Farre
as a member of its advisory council . Writings by James T . Farre
were included in the anthology, "Proletarian Literature in the Unit
States," Book Union's first book selection according to the undat
circular, "Triple Combination Offer ." This circular also show
that applications and payments were to be sent to New Masses an
that the "triple offer" consisted of a copy of "Proletarian Literature
a membership in Book Union, and a 12-weeks' subscription to Ne
Masses . The Special Committee on * * * in its March 29, 194
Report (p . 96) found Book Union to be "Distributors of Communi
literature ."
The folder, "Mother Ella Reeve Bloor 45th Anniversary Banquet
January 24, 1936, lists James Farrell as a sponsor . "Mother Bloor
was one of the outstanding women leaders of the Communist Part
in the United States .
Other references to James T . Farrell may be found in the followi
publications of this Committee, copies of which are enclosed for yo
use :
Hearings Regarding Communist Infiltration of Hollywood Motion
Picture Industry-Part 3, May and June 1951, p . 596
Hearings Regarding Communist Infiltration of the Hollywood Motio
Picture Industry-Part 8, May 1952, pp . 3482 and 3487
HOWARD FAST
The Committee's "Review of the Scientific and Cultural Con
ference for World Peace," dated April 19, 1949 (p . 2), named Howa
Fast as one of the sponsors of the Conference which was arranged
the National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions . Th
same Review showed that Mr . Fast participated in the World Congre
of Intellectuals in Wroclaw (Breslau) Poland, August 25 to 28, 194
He was an American Sponsor of the World Peace Congress held i
Paris, April 20-23, 1949 (ibid .) .
mobilization of the inveterate wheelhorses and supporters of the
Communist Party and its auxiliary organizations" (Review of the
Scientific and Cultural Conference, page 1) ; the National Council of
the Arts, * * *, was also cited in the same Review as a Communist-
front organization .
* * * bitter hatred for all western culture and the attempt to divorce writers,
scientists, and artists from their own native land and win their allegiance for the
Soviet Union is the underlying aim and theme of these scientific and cultural
conferences for world peace .
The World Congress of Intellectuals was a forerunner of the
Scientific and Cultural Conference . The World Peace Congress in
Paris (April 20-23, 1949) was cited as a Communist front among the
"peace" conferences which "have been organized under Communist
initiative in various countries throughout the world as part of a
campaign against the North Atlantic Defense Pact ." (From the
Committee's Review of the Scientific and Cultural Conference .) A
copy of this report is enclosed ; and your attention is called to pages
3, 9-11, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 33-45, 47-51, 54-56, 58 and 60
which refer to Howard Fast .
In a report of this Committee, dated April 16, 1946, Howard Fast
was named as a member of the Executive Board of the Joint Anti-
Fascist Refugee Committee ; while an officer, he was cited for contempt
of Congress for refusal to produce records of the organization as
subpoenaed by the Committee . The Washington "Post" of April 1,
1947 (p . 1), reported that he was indicted April 1, 1947 ; and was
convicted June 27, 1947 (Washington "Star" of June 28, 1947, pages
1 and 6) . The District of Columbia Court sentenced Mr . Fast to
three months in jail and a $500 fine ("PM" of July 17, 1947, page 5) .
He appealed the decision but "on May 29, 1950, the Supreme Court
refused to review the conviction for contempt of Congress of
members of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee and on June
7, 1950, they went to jail" (Annual Report of the Committee for the
Year 1950, page 34) .
The "Daily Worker" of September 1, 1950 (pages 2 and 9), reported
that Howard Fast, novelist, was released from Federal prison at Mill
Point, West Virginia, after completing three months sentence for
contempt of the House of Representatives .
The Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee was cited as a Com-
munist-front organization by the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, March 29, 1944 (page 174) . On December 4, 1947 and
September 21, 1948, lists of organizations cited by the Attorney
General of the United States were released to the press by the U . S.
Civil Service Commission ; the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee
was one of the organizations shown on the list as subversive and
Communist and it was subsequently redesignated by the Attorney
General on April 27, 1953 pursuant to Executive Order No . 10450 .
Howard Fast signed a statement of the Civil Rights Congress,
protesting the jailing of Communist leaders, as shown in the "Daily
Worker" of June 6, 1949 (p . 2) ; he spoke at a meeting of the Civil
Rights Congress in behalf of the Communist leaders, according to .
the "Daily Worker" of June 8, 1949 (p . 3) ; he spoke again before the
same group, as reported in the "Daily Worker" on June 28, 1949 (p . 9) .
and April 30, 1951 (p . 11) . The October 3, (1951) issue of the sam
publication reported that the Civil Rights Congress had publishe
the second in a series of "Crisis Papers" by Mr . Fast (p . 7) .
. In a pilgrimage of the Civil Rights Congress, on behalf of the Martins
ville Seven, Howard Fast led the New York Council of the Arts,
Sciences and Professions ; the so-called "Martinsville seven" wer
"Negro youth and men * * * charged with the rape of a white woma
in 1949, tried and convicted" ("Daily Worker" of January 29, 1951
P . 1) .
The Civil Rights Congress was "an organization formed in Apri
1946 as a merger of two other Communist-front organizations (Inter
national Labor Defense and the National Federation for Constitu-
tional Liberties) ; it was "dedicated not to the broader issues of civi
liberties, but specifically to the defense of individual Communists an
the Communist Party" and "controlled by individuals who are eithe
members of the Communist Party or openly loyal to it" (Committee
vn Un-American Activities in Report 1115 of September 2, 1947)
The U . S . Attorney General cited the Civil Rights Congress as sub
versive and Communist (letters to the Loyalty Review Board, re-
leased to the press December 4, 1.947 and September 21, 1948) . Th
organization was redesignated on April 27, 1953 pursuant to Executiv
Order 10450 .
The "Daily Worker" of September 12, 1949 (p . 4), reported tha
Howard Fast spoke before the New York State Communist Party
the "Daily Worker" of January 18, 1950 (p . 11), reported that he wa
Chairman of a meeting on the Soviet Communist Party resolutions
on the arts .
The following statement by Mr. Fast appeared in the "Dail
Woker" on November 10, 1949 (p . 10)
In the Communist Party is enshrined the future and the hope of mankind
There is no nobler, no finer product of man's existence on this earth than the
Communist Party .
Howard Fast signed the World Peace Appeal, as shown in the
"Daily Worker" of June 20, 1950 (p . 2) . An interim statement b
the Committee on Un-American Activities, July 13, 1950, reveale
that "though labeled as a `peace petition,' the document (World
Peace Appeal) is actually intended to be the entering wedge for
campaign of civil disobedience and defiance of our Government, i
the interests of the war effort of a foreign nation" (p. 3) . The Com
mittee on Un-American Activities again cited the World Peace Appea
as a petition campaign launched by the Permanent Committee of th
World Peace Congress in a meeting at Stockholm, March 16-19, 195
(Report on the Communist "Peace" Offensive, April 25, 1951, p
34) ; the report further stated that the Appeal "received the enthusi
astic approval of every section of the international Communist
hierarchy" and as having been lauded in the Communist press, put-
ting "every individual Communist on notice that he `has the duty t
rise to this appeal' " ; and as having "received the official endorsemen
of the Supreme Soviet of the U . S . S . R ."
The "Daily Worker" of April 6, 1951 (p . 4), reported that the Stat
Department had refused to grant Howard Fast a passport to Prague
Czechoslovakia, to attend the opening of his play, "Thirty Pieces o
reported that the State Department had refused to grant him a pass-
port to attend the second anniversary celebration of the Chinese
People's Republic and that he claimed the Department of State was
making "him a sort of house prisoner within the continental border
of the United States ."
The "Daily Worker" of February 25, 1953 (p . 7), reported that
a Czech translation of "Haym Solomon" by Howard Fast was in
publication, according to a recent announcement in Prague .
Howard Fast was a signer of an appeal to President Truman re-
questing amnesty for leaders of the Communist Party convicted under
the Smith Act as shown by the December 10, 1952 issue of the "Daily
Worker" (p . 4) .
The "Daily Worker" of September 10, 1952 (p . 8), reported that
Howard Fast was the American Labor Party Congressional candidate
in the 23d Congressional District, New York . According to the
September 15, 1952 issue of the "Daily Worker" (p . 3), Howard Fast,
American Labor Party candidate for Congress from the 23d Con-
gressional District in the Bronx, called on President Truman to order a
cease-fire in Korea . The Special Committee * * *, in its report of
March 29, 1944 (p . 78), cited the American Labor Party its follows :
For years, the Communists have put forth the greatest efforts to capture the
entire American Labor Party throughout New York State . They succeeded in
capturing the Manhattan and Brooklyn sections of the American Labor Party but
outside of New York City they have been unable to win control .
Howard Fast was a signer of an Open Letter of the American Peace
Crusade to the President demanding an immediate cease-fire in Korea
and that the prisoner issue be settled later ("Daily Worker," March
11, 1953, p . 8) . The Congressional Committee * * *, in its statement
issued on the March of Treason, February 19, 1951, and House Report
No . 378, on the Communist "Peace" Offensive, April 25, 1951 (p . 51),
cited the American Peace Crusade as an organization which "the
Communists established" as "a new instrument for their `peace'
offensive in the United States" and which was heralded by the "Daily
Worker" "with the usual bold headlines reserved for projects in line
with the Communist objectives ." On January 22, 1954, the United
States Attorney General cited the American Peace Crusade as sub-
versive and Communist, pursuant to Executive Order 10450 .
The "Daily Worker" of November 10, 1952 (p . 3) reported that
Howard Fast was a signer of an amicus curiae brief presented to the
Supreme Court, Washington, D . C ., urging a new trial for Ethel and
Julius Rosenberg . He participated in a march to Sing Sing in a demon-
stration for the Rosenbergs ("Daily People's World," December 23,
1952, p . 1) ; and he wrote an article on his trip to Sing Sing in behalf
of the Rosenbergs ("Daily People's World," December 31, 1952,
p . 7). The "Daily Worker" of January 21, 1953 (p . 7) reported that
Howard Fast was one of those who urged clemency for the Rosenbergs .
A letterhead of the Committee of Professional Groups for Browder
and Ford, dated September 22, 1936, listed Kenneth Fearing as a
member of that organization . The Committee of Professional Groups
for Browder and Ford has been cited as a Communist-front organiza-
tion which operated when those two candidates were running for
President and Vice President, respectively, on the Communist Party
ticket. (From Report 1311 of the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities dated March 29, 1944, pages 48 and 181 .)
found in the "New York Times" of May 19, 1930. He contribute
to the November-December 1934 (p . 54) and January-February 19
(p. 29) issues of the Partisan Review, a publication of the Joh
Reed Club of New York .
The John Reed Clubs of the United States were named after th
founder of the American Communist Party (report of the Specia
Committee * * * dated March 29, 1944, p . 175).
Kenneth Fearing contributed articles to the "Daily Worker" an
to its Sunday edition, "The Worker", as shown in the following issu
of that publication : August 27, 1934 ; July 23, 1935 (p . 5) ; Decembe
24, 1931 (p . 3) ; December 21, 1935 (p . 3) ; and January 23, 1936 (
5). His photograph appeared in the issue of May 20, 1935 (p . 5).
The Daily Worker has been cited as the official organ of the Co
munist Party, U . S . A ., by the Committee on Un-American Activiti
in Report No . 1920 of May 11, 1948 (page 44) ; also cited by t
Special Committee * * * in report dated March 29, 1944 (pages
and 60 ; also cited in reports of January 3, 1939, page 30 ; January
1940, page 7 ; January 3, 1941, page 14 ; and June 25, 1942, page 4
New Masses magazine for September 1930 (page 3) named Kennet
Fearing as one of its Contributing Editors ; he contributed to t
following issues of the publication : September 1927 (pages 9 and 29
January 28 (page 5) ; June 1928 (page 22) ; September 1930 (page 11
September 6, 1938 (page 20) ; and November 8, 1938 (page 10) . Hi
book of poetry, Stranger at Coney Island, was reviewed by Eda Lo
Walton in the January 1949 issue of Masses & Mainstream (page
81-83) .
The Special Committee * * * cited New Masses as a "nationall
circulated weekly journal of the Communist Party * * * whos
ownership was vested in the American Fund for Public Service
(report dated March 29, 1944, pages 48 and 75 ; also cited in reports
January 3, 1939, page 80 ; and June 25, 1942, pages 4 and 21) . Th
Attorney General of the United States cited New Masses as a "Com
munist periodical" (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, pag
7688) .
The Bulletin of the League of American Writers (issue for th
Summer, 1938, page 4), named Kenneth Fearing as one of the member
of the League ; he signed the Call to the Third American Writer
Congress of the League, as shown in Direction for May-June 193
(page 1).
The Attorney General cited the League of American Writers
having been founded under Communist auspices in 1935 and "i
1939" it "began openly to follow the Communist Party line" ; it w
subsequently cited as subversive and Communist . (Congression
Record, September 24, 1942, pages 7680 and 7685; and press releas
on June 1 and September 21, 1948, respectively ; also included in co
solidated list dated April 1, 1954.)
The Special Committee * * * cited the league as a Communis
front organization (report of January 3, 1940 ; also cited in repor
of June 25, 1942, and March 29, 1944) .
page 25),
calling for greater unity of the anti-fascist forces and strengthening of the front
against aggression through closer cooperation with the Soviet Union, released on
August 14 by 400 leading Americans .
Kenneth Fearing, identified as a Poet, was one of the "400 leading
Americans" who signed the letter which urged-
Americans of whatever political persuasion to stand firmly for close cooperation
in this sphere between the United States and Soviet Russia, and to be on guard
against any and all attempts to prevent such cooperation in this critical period
in the affairs of mankind .
The Open Letter described above was known as the Open Letter for
Closer Cooperation With the Soviet Union and was issued by "a group
of Communist Party stooges" (from Report of the Special Commit-
tee * * * dated June 25, 1942, page 21) .
HAROLD GLASSER
Summarized from the Committee on Un-American Activities report,
"The Shameful Years", (House Report No . 1229, January 8, 1952,
pp . 58-61), as follows :
THE SILVERMASTER-PERLO GROUPS
In order for their espionage apparatus to function as an over-all unit it was
necessary for the Russians to establish contact within the various departments
and bureaus of the United States Government . The success with which this was
accomplished was attested to in testimony given the Committee by Elizabeth
T . Bentley in July 1948 .
Miss Bentley stated that for more than 11 years she had engaged in Communist
Party activity as well as Soviet espionage . In 1938 she became acquainted with
Jacob Golos, *
* * * She testified that under the direction of Golos, until his death in 1943,
she acted as courier and in a liaison capacity between individuals engaged in
Soviet espionage and Golos .
Even after Golos died in November 1943, she continued to act in the same
capacity under the direction of Earl Browder, then head of the Communist Party
U . S . A . This arrangement continued until late in 1944, *
• * * * * * *
Miss Bentley has stated that all the individuals working in the apparatus were
under the direction of the NKVD . These espionage groups with which she was
working were composed primarily of individuals employed in the Government in
Washington, D . C. The head of the most important and active group with which
Miss Bentley had contact was Nathan Gregory Silvermaster .
• * * * * * *
The head of another important group contacted by Elizabeth Bentley was
Victor Perlo, then an employee of the War Production Board . She first met the
members of this group at the apartment of John Abt, then general counsel for
the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America-CIO . Abt was later to figure
in the testimony of Whittaker Chambers as will be shown later in this report .
Another person mentioned by Bentley, who was to figure in the Chambers
testimony, was Alger Hiss . Bentley stated that members of the Perlo group had
informed her that "Hiss" of the State Department had taken Harold Glasser of
the Treasury Department and two or three others, and had turned them over
to the direct control of Soviet representatives operating in this country .
The members of the Perlo group who were named by Miss Bentley were :
• * * * * * *
Harold Glasser, Treasury Department ; loaned to Government of Ecuador ;
loaned to War Production Board ; adviser on North African Affairs Committee
in Algiers, North Africa ;
• * * * * *
tion with the committee .
* * * * * * *
Norman Bursler, * * *, Harold Glasser, * * *, have not appeared before t
committee to affirm or deny the charges made concerning them .
Other references to this matter may be found in the followi
publications of the Committee on Un-American Activities :
Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United Stat
Government, July-September 1948, pages : 515, 575, 592, 65
686, 702, 821, 860, 885, 900, 902, 903, 910, 917, 921, 1273, 135
1351
Hearings Regarding Communism in the United States Governmen
Part 1, April-June, 1950, and July-August, 1948, pages : 17
1739, 1748, 1751, 2933, and 2943
Annual Report for the Year 1950, page 9
Methods of Communist Infiltration in the United States Gover
ment, May and June 1952, pages : 3406, 3407, 3412, and 3442
WALTER .GELLHORN
Organization and affiliation Source
National Lawyers Guild (1) . July 1937 News-Letter, p . 2
Member of the Committee on
Administrative Law and Agen-
cies of the Guild ; identified as
from New York City .
Member ; identified with Co- 1939 Membership List .
lumbia University, New
York City .
International Juridical Associa- Leaflet, "What is the I . J . A
tion (1) . Member, National
Committee .
Signer of Statement "Daily Worker," July 25, 193
p . 2.
National Emergency Conference Press release dated Feb . 23, 19
for Democratic Rights (1) .
Member, Board of Sponsors .
Non-Partisan Committee for the Letterhead dated Oct . 3, 1936 .
Reelection of Congressman Vito
Marcantonio (1) . Member .
"Security, Loyalty, and Science" "Daily Worker," Nov . 23, 19
by Dr . Walter Gellhorn re- (p . 8), "Daily People's World
viewed . Nov. 28, 1950, p . 7 and Fe
6, 1951, p . 9 .
MARTHA GRAHAM
Organization and affiliation Source
American League for Peace and Letterhead, Apr . 6, 1939 (phot
Democracy (1) and (2) . Mem- stat) .
ber, Theatre Arts Committee .
National Council of American-So- Report of the Director to t
viet Friendship (1) and (2) . Vice Members, NCASF, Mar.
Chairman, Dance Committee . 1945 .
Can Committee to Aid Spanish Feb . 2, 1939 .
Democracy (1) . Sponsor .
Member, Theatre Arts Com- Letterhead, July 6, 1938 .
mittee .
MORTIMER GRAVES
Organization and affiliation Source
Citizens' Committee to Free Earl Advertisement in the Washing-
Browder (1) and (2) . Sponsor ton "Post," May 11, 1942, p . 9 .
in Washington .
National Council of American-So- Letterhead dated March 13, 1946,
viet Friendship (1) and (2) . a memorandum of the organi-
Sponsor. zation issued March 18, 1946,
and the "Call" to the Congress
of American-Soviet Friendship,
Nov . 6-8, 1943, p . 4 .
Member of Sponsoring Com- Bulletin of the Committee on
mittee of the National Education, June 1945, p . 22,
Council's Committee on and the Proceedings of the
Education. Conference on Education
About the Soviet Union, Oct .
14, 1944, New York City (in-
side back cover) .
Open Letter for Closer Coopera- "Soviet Russia Today," Septem-
tion with the Soviet Union (1) . ber 1939, p . 25 .
Signer .
Washington Committee for Aid to Leaflet, "China Aid News," June
China (1) . Chairman . 1940 ; mimeographed form let-
ter dated Apr . 15, 1941 .
Spoke at meeting of the group Leaflet, "Stop Shipments to Ja-
at the First Baptist Church, pan."
Washington, D . C ., Feb . 11,
1941 .
American Russian Institute (2) . Invitation to dinner .
Member of Board of Directors
and sponsor of dinner dedicated
to American-Soviet Post-War
Relations, New York, N . Y .,
Oct . 19, 1944 .
HORACE GREGORY
Organization and Affiliation Source
Communist Party (1) and (2) . Daily Worker, Sept . 14, 1932,
Signed Call for support of the p . 1, c . 2 .
Communist Party National
Elections and its candidates .
Member, Committee of Pro- Daily Worker, Sept . 2, 1936, p . 2 ;
fessional Groups for (Earl) letterhead of Sept . 22, 1936 ;
Browder and (Jas .) Ford, pamphlet, Culture and the
candidates for President Crisis, p . 32 .
and Vice President of the
United States on the Com-
munist Party ticket .
Rights (1) and (2) . Member . leaflet, "News You Don't
Get," dated Nov . 15, 1938 .
League of American Writers (1) Daily Worker, Apr . 30, 1935.
and (2) . Member, National
Committee .
Congress of American Revolution- Daily Worker, Jan . 18, 1935,
ary Writers (2) . Signed Call p. 5 .
to the congress .
New Masses (1) and (2) . Con- New Masses, September 1930,
tributing Editor . p. 3 ; December 1930, p . 3 ;
June 8, 1937, p . 13 ; Sept . 7,
1937, p. 9 ; Sept . 14, 1937, p . 9 ;
Nov . 2, 1937, p . 13 ; Jan . 11 ;
1938, p . 25
Contributed to the following__ New Masses, February 1928, p .
13 ; September 1928, p . 6 ;
Mar. 2, 1937, p . 23 ; Apr . 14,
1937, p . 8 ; Apr . 20, 1937, p . 25 ;
Aug . 3, 1937, p . 26 ; Oct . 12,
1937, p . 17 ; and Dec . 7, 1937,
p . 11 .
Golden Book of American Friend- Soviet Russia Today, November
ship With the Soviet Union (1) . 1937, p . 79 .
Signed the Golden Book .
ALBERT GUERARD
According to the following sources, Prof. Albert L. Guerard was
a sponsor of the American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born :
A letterhead of the organization dated December 11-12, 1948 ; an
undated letterhead received by this committee July 11, 1950 ; an
undated letterhead distributing a speech by Abner green at a con-
ference held December 2-3, 1950 ; a 1950 letterhead ; the Daily Worker
of April 4, 1951 (page 8) ; a letterhead of the Midwest Committee
for Protection of Foreign Born, dated April 30, 1951, which named
him as a National Sponsor of the organization ; a photostatic copy
of an undated letterhead of the Twentieth Anniversary National
Conference which was held in Chicago, Illinois, December 8-9, 1951 ;
the Daily Worker of April 29, 1953 (page 6), in which source he was
identified with Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass ., and which
.source also gave the name as Prof . Albert Guerard, without a middle
initial ; and Exhibit 52 of Matthew Cvetic, presented during his
testimony before this committee .
The program and call to a National Conference of the American
Committee for Protection of Foreign Born in Cleveland, Ohio, October
25-26, 1947, named Prof . Albert Guerard as one of the sponsors of
that conference ; According to the Daily Worker of April . 8, 1953
(page 2), Prof . Albert L . Guerard, Waltham, Mass ., signed an Open
Letter of the American Committee * * *, addressed to the Congress
of the United States, calling for repeal of the Walter-McCarran Law .
Rt . Rev . Arthur W . Moulton" (honorary chairman of the American
Committee) on his 80th birthday (Daily Worker of May 5, 1953,
page 8) . He was a sponsor of the National Conference to Repeal
the Walter-McCarran Law and Defend Its Victims, called by the
American Committee * * * for Chicago, Illinois, December 12-13,
1953 (Daily Worker of October 1, 1953, page 2) .
The Attorney General of the United States cited the American
Committee for Protection of Foreign Born as subversive and Com-
munist (press releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; consolidated
list released April 1, 1954) ; the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities cited it as "one of the oldest auxiliaries of the Communist
Party in the United States" (report of March 29, 1944) .
Prof. Albert L . Guerard, identified with Stanford University, Calif.,
signed an appeal addressed to the President of the United States,
requesting amnesty for leaders of the Communist Party convicted
under the Smith Act (Daily Worker, December 10, 1952, page 4) .
An undated leaflet of the Citizens' Committee to Free Earl Browder
named Prof. Albert Guerard of Stanford University as having appealed
to the President of the United States "for justice in the Browder
case." The Attorney General cited the Citizens' Committee
as Communist (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7687 ;
press release of April 27, 1949 ; and consolidated list of April 1, 1954) ;
the Special Committee * * * cited the organization as a Communist
front (report of March 29, 1944 .
Also cited .in the report of the Special Committee * * * (dated March
29, 1944) was the National Free Browder Congress ; Albert Guerard
signed the call to that congress, as reported in the Daily Worker of
February 25, 1942 (pages 1 and 4) .
On September 11, 1942, the National Federation for Constitutional
Liberties published in pamphlet form, an Open Letter which the
organization had sponsored, signed by "600 Prominent Americans"
who asked the President of the United States to reconsider the order
of the Attorney General for deportation of Harry Bridges, Communist
Party member . The Open Letter further stated that "It is equally
essential that the Attorney General's ill-advised, arbitrary, and unwar-
ranted findings relative to the Communist Party be rescinded ."
Among the "600 Prominent Americans" who signed the letter,
dated July 11, 1942, was Prof . Albert Guerard, Stanford University .
The same information appeared in the Daily Worker on July 19,
1942 (page 4) .
The Daily Worker of November 25, 1953 (page 2), reported that
Prof. Albert L . Guerard, General Literature Emeritus, Stanford,
California, was one of 134 professionals who signed a statement on
behalf of the Jefferson School of Social Science, cited as "an adjunct
of the Communist Party" by the Attorney General (press release of
December 4, 1947 ; and consolidated list released on April 1, 1954)_
The Special Committee . . . also cited the School (report of March
29, 1944).
Daily Worker (1) . Writer of article Daily Worker, Sept . 18, 1937, p .
on the theatre . 7.
Friends of the Abraham Lincoln Letterhead, Sept . 13, 1937 ; Infor-
Brigade (1) . Sponsor . mation submitted by Walter S .
Steele in connection with his
testimony given in public hear-
ings before Special Committee
on Un-American Activities,
Aug . 17, 1938, p . 569 ; testi-
mony of Mr . Steele, Public
Hearings, July 21, 1947, p . 29 .
National Sponsor Letterhead of Mar . 23, 1939,
introduced into Public Hear-
ings of the Special Committee
on Un-American Activities dur-
ing testimony of Mrs . Walter
Owens Selby, Apr . 12, 1940,
pp . 7728-7729 .
Hollywood Independent Citizens Letterhead, Oct. 2, 1945 .
Committee of the Arts, Sciences
and Professions (1) . Member,
Executive Council .
Hollywood Writers Mobilization Letterhead, Oct . 10, 1945 .
(2) . Third Vice-Chairman, Ex-
ecutive Council .
Member, Advisory Committee Hollywood Quarterly, April 1947,
on Radio of the "Holly- No . 3, vol . II .
wood Quarterly" p ub . by
Hollywood Writers Mobi-
lization .
Contributed to Hollywood Hollywood Quarterly, January
Quarterly . 1947, p. 161 .
Member of Panel on Propa- Program of the Writers Congress,
ganda Analysis at the 1943 .
Writers Congress held
October 1-3, 1943, under
auspicies of H . W. M . and
University of California .
New Theatre League (1) . Spon- Daily Worker, Jan . 21, 1938, p . 9 .
sor of drive to raise funds for
Artef Theatre . Artref Theatre
was described in this article as
"proudest and outstanding
member" of New Theatre
League .
Theatre Arts Committee (affiliated Undated letterhead .
with Medical Bureau and North
American Committee to Aid
Spanish Democracy-cited by
1 ; and American League for
Peace and Democracy, cited by
1 and 2 . Member, Advisory
Council .
a film on the Centralia mine 11 .
disaster of 1947 .
LANGSTON HUGHES
The Daily Worker of September 14, 1932, named Langston Hughes
as one of those who signed a "Call for support of the Communist
Party National Elections and its Candidates ." The same publication
(in the issue of February 7, 1949, page 2), reported that "Langston
Hughes, Negro people's poet, defends the Communist leaders on trial
and warns the Negro people that they too are being tried, in his column
in the current issue of the `Chicago Defender' . " The article further
quoted Mr . Hughes as declaring that "If the 12 Communists are sent
to jail, in a little while they will send Negroes to jail simply for being^
Negroes and to concentration camps just for being colored ."
Langston Hughes contributed to the Communist Party Yearbook
of 1937 (page 79), which is entitled "Ohio Marches Toward Peace and .
Progress ." He contributed to the March, April and July (1925)
issues of the Workers Monthly, official organ of the Workers Party
(as the American section of the Communist International was known
at the time) .
In sworn testimony of Dr . Theodore Graebner, Concordia Seminary,
St . Louis, Missouri, before the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities on December 9, 1938 (Volume 4, page 3008), we find the
following statement :
It is proper also that outside the state of Minnesota our people know that
Langston Hughes, the Communist Poet, wrote:
Good Morning, Revolution :
You're the very best friend
I ever had .
We gonna' pal around together from now on!"
and more directly the Workers' Song
"Put one more S in the U . S. A.
To make it Soviet .
The U . S. A . when we take control
Will be U . S. S. A . then ."
The following poem which was written by Langston Hughes was
quoted by Mr . Steve Gadler of St . Paul, Minn ., during his sworn
testimony before the Special Committee on Un-American Activities
(Volume 2, page 1366) :
Listen, Christ,
You did alright in your day, I reckon-
But that day's gone now .
They ghosted you up a swell story, too,
Called it Bible-
But it's dead now
The popes and the preachers've
Made too much money from it .
Kings, generals, robbers, and killers-
Even to the Tzar and the Cossacks .
Even to Rockefeller's church.
Even to the Saturday Evening Post .
You ain't no good no more ;
They've pawned you
Till you've done wore out .
Goodbye,
Christ Jesus, Lord, God Jehovah,
A real guy named
Marx Communist, Lenin Peasant, Stalin Worker, ME-
I said, Me!
Go ahead on now,
You're getting in the way of things, Lord .
And please take Saint Ghandi with you when you go
And Saint Pope Pius
And Saint Aimee McPherson,
And big black Saint Becton of the Consecrated Dime .
And step on the gas, Christ!
Move!
Don't be so slow bout movin'!
The world is mine from now on-
And nobody's gonna sell ME
To a king, or a general,
Or a millionaire .
The Daily People's World of January 20, 1950 (page 2, Section 2),
published Hughes' Ballad of Lenin, part of which is as follows :
Comrade Lenin of Russia
High in a marble tomb,
Move over, Comrade Lenin,
And give me room .
I am Ivan, the peasant,
Boots all muddy with soil
I fought with you, Comrade Lenin,
Now I have finished my toil .
**
I am Chico, the Negro,
Cutting cane in the sun .
I lived for you, Comrade Lenin,
Now my work is done .
***
I am Chang from the foundries
On strike in the streets of Shanghai
For the sake of the Revolution
I fight, I starve, I die .
Comrade Lenin of Russia
Rises in the Marble tomb
On guard with the fighters forever-
The world is our room!
In 1937 and 1938, "the Communist Party threw itself whole-
heartedly into a campaign in support of the Spanish Loyalist cause,
recruiting men and organizing multifarious so-called relief organiza-
tions" such as Friends of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, Veterans of
the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, etc . (Report 1311 of the Special
Committee * * * dated March 29, 1944 .)
Langston Hughes endorsed the drive of Friends of the Abraham
Lincoln Brigade to bring the wounded boys back home, as shown in
a circular entitled "and tell the folks that I'll be home if * * *" He
is listed as a sponsor of the organization on letterheads dated Sep-
tember 10 and 22, 1938 . He has contributed to various issues of
"Volunteer for Liberty," official organ of Veterans of the Abraham
lincoln Brigade : September 6, 1937 (page 1) ; October 11, 1937 (pag
16) ; November 15, 1937 (page 3) ; June 15, 1938 (page 15) ; Januar
17,1949 (Introduction in Bound Volume) ; and his photograph appeared
in the February 28, 1938 issue of the same publication . The Daily
Worker of February 15, 1949 (page 13), also reported that Mr . Hughes
had contributed to "Volunteer for Liberty ."
-held in New York, and Equal Justice for June 1939 (page 3) . The
International Labor Defense has been cited as being "essentially the
legal defense arm of the Communist Party of the United States ."
It is the American section of M . O . P . R ., or Red International of
Labor Defense, often referred to as the Red International Aid . Its
-international congresses meet in Moscow . (See reports of the Special
Committee on Un-American Activities dated January 3, 1939 ; January
3, 1940 ; June 25, 1942 ; March 29, 1944 .) It was again cited by the
Committee on Un-American Activities on September 2, 1947 in
Report 1115 .) The Attorney General of the United States cited the
group as the "legal arm of the Communist Party" (Congressional
Record, September 24, 1942, page 7686 ; and as subversive and Com-
munist (press releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated
April 27, 1952 ; also included in consolidated list of April 1, 1954) .
Langston Hughes is reported to have spoken before and entertained
an organization known as International Workers Order on several
occasions. (See : Daily Worker for March 1, 1 1,338, page 2 ; March 4,
1938, page 10 ; April 23, 1938, page 8 ; May 14, 1938, page 8) . He
contributed to the following issues of New Order, official publication
of the English and youth sections of the International Workers
Order : June 1936 (page 8), and January 1937 (page 2) .
The International Workers Order was cited as "one of the most
effective and closely knitted organizations among the Communist
`front' movements . It claims a membership of 150,000 bound together
through an insurance and social plan * * * It has contributed large
sums of money to Communist Party campaigns, and * * * regularly
sponsors Communist Party endorsed candidates for public office ."
(Special Committee * * * in reports of January 3, 1939 ; January 3,
1940 ; June 25, 1942 ; and March 29, 1944 .) The Attorney General
of the United States has cited the group as Communist (Congressional
Record, September 24, 1942, page, 7688 ; and press releases of December
4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated April 27, 1943 ; also
included in consolidated list of April 1, 1954) .
The Bulletin of the League of American Writers named Langston
Hughes as Vice President of the League ; the same information is
revealed by a letterhead of the organization dated December 29, 1938,
and by another letterhead of July 7, 1939 . The Daily Worker of
April 30, 1935, lists him as a member of the National Committee of
that organization . He signed the Call to the Fourth Congress of the
organization which was held in New York City, June 6-8, 1941 (New
Masses, April 22, 1941) ; in a pamphlet of the organization entitled
"We Hold These Truths," he has contributed an article concerning
anti-Semitism ; he also signed a statement of the organization on
behalf of the second front (Daily Worker, September 14, 1942) .
The League of American Writers was "founded under Communist
auspices in 1935 -* * * The overt activities of the League in the last
two years leave little doubt of its Communist control" (the Attorney
General in Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7686) ;' it
was cited as a "Communist-front organization" by the Special Com-
mittee * * * in three reports : January 3, 1940 ; June 25, 1942 ; and
March 29, 1944 . The League was cited as subversive and Com-
munist by the Attorney General (press releases of June 1 and Septern-
A leaflet of March 2, 1944, lists Langston Hughes as a sponsor of th
American Youth for Democracy ; he was listed in Spotlight of Apri
1944 as a national Sponsor of that organization . American Youth fo
Democracy was cited as "the new name under which the Young Com-
munist League operates and which also largely absorbed the American
Youth Congress." (Report 1311 of the Special Committee on Un
American Activities dated March 29, 1944.) Attorney General of th
United States cited the group as subversive and Communist (press
releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated
April 27, 1953 ; also included in consolidated list of April 1, 1954) ; th
organization was the subject of a separate report by the Committee o
Un-American Activities (April 17, 1947), and was called "a fron
formed in October 1943 to succeed the Young Communist League and
for the purpose of exploiting to the advantage of a foreign power the
idealism, inexperience, and craving to join which is characteristic o
American college youth ."
Letterheads dated February 26, 1946, and May 18, 1952, of th
Spanish Refugee Appeal of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committe
list Langston Hughes as one of the national sponsors of that group
Another letterhead of the organization, dated April 28, 1949, lists hi
as one of the sponsors of the group . The Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee
Appeal was cited by the Special Committee * * * as a Communist-
front organization (report of March 29, 1944) ; it was also cited by the
Attorney General as subversive and Communist (press releases of
December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated April 27,
1953 ; also included in consolidated list of April 1, 1954) .
Langston Hughes was one of the sponsors of the National Council of
American-Soviet Friendship, as shown on a memorandum issued by
the Council on March 18, 1946, and a Call to the Congress of American-
Soviet Friendship, Nov . 6-8, 1943 . The National Council * * * was
cited as subversive and Communist by the Attorney General (press
releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated April 27, 1953
also included in consolidated list of April 1, 1954) ; it was cited by the
Special Committee * * * in a report dated March 29, 1944 as having
been, "in recent months, the Communist Party's principal front for
all things Russian."
The January 1943 Message of the National Federation for Consti-
tutional Liberties, addressed to the House of Representatives of the
United States, was signed by Langston Hughes (from a leaflet attached
to an undated letterhead of the group) . The National Federation
was cited as "one of the Communist Party's fronts set up during the
period of the Soviet-Nazi Pact" (report of the Special Committee
dated June 25, 1942) ; the Attorney General cited it as "part of what
Lenin called the solar system of organizations, ostensibly having
no connection with the Communist Party, by which Communists at-
tempt to create sympathizers and supporters of their program * * *"
(Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7687 .) It was
subsequently cited by the Attorney General as subversive and
Communist (press release of December 4, 1947 ; redesignated April 27,
1953 ; included in consolidated list of April 1, 1954 .
Langston Hughes has contributed to New Masses magazine over
a period of years : February 1928 (page 13) ; December 1930 (page 23) ;
February 15, 1944 (page 10) . He sponsored a protest meeting on
behalf of Howard Fast, held in New York City under the auspices
of New Masses and Mainstream magazines, as shown in an advertise-
ment in the publication "PM" for October 16, 1947 (page 5) . He
contributed to the Winter 1947 issue of Mainstream ; and to the
February 1949 issue of Masses & Mainstream (pages 53 and 78) .
According to the Sunday Worker of January 25, 1948 (page 13),
the first issue of Masses & Mainstream appeared in March 1948 ; this
article amounted that it was to be a "new monthly cultural magazine"
and a merger of the two magazines formerly known as New Masses
and Mainstream . New Masses was cited as a Communist periodical
by the Attorney General (Congressional Record of September 24,
1942, page 7688) ; it was also cited by the Special Committee as the
"nationally circulated weekly journal of the Communist Party
whose ownership was vested in the American Fund for Public Service"
(Report 1311 of March 29, 1944) ; also cited in reports of January 3,
1939 and June 25, 1942 of the Special Committee .
Langston Hughes was one of the sponsors of the Scientific and
Cultural Conference for World Peace, held in New York City, March
25-27, 1949, under the auspices of . the National Council of the Arts,
Sciences and Professions (from the Conference Program, page 12 ;
conference Call ; and the Daily Worker of February 21, 1949, page 9) .
The Scientific and Cultural Conference * * * was cited as a Com-
munist front which "was actually a supermobilization of the inveterate
wheelhorses and supporters of the Communist Party and its auxiliary
organizations" (report of April 1, 1951 of the Committee on Un-
American Activities) .
Identified as a poet, Langston Hughes of New York City signed a
statement calling for international agreement to ban the use of atomic
weapons, as shown by a statement attached to a press release of
December 14, 1949 (page 12) . The statement was released by the
Committee for Peaceful Alternatives to the Atlantic Pact which the
Committee on Un-American Activities cited as having been set up to
further the cause of "Communists in the United States doing their
part in the Moscow campaign" (report dated April 25, 1951).
The works of Langston Hughes have been favorably reviewed by
and/or advertised in the Communist publication, the Daily Worker,
as follows ; June 6, 1949 (page 11) ; The Worker (Sunday edition of
the Daily Worker, December 4, 1942, page 8 ; February 13, 1949
(page 13) ; September 4, 1949 (page 12) ; the Daily Worker, April 22,
1951 (page 7, section 2) ; and January 8, 1951, page 11 .
The following books by Langston Hughes have also been advertised
by the Workers Book Shop in the 1949-1950 Catalogue : "Shakespeare
in Harlem" ; "The Weary Blues" ; "Fields of Wonder" ; "The Big Sea" ;
"Not Without Laughter" ; and "The Poetry of the Negro ." The
Workers Book Shop "carry all books and pamphlets recommended
in `The Guide to Reading on Communism' " (back cover of the Guide) .
From the same source it is noted that-
What we have attempted to do here is list the minimum required readings for
an understanding of the fundamental theoretical and practical questions facing
the international as well as the American revolutionary movement .
55647-54-20
of Langston Hughes' Communist and Communist-front activitie
(Congressional Record, April 1, 1948, pages 4011-4012) .
The West Coast Communist publication, the Daily People'
World for April 16, 1948 (page 5), reported that-
intimidation and hysteria which caused cancellation of scheduled appearances
in six American cities within the past two months is no coincidence of reactio
as far as Langston Hughes is concerned .
In the same article, Hughes is quoted as having claimed :
I'm no radical on the platform . I read some of my poems, and answer a fe
questions . And I happen to believe in a democracy where persons are treate
equally regardless of race or religion .
The article relates that-
Hughes has been speaking and writing for the last 15 years but finds the pattern
of reaction is stronger this year than ever before .
In the Annual Report of the Committee on Un-American Activitie
for the Year 1951 (dated February 17, 1952), a chapter was devote
to the Complicity of American Communists in the Destruction of
Freedom in the Far East ; it was brought out that
Even more interesting was the identification of American citizens who had con-
tributed greatly to the cause of world communism and until this time had gone
-undisclosed . This list of traitors to the United States and the rest of the fre
world reads as follows : Agnes Smedley, Miyagi Yotoku, Willie Lehman, Alber
Edward Stewart, * * * Langston Hughes * * * The list set forth above i
not by any means complete * * *" (See page 23 of the Annual Report of 1951
During testimony of Manning Johnson before the Committee
regarding Communist Activities in the New York Area, July 8, 1953
a photostatic copy of Fight magazine for December 1935 (page 2)
was received in evidence as Manning Johnson Exhibit No. 11 ; th
page referred to contained names of the members of the National
Executive Committee, American League Against War and Fascism
and included Langston Hughes . (See Committee's Investigation o
Communist Activities in the * * * Part 7, page 2173 .) At thi
point, Mr. Johnson was asked by Committee Counsel "how many o
these names he recognizes as people whom he knew to be members o
the Communist Party," whereupon Mr . Johnson answered :
Dr . Harry F . Ward, Earl Browder, Israel Amter, Max Bedacht, Fred Biedenkapp,
Ella Reeve Bloor, Harry Bridges, Winifred Chappell, H . W. L . Dana, Margare
Forsyth, Gilbert Green, Clarence Hathaway, A . A . Heller, Donald Henderson
Roy Hudson, Langston Hughes * * * (Ibid ., page 2174 .)
The American League Against War and Fascism, referred to above
has been officially cited by the Attorney General of the United State
as a Communist organization (Congressional Record, September 24
1942, page 7683) ; and as subversive and Communist (press releases of
December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated April 27
1953 ; also included in consolidated list of April 1, 1954) ; it was als
cited by the Special Committee on Un-American Activities as being
"completely under the control of Communists" (report of March 29
1944 ; also cited in reports of January 3, 1939 ; January 3, 1940, an
.June 25, 1942) .
Dr . Robert M . Hutchins, Chancellor, University of Chicago, was
named as a member of the Commission for Academic Freedom of the
National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions in the Septem-
ber 13, 1948 issue (page 6) of the Communist newspaper, Daily
Worker . He was listed as a sponsor of a conference held by the
National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions, October 9-10,
1948, in the leaflet, "To Safeguard These Rights * * *", which was
published by the Bureau on Academic Freedom of the National
Council (if the Arts, Sciences and Professions .
The National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions was cited
as a Communist-front organization by the Committee on Un-American
Activities in House Report No . 1954, April 26, 1950, page 2 .
Dr . Robert Maynard Hutchins testified before the Seditious Activi-
ties Investigation Commission, State of Illinois, 1949 (Volume II,
p . 17, of the Commission's report) .
The Daily Worker of April 28, 1949, p . 9, featured an article by
Gunnar Leander entitled : "Chancellor Hutchins in the Witchhunter's
Den," parts of which read as follows :
Sen . Paul Broyles suddenly found himself in the defendant's box during his
own inquisition into subversive activities in Chicago colleges this week . Chancellor
Robert M . Hutchins of the University of Chicago, leading an entourage of
distinguished witnesses, turned prosecutor in telling off Broyles that his task as a
legislator "is to eliminate those social and economic evils and those political
injustices which are the sources of discontent and disaffection ."
Hutchins turned the tide of the entire state witchhunt as he declared before the
Illinois Subversive Activities Commission :
"As is well known, there is a Communist Club among the students of the
University (of Chicago) . Eleven students belong to it. The Club has not sought
to subvert the government of the state . Its members claim that they are interested
in studying Communism, and some of them, perhaps all of them, may be sym-
pathetic toward Communism . But the study of Communism is not a subversive
activity ."
Dr . Hutchins' photograph accompanied the article .
The Daily People's World, west coast organ of the Communist
Party, in its issue of April 17, 1950, page 2, reported the following :
Chancellor Robert Hutchins, head of the University of Chicago, has informed
the National Committee to Defeat the Mundt Bill he has filed a statement with
the House Committee on Un-American Activities denouncing the Mundt-Nixon
bill as foolish, stupid and dangerous.
The Hutchins statement follows :
"I should like to be recorded as among the numerous citizens of all political
parties and all points of view who are united in believing that the Mundt-Nixon
bill is foolish, stupid and dangerous . I hope that Congress will display its intel-
ligence, and its faith in freedom and democracy by overwhelmingly defeating
the measure."
The Daily Worker, June 25, 1951, p . 2, reported that Professor
Robert M . Hutchins, former chancellor of the University of Chicago
and now associate director of the Ford Foundation, opposed the
Supreme Court decision upholding the conviction of the 11 Commu-
nist leaders .
The Annual Report of the Committee on Un-American Activities
for the Year 1949 (House Report 1950, April 26, 1950) contained the
following comment on these Communist leaders (p . 16) :
On July 20, 1948, 12 leaders of the Communist Party of the United States
were indicted by a Federal grand jury in New York on charges of conspiring to
"teach and advocate the overthrow or destruction of the Government of the
On November 25, 1952, Dr. Hutchins appeared before the Select
Committee to Investigate Tax-Exempt Foundations and Comparable
Organizations (House of Representatives) . The following is quoted
from his testimony (pp . 263-298 of the printed hearings)
The CHAIRMAN. * * * I had put in my hand some days ago a document which
consisted of evidence taken by a select committee set up by the Legislature of
Illinois investigating communism in certain schools, and in the body of that
report I find testimony that you gave
I quote from what purports to have been your testimony given in that investiga-
tion, and here you are quoted to have said * * *
"The fact that some Communists belong to, believe in, or even dominate some
of the organizations to which some of our professors belong does not show that
these professors are engaged in subversive activities . All that such facts would
show would be that these professors believe in some of the objects of the organiza
tion, and so forth ."
* * * I am wondering if since 1949 your thinking has undergone any sort of a
change as regards what we should do in an endeavor to combat the spread of
this Communist ideology in our own country? * * *
Mr . HUTCHINS . * * * My testimony in this case was directed to the proposition
that members of the faculty whom we knew, who, had worked loyally . for th
university and for the country, many of whom had been cleared by Government
agencies, were not disqualified to be members of the faculty by reason of member-
ship in this organization * * * .
* * * * * * *
My view is, and has been, that it is necessary to resist the threat of Communist
aggression by military means, that without this we may be overwhelmed by the
tremendous masses of the Red Army .
It is also my impression that along with this effort, which is now consuming
the greater part of the resources of this country, that are dedicated to govern-
mental purposes, along with this effort we must maintain and develop the basic
sources of our strength, and the basic sources of our strength are the western
tradition of freedom, freedom of thought, freedom of discussion, and freedom
of association .
We have then, as we have had for the last several years, the very delicate
problem of balancing security and freedom.
* * * * * *
The CHAIRMAN . Doctor, you were asked this question in this investigation :
"Do you consider that the Communist Party in the United States comes
within the scope of a clear and present danger?"
You are charged with having answered :
"I don't think so ."
Do you still adhere to that view?
Mr . HUTCHINS . The Supreme Court has decided that question .
The CHAIRMAN . I know, but I am not talking about the Supreme Court ;
I am talking about your views now . The Supreme Court is not running the
(Ford) foundation ; you are, so far as the educational work of the Ford people
are concerned .
Mr . HUTCHINS . Well, you were asking me what my attitude toward the Com-
munist Party would be as an officer of the foundation?
The CHAIRMAN. That is right.
Mr . HUTCHINS . Well, as an officer of the foundation, I would not support the
Communist Party . What the definition of "clear and present danger" is, I am not
at all sure .
* * * * * * *
As far as I am concerned, the Communist Party is a clear danger. Whether it
is in this country an immediate danger so that every day we should think that
here is something really dangerous that is going to overwhelm us, I do not know .
It certainly is dangerous. * *
An article inithe New York Times (April 20, 1950, p . 4) reported
the following :
University of Chicago .
* * * Dr . Hutchins reported that the council of the University Senate, faculty
representative body at his institution, had voted yesterday approval in principle
of voluntary contributions by faculty members of 2 per cent of their salaries for a
year to such fund .
_ The money would be used for assistance of University of California faculty
members whose income might be cut off and thus would, Dr . Hutchins said,
"remove financial considerations from the decision to be made by the faculty
members" on subscribing or refusing to subscribe to a declaration disavowing
Communist affiliations .
Such a declaration was tentatively prescribed by the University of California
R ents as a condition of employment a year ago .
( r . Hutchins) said he considered the proposed oath discriminatory, unnecessary
and a result of failure to understand that "a university should be a center of
independent thought and criticism ."
He did not, he added, consider Communist affiliations in themselves grounds
for exclusion from teaching.
ALVIN JOHNSON
Organization and affiliation Source
American Friends of Spanish "Daily Worker," Feb . 16, 1938,
Democracy (1). Signer of letter p. 2 .
to the President ; identified as
Director of the New School for
Social Research .
Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign Booklet, "Children in Concen-
(1) . Sponsor . tration Camps" .
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Com- Invitation to dinner .
mittee (1) and (2) . Name ap-
peared on invitation to dinner on
"The Century of the Common
Man," Hotel Astor, New York
City, Oct . 27, 1943 .
American Committee for Democ- Leaflet announcing rally .
racy and Intellectual Freedom
(1) . Sponsor of Citizens' Rally,
Carnegie Hall, New York City,
Apr . 13, 1940 .
Consumers Union (1) . Sponsor- Undated circular ; "New Masses,"
Mar. 2, 1937, p . 28 .
Non-Partisan Committee for the Letterhead, Oct . 3, 1936 .
Reelection of Congressman Vito
Marcantonio (1) . Member .
Public Use of the Arts Committee Undated letterhead .
(1) . Sponsor .
Greater New York Emergency Printed program of conference
Conference on Inalienable held Feb . 12, 1940 .
Rights (1) . Sponsor . .
Wrote letter to Hanns Eisler on Testimony of Investigator Don-
June 20, 1938 in which he stated ald Appell of the Committee on
that "I personally have no prej- Un-American Activities, Sept.
udice against Communists * * *" 25, 1947, pp . 81 and 82 .
1926, lists one Rufus Jones (with no middle initial shown), as one of
the members of the Advisory Board of that organization, cited by the
Special Committee on Un-American Activities as a "Communist
enterprise directed by Harold Ware (son of the well-known Com-
munist Ella Reeve oor)" (Report 1311 of March 29, 1944, p . 76)
Dr . Rufus M. Jones, Chairman, Friends Service Committee, Phila-
delphia, is listed as a member of the Editorial Board of the Protestant
Digest on a letterhead of that publication dated December 27, 1939
he was one of the sponsors of the "Protestantism Answers Hate
dinner-forum which was held under the auspices of the Protestant
Digest Association in New York City, February 25, 1941 (leafle
announcing the forum) . The "Protestant Digest" was cited by the
Special Committee on * * *, as a "magazine which has faithfull
propagated the Communist Party line under the guise of being a
religious journal ."
The Daily Worker of March 28, 1938 (p. 3), revealed that Rufus
M . Jones was one of the sponsors of the World Youth Congress ; a
shown in the Special Committee's Report 1311, dated March 29, 1944,
the World Youth Congress was cited as a Communist conference held
in the summer of 1938 at Vassar College (also cited in report of
January 3, 1939) .
The "Call" to the Congress of Youth, fifth national gathering of
the American Youth Congress in New York City, July 1-5, 1939,
contained the signature of Rufus M . Jones, as was shown on page 3
of the "Proceedings" of the Congress .
The American Youth Congress "originated in 1 .934 and * * * has
been controlled by Communists and manipulated by them to influence
the thought of American youth" (The Attorney General of the United
States, Congressional Record, Sept . 24, 1942, p. 7685) . The organi-
zation was cited as subversive and Communist by the Attorney
General of the United States (press releases of December 4, 1947 and
September 21, 1948 ; also included in consolidated list released April 1,
1954) ; it was cited as a Communist-front organization in reports of
the Special Committee * * *, dated January 3, 1939 ; January 3,
1941 ; June 25, 1942 ; and March 29, 1944 .
Dr. Rufus M . Jones of the American Friends Service Committe
was among those who signed a statement of the National Council of
American-Soviet Friendship, protesting the "Iron Curtain" (Dail
People's World of May 20, 1948, p . 5) ; the National Council
was cited as having been, "in recent months, the Communist Party's
principal front for all things Russian ." (See Report 1311 of th
Special Committee * * * dated March 29, 1944) . The Attorney
General of the United States cited the National Council * * * a
subversive and Communist (press releases of December 4, 1947 and
September 21, 1948 ; also included in consolidated list released April 1
1954) .
Dr . Jones, of Haverford, Pennsylvania, was one of the sponsors of
a Congress on Civil Rights, founding meeting of the Civil Rights
Congress, which was held in Detroit, Michigan, April 27-28, 1946
(from the "Summons to a Congress on Civil Rights") . The Civil
Rights Congress was the subject of a special report by the Committee
civil liberties, but specifically to the defense of individual Communists
and the Communist Party" and controlled by "individuals who are
either members of the Communist Party or openly loyal to it ." The
Attorney General of the United States cited the Civil Rights Congress
and its various affiliates as subversive and Communist (letters to the
Loyalty Review Board, released to the press December 4, 1947 and
September 21, 1948 ; also included in consolidated list released April
1, 1954) .
The Call to a National Conference on American Policy in China and
the Far East, which was held in New York City, January 23-25, 1948,.
contained the name of Dr . Rufus M . Jones, Haverford College, in the
list of sponsors of that conference ; he was named as a sponsor of the
same conference in the "Daily Worker" of January 1, 1948 (page 3),,
being identified in this source as leader of American Religious Society
of Friends . The National Conference on American Policy * * * (a
conference called by the Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern
Policy), was cited as Communist by Attorney General of the United
States in a list released to the press July 25, 1949 .
MATTHEW JOSEPHSON
Organization and affiliation Source
Communist Party (1) and (2) . Daily Worker, Sept . 14, 1932, p . 1,.
Signed call for support of the c. 2 .
Communist Party National Elec-
tions and its candidates .
Communist Party (1) and (2) . Daily Worker, Apr . 16, 1947, p . 2 ..
Signed statement defending
Communist Party ; i. d . as Histo-
rian.
Communist Party (1) and (2) . The Sunday Worker, Apr . 20, .
Signed statement condemning 1947, p . 8 .
"punitive measures directed
against the Communist Party" ;
i. d . as ; historian .
League of Professional Groups for Leaflet, "Culture and the Crisis,"
Foster and Ford (1) cited as p . 32 .
Committee of * * * . Member .
National Committee for the De- Letterhead, Oct . 31, 1935 .
fense of Political Prisoners (1)
and (2) . Member .
National Emergency Conference Daily Worker, May 13, 1940, pp,
for Democratic Rights (1) . 1 and 5 .
Signed Open Letter of organi-
zation .
National Committee for People's Leaflet, "News You Don't Get,"
Rights (1) and (2) . Member . Nov . 15, 1938 . Also letterhead
dated July 13, 1938 .
Non-Partisan Committee for the Letterhead, Oct . 3, 1936 .
Re-election of Congressman Vito
Marcantonio . (1) . Member .
Signed statement defending
Communist Party ; i. d . as his-
torian.
National Council of the Arts, Daily Worker, Oct . 19, 1948, p . 7
Sciences and Professions (1) .
Signed statement in support of
Henry A. Wallace . i . d . a s a
writer .
Sponsor of Cultural and Scien- Conference "Call ." Also Daily
tific Conference for World Worker, Feb . 21, 1949, p . 9
Peace, New York City, Also conference program, p . 12
March 25-27, 1949 . i. d .
as a writer.
To speak at Writing & Pub- Calendar of Events, February-
lishing Forum of New York March 1953 .
Council of the Arts, Sciences
and Professions, March 1,
1953, at ASP Center.
American Committee for Democ- Mimeographed sheet attached to
racy and Intellectural Freedom letterhead dated Jan . 17, 1940
(1) . Signed petition of organi-
zation.
New Masses (1) & (2) . Illustrator_ New Masses, May 1932, p . 6 .
Contributor New Masses, Apr . 20,1937, p . 16
June 8, 1937, p . 22 ; Nov . 25,
1947, p . 15 .
Medical Bureau, American Friends Letterhead, Nov . 18, 1936 ; New
of Spanish Democracy (1) . Masses, Jan . 5, 1937, p . 31 .
Member, General Committee .
Golden Book of American Friend- Soviet Russia Today, November
ship with the Soviet Union (1) . 1937, p . 79 .
Signed Golden Book .
Open Letter for Closer Coopera- Soviet Russia Today, September
tion with the Soviet Union (1) . 1939, p . 25 .
Signed Open Letter .
American Friends of Spanish De- Letterhead, Feb . 21, 1938 .
mocracy (1) . Member of Com-
mittee.
League of American Writers (1) Daily Worker, Apr . 30, 1935
and (2) . Member, Executive Daily Worker, Sept . 14, 1942,
Committee ; Signed statement p . 7 ; and Daily People's World,
of League . Sept . 23, 1942, p . 5 .
Daily Worker (1) . Contributor___ Daily Worker, Dec . 24, 1931,
p . 3 ; Dec . 21, 1935, p . 3 .
PROF . HORACE M . KALLEN
The "Daily Worker" of February 16, 1938 (page 2) listed the
name of Prof . Horace M . Kallen, New School for Social Research,
among those who signed a letter to the President and the Foreign
Affairs Committee of both Houses of Congress "urging that the
Neutrality Act be amended so as to render it inapplicable to Spain"
The Program of a Dinner-Forum on "Europe Today," held in
New York City, October 9, 1941, under auspices of the American
Committee to Save Refugees, the Exiled Writers Committee of the
League of American Writers, and the United American Spanish Aid
Committee, contains the name of Horace M . Kallen on the list of
the committee of sponsors .
As reported in the "Daily Worker" on February 21, 1940, Prof .
Horace M . Kallen signed a letter to President Roosevelt and Attorney
General Jackson protesting the attacks upon the Veterans of the
Abraham Lincoln Brigade .
"In 1937-38, the Communist Party threw itself wholeheartedly
into the campaign for the support of the Spanish Loyalist cause,
recruiting men and organizing multifarious so-called relief organ-
izations * * * such as * * * the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln
Brigade, United American Spanish Aid Committee, * * * American
Friends of Spanish Democracy * * *" (Report 1311 of the Special
Committee on Un-American Activities, March 29, 1944, page 82) .
The Attorney General of the United States cited the United American
Spanish Aid Committee as Communist in a list furnished the Loyalty
Review Board (press release of the U . S . Civil Service Commission
dated July 25, 1949 ; redesignated pursuant to Executive Order
10450 of April 27, 1953) . The Attorney General also cited the
Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade as subversive and Com-
munist in lists to the Loyalty Review Board (press releases of Decem-
ber 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated pursuant to
Executive Order 10450).
The American Committee to Save Refugees and the League of
American Writers were cited as Communist fronts by the Special
Committee on Un-American Activities in the Report released March
29, 1944 .
The League of American Writers, founded under Communist auspices in
1935 * * * in 1939 * * * began openly to follow the Communist Party line as
dictated by the foreign policy of the Soviet Union . * * * The overt activities
of the League of American Writers in the last 2 years leave little doubt of its
Communist control (United States Attorney General, Congressional Record,
September 24, 1942, pages 7685 and 7686) .
The League was subsequently cited by the Attorney General as
subversive and Communist (press releases of June 1 and September
21, 1948 ; redesignated pursuant to Executive Order 10450).
In a booklet, "These Americans Say :" (page 9), prepared and
published by the Coordinating Committee to Lift the Embargo,
Horace Kallen was listed among the Representative Individuals who
advocated lifting the Spanish embargo . The Coordinating Com-
mittee * * * was cited by the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities as one of a number of front organizations, set up during
the Spanish Civil War by the Communist Party in the United States
and through which the party carried on a great deal of agitation (Re-
port of March 29, 1944) .
Horace M. Kallen was a member of the Advisory Board of Film
Audiences for Democracy, as shown in "Film Survey" for June 1939
(page 4) ; he was also shown to be a member of the Advisory Board of
Films for Democracy ("Films for Democracy," April 1939, page 2) .
of March 29, 1944 .
A pamphlet, "The People vs . H . C . L.," dated December 11-12,
1937 (page 2), carried the name of Horace M . Kallen as a sponsor of
the Consumers National Federation which the Special Committee
* * * cited as a Communist front in the Report of March 29, 1944
(page 155) .
Horace Kallen, Harvard, was shown to be a member of the Spon-
soring Committee for an "Alumni Homecoming" Dinner, under
auspices of the American Student Union, March 21, 1937, New York
City ("The Student Advocate, February 1937, page 2, and a leaflet,
"The American Student Union Invites You * * *".)
The Special Committee cited the American Student Union as a
Communist front which was "the result of a united front gathering
of young Socialists and Communists" in 1937 . The Young Commu-
nist League took credit for creation of the American Student Union,
and the Union offered free trips to Russia . It claims to have led as
many as 500,000 students out in annual April 22 strikes in the United
States (Report of January 3, 1939, page 80) .
The Program of the Greater New York Emergency Conference on
Inalienable Rights, dated February 12, 1940, listed Dr . Horace V .
Kallen as a sponsor of the Conference . The Special Committee cited
the Greater New York Emergency Conference * * * as a Communist
front which was succeeded by the National Federation for Constitu-
tional Liberties (Report of March 29, 1944) ; in a later report, this
Committee cited the Conference as among a "maze of organizations"
which were-
spawned for the alleged purpose of defending civil liberties in general but actually
intended to protect Communist subversion from any penalties under the law
(Report 1115, September 2, 1947, page 3) .
An undated form letter of the New York Tom Mooney Committee
listed the name of H . M . Kallen as a sponsor . The New York Tom
Mooney Committee was cited as a Communist front by the Special
Committee
For many years, the Communist Party organized widespread agitation around
the Mooney case, and drew its members and followers into the agitation (Report
of March 29, 1944) .
GEORGE F. KENNAN
Organization and affiliation Source
New World Review (1) . Author Daily People's World, June 23,
of book, "American Diplo- 1952, p . 7 .
macy-1900-1950," reviewed by
Jessica Smith in July issue .
Author of "American Diplo- New World Review, June 1952,
macy, 1900-1950, and the p . 59 .
Challenge of Soviet Power"
reviewed by Jessica Smith
in New World Review .
Attacked witchhunting of com- New York Times, May 28, 1950,
munists . p . 17 .
Spoke on Communist China . New York Times, May 9, 1950,
Name shown in this source as p. 16 .
George Frost Kennan .
Professor William H . Kilpatrick was one of the sponsors of the
American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born, as shown on a
letterhead of that organization, dated May 15, 1940 ; a letterhead of its
Fourth Annual Conference which was held in Washington, D . C .,
March 2-3, 1940 ; and a booklet published by the organization under
the title, "The Registration of Aliens ." Prof . William H . Kilpatrick
of Columbia University was also a sponsor of the organization's
Fifth National Conference, as revealed by the program of the con-
ference which was held in Atlantic City, N . J., March 29, 1941 .
The Attorney General of the United States cited the American
Committee for Protection of Foreign Born as subversive and Com-
munist in letters furnished the Loyalty Review Board and released to
the press by the U . S . Civil Service Commission, June 1, 1948, and
September 21, 1948 . The Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, in its report dated March 29, 1944 (p . 155), cited the
American Committee as "one of the oldest auxiliaries of the Com-
munist Party in the United States ."
As shown on a program of the Greater New York Emergency
Conference on Inalienable Rights, February 12, 1940, Professor
William Kilpatrick was a member of the General Committee of that
conference . He signed the "Call for a National Emergency Confer-
ence, May 13-14, 1939, Hotel Raleigh, Washington, D . C ." Both
the "Legislative Letter" of the National Emergency Conference for
Democratic Rights (Volume 1, No . 4), dated February 15, 1940, and
a press release of the conference, dated February 23, 1940, show
Professor William H . Kilpatrick as a member of its Board of Sponsors .
The Greater New York Emergency Conference on Inalienable
Rights, the National Emergency Conference and the National Emer-
gency Conference for Democratic Rights were cited as Communist
fronts by the Special Committee on Un-American Activities in Report
1311 of March 29, 1944 . The Greater New York Emergency Con-
ference on Inalienable Rights was cited by the Committee on Un-
American Activities as among a "maze of organizations" which were-
spawned for the alleged purpose . of defending civil liberties in general but actually
intended to protect Communist subversion from any penalties under the law
(Report No . 1115, September 2, 1947, page 3) .
It will be remembered that during the days of the infamous Soviet-Nazi pact,
the Communists built protective organizations known as the National Emergency
Conference, the National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights, which
culminated in the National Federation for Constitutional Liberties .
(Congressional Committee on Un-American Activities, Report 115,
September 2, 1947, page 12 .)
FREDA KIRCHWEY
Organization and Affiliation Source
All-American Anti-Imperialist Letterhead, Apr . 11, 1928 .
League (1) and (2) . Member,
National Committee .
American Committee for Democ- Mimeographed sheet attached to
racy and, Intellectual Freedom letterhead of Jan . 17, 1940 .
(1) . Signer of petition .
Relief (1) and (2) . Member, 1945 .
Sponsors Committee .
Endorsed appeal Daily Worker, Apr . 26, 1947,
p. 2 .
American Friends of the Chinese Letterhead, May 16, 1940 .
People (1) . Member, National
Advisory Board .
American Friends of Spanish De- Letterhead, Feb . 21, 1938 ; letter-
mocracy (1) . Member of Com- head, Nov . 18, 1936 ; "New
mittee. Masses," Jan . 5, 1937, p . 31 .
American Fund for Public Service Photostat of letterhead dated
(1) . Member, Board of Direc- Sept . 8, 1930 .
tors .
American Student Union (1) . Pamphlet, "Presenting the Amer-
Member, Advisory Board . ican Student Union," back
cover .
Committee for a Democratic Far "Far East Spotlight," June 1948,
Eastern Policy (2) . Member, and a letterhead dated May
Board of Directors . 28, 1948 ; letterheads dated
1946 and 1947 .
Coordinating Committee to Lift Booklet, "These Americans Say :
the Embargo (1) . Named as `Lift the Embargo Against
a "representative individual" Republican Spain' ."
who advocated lifting the em-
bargo on the sale of arms to
Spain .
Descendants of the American "Daily Worker," Jan . 21, 1938,
Revolution (1) . Member, Ad- p . 2 ; a pamphlet, "Descend-
visory Board . ants of the American Revolu-
tion," back cover .
Films for Democarcy (1) . Mem- April 1939 issue of "Films for
ber, Advisory Board . Democracy," p . 2 .
Film Audiences for Democracy "Film Survey," June 1939, p . 4 .
(1) . Member, Advisory Board .
Greater New York Emergency Program of the Conference, Feb .
Conference on Inalienable 12, 1940 .
Rights (1) . Sponsor .
League of Women Shoppers (1) . Letterhead, Apr . 19, 1940, letter-
Sponsor . head, Oct. 7, 1935 .
Sponsor, New Jersey League-_ Letterhead, July 7, 1941 .
Sponsor, New York League___ Letterhead, Jan . 25, 1940 (photo-
stat) .
National Emergency Conference Press Release, Feb . 23, 1940 .
for Democratic Rights (1) .
Member, Board of Sponsors .
Signer of Open Letter "Daily Worker," May 13, 1940,
pp . 1, 5 .
National People's Committee Letterhead, Mar . 16, 1937 .
Against Hearst (1) . Member . 7
National Federation for Consti- Leaflet, attached to undated let-
tutional Liberties (1) and (2) . terhead .
Signer of message .
Executive Board member "New Masses," Oct . 1927, p . 3 .
Contributing Editor "New Masses," June 1928, p . 3 .
Contributor "New Masses," June 6, 1944, p .
21 .
North American Committee to Aid "New Masses," Oct. 5, 1937, p . 26 .
Spanish Democracy (1) and (2) .
Sponsor .
Schappes Defense Committee (1) New York "Times," Oct . 9, 1944,
and (2) . Signer of Open Letter p . 12 .
of the group to Governor Dewey
asking pardon, for Morris U .
Schappes .
Union of Concerted Peace Efforts "Daily Worker," Jan . 11, 1938,
(1) . Signer of manifesto . p. 2.
"Woman Today" (1) . Member, "Woman Today," October 1936 .
Advisory Board .
Southern Conference for Human Letterhead, Dec . 5, 1946 .
Welfare (1) . Member of a com-
mittee .
Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign Back cover of folder entitled
(1) . Sponsor . "Children in Concentration
Camps ."
World Congress of Intellectuals "Daily Worker," Aug . 23, 1948,
(1) . American delegate . p . 7 ; Aug . 27, 1948, p . 4 .
Intervened for Hanns Eisler "Daily Worker," Sept . 26, 1947,
p . 12 .
Sponsor of banquet for Mother Program, Jan . 24, 1936, p . 9 .
Bloor, prominent Communist .
Urged clemency for Rosenbergs _ _ _ "Daily Worker," Jan . 21, 1953,
p. 7 .
References Congressional Record, June 23,
1942 ; June 10, 1946 .
PHILIP KLEIN
A statement urging the Presidentt and Congress to defend the rights
of the Communist Party was signed by Philip Klein, New York, New
York, as shown in the "Daily Worker" of March 5, 1941 (p . 2) .
A public statement sponsored by the American Committee to Save
Refugees was signed by Philip L . Klein, as shown in "For the Rescue
of Refugees" by Lloyd Frankenberg, published by the organization .
Mr. Klein was listed among signers in the field of "Science and Educa-
tion ." The American Committee to Save Refugees was cited as a
Communist front in Report 1311 of the Special Committee on Un-
American Activities dated March 29, 1944 .
Professor Philip Klein was named as a sponsor of the Greater New
York Emergency Conference on Inalienable Rights in the program of
the conference which was held February 12, 1940 . He signed the
"Call" for the National Emergency Conference held at the Hotel
Raleigh, Washington, D . C ., May 13 and 14, 1939 . An Open Letter
issued by the National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights
was signed by Philip Klein, as shown in the "Daily Worker" of May
13, 1940 (pp . 1 and 5) .
Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights were cited as Com-
munist fronts in Report 1311 of the Special Committee on Un-Amer-
ican Activites dated March 29, 1944 and Report 1115 of the Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities dated September 2, 1947 .
Dr . Philip Klein, New York School for Social Work, New York,
signed an appeal of the National Federation for Constitutional Liber-
ties for the dismissal of the charges against Sam Adams Darcy, a
Communist leader, as shown in the "Daily Worker" of December 19,
1940 (p . 5) . An Open Letter of the National Federation for Con-
stitutional Liberties urging "reconsideration of the order of Attorney
General Biddle for Mr . Bridges' deportation" and that the "ill-
advised, arbitrary, and unwarranted findings relative to the Com-
munist Party be rescinded" was published in the "Daily Worker"
on July 19, 1942 (p . 4) ; the letter was later published in pamphlet
form by the National Federation * * * under the title "600 Promi-
nent Americans Ask President to Rescind Biddle Decision" (first
printing, September 11, 1942) . Philip Klein, New York School of
Social Work, was shown as a signer of the open letter in each source
The National Federation for Constitutional Liberties was cited as
subversive and Communist by the U . S . Attorney General in lists
furnished the Loyalty Review Board and released to the press by the
U. S . Civil Service Commission, December 4, 1947 and September 21,
1948 . The organization was redesignated by the Attorney General,
April 27, 1953, pursuant to Executive Order No . 10450, and included
on the April 1, 1954 consolidated list of organizations previously
designated pursuant to Executive Order No . 10450 . It was "part
of what Lenin called the solar system of organizations, ostensibly
having no connection with the Communist Party, by which Commu-
nists attempt to create sympathizers and supporters of their program"
(Attorney General, Congressional Record, September 24, 1942,
p. 7687) . The Special Committee on Un-American Activities cited
the National Federation * * * as "one of the viciously subversive
organizations of the Communist Party" (Report of March 29, 1944,
p. 50) ; it was cited by the Committee on Un-American Activities as
"actually intended to protect Communist subversion from any penal-
ties under the law" (Report 1115, September 2, 1947, p . 3) .
Dr . Philip Klein was listed as a sponsor of "Social Work Today"
in the December 1937 issue of the publication (p . 2) ; in the same issue
(p . 5), a portion of a chapter of a "forthcoming book" by Philip
Klein, New York School of Social Work, was published . Also in the
same issue (p . 16), he was named as one of the delegates who attended
a New York State Conference held by "Social Work Today" ; a carica-
ture of him appeared in this connection . Philip Klein was listed as
a member of the Editorial Board and as a Cooperator-Sponsor in the
June-July 1940 issue of "Social Work Today" (p . 2) ; he was listed as
a "Social Work Today" Cooperator for 1940 in the January 1941
issue of the publication (pp . 16-18) . Philip Klein, instructor, New
York School of Social Work, was one of the signers of "Meeting Social
Need : A Program for Peace" of the "Social Work Today" National
Conference of Social Work, according to the June-July 1940 (p . 17)
issue of the publication .
munist magazine ."
Professor Philip Klein was a sponsor of the Cultural and Scientific
Conference for World Peace held in New York City, March 25-27,
1949, under the auspices of the National Council of the Arts, Sciences
and Professions, as shown in the Conference "Call" and Conference
Program (p . 12) . He signed a protest against the dismissal of Com-
munist teachers, issued by the National Council of the Arts, Sciences
and Professions, as shown in an advertisement which appeared in
"The Nation," February 19, 1949 (p . 215) .
The Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace was the
subject of a Review prepared and released by the Committee on Un-
American Activities, April 19, 1949, in which the conference was cited
as a "supermobilization of the inveterate wheelhorses and supporters
of the Communist Party and its auxiliary organizations ." In the
same Review, the National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Profes-
sions was cited as a Communist front . -
OTTO KLINEBERG
On March 5, 1941 (page 2), the Daily Worker featured in a full-
page spread, the names of several hundred persons who signed a
statement addressed to the President and Congress of the United
States, defending the Communist Party against alleged persecution .
The statement called attention to "a matter of vital significance to
the future of our nation . It is the attitude of our government toward
the Communist Party" and further urged all members of Congress
"to oppose any legislation, direct or indirect, that would take away
from Communists those constitutional guarantees which must be
kept open for all if in the future they are to be available for any ."
The name of Prof . Otto Klineberg, New York City, appeared in the
list of persons who signed the statement .
Prof . Klineberg was one of the sponsors of a Citizens Rally April
13, 1940, arranged by the American Committee for Democracy and
Intellectual Freedom in Carnegie Hall, New York City, as shown in a
leaflet announcing the rally . The American Committee for
has been cited as a Communist-front group which defended Commu-
nist teachers (reports of the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities dated June 25, 1942 and March 29, 1944) .
A letterhead of the American Committee for Protection of Foreign
Born, a booklet entitled "The Registration of Aliens," and a letter-
head of their Fourth Annual Conference which was held March
2-3, 1940, contain the name of Otto Klineberg in lists of sponsors
of that organization . The program of the Fifth National Conference
of the group which was held in Atlantic City, N . J ., March 29-30,
1941, named Prof . Klineberg as a panel speaker and as a sponsor
of the conference ; he was identified in that source as a professor at
Columbia University .
The Attorney General of the United States cited the American
Committee for Protection of Foreign Born as subversive and Com-
munist (press releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated
April 27, 1953) . The Special Committee * * * cited the organiza-
tion as "one of the oldest auxiliaries of the Communist Party in the
United States" (report of March 29, 1944 ; also cited in report dated
June 25, 1942) .
"These Americans Say : * * *" (page 9), prepared and published by
the Coordinating Committee to Lift the Embargo, cited as one of a
number of front organizations which was set up during the Spanish
Civil War by the Communist Party and through which the party
carried on a great deal of agitation . (From a report of the Special
Committee * * * dated March 19, 1944.)
It was reported in New Masses of December 3, 1940 (page 28),
that Otto Klineberg had signed an Open Letter to save Luiz Carlos
Prestes which was sent by the Council for Pan American Democracy
to the President of Brazil . The Council (also known as Conference)
for Pan American Democracy was cited as a Communist-front organ-
ization which defended Carlos Luiz Prestes, a Brazilian Communist
leader and former member of the executive committee of the Com-
munist International . (From the. Special Committee's report of
March 29, 1944 ; also cited in their report of June 25, 1942 .) The
Attorney General cited the organization as subversive and Com-
munist (press releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated
April 27, 1953) .
The Daily Worker of May 13, 1940 (pages 1 and 5), reported that
Otto Klineberg had signed an Open Letter of the National Emergency
Conference for Democratic Rights, cited as a Communist-front group
by the Special Committee * * * (report of March 29, 1944) ; in a
report of the Committee on Un-American Activities, released Sep-
tember 1, 1947, it was noted that-
during the days of the infamous Soviet-Nazi pact, the Communists built protec-
tive organizations known as the National Emergency Conference, the National
Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights, which culminated in the National
Federation for Constitutional Liberties .
"Characteristics of the American Negro" and "Race Differences,"
written by Otto Klineberg, were advertised for sale by the Communist
Workers Book Shop in 1948 (pages 10 and 12 of the 1948 Catalogue,
respectively) ; both books were also advertised in their 1949-1950
Catalogue (pages 11 and 13) .
HARRY LAIDLER
Organization and a f-liation Source
American Student Union (1) . Announcement in "The Student
Member of sponsoring commit- Advocate," February 1937 .
tee of Alumni Homecoming din-
ner .
U. S . Congress Against War (1) "The Struggle Against War,"
and (2) . Member, Arrange- August 1933, p. 2 ; "Call to the
ments Committee ; identified U . S . Congress Against War,"
as Director, League for Indus- Sept . 1-4, 1933, New York
trial Democracy . City, p . 3.
Consumers National Federation Pamphlet, "The People vs .
(1) . Sponsor. H . C . L ., Dec. 11-12, 1937, p. 3.
Golden Book of American Friend- "Soviet Russia Today ." Novem-
ship with the Soviet Union (1) . ber 1937, p. 79 .
Signer .
Reeve Bloor, well-known Com- ings, p .
munist Party member, on the
occasion of her seventy-fifth
birthday .
Open Road, Inc . Leader of The Folder, "The Land of the Sov-
Intelligent Student's Tour of iets" which reveals that The
Socialism ; identified as Execu- Open Road has "the technical
tive Director, League for Indus- assistance in the U. S . S . R .
trial Democracy, and author of of Intourist (The Soviet State
numerous economic and social Tourist Company) and with
studies . the cultural assistance of the
U. S. S . R . Society for Cultural
Relations With Foreign. Coun-
tries (Voks) ."
Included in a list of "A Few of Booklet, published in February
the One Hundred and 1937 .
Eighty-One Who Have Led
Groups Served by The
Open Road ."
CORLIss LAMONT
On March 5, 1941 (page 2), the Daily Worker featured in a full-page
spread the names of several hundred persons who defended the Com-
munist Party against alleged persecution ; the statement was addressed
to the President and the Congress of the United States and called
attention to "a matter of vital significance to the future of our na-
tion * * * the attitude of our government toward the Communist
Party * * *" Corliss Lamont was named as one of those who signed
the statement .
The Daily Worker of February 28, 1949 (page 9), reported that
Corliss Lamont had signed a statement in defense of the twelve
leaders of the Communist Party, eleven of whom were convicted
October 14, 1949, of conspiracy to teach and advocate the violent
overthrow of the United States Government (New York Times,
October 15, 1949, page 5) . An advertisement which appeared in the
Washington Post on May 24, 1950 (page 14), listed Mr . Lamont as
having signed a petition to the Supreme Court for a reconsideration of
its refusal to hear the appeal of the "Hollywood Ten" .
On May 8, 1936, the Daily Worker (page 5), reported that Corliss
Lamont was chairman of a Symposium on John Reed ; he was chairman
of a meeting held in New York City, October 20, 1940, to commemo-
rate the death of John Reed in Moscow, according to New Masses of
October 8, 1940 (page 2) ; reference to his being a speaker at this
meeting appeared in the Daily Worker of October 14, 1940 (page 7).
John Reed was founder of the American Communist Party .
According to the program of the banquet January 24, 1936 (page 9),
Mr . Lamont was a sponsor of the Mother Bloor Banquet held in
honor of Ella Reeve Bloor, prominent Communist leader .
It was reported in the Daily Worker of April 28, 1938 (page 4),
that Mr . Lamont was one of the signers of the Statement by American
Progressives on the Moscow Trials .
55647-54-21
Anniversary of the Soviet Union .
Soviet Russia Today for March 1937 (pages 14-15) and the Daily
Worker of February 9, 1937 (page 2), showed Mr. Lamont to be one
of those who signed an Open Letter to American Liberals, published
in March 1937 "by a group of well-known Communists and Communist
collaborators . * * * The letter was a defense of the Moscow purge
trials" (Special Committee on Un-American Activities in report
dated June 25, 1942, page 21) .
According to Soviet Russia Today for September 1939 (page 25),
Corliss Lamont signed the Open Letter for Closer Cooperation with
the Soviet Union, cited by, the Special Committee * * * as having
been issued by a group of "Communist Party stooges" (Report of
June 25, 1942, page 21) .
Corliss Lamont signed an Open Letter in Defense of Harry Bridges,
according to the Daily Worker of July 19, 1942 (page 4) . This
Open Letter was cited as a Communist front by the Special Com-
mittee * * * in its report of March 29, 1944 (pages 87, 112, 129,
and 166) .
The Call to a National Congress for Unemployment and Social
Insurance (page 3), listed Mr . Lamont as a sponsor of that congress
which was held January 5-7, 1935, in Washington, D . C ., and cited
as a Communist front, headed by Herbert Benjamin, a leading Com-
munist (Special Committee * * * in report of March 29, 1944, pages
94 and 116) .
A letterhead of the National People's Committee Against Hearst,
dated March 16, 1937, listed Corliss Lamont as a member of the
National People's Committee . * * * In its report of June 25, 1942
(page 16), the Special Committee cited the National People's Com-
mittee as a "subsidiary" organization of the American League for
Peace and Democracy, which it described as the largest of the Com-
munist "front" movements in the United States .
According to the Daily Worker of July 23, 1934 (page 2), Corliss
Lamont was a guarantor of loans to the Herndon Bail Fund of the
International Labor Defense . The Daily Worker of April 30, 1937
(page 3), named him as a trustee for Herndon bail under auspices of
the ILD . "The International Labor Defense * * * was part of an
international network of organizations for the defense of Communist
lawbreakers" (Committee on Un-American Activities in Report 1115
of September 2, 1947, pages 1 and 2) . The Special Committee cited
the ILD as "the legal defense arm of the Communist Party of the
United States" (Reports of January 3, 1939 ; January 3, 1940 ; June
25, 1942 ; and March 29, 1944) ; it was cited by the Attorney General
of the United States as subversive and Communist (press releases of
June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated April 27, 1953 ; pre-
viously cited as the "legal arm of the Communist Party", Congres-
sional Record, September 21, 1942, page 7686) .
Corliss Lamont was a member of the Committee of the League of
American Writers, as reported in the Daily Worker of January 18,
1939 (page 7) ; he signed a statement of the League in behalf of aa
second front, according to the Daily Worker of September 14, 1942,
page 7, and the Daily People's World of September 23, 1942, page 5.
He signed the Call to the Fourth Congress of the League of . American
League was cited as subversive and Communist by the Attorney
General and as having been founded under Communist auspices in
1935, and in 1939 "began openly to follow the Communist Party line
as dictated by the foreign policy of the Soviet Union" (press releases
of June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated April 27, 1953 ; and
Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, pages 7684 and 7686) .
The League was also cited by the Special Committee in reports of
January 3, 1940 ; June 25, 1942 ; and March 29, 1944 .
Mr. Lamont was listed as a member of the Editorial Board of the
Book Union on an undated letterhead and in Book Union Bulletin for
August 1936 (page 1), and August 1938 (page 1) . Book Union was
cited by the Special Committee in a report dated March 29, 1944
(page 96) .
Pamphlets entitled On Understanding Soviet Russia and Socialist
Planning in the Soviet Union, written by Corliss Lamont, were listed
in the Guide to Readings on Communism, issued by the Workers Book
Shops (pages 14 and 15) .
In an advertisement of the Workers Library Publishers which ap-
peared in The Communist International of April 1936 (inside back
cover), Religion in Soviet Russia by Corliss Lamont was advertised .
A review of,Soviet Russia and Religion by Corliss Lamont appeared
in The Communist International for August 1936 (page 1093) .
The Workers Library Publishers was cited as an "official Commu-
nist Party publishing house" by the Special Committee in Report 1311
of March 29; 1944 ; also cited in report dated June 25, 1942 ; the Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities cited the group in Report 1920 of
May 11, 1948 .
Soviet Russia and Religion, written by Mr . Lamont, was listed in
an undated catalogue of the International Publishers (page 61) ; Mr .
Lamont attended the tenth anniversary reception of International
Publishers, according to the Daily Worker of December 18, 1934
(page 5) .
The Special Committee * * * reported that the International
Publishers was an "official publishing house of the Communist Party
in the United St tes," and a medium through which "extensive Soviet
propaganda is subsidized in the United States" (reports of January 3,
1940 ; June 25, 1942 ; and March 29, 1944) . It was cited as "the Com-
munist Party's publishing house" by the Attorney General (Congres-
sional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7686 ; and the Committee on
Un-American Activities, Report 1920 of May 11, 1948).
A pamphlet entitled Soviet Russia and the Postwar World, written
by Mr . Lamont, was listed in New Century Publishers Catalog for
1946 (page 14) . The Committee on Un-American Activities cited
New Century Publishers as-
an official Communist Party publishing house which has published the works of
William Z . Foster and Eugene Dennis, Communist Party chairman and executive
secretary, respectively, as well as the theoretical magazine of the party known as
Political Affairs and the Constitution of the Communist Party, U . S . A . (Report
of May 11, 1948, pages 7 and 35) .
The following issues of Soviet Russia Today contain contributions
from Corliss Lamont : May 1935 (page 6) ; June 1935 (page 26) ;
February 1936 (page 32) ; January 1938 (page 14) ; February 1939
1940 (page 8) ; October 1940 (page 30), November 1940 (page
December 1940 (page 12) ; February 1941 (page 8) ; April 1941 (p
7) ; June 1941 (page 8) ; July 1941 (page 7) ; October 1941 (page
November 1941 (page 7) ; January 1942 (page 29) ; February 1
(page 9) ; May 1942 (page 6) ; July 1942 (page 20) ; January 1943 (p
28) ; March 1943 (page 31) ; March 1947 (page 13) ; June 1947 (page
September 1947 (page 22) ; November 1947 (page 8) ; and Decemb
1947 (page 23) . According to the Daily People's World of Novemb
6, 1952 (page 7), he contributed to the November issue of New Wo
Review, successor to Soviet Russia Today .
Soviet Russia Today was cited as a Communist-front publicat
by the Special Committee in report dated March 29, 1944 ; also ci
in report of June 25, 1942 . It was also cited by the Committee
Un-American Activities in a report dated April 26, 1950 (page 10
Corliss Lamont was listed as a member of the Editorial Council
Soviet Russia Today in issues of January 1939 (page 3) ; January 1
(page 3) ; and March 1942 (page 3). He was also shown as a mem
of the Advisory Council of the same publication, on letterheads
September 8, 1947 ; September 30, 1947 ; and an undated letterh
(received in April 1948) . In New Masses of February 27, 1934 (p
31), Corliss Lamont was named as chairman of a dinner-dance to
held March 2, 1934 under the auspices of Soviet Russia Today .
shown in Soviet Russia Today for September 1936 (page 3), he wa
lecturer of the Soviet Russia Today Lecture Bureau ; he was one of
sponsors of Soviet Russia Today Dinner celebrating the Twenty-Fi
Anniversary of the Red Army, according to Soviet Russia Toda
April 1943 (page 31) . It was reported in the Daily Worker of Nove
ber 13, 1949 (page 4) that he was a contributor to the issue of Nov
ber 1949 of Soviet Russia Today . Mr. Lamont's Peoples of the Sov
Union was approved by the Soviet Russia Today Book Club, accord
to The Worker for February 8, 1948 (p . 7, Southern Edition) .
According to the Daily Worker of July 5, 1934 (page 5),
La-ront endorsed that newspaper ; he protested an attack on .
publication, as shown in the issue of January 25, 1936 (page 2) ;
contributed to the following issues of the paper: August 24, 1
(page 7) ; December 24, 1931 (page 3) ; and December 21, 1935 (p
3) . The Daily Worker has been cited as the official organ of t
Communist Party, U. S. A. (Report 1920 of the Committee
Un-American Activities dated May 11, 1948.)
Mr. La-nont contributed to the following issues of New Mass
February 1932 (page 26) ; April 1932 (page 18) ; August 20, 1935 (p
15) ; May 11, 1937 (page 25) ; November 2, 1937 (page 23) ; Novemb
30, 1937 (page 19) ; July 26, 1938 (page 21) ; September 20, 1938 (p
19) ; November 14, 1939 (page 6) ; May 7, 1940 (page 4) ; May
1940 (page 12) ; July 9, 1940 (page 10) ; July 16, 1940 (page 1
July 23, 1940 (page 13) ; October 8, 1940 (page 17) ; April 1, 1
(page 26) ; June 17, 1941 (page 19) ; July 15, 1941 (page 12) ; Novemb
11, 1941 (page 3) ; March 10, 1942 (page 21) ; June 22, 1943 (page
February 1, 1944 (page 29) ; March 7, 1944 (page 23) ; April 11, 1
(page 24) ; May 2, 1944 (page 22) . The book, USSR ; a Conc
Handbook, to which Mr . Lamont contributed, was favorably review
in New Masses of June 24, 1947 (page 22) .
nist Party" (Report of March 29, 1944, pages 48 and 75 ; reports of
January 3, 1939, page 80 ; June 25, 1942, pages 4 and 21) . The
United States Attorney General cited it as a "Communist periodical"
(Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7688) .
According to the Daily Worker of February 26, 1940 (page 4), he
attended the defense rally held by New Masses . It was shown in
New Masses of April 2, 1940 (page 21), that he was a member of the
initiating committee of New Masses Letter to the President, protest-
ing the questioning of its editors and employees by a Special Grand
Jury convened in Washington, D . C ., to investigate "alleged military
espionage" and requesting that the President exert his influence to
"end this attack on freedom of the press" ; New Masses of April 14,
1942 (page 25) named him as a sponsor of the "New Masses Anti-
Cliveden Rally" and a sponsor of the same rally ; he sponsored a plea
for financial support of New Masses, according to the issue of April
8, 1947 (page 9).
Corliss Lamont was speaker at a meeting held under the- auspices
of Friends of the Soviet Union, as shown in International Press Cor-
respondence, Volume 14, No . 11, February 23, 1934 (page 305) . He
was shown to be a signer of a Manifesto issued by the organization in
International Press Correspondence, Volume 15, No . 50, November
2, 1935 (page 1443) . Friends of the Soviet Union was later known
as American Friends of the Soviet Union . Corliss Lamont was re-
ported to be chairman of a meeting held by American Friends of the
Soviet Union (Daily Worker of January 29, 1938, page 8) . The fol-
lowing issues of the Daily Worker named him as chairman of the
organization : February 2, 1938 (page 3) ; March 7, 1938 (page 1) ;
and May 14, 1938 (page 2) . He was listed as chairman of the organi-
zation in New Masses, December 21, 1937 (page 8) . It was reported
in Soviet Russia Today for June 1935 (page 30), that Corliss Lamont,
national chairman of Friends of the Soviet Union, was speaker at
a protest meeting held in Scranton, Pennsylvania, under auspices of
the group . A report of the Special Committee * * * dated January
3, 1939 said :
The Friends of the Soviet Union is possibly one of the most open Communist
"fronts" in the United States . It is headed by the former Columbia University
professor, Corliss Lamont, son of the Wall Street banker, J . P . Morgan's partner .
Young Lamont has long been a close friend of the Communist regime and a
supporter of the system of government existing in Russia .
The Daily Worker of February 16, 1938 (page 2), listed Mr . Lamont
as a signer of a letter to the President, issued by American Friends of
Spanish Democracy . He was a member of the Executive Committee
of this organization, as shown by a letterhead dated February 21,
1938 . New Masses of January 5, 1937 named him as a member of
the General Committee, American Friends of Spanish Democracy,
Medical Bureau (page 31) ; a letterhead dated November 18, 1936,
listed him as a member of the Executive Committee of the Medical
Bureau .
American Friends of Spanish Democracy was cited by the Special
Committee in its report of March 29, 1944 (page 82), as follows :
In 1937-1938, the Communist Party threw itself wholeheartedly into the cam-
paign for the support of the Spanish Loyalist cause, recruiting men and organizing
Corliss Lamont was a participant in a Roundtable Conference, he
May 24-25, 1940, under auspices of the American Council on Sovie
Relations, as shown in the Summary of Proceedings, dated July 15
1940 . He was chairman at a rally held by the American Council o
Soviet Relations as shown in the Daily Worker of July 2, 1941 (pag
1 and 2), and was speaker under the auspices of the organizati
(New Masses, November 11, 1941, page 31) .
The American Council on Soviet Relations was cited as a Co
munist-front organization by the Special Committee (report of Mar
29, 1944, page 174) and by the Attorney General (Congressiona
Record, September 24, 1942, page 7688 ; letters to the Loyalty Revi
Board, released June 1, 1948 and September 21, 1948).
A letterhead dated August 22, 1935, showed Corliss Lamont to be
member of the National Executive Committee of the American Leagu
Against War and Fascism. He contributed to the December 19
issue (page 5) of Fight magazine, official organ of the American Leag
Against War and Facism .
The American League Against War and Fascism was organized a
the First United States Congress Against War which was held i
New York City, September 29 to October 1, 1933 . Four years late
the name of the organization was changed to the American Leagu
for Peace and Democracy * * * "It remained as completely und
the control of Communists when the name was changed as it had be
before ." (Special Committee * * * in report dated March 29, 194
also cited in reports of January 3, 1939 ; January 3, 1940 ; June 2
1942) . The league was cited as Communist by the Attorney Gener
(in re Harry Bridges, May 28, 1942, page 10 ; Congressional Recor
September 24, 1942, page 7683 ; letters to the Loyalty Review Boa
in 1947 and 1948) .
Mr. Lamont was a member of the National Committee of th
Student Congress Against War, as shown in the pamphlet entitle
"Fight War" (page 4) .
During the Christmas holidays of 1932, the Student Congress Against Wa
convened at the University of Chicago . This gathering was held at the dire
instigation of the (Amsterdam) World Congress Against War . The Chica
Congress was completely controlled by the Communists of the National Studen
League (Special Committee * * * in report of March 29, 1944) .
According to "The Struggle Against War" for June 1933 (page 2
Mr. Lamont was a member of the American Committee for Struggl
Against War which was cited as a Communist-front organization b
the Special Committee on Un-American Activities (report of March 2
1944) .
Corliss Lamont was a member of the Committee of Sponsors for
Dinner-Forum on "Europe Today" held October 9, 1941, und
auspices of the American Committee to Save Refugees, the Exile
Writers Committee of the League of American Writers and the Unite
American Spanish Aid Committee, as shown by the invitation to th
dinner-forum .
The American Committee to Save Refugees was cited as a Com
munist front by the Special Committee * * * (report of March 2
1944 ; citation of the League of American Writers appears on page
of this report) . Citation of American Friends of Spanish Democrac
(press release of July 25, 1949) .
According to the Catalogue and Program (January 1942), Mr.
Lamont was a guest lecturer at the School for Democracy .
In 1941, the Communists established a-school in New York City which was known
as the School for Democracy (now merged with the Workers School into the
Jefferson School of Social Science) .
It was "established by Communist teachers ousted from the public
school system of New York City" (Special Committee * * * in report
of March 29, 1944) .
It was reported in the Daily Worker of July 19, 1942 (page 4) that
Corliss Lamont signed an Open Letter of the National Federation for
Constitutional Liberties, denouncing the Attorney General's charges
against Harry Bridges and the Communist Party . A leaflet attached
to an undated letterhead showld him to be a signer of the organization's
January 1943 Message to the House of Representatives .
The Special Committee * * * cited the National Federation for
Constitutional Liberties as "one of the viciously subversive organiza-
tions of the Communist Party" (report of March 29, 1944 ; also cited
in reports of June 25, 1942 ; January 2, 1943) . Report 1115 of the
Committee on Un-American Activities dated September 2, 1947
stated that the National Federation was "spawned for the alleged
purpose of defending civil liberties in general but actually intended
to protect Communist subversion from any penalties under the law ."
It was cited by the Attorney General (Congressional Record, Sep-
tember 24, 1942, page 7687 ; and press releases of December 4, 1947
and September 21, 1948) .
It was shown in the Certificate of Incorporation of the People's
Radio Foundation, November 27, 1944 (page 6) that Corliss Lamont,
450 Riverside Drive, New York, was a director . In a photostatic
copy of an application made by this same organization for a broad-
casting station construction permit, July 27, 1945, Corliss Lamont
was named as a stockholder and director until the first annual meeting
of stockholders (pages 13 and 26) .
People's Radio Foundation, Inc ., was cited by the Attorney Gen-
eral as subversive and Communist (press releases of December 4,
1947 and September 21, 1948) .
According to the Daily Worker of April 22, 1947 (page 4), Corliss
Lamont signed a statement condemning the revocation of the charter
of the Queens College Chapter of the American Youth for Democracy .
In a letter to the Loyalty Review Board, Attorney General McGrath
stated that this was an organization for young Communists (letter
released August 30, 1950) . The organization had been cited previ-
ously in 1947 and 1948, in letters from a former Attorney General to
the Loyalty Review Board . The Special Committee on Un-American
Activities cited the organization in its report of March 29, 1944 and
a citation also appeared in Report No . 271 of April 17, 1947 of the
Committee on Un-American Activities .
It was shown in a photostatic copy of the Certificate of Incorpora-
tion filed in New York State February 15, 1943, that Mr . Lamont
was a subscriber to this certificate, and director until the first annual
meeting of the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, Inc .
He was shown to be chairman of the National Council of American.
and March 13, 1946 . He was shown as a member of the Board of
Directors of the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship on
letterheads dated January 23, 1948 ; April 30, 1949 ; January 10,
1950 ; and February 21, 1950 . It was reported in the Daily Worker
of November 3, 1947 (page 5) that he spoke at a rally held at St
Nicholas Arena, November 9, 1947, under the auspices of the National
Council . The Daily Worker of January 31, 1949 (page 5), also
named him as speaker at a meeting held under the auspices of that
organization . He delivered an address at a rally held in Madison
Square Garden, New York City, May 29, 1946, under the auspices
of that organization, according to a pamphlet entitled "We have
seen America ." He was chairman at the Assembly on American-
Soviet Relations held June 17, 1947, by the National Council of
American-Soviet Friendship, as reported in The Worker of June 15,
1947 (page 10) . He spoke at the Congress on American-Soviet
Relations held by this same group December 3-5, 1949, as shown
in the program .
Mr . Lamont was a member of the Sponsoring Committee of the
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship's Committee on
Education, according to the Bulletin of the committee issued June
1945 (page 22) . He was one of the signers of a statement in praise of
Wallace's Open Letter to Stalin, which was circulated by the Council
in May 1948, according to a pamphlet entitled "How to End the Cold
War and Build the Peace" (page 9) . He signed a statement of this
organization, as reported in the Daily Worker of February 17, 1949
(page 4) . The Daily Worker of April 14, 1952 (page 8, an advertise-
ment), announced that Dr . Lamont was to speak at a symposium
of the Council on The Future of Germany and World Peace, April
23, at the Yugoslav-American Home, New York City . The Daily
Worker of November 6, 1952 (page 8, an advertisement) and of
November 17, 1952 (page 8), named him as a speaker at a rally of
the Council November 13th in New York City, on USA-USSR
Cooperation for Peace .
The Special Committee on Un-American Activities reported that
the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship was the Com-
munist Party's principal front for all things Russian (report of March
29, 1944) ; the Attorney General cited it as subversive and Commun-
ist (press releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948
redesignated April 27, 1953) .
Mr . Lamont was named as Chairman of the Congress of American-
Soviet Friendship on a letterhead dated October 27, 1942 . The
Congress was cited as a Communist-front organization by the Special
Committee in its report of March 29, 1944 .
According to the Daily People's World of May 15, 1952 (page 7)
and May 27, 1952 (page 3), Corliss Lamont was named speaker for
the American Russian Institute at its Sixth Annual Banquet, May 23,
in Los Angeles . It was reported in the Daily People's World of
May 26, 1952 (page 7), that he was to discuss the recent economic
conference in Moscow, May 27, for the American-Russian Institute
The Attorney General cited this organization as Communist (press
release of April 27, 1949 ; redesignated April 27, 1953) .
for Madame Irene Joliot-Currie, according to an invitation to a
dinner held in New York City, March 31, 1948 ; he signed an Open
Letter to the President on Franco Spain, which letter was released
by the Spanish Refugee Appeal of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee
Committee, as shown on a mimeographed letter attached to a letter-
head of April 28, 1949 .
The Special Committee cited the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Com-
mittee as a "Communist-front organization headed by Edward K .
Barsky" (report of March 29, 1944, page 174) . It was cited as sub-
versive and Communist by the Attorney General (press releases of
December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated April
27, 1953).
As shown in the Conference call and the printed program (page 13),
Mr . Lamont was a sponsor of the Cultural and Scientific Conference
for World Peace which was held in New York City, March 25-27, 1949,
under the sponsorship of the National Council of the Arts, Sciences
and Professions ; he was listed as having signed a statement of the
Council (Congressional Record, July 14, 1949, page 9620), and he
signed a Resolution Against Atomic Weapons, prepared and released
by the Council, according to a mimeographed list of signers of the
resolution attached to a letterhead of July 28, 1950 . The following
issues of the Daily Worker named him as speaker at a mass meeting
of the Council in Carnegie Hall, March 10th : March 4, 1952 (page 3) ;
March 7, 1952 (page 8) ; March 10, 1952 (page 7) ; and March 12,
1952 (page 3) .
The National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions was
cited as a Communist-front organization by the Committee on Un-
American Activities (Report No . 1954 of April 26, 1950, originally
released April 19, 1949, page 2) .
According to the Daily Worker of July 25, 1950 (page 4), Corliss
Lamont of New York signed a statement against the Hobbs Bill
(statement prepared and released by the American Committee for
Protection of Foreign Born) . The Special Committee on Un-American
Activities cited the American Committee as "one of the oldest auxil-
iaries of the Communist Party in the United States" (Report dated
March 29, 1944 ; also cited in a report dated June 25, 1942) . The
Attorney General cited the organization in letters to the Loyalty
Review Board as subversive and Communist (press release of Septem-
ber 21, 1948 ; redesignated April 27, 1953) .
Mr. Lamont was one of the sponsors of the American Continental
Congress for World Peace which was held September 5-10, 1949, as
shown in the call to that congress and the printed program which is
in Spanish (page 7) . This congress was cited as "another phase in
the Communist `peace' campaign, aimed at consolidating anti-
American forces throughout the Western Hemisphere" (report on the
Communist "Peace" Offensive, April 1, 1951, page 21, by the
Committee on Un-American Activities) .
Encouraged by its success in drawing dupes into its campaign, the Committee
for Peaceful Alternatives to the Atlantic Pact launched a more ambitious project
under the high-sounding title of the Mid-Century Conference for Peace . This
was held at the St. James Methodist Church in Chicago on May 29 and 30, 1950 .
* * In plain terms, the conference was aimed at assembling as many gullible
fronts such as * * * Corliss Lamont * * * (Report on the Communist "Peace"
Offensive, pages 58 and 59) .
In June 26, 1946, Corliss Lamont was cited for contempt of Congress
in the House of Representatives for refusal to supply information and
records of the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship
requested by this committee . (See: Washington Star, June 27, 1946 .)
The Grand Jury did not indict him . However, Richard Morford,
executive director of the National Council * * *, who had custody
of the records, was cited at the same time for contempt of Congress
because of his refusal to produce records of the organization, as
subpoenaed by the Committee on Un-American Activities . He was
indicted and later convicted (Daily Worker, June 29, 1950, page 2),
and it was reported in the Daily Worker of August 30, 1950 (p . 3)
that he had begun his jail sentence .
The Daily Worker of June 10, 1952 (page 2), said :
Former Representative Vito Marcantonio, State Chairman of the American
Labor Party, announced today that at a meeting of the American Labor Party
State Executive Committee, held on June 3, the nomination of Corliss Lamont
as the ALP candidate for United States Senator from the State of New York was
unanimously recommended to all ALP clubs and to the ALP State convention,
which will take place August 28, 1952 .
For years, the Communists have put forth the greatest efforts to capture the
entire American Labor Party throughout New York State . They succeeded in
capturing the Manhattan and Brooklyn sections of the American Labor Party
but outside of New York City they have been unable to win control (Special
Committee on Un-American Activities, Report dated March 29, 1944, page 78)
A pamphlet entitled "Are We Being Talked Into War?" which was
written by Dr. Corliss Lamont, was reviewed in the Daily People's
World of April 4, 1952 (page 6, magazine section), and it was de-
scribed therein as a pamphlet "that traces the development of the
propaganda drive for war against the Soviet Union ." The review
said that-
Dr . Lamont's well-documented little pamphlet shows just how the war makers
and war propagandists have tried to incite the people for war through the years
* * * In contrast, Lamont cited the "fundamental attitude" of the Soviet
Union as represented by the law passed by the Supreme Soviet in 1951 "outlawing
war propaganda through the USSR ."
An article by Barbara Schaeffer in the Daily Worker of September
14, 1952 (pages 3 and 6), said, in part :
The very term Iron Curtain was fashioned by that right hand man of Hitler,
Goebbels . The United States passport division has given meaning to the term
* * * Among those harassed when trying to leave the United States . * * *
Corliss Lamont . writer .
In speaking of Mr . Lamont's difficulties, the article stated that he
Reported this spring t :o a meeting of the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee
that he had been asked for a "complete reorientation of his views" in order to get
a passport .
"Soviet Civilization" by Mr . Lamont was reviewed by Robert
Friedman in the Daily Worker of November 28, 1952 (page 7) . The
article said :
A survey of the basic concepts of Soviet socialist society and an account of the
specific Soviet achievements in every field of endeavor, Dr . Lamont's book is the
work of an American patriot because it calmly, logically, factually destroys many
of the anti-Soviet misconceptions on which the whole fight-Russia propaganda is
35 years, laid the foundations of a great new civilization of enduring achievement
and high promise, ranking in world historical significance with the outstanding
civilizations of the past ."
Mr . Friedman's review also appeared in the Daily People's World
December 15, 1952 (page 7) .
OSCAR LANGE
Organization and affiliation Source
American Slav Congress (1) and Committee on Un-American Ac-
(2) . Delegate to Third Ameri- tivities, Report on American
can Slav Congress, Manhattan Slav Congress, June 26, 1949,
Center, New York City, Sep- pp. 24, 95 .
tember 20, 21, 22, 1946 ; speaker ;
identified as Polish Ambassador
and later U . N . representative .
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Com- "Daily Worker," Apr . 1, 1949, p .
mittee (1) and (2) . Speaker . 5 ; "The Worker," Mar . 20,
1949, p. 10 ; and a Postal Card,
"Caucus for Peace ."
National Council of American- Press release dated Feb . 22, 1946 .
Soviet Friendship (1) and (2) .
Speaker at the George Washing-
ton's Birthday and Red Army
Day Celebration Dinner, Febru-
ary 21, 1946, New York City .
Sponsor of Chicago Council__ Undated leaflet entitled "Speak-
ers on Russia," issued by the
Chicago Council in 19345(p . 12) .
Reference Testimony of Dr . Robert May-
nard Hutchins before the Sedi-
tious Activities Investigation
Commission, State of Illinois,
1949 (vol. II, p . 25) .
Reference Washington "Star" of Nov . 29,
1949, p . B1 .
OWEN LATTIMORE
A pamphlet entitled a Conference on Democratic Rights named
Owen Lattimore as one of the sponsors of that conference which was
called by the Maryland Association for Democratic Rights (affiliated
with the National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights) for
June 14-15, 1940 . The Special Committee on Un-American Activities
cited the National Emergency Conference * * * as a Communist-
front organization in a report dated March 29, 1944 .
Owen J . Lattimore was one of the speakers at a discussion meeting
in Washington, D . C ., February 11, 1941, held under the auspices of
the Washington Committee for Aid to China, as shown on a leaflet
entitled Stop Shipments to Japan ; he was identified in this connection
as author of Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Director of the School
of International Affairs, Johns Hopkins Institute . The Washington
Committee for * * * was also cited by the Special Committee
as a Communist-controlled organization (report dated March 29,
1944) .
Writers' Mobilization from October 1 to 3, named Owen Lattimore as
one of the speakers . The Attorney General of the United States cited
the Hollywood Writers Mobilization as subversive and Communis
(press releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; red
ignated April 27, 1953) .
Mr . Lattimore spoke at a meeting of the Washington Book Shop,
April 6, 1945, as shown on a mimeographed circular of the organiza-
tion, first cited by the Attorney General in 1942 as follows : "Evidenc
of Communist penetration or control is reflected in the following
Among its stock the establishment has offered prominently for sale
books and literature identified with the Communist Party * * *
(Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7688 ; subsequentl
cited as subversive and Communist in press releases of December 4,
1947 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated April 27, 1953) ; the Specia
Committee * * * cited the Washington Book Shop as a Communist
front organization in its report of March 29, 1944 ; redesignated pur
suant to Executive Order 10450 by the Attorney General, April 1, 1954
The New York Times, in reviewing Mr . Lattimore's book, The
Situation in Asia, stated that "often he seems to feel that Russia
policy is sounder, more astute and/or more progressive than that
adopted by the U . S ." (New York Times Book Review, April 10,
1949, page 5 .)
Mr. Lattimore's Solution in Asia (Little, Brown), was recommended
by Spotlight on the Far East for March 1947 (page 7), official pub
lication of the Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy ; i
was favorably reviewed by Harriet Moore for Soviet Russia Today
in the July 1945 issue (page 27) .
The Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy was cited by
the Attorney General as Communist (press release of April 27, 1949
redesignated April 27, 1953 ; redesignated pursuant to Executiv
Order 10450, April 1, 1954 . Soviet Russia Today has been cited as
a Communist-front publication (Special Committee * * * in report
of June 25, 1942 and March 29, 1944) ; subsequently cited by th
Committee on Un-American Activities as a Communist front pub
lication (report of October 23, 1949, page 108) .
Rob F . Hall, writer for the Communist Daily Worker, defende
Mr. Lattimore in an article which appeared in that publication o
April 3, 1950 (page 7) ; Mr . Hall quoted Mr. Lattimore with approva
in an article which appeared in the Daily Worker June 28, 1950
(page 7) ; Joseph Starobin reviewed Mr. Lattimore's book, Th
Situation in Asia, for the Daily Worker of May 24, 1949 (page 8)
Mr. Lattimore was interviewed by the Daily Worker, as shown in
the issue of September 5, 1945 (page 8) .
On May 3, 1950 (page 2), the Daily People's World defended
Mr. Lattimore ; on May 4, 1950, the following editorial comment
appeared in the same publication (pages 7 and 12) : "The lates
example of the encroachment upon the rights of all is the houndin
of Owen Lattimore * * * this man, along with the Communists and
just about everybody else in the world except a small gang of fanactics
in Washington, believes that Chiang Kai-shek is washed up ." Th
Daily People's World has been cited as "the official organ of th
Owen Lattimore was a witness in the State Department Employee
Loyalty Investigation by a subcommittee of the Committee on
Foreign Relations in the United States Senate, March-June 1950
(pages 417-486, 799-871, 873-921 of the hearings) . A review of
charges made against Mr . Lattimore, a review of his testimony, and
conclusions of the subcommittee concerning the charges are shown
in Report No . 2108 of the Committee on Foreign Relations (pages
48-71, 160, and 161) .
On December 17, 1952, the Washington Star reported (page A-3)
that "Owen Lattimore, long center of stormy charges of Communist
influence in the Government, will appear in court Friday to answer a
Federal grand jury indictment accusing him of perjury . The seven-
count indictment, handed down yesterday, charges the 52-year-old
specialist on Far Eastern affairs with lying under oath while testifying
before the Senate Internal Security subcommittee * * *" The same
information was reported by the Times-Herald and Washington Post
on December 17th (pages 1 of both publications) . His photograph
appeared in the Star and the Post in this connection .
The Worker (Sunday edition of the Daily Worker) reported on
September 14, 1952 (page M6) that Owen Lattimore, a Far East
expert, had experienced difficulties when trying to leave the United
States .
MAX LERNER
On June 2, 1949, the Daily Worker (p . 2) reported that Max
Lerner, identified as columnist for the New York Post, had asserted
that the trial against the leaders of the Communist Party "has no
business being in court . I don't see how anyone with a rudimentary
knowledge of the history of Communist movements can doubt the
basic rightness of William Z . Foster's plea, in his long manifesto, that
violence cannot be pinned on the American Communists and that
under American conditions the attempt to use it would be fantastic ."
A "Statement of 450 leading :figures in America, urging the Presi-
dent and Congress to uphold the Constitutional rights of the Com-
munist Party of the United States," was published in the Communist
"Daily Worker" on March 5, 1941 (p . 2, col . 4) ; the statement called
"attention (to) a matter of vital significance to the future of our
nation. It is the attitude of our government toward the Communist
Party * * *" and urged "all members of Congress to oppose any
legislation, direct or indirect, that would take away from Com-
munists those constitutional guarantees which must be kept open
for all if in the future they are to be available for any ." Max Lerner
of Massachusetts was one of those who signed the statement .
Mr. Lerner was named in the "Daily Worker" of June 17, 1937
(p . 2) as having signed a statement, demanding pardon for German
Communists ; on July 23, 1940 (p . 1) the "Daily Worker" reported
in an article datelined Washington, D . C ., July 22, that "a strongly-
worded protest against the nation-wide attack on the right of the
Communist Party to use the ballot was made here yesterday by 65
leading educators, writers, churchmen, lawyers, trade unionists and
civic leaders . The 65 liberals demanded that President Roosevelt
and Attorney General Robert Jackson take immediate action to
Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights, and was signed b
Max Lerner, identified with "The Nation ."
The American League for Peace and Democracy, established i
1937, issued a statement on the international situation which appeare
in "New Masses" on March 15, 1938 (p .19), together with a list o
persons who signed the statement, including the name of Max Lerner
The American League for Peace and Democracy was establishe
in the United States in 1937 as successor to the American Leagu
against War and Fascism
in an effort to create public sentiment on behalf of a foreign policy adapted to th
interests of the Soviet Union . It was designed to conceal Communist control, i
accordance with the new tactics of the Communist International . (From th
Attorney General's citation which appeared in the Congressional Record o
September 24, 1942, pages 7683 and 7684 .)
The Attorney General cited the American League * * * as subver-
sive and Communist (letters to the Loyalty Review Board, release
to the press June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; also included in con
solidated list released April 1, 1954) ; the Special Committee cite
the American League as "the largest of the Communist `front' move
ments in the United States * * * (and) nothing more nor less tha
a bold advocate of treason" (reports of January 3, 1939, and March
29, 1944 ; also cited in reports of January 3, 1940 ; January 3 ; 1941
and June 25, 1942 ; and January 2, 1943) .
Mr. Lerner was one of the sponsors of the American Congress for
Peace and Democracy which was held in Washington, D . C ., Januar
6-8, 1939 ("Call") and at which time the American League for Peace
and Democracy was formed . The American Congress was cited
as "a Communist front advocating collective security against the
Fascist aggressors prior to the signing of the Stalin Hitler pact
(Special Committee * * * in Report 1311 of March 29, 1944)
The American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born is "one
of the oldest auxiliaries of the Communist Party in the United States"
(reports of the Special Committee dated June 25, 1942, and March 29
1944) ; it was cited as subversive and Communist by Attorney General
(press releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; also included i
consolidated list released April 1, 1954 . Max Lerner was one of the
sponsors of the Fourth Annual Conference of the organization, hel
in Washington, D . C ., March 2-3, 1940, as shown on a letterhead
of that conference ; a letterhead of the group dated September 11,
1941, named him as one of the sponsors of the American Committee
he was a sponsor of the organization's national "American All" week
which was celebrated October 21-28, 1941 (undated letterhead
announcing "American All" week) ; he was a guest of honor at a
United Nations in America Dinner, arranged by the organization in
New York City, April 17, 1943 (from the invitation to dinner) .
Professor Max Lerner of Williams College was named in "The
Student Almanac," official publication of the American Student
Union, as a speaker at the Fourth National Convention of that organ-
ization ("The Student Almanac" for 1939, page 32) . The American
Student Union was cited as a Communist-front organization by the
Special Committee * * * (reports of January 3, 1940, June 25, 1942
and March 29, 1944).
organization, known also as the Council for Pan-American Democracy
and cited as a Communist front by the Special Committee (reports of
June 25, 1942, and March 29, 1944) . It was cited as subversive and
Communist by the Attorney General (press releases of June 1 and
September 21, 1948 ; also included in consolidated list released April 1,
1954) .
Max Lerner was a committee member of the Medical Bureau,
American Friends of Spanish Democracy, as shown on a letterhead of
that organization dated November 18, 1936 ; he was a member of the
general committee of American Friends of Spanish Democracy, as
shown in "New Masses" for January 5, 1937 (p . 31), and a letterhead
of the group dated February 21, 1938 ; he was identified in a booklet
entitled "These Americans Say : * * *" as a representative individual
who advocated lifting the arms embargo against Loyalist Spain ; the
booklet was prepared and published by the Coordinating Committee
to Lift the (Spanish) Embargo .
American Friends of Spanish Democracy and the Coordinating
Committee to Lift the (Spanish) Embargo were cited as among a
number of so-called relief groups set up by the Communist Party
when it was campaigning for the support of the Spanish Loyalist cause
in 1937 and 1938 (Report 1311 of the Special . Committee dated March
29, 1944) .
The "Daily Worker" of April 6, 1937 (p . 9) reported that Max
Lerner was a member of the Advisory Board of Frontier Films, an
organization cited as a Communist front by the Special Committee in
its report of March 29, 1944 . He was among those who signed a
petition in support of Simon W . Gerson, a Communist, according to the
petition and list of persons who signed it, which was released by the
League of American Writers as it appeared in the "Daily Worker" of
March 10, 1938 (p . 1) . The League of American Writers was cited as
a Communist front in three reports of the Special Committee
(January 3, 1940, June 25, 1942 ; and March 29, 1944) . The Attorney
General stated that the League was founded under Communist
auspices in 1935 and in 1939 began openly to "follow the Communist
Party line as dictated by the foreign policy of the Soviet Union"
(Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, pages 7685 and 7686) .
The organization was cited by the Attorney General as subversive and
Communist in lists furnished the Loyalty Review Board (press re-
leases of June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; also included in consolidated
list released April 1, 1954) .
A leaflet attached to a letterhead of the American Committee for
Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, dated January 17, 1940,
contains the name of Max Lerner, identified as . Professor, Williams
College, in a list of individuals who signed a petition of the group .
The American Committee * * * has been cited as a Communist
front which defended Communist teachers (reports of the Special
Committee * * * dated June 25, 1942 and March 29, 1944) .
The Communist-front enterprises, cited as such by the Special
Committee on Un-American Activities (report of March 29, 1944),
were the Golden Book of American Friendship with the Soviet Union
(reprinted in "Soviet Russia Today" for November 1937, page 79),
and the Open Letter for Closer Cooperation with the Soviet Union
signed .
The Special Committee on Un-American Activities cited both the
Non-Partisan Committee for the Reelection of Congressman Vito
Marcantonio and the Prestes Defense Committee as Communist-front
organizations ; the latter group was further described as "defending
Luiz Carlos Prestes, leading Brazilian Communist and former member
of the executive committee of the Communist International" (Report
1311 of March 29, 1944) ; Max Lerner signed a cable which was sent
by the Prestes Defense Committee, as shown in the "Daily Worker"
of February 13, 1937 (p . 2) ; he was a member of the Non-Partisan
Committee for * * * as disclosed by an official letterhead of the
group dated October 3, 1936 .
The National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights was
another of the Communist fronts cited in Report 1311 of the Special
Committee * * * Professor Lerner was listed as a member of the
Board of Sponsors, National Emergency Conference for Democratic
Rights, according to a press release of February 23, 1940 . He was
named by the "Daily Worker" of May 13, 1940 (pp . 1 and 5), as
having signed an Open Letter of the organization .
The pamphlet, "The People vs . H . C . L.," published by the Con-
sumers National Federation, December 11-12, 1937 (page 3), reveals
that Max Lerner was a sponsor of that organization ; on March 29,
1944, the Special Committee on Un-American Activities reported
that "the Consumers National Federation was a Communist Party
front which included a large number of party members and fellow
travelers as its sponsors ."
Mr. Lerner signed an Open Letter to New Masses, concerning the
American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, according to
the February 16, 1937, issue of "New Masses" (p . 2) ; his photograph
appeared in connection with his contribution to the July 13, 1943, issue
of "New Masses" (pp . 3 and 9) . The Attorney General cited "New
Masses" as a "Communist periodical" (Congressional Record, Sep-
tember 24, 1942, p . 7688) ; the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities cited "New Masses" as a "nationally circulated weekly
journal of the Communist Party * * * whose ownership was vested
in the American Fund for Public Service ." (See Report 1311 of
March 29, 1944, pages 48 and 75) .
"Soviet Russia Today" for March 1937 (pp . 14-15) and the "Daily
Worker" of February 9, 1937 (p . 2) both named Max Lerner as having
signed an Open Letter to American Liberals, cited as a Communist-
front enterprise by the Special Committee in its report of June 25, 1942
Mr . Lerner was a member of the Sponsors Committee of the United
Office and Professional Workers of America, Local 16, for the Fifth
Annual Stenographers' Ball, as shown on a letterhead of that organi-
zation dated February 1, 1940 ; the "Daily Worker" of March 9, 1938
(p. 5) named Max Lerner as a sponsor of the conference of the Book
and Magazine Guild, Local 18, United Office and Professional Workers
of America .
with Communist leadership" (reports of January 3, 1940 and March
29, 1944) .
ALFRED BAKER LEWIS
Organization and affiliation Source
National Federation for Constitu- "Daily Worker," July 19, 1942,
tional Liberties (1) and (2). p. 4 .
Signer of Open Letter sponsored
by the organization denouncing
U . S . Attorney General Biddle's
charges against Harry Bridges
and the Communist Party .
See also : Vol . 17, public hearings, Special Committee on Un-Ameri-
can Activities, September-October 1944, pp . 10299, 10301, 10306,
10340, 10347, 10348 ; Report No . 2277, Special Committee * * *, Sub-
versive Activities Aimed at Destroying Our Representative Form of
Government, June 25, 1942, pp . 11, 21 .
See also : Congressional Record, June 23, 1942 and October 13, 1942 .
A. A . LIVERIGHT
A . A. Liveright, identified as executive director of the American
Council on Race Relations, was one of the sponsors of a congress on
Civil Rights, as shown on the "Urgent Summons to a Congress on
Civil Rights, Detroit, April 27-28, 1946," for the purpose of organiz-
ing "an offensive against the rising Fascist aggression in the United
States ." The Civil Rights Congress has been cited as subversive and
Communist by the United States Attorney General (letters to the
Loyalty Review Board, released December 4, 1947, and September 21,
1948 ; redesignated April 27, 1953, pursuant to Executive Order 10450 ;
included in consolidated list of cited organizations April 1, 1954) . In
Report No . 1115, September 2, 1947, pp . 2 and 19, the Committee on
Un-American Activities stated that the Civil Rights Congress was .
"dedicated not to the broader issues of civil liberties, but specifically
to the defense of individual Communists and the Communist Party"
and "controlled by individuals who are either members of the Com-
munist Party or openly loyal to it ."
The Communist Daily Worker of April 3, 1950, p . 4, named Alex. A.
Liverigbt, American Council on Race Relations, Chicago, as one of
those who signed a statement of the National Committee to Defeat
the Mundt Bill, cited as "a registered lobbying organization which
has carried out the objectives of the Communist Party in its fight
against anti-subversive legislation" (report of the Committee on
Un-American Activities released December 7, 1950) .
In its issue of January 1941 (pp . 16-18), Social Work Today listed
A. A. Liveright, Illinois, among the "cooperators" for 1940, with a
contribution of $5 . The issue of February 1942 (pp . 51-54) named
him as a "cooperator" for 1941 . Social Work Today was cited by
the Special Committee on Un-American Activities as a Communist
magazine (report of March 29, 1944, p . 129) .
55647-54 22
Friends of the Soviet Union (1) "Daily Worker," Mar . 19, 1930,
and (2) . Speaker, Washington, p. 2 .
D. C .
Quotation : "One more depression "Washington Post", June 25,
in the United States, with its 1947, p . 2 .
equivalent of low production
output and mass unemployment,
will be enough evidence to starv-
ing Europeans that the free en-
terprise system cannot meet
their needs for improved stand-
ards of living ."
See also : Public Hearings, Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, Vol . 3, October-November 1938, pp . 2369, 2374 .
ROBERT S . LYND
On December 14, 1939, "the day before the 148th Anniversary of
the Bill of Rights," a statement signed by "65 prominent citizens
was sent to the American press ." The release stated that "we
recognize particularly that serious efforts are being made to silence
and suppress the Communist Party . We regard as significant the
fact that precisely now Earl Browder, its General Secretary, has been
indicted on data which the government has evidently had for years
We observe that a charge four years old has just now been revived
against another official of the Communist Party, Sam Adams Darcy .
Similarly, a minor technicality was invoked in order to rule all Com-
munist candidated off the New York City ballot . * * *" The state-
ment related that "we feel compelled to speak out sharply and boldly
at this moment * * * When forces exist, as we believe they do now
exist, whose objectives effect * * * is the destruction of civil liber-
ties blindness to facts becomes dangerous, pious protestation of
liberalism, becomes mockery, and failure to speak out courageously
becomes criminal * * *" The statement was signed by Robert S .
Lynd, identified as a professor at Columbia University .
Professor Lynd was one of the sixteen "distinguished Americans"
who "denounced the trend toward disciplinary action against lawyers
who defend `political minorities, racial minorities and labor organiza-
tions .' " The statement pointed out that such actions "may destroy
the right to fair trial and adequate legal counsel as guaranteed by
the Sixth Amendment to the American Constitution ." The statement
was a defense of the five lawyers who defended the eleven leaders of
the Communist Party ; the lawyers were cited for contempt by Judge
Medina . (From the Daily Worker of February 1, 1950, page 3 .)
An invitation issued by the American Russian Institute to a dinner
dedicated to American-Soviet Post-War Relations, New York City,
October 19, 1944, named Professsor Lynd as a member of that organi-
zation's Board of Directors . On December 12, 1947, the Daily Worker
reported that the Board of Superintendents were planning to eliminate
a course for teachers on culture in the Soviet Union which was spon-
sored by the American Russian Institute ; the same article revealed
The Call of the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship,
Inc ., to a Congress to be held November 6-8, 1943, a letterhead of the
National Council dated March 13, 1946, and a Memorandum issued
by the Council March 18, 1946, named Prof . Lynd as one of the spon-
sors of the organization ; he was a member of the Sponsoring Com-
mittee of the organizations' Committee on Education, as shown on
the proceedings of a conference on Education About the Soviet Union,
October 14, 1944, in New York City ; a bulletin issued by the Com-
mittee on Education, June 1945 (page 22), also named him as a mem-
ber of the Sponsoring Committee * * * . The New York Times of
May 19, 1943 (page 17-C), reported that he had signed the National
Council's Open Letter to the American People ; he signed the organiza-
tion's Open Letter to the Mayor, of Stalingrad, as revealed by Soviet
Russia Today for June 1943 (page 21) ; he signed the organization's
appeal to the United States Government to end the cold war and ar-
range for a conference with the Soviet Union (leaflet entitled "End the
Cold War-Get Together for Peace," p. 9) ; on February 17, 1949,
the Daily Worker named Prof . Lynd as having signed a statement
of the Council urging President Truman to have an interview with
Premier Stalin .
As shown in the November 1937 issue of Soviet Russia Today
(page 79), Robert S . Lynd was one of those who signed the Golden
Book of American I riendship with the Soviet Union, cited as a "Com-
munist enterprise" signed by "hundreds of well-known Communists
and fellow travelers" (Special Committee on Un-American Activities
in report of March 29, 1944) .
The program of the Fifth National Conference of the American
Committee for Protection of Foreign Born which was held in Atlantic
City, New Jersey, March 29-30, 1941, named Prof . Lynd as one of
the sponsors of that organization ; he was identified with Columbia
University . Prof . Lynd signed a statement of the Committee for
Peaceful Alternatives to the Atlantic Pact, calling for International
Agreement to Ban Use of Atomic Weapons (statement attached to a
press release dated December 14, 1949, page 13) .
A letterhead of the American Committee for Democracy and
Intellectual Freedom dated December 1, 1939 named Robert S. Lynd
as a member of the New York Committee of that organization ; he
signed a petition of the group, as shown in a mimeographed sheet
attached to a letterhead dated January 17, 1940 ; he was one of the
sponsors of a Citizens' Rally in New York City, April 13, 1940, held
under the auspices of the American Committee * * *, as shown on a
leaflet announcing the rally ; he signed an appeal of the same organiza-
tion which was sent to Secretary Hull on behalf of anti-fascist refugees
trapped in France (Daily Worker of July 22, 1940, page 1, column 5) ;
he also signed the organization's Open Letter to Nicholas Murray
Butler, president of Columbia University, denouncing his "pro-war"
stand (Daily Worker of October 7, 1940, page 3 ; October 12, 1940,
page 4 ; and New Masses October 15, 1940, page 17) .
Robert S . Lynd signed the letter of the American Friends of Spanish
Democracy which was addressed to the President of the United States
(Daily Worker of February 7, 1938, page 4) ; and he also signed their
A letter of the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, addressed
to the President and Attorney General of the United States was signed
by Prof . Lynd . The letter protested "attacks upon the Veterans of
the * * * and condemning the war hysteria now being whipped up
by the Roosevelt administration" (Daily Worker of February 21,
1940) .
According to a mimeographed letter, attached to a letterhead of
the Spanish Refugee Appeal of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Com-
mittee, dated April 28, 1949, Robert S . Lynd signed an Open Letter
of the group which was addressed to the President of the United States
he signed the organization's petition to the President "to bar military
aid to or alliance with fascist Spain" (mimeographed petition attached
to a letterhead dated May 18, 1951) ..
New Masses for December 3, 1940 (page 28), revealed that Robert
S . Lynd signed an Open Letter of the Council for Pan American
Democracy (also known as the Conference for * * * ), addressed to
the President of Brazil, urging him to save Luis Carlos Prestes .
Robert Lynd was a member of the Provisional Sponsoring Com-
mittee of the National Emergency Conference, as shown on a letter-
head of the organization dated May 19, 1939 ; he was a member of the
Board of Sponsors of the National Emergency Conference for Demo-
cratic Rights, as shown on the organization's Legislative Letter of
February 15, 1940 and a press release of February 23, 1940 ; he signed
the Group's Open Letter, as shown in the Daily Worker of May 13,
1940 (pages 1 and 5) .
The Call to a Conference on Constitutional Liberties in America,
'June 7, 1940, named Robert S . Lynd as one of the sponsors of that
conference . The National Federation for Constitutional Liberties
was formed at this conference and later merged with the International
Labor Defense to form the Civil Rights Congress . The Daily Worker
of December 29, 1948 (page 2), revealed that Prof . Lynd was one of the
sponsors of the Civil . Rights Congress of New York State ; lie was
identified with Columbia University .
Prof . Lynd was one of the sponsors of a conference of the National
Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions, October 9-10, 1948, as
shown in a pamphlet, "To Safeguard These Rights * * * " published
by the Bureau of Academic Freedom of the National Council * * * ;
he signed the organization's statement for negotiations with the
U. S. S . R ., as reported in the Daily Worker of August 7, 1950 (page 8) ;
he was a sponsor of the Cultural and Scientific Conference for World
Peace, called by the National Council * * * in New York City,
March 25-27, 1949 (conference call and the program, page 13 ; also
the Daily Worker of February 21, 1949, page 2) ; he supported a re-
hearing of the case of the Communist leaders before the United States
Supreme Court, as shown in "We Join Black's Dissent," a reprint of
an article from the St Louis Post-Dispatch of June 20, 1951, by the
National Council
Ann undated letterhead of Frontier Films named Robert Lynd as a
member of the Advisory Board of the organization . He signed an
Open Letter of the League of American Writers, addressed to Secre-
tary Cordell Hull and the Pan-American Conference (Daily Worker,
July 31, 1940, page 7) .
Letter to American Liberals . The letter was a defense of the Moscow
purge trials" (Special Committee on Un-American Activities in
report of June 25, 1942) . The Daily Worker of February 9, 1937
(page 2) and Soviet Russia Today for March 1937 (pages 14-15),
revealed that Robert S . Lynd of Columbia University signed the
Open Letter to American Liberals .
On May 11, 1937, the Daily Worker reported that Robert Lynd
has signed a statement of the American League Against War and
Fascism, protesting Franco spies (page one of the Daily Worker) ;
he opposed an amendment barring American Youth for Democracy
and declared "I'm glad the (Schultz) amendment was stopped and
that I went on record against it" (Daily Worker, November 21, 1947,
p. 5) ; the amendment "could have empowered college faculties to
outlaw so-called `subversive' student groups ."
The Daily Worker of March 5, 1941 (page 4) reported that Prof .
Lynd had signed a letter to the President of the United States, urging
him to recognize seating the People's Republic China in the United
Nations ; he was a member of the Planning Committee of the National
Committee to Repeal the McCarran Act (letterhead of May 25, 1951) ;
a i~iember of the National Committee (Daily Worker, May 14, 1951,
page 8) ; a sponsor of same group (Daily Worker of December 27,
1950, page 9) ; and he signed the National Committee's Open Letter
to the President, urging him to "call a halt to building of concentra-
tion camps in the United States" (Daily Worker, January 28, 1952,
page 3) .
The organizations, unions and publications referred to in this memo-
randum have been cited by (1) the Special Committee on Un-Ameri-
can Activities and/or the Committee on Un-American Activities ; and
(2) the Attorney General of the United States, as follows :
American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom (1)
American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born (1) and (2)
American Friends of Spanish Democracy (1)
American League Against War and Fascism (1) and (2)
American Russian Institute (2)
Civil Rights Congress (1) and (2)
Committee for Peaceful Alternatives to the Atlantic Pact (1)
Council for (or Conference on) Pan American Democracy (1) and (2)
Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace (1)
Daily Worker (1)
Frontier Films (1)
Golden Book of American Friendship with the Soviet Union (1)
International Labor Defense (1) and (2)
League of American Writers (1) and (2)
National Council of American Soviet Friendship (1) and (2)
National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (1)
National Federation for Constitutional Liberties (1) and (2)
Soviet Russia Today (1)
Spanish Refugee Appeal of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee
(1) and (2)
Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade (1) and (2)
10, 1945 listed Kenneth Macgowan among the members of the organi-
zation's Executive Council. He was listed as Editor of the "Holly-
wood Quarterly," publication of the Hollywood Writers Mobiliza-
tion, in the issue of April 1947 .
On October 1-3, 1943, the Hollywood Writers Mobilization and the
University of California held a Writers Congress, the program of
which listed Kenneth Macgowan as a member of the Advisory Com-
mittee ; a member of the Seminar on The Documentary Film ; and a
member of the Committee of the Panel on Pan-American Affairs .
The Attorney General of the United States cited the Hollywood
Writers Mobilization as subversive and Communist in letters to the
Loyalty Review Board and released by the U . S. Civil Service Com
mission, December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 . The organiza-
tion was redesignated by the Attorney General, April 27, 1953, pur-
suant to Executive Order No. 10450, and included on the April 1,..
1954 consolidated list of organizations previously designated .
Kenneth Macgowan was an instructor at the Peoples Educational
Center, as shown by the pamphlet for the Fall Term 1946 (p . 14) .
The School's Winter 1947 Catalogue listed him as a lecturer on pro-
duction in the course on Motion-Picture Direction and gave the follow--
ing biographical note : "Dramatic critic from 1910 to 1923 ; play pro-
ducer from 1923 to 1931 ; motion-picture producer since 1932
Head of theater arts department at U . C . L . A ."
The Attorney General cited the People's Educational Center as
Communist and subversive in letters released June 1 and September-
21, 1948 . The organization was redesignated by the Attorney Gen-
eral, April 27, 1953, pursuant to Executive Order No . 10450, and`
included on the April 1, 1954 consolidated list of organizations pre-
viously designated .
A letterhead of the Hollywood Independent Citizens Committee
of the Arts, Sciences and Professions listed Kenneth MacGowan as a
member of the Executive Council (letterhead dated October 2, 1945) ..
The Committee on Un-American Activities, in its Review of the
Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace, April 19, 1949
(p. 2), cited the Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences .
and Professions as a Communist-front organization .
An advertisement in the "Daily People's World," May 2, 1947
(p . 8), listed Kenneth MacGowan as a sponsor of the Los Angeles
Chapter of the Civil Rights Congress .
The Attorney General of the United States cited the Civil Rights
Congress as subversive and Communist in letters released December
4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 . The organization was redesignated
by the Attorney General, April 27, 1 .953, pursuant to Executive Order
No . 10450, and included on the April 1, 1954 consolidated list of or-
ganizations previously designated . The Committee on Un-American
Activities, in its report of September 2, 1947 (pp . 2 and 19), cited the
Civil Rights Congress as an organization formed in April 1946 as a,
merger of two other Communist-front organizations (International
Labor Defense and the National Federation for Constitutional Liber-
ties) ; "dedicated not to the broader issues of civil liberties, but specifi-
cally to the defense of individual Communists and the Communist
ROBERT M . MACIVER
In a booklet entitled "Can You Name Them?" the name of Robert
M . Maclver, Professor of Sociology, Columbia University, is listed
on page 3 as one of the endorsers of the American Committee for
Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, cited by the Special Committee
on Un-American Activities as a Communist front which defended
Communist teachers (Reports of June 25, 1942 and March 29, 1944) .
A leaflet published by the American Committee to Save Refugees
and entitled "For the Rescue of Refugees," contains the name of
Robert M . Maclver among the signers of a public statement of the
organization .
The American Committee to Save Refugees was cited as a Com-
munist front by the Special Committee on Un-American Activities
in Report 1311 of March 29, 1944 (pages 49, 112, 129, 133, 138, 167
and 180) .
It was reported in the "Daily Worker" of April 8, 1938 (page 4)
that Prof . R . M. Maclver, Columbia University, was one of the
signers of a petition to lift the arms embargo which was sponsored
by the American Friends of Spanish Democracy .
In 1937-38, the Communist Party threw itself wholeheartedly into the cam-
paign for the support of the Spanish Loyalist cause, recruiting men and organizing
multifarious so-called relief organizations * * * such as * * * American Friends
of Spanish Democracy . (Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Report
1311, March 29, 1944, page 82 .)
According to the Daily Worker of April 10, 1953, page 6, Dr .
Robert M . Maclver along with Prof . Robert S . Lynd, both identified
as being professors at Columbia University, presented a statement to
200 faculty members on April 6, 1953, in which they called the recent
stand of the Association of American Universities favoring "coopera-
tion" with the witchhunting committees "the most serious blow that
education has received ."
ARCHIBALD MACLEISH
A letterhead of the American League for Peace and Democracy,
dated April 16, 1939, revealed that Mr . MacLeish was a member of
the Writers and Artists' Committee of that organization which was
cited as subversive and Communist by the U . S . Attorney General in
letters to the Loyalty Review Board, released to the press June 1 and
September 21, 1948 .
The American League * * * was established in the United States
in 1937 as successor to the American League Against War and Fas-
cism-
in an effort to create public sentiment on behalf of a foreign policy adapted to
the interests of the Soviet Union * * * The American League * * * was de-
signed to conceal Communist control, in accordance with the new tactics of the
Communist International (U . S. Attorney General, Congressional Record, Sep-
tember 24, 1942, pages 7683 and 7684) .
The American League was the-
largest of the Communist "front" movements in the United States ; it was formerly
known as the American League Against War and Fascism, and, at the time of its
inception, as the United States Congress Against War (Special Committee on
Mr . MacLeish was chairman of the opening session of the America
Writers Congress, June 4-6, 1937, and also spoke before the Congres
("Daily Worker" of June 5, 1937, pages 1 and 4) ; he was elected vice
President of the organization during that Congress ("Daily Worker
June 8, 1937, page 3) .
The American Writers Congress was cited by the Special Com
mittee on Un-American Activities as having been sponsored by th
League of American Writers ; Earl Browder, general secretary of th
Communist Party, spoke at the second biennial American Writers
Congress in 1937 . (From the Special Committee's report of Marc
29, 1944 .)
The League of American Writers was cited as subversive an
Communist by the U . S . Attorney General (lists released to the pres
June 1 and September 21, 1948) ; the "League * * * was founde
under Communist auspices in 1935 (and) in 1939 began openly t
follow the Communist Party line as dictated by the foreign polic
of the Soviet Union" (U . S . Attorney General, Congressional Record
September 24, 1942, pages 7685 and 7686) . The League was als
cited as a Communist-front organization by the Special Committe
on Un-American Activities (reports of January 3, 1940 ; June 25, 1942
and March 29, 1944) .
"The Bulletin" of the League of American Writers (page 7), name
Mr. MacLeish as a member of that group ; he spoke at a meeting o
the League, as shown in "New Masses" of April 20, 1937 (page 32)
he was a member of the National Council of the League ("The Bulle
tin," Summer 1938, page 2) ; and a committee sponsor of the League,
as shown in the "Daily Worker" of January 18, 1939 (page 7) .
A pamphlet, "Youngville, U . S . A ." (page 63), and an undate
official letterhead of the American Youth Congress, both list the nam
of Archibald MacLeish as a member of the National Advisory Board
of that organi ation . The American Youth Congress was cited as
subversive and Communist by the U . S . Attorney General (pres
releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948) . The Congres
"originated in 1934 and * * * has been controlled by Communist
and manipulated by them to influence the thought of American youth"
(U. S . Attorney General, Congressional Record, September 24, 1942
page 7685 ; also cited in re Harry Bridges, May 28, 1942, page 10)
It was also cited as "one of the principal fronts of the Communis
Party" and "prominently identified with the White House picket
line * * * under the immediate auspices of the American Peace
Mobili - ation" (Special Committee on Un-American Activities in
its report of June 25, 1942 ; also cited in reports of January 3, 1939
January 3, 1941 ; and March 29, 1944) .
As shown in the "Daily Worker" of April 6, 1937 (page 9), Archibald
MacLeish was a member of the Advisory Board of Frontier Films,
cited as a Communist front organization by the Special Committee
in its report of March 29, 1944 .
A letterhead of the Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts,
Sciences and Professions, dated May 28, 1946, listed Archibald
MacLeish as vice-Chairman of that organization, cited as a Com-
munist-front group by the Committee on Un-American Activities in
on the Communist "Peace" Offensive dated April 25, 1951 (pages
11 and 12) .
Mr. MacLeish was a member of American Friends of Spanish
Democracy, as shown on a letterhead of that organization dated
November 18, 1936 . He was one of the sponsors of Friends of the
Abraham Lincoln Brigade, as disclosed by a letterhead of that or-
ganization dated September 10, 1938 . A letterhead of the Medical
Bureau and North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy,
dated July 6, 1938, named him as a member of the organization's
Writers and Artists Committee ; he was named in the "Daily Worker"
of January 12, 1938 (page 7), as one of the sponsors of that organiza-
tion; the same information was shown in the pamphlet entitled "One
Year in Spain" (page 12), and in the "Daily Worker" of February 27,
1937 (page 2) . He was one of the sponsors of "Tag Day," held in
New York City under the auspices of the North American Committee
to Aid Spanish Democracy, as shown in the "Daily Worker" of Febru-
ary 27, 1937 (page 2) .
During 1937 and 1938, the Communist Party campaigned for sup-
port of the Spanish Loyalist cause, recruiting men and setting up
so-called relief organizations such as American Friends of Spanish
Democracy, Friends of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, and the Medical
Bureau and North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy .
(From Report 1311 of the Special Committee * * * dated March 29,
1944 .)
In a booklet entitled "These Americans -Say : `Lift the Embargo
Against Republican Spain,' " material for which was compiled and
published by the Coordinating Committee to Lift the Embargo,
Archibald MacLeish, identified as a writer, was named as a "repre-
sentative individual who advocated lifting the embargo on the sale
of arms to Spain . The Coordinating Committee * * * was set up
during the Spanish Civil War by the Communist Party in the United
States, and was used by the Communist Party to carry on a great deal
of agitation . (Report 1311 of the Special Committee * * *)
The booklet, "Children in Concentration Camps" (on the back
cover), lists the name of Archibald MacLeish as one of the sponsors of
the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign, publishers of the booklet ; a
letterhead of the organization dated November 16, 1939, also named
him as national sponsor of the Medical Aid Division of the Spanish
Refugee Relief Campaign, cited by the Special Committee * * * as a
front organization of the Communist Party (report of January 3,
1940, page 9) .
CAREY MCWILLIAMS
Organization and affiliation Source
Anne Kinney (aka Jane Howe) Executive hearings of the Com-
testified that Carey McWilliams mittee on Un-American Activ-
was never a member of the Com- ities, released to the public in
munist Party. "Investigation of Communist
Activities in the Los Angeles
Area-Part 5," pp . 867-900 .
McWilliams was a member of Tax-Exempt Foundations an
the Communist Party . Comparable Organization
(House of Representatives)
Dec . 23, 1952, p. 721 .
Mr. McWilliams denied Mr . Washington "Post," Dec . 25
Budenz' charge and was quoted 1952, p . 25 .
as saying : "This statement is
categorically false . I have
never been a member of the
Communist Party ."
City government of San Francisco, "Daily People's World," Oct . 14
California, cancelled permission 1952, p . 3 .
for the use of the War Memorial
building for a meeting at which
Carey McWilliams had been
scheduled to speak .
Speech by Mr . McWilliams in "Daily People's World," Jan . 31
Portland, Oregon, banned in 1950, p . 2.
1950 after Capt . William
Browne, chief of detectives for
the Portland police department
and head of the American Le-
gion's subversive activities com-
mittee told the school authori-
ties that McWilliams was sub-
versive, citing the California
Tenney Committee report.
Opposed to loyalty oath "Daily Workers," Sept . 28, 1950
p . 4 ; "Daily People's World,
Apr . 20, 1949, p. 3 ; May 17
1950, p . 3 ; Aug . 30, 1950,
10 ; Nov . 22, 1950, p. 2 ; Jan
18, 1951, p . 9.
Sent message of encouragement to "Daily People's World," June 10
attorneys defending 14 persons 1952, p . 3.
being tried under the Smith
Act .
Protested the decision of the Su- "Daily People's World," June 28
preme Court upholding the con- 1951, p . 6.
viction of 11 Communist leaders
under the Smith Act .
Signer of statement in behalf of "Daily Worker," Feb . 1, 1950
lawyers defending Communists . p. 3.
Signer of statement asking parole "Daily Worker," Dec. 22, 1950
for Hollywood cases . p . 3.
Communist cases have appeared p . 3 ; Feb . 28, 1949, p . 9 ;
in the following. June 10, 1949, p . 4 ; Oct .
19, 1949, p . 11 ; Oct . 30, 1949,
p. 6 (Southern edition of the
Sunday Worker) ; Narodna
Volya (Bulgarian language or-
gan of the Communist Party),
Mar. 25, 1949, p . 4 .
Signer Brief submitted in behalf of
John Howard Lawson and
Dalton Trumbo in the Su-
preme Court of the United
States, October 1949 .
Signer of statement opposing "Daily Worker," May 4, 1948,
Mundt anti-Communist bill . p. 11 ; "Daily People's World,"
May 12, 1948, p . 3 .
Civil Rights Congress (1) and (2) . "Daily Worker," Feb . 28, 1947,
Signer of statement condemning p. 2 .
persecution of Gerhart Eisler .
National Federation for Constitu- "The Worker," July 19, 1942,
tional Liberties (1) and (2) . magazine sec ., p . 4 .
Signer of an open letter spon-
sored by group urging the Presi-
dent to reconsider the order of
the Attorney General for the de-
portation of Harry Bridges, and
to rescind the Attorney Gen-
eral's "ill-advised, arbitrary, and
unwarranted findings relative
to the Communist Party ."
International Longshoremen's and "Daily People's World," Apr.
Warehousemen's Union (1) . 18, 1950, p . 10 .
Chairman of meeting to hear
Harry Bridges and his code-
fendants .
International Longshoremen's and "Daily People's World," Oct .
Warehousemen's Union (1) 2, 1952, p . 3 ; see also "Daily
and Bridges, Robertson, Schmidt People's World," Oct . 14,1952,
Defense Committee (2) . Chair- p. 2 .
man of dinner in honor of Harry
Bridges, J . R . Robertson, and
Henry Schmidt .
Bridges, Robertson, Schmidt De- Printed program .
fense Committee (2) . Partici-
pant at meeting and reception
in honor of Harry Bridges in
New York City, Dec . 10, 1952 .
Signer of "strongly worded protest "Daily Worker," July 23, 1940,
against the nation-wide attack p. 1.
on the right of the Communist
Party to use the ballot * * *"
(1) . Signer . 1937, pp . 14, 15 .
American Committee for Protec- Booklet, "The - Registration of
tion of Foreign Born (1) and (2) . Aliens" (back cover) ; "New
Chairman . Masses," June 4, 1940, p . 2 ;
a letterhead dated June 11,
1940 ; "Daily Worker," Sept.
11, 1940, p . 3 ; Sept . 30, 1940,
p . 3 ; Oct . 5, 1940, p . 2 ; Oct . 8,
1940, p . 5 .
Schneiderman-Darcy Defense Leaflet, Censored News .
Committee (1) and (2) . En-
dorser .
International Workers Order (1) Circular announcing public rally,
and (2) . Endorser of meeting . Apr . 28, 1940 .
International Labor Defense (1) Program of Third Biennial Na-
and (2) . Sent greetings . tional Conference .
National Federation for Constitu- Pamphlet, National Federation
tional Liberties (1) and (2)•. for Constitutional Liberties ;
Vice chairman . letterhead of Nov . 6, 1940 ;
program, "Call National Ac-
tion Conference for Civil
Rights ."
National Federation for Constitu- Letterhead, July 3, 1942 .
tional Liberties (1) and (2) .
Member, executive committee .
Signer of statement hailing "Daily Worker," Mar . 18, 1945,
the War Department's or- p. 2.
der on commissions for
Communists .
Signer of statement opposing Advertisement "New York
the use of injunctions in Times," Apr . 1, 1946, p . 16 .
labor disputes .
Civil Rights Congress (1) and (2) . "Daily Worker," Dec . 15, 1948,
Sponsor of Freedom Crusade . p. 11 .
National Lawyers Guild (1) . News-Letter, July 1937, p . 2 .
Member, Committee on Labor
Law and Social Legislation .
Associate editor of Lawyers May-June 1948 issue of Lawyers
Guild Review . Guild Review, p . 422 .
Addressed luncheon meeting . "Daily People's World," Oct . 27,
1953, p . 6 .
Spoke at banquet May 4 at "Daily Worker," May 6, 1954,
Hotel Commodore . p . 3.
American Slav Congress (1) and Invitation and program .
(2) . Sponsor of testimonial
dinner, Oct . 12, 1947 .
American Peace Crusade (1) and "New Masses," Aug. , 1940,
(2) . Member of council . p . 23 .
and (2) . Member, National p . 4.
Council.
American Continental Congress "Daily People's World," Aug . 18,
for Peace (1) . Sponsor . 1949, p . 2 .
Committee for a Democratic Far Letterheads dated 1946, 1947,
Eastern Policy (2) . Sponsor. and 1948 ; "Daily People's
World," Feb . 26, 1946, p . 3 .
National Council of the Arts, Letterhead received January
Sciences and Professions (1) . 1949 .
Signer of statement .
Cultural and Scientific Conference "Daily Worker," Mar . 12, 1949,
for World Peace (1) . Sponsor . p . 12 and conference program,
p. 15 .
Washington Book Shop Associa- Bookplate, publication of group,
tion (1) and (2) . Book, Facto- issue of December 1939, p . 19 .
ries in the Field listed as divi-
dend for members of association .
Southern California Country Bookshopper, May 23, 1946.
by Mr . McWilliams, listed
as dividend.
Speaker Leaflet dated Dec. 15, 1947 .
"New Masses" (1) and (2) . Con- "New Masses," June 4, 1940,
tributor. p . 9 ; July 16, 1940, p . 12 ;
Sept . 26, 1944, p . 32 .
"A Mask for Privilege" by "Political Affairs," July 1948,
Mr . McWilliams, reviewed p . 665 ; "The Bookshopper,"
favorably . July 1948, p . 4 ; "The Worker,"
Dec . 19, 1948, p . 10, magazine
section.
Workers Book Shop . Brothers Workers Book Shop Catalog,
Under the Skin by Mr . McWil- 1948, p . 10 ; Catalog, 1949-50,
liams advertised and sold . P . 11 .
"Witch Hunt" by Mr. McWil- "Daily People's World," Dec . 7,
lams reviewed favorably . 1959, p:'9.; Jan . 15, 1951, p . 7 ;
"Daily Worker," Dec . 24, 1950,
p . 6, sec. 2 .
League of American Writers (1) Leaflet, "In Defense of Culture" ;
and (2) . Signer of Call to the "New Masses," Apr . 22, 1941,
Fourth American Writers Con- p . 25 .
gress .
Member of panel on minority Program .
groups at 1943 congress .
People's Institute of Applied Letterhead, Jan. 1, 1948 .
Religion (2) . Member, Inter-
national Board and sponsor.
Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign Undated letterhead .
(1) . Local sponsor .
National Council of the Arts, Daily Worker, Sept . 21, 1948,
Sciences and Professions (1) . p. 7 .
Member .
Speaker, New York State Adv . in New York Star, Oct . 5,
Council of the Arts, 1948,, p . 6 .
Sciences .
Speaker at Academic Free- Adv . in New York Star, Oct . 8,
dom Rally in behalf of dis- 1948, p . 10.
missed teachers .
Signed statement in support Daily Worker, Oct . 19, 1948, p . 7 .
of Henry A . Wallace ; i . d .
as author of "The Naked
and the Dead ."
Sponsor, dinner held by org . Program dated Oct . 28, 1948 .
in honor of Henry A . Wal-
lace, Oct . 28, 1948, New
York City .
Signed Call Upon the Film Variety Dec . 1, 1948, p . 21 (an
Industry to Revoke Black- advertisement) .
list ; call issued by Theatre
Div . of the National Council .
Signed statement of org Daily Worker, Dec . 29, 1948, p . 2 .
Signed statement of org New York Star, Jan . 4, 1949, p . 9
(an adv .) .
Sponsor of conference ; i . d . Daily Worker, Jan . 10, 1949, p .
as author . 11 .
Signed statement of org Letterhead rec'd . Jan . 1949 .
Speaker Daily People's World, July 26,
1949, p . 5 .
Speaker, Cultural and Scien- Conference program, p . 8 .
tific Conference for World
Peace, New York City,
Mar . 25-27, 1949 ; i . d . as
author, "The Naked and
the Dead ."
Sponsor, Cultural and Scien- Conference program, p . 13 .
tific Conference .
Sponsor, Cultural and Scien- Daily Worker, Feb . 21, 1949,
tific Conference . * * * i . p. 9 .
d . as a writer.
Sponsor, Cultural and Scien- Conference "Call ."
tific Conference .
Spoke on "The Only Way for Speaking of Peace, the edited
Writers" at Cultural and report of conference, p. 82 .
Scientific Conference .
Participated in Cultural and Speaking of Peace, p . 141 .
Scientific Conference
biography .
Sponsor of Freedom Crusade . p . 11 .
Sponsor, Freedom Crusade ; Daily Worker, Dec. 31, 1948,
protests indictment of 12 p. 3 .
Communist leaders .
Sponsor, Freedom Crusade__ Program and Conference (Used as
Part of Cvetic Exhibit 52
during his testimony before
this committee) .
Sponsor, National Civil Rights Leaflet of Freedom Crusade,
Legislative Conference, Jan . program and conference (Part
18 and 19, 1949 ; i . d . from of Cvetic Exhibit 52) .
New York City .
Masses & Mainstream (1) . Author Masses & Mainstream, Aug . 1948,
of "The Naked and the Dead," p . 70 .
reviewed by Charles Humboldt .
Author of "The Naked and The Worker, December 19, 1948,
the Dead," recommended p . 10, magazine section .
by The Worker; photograph
appeared in connection with
article .
Author of "Naked and the Daily Worker, May 26, 1950, p .
Dead" film adaptation by 11 .
War Dept .
Daily Worker (1) . Author of Daily Worker, June 10, 1951, p .
"Barbary Shore" (Rinehart) ; 7.
critically reviewed by Robert
Friedman .
Daily People's World (1) . Author Daily People's World, June 15,
of "Barbary Shore" ; reviewed 195 .1, p . M6 .
critically by Robt . Friedman .
Supported Simon Gerson, a Daily Worker, Oct . 18, 1948, p . 4..
Communist .
Signed brief on behalf of John Brief .
Howard Lawson and Dal-
ton Trumbo submitted by
the Cultural Workers to the
Supreme Court of the U . S.,
Oct . 1949 Term .
ALBERT MALTZ
The Daily Worker of March 5, 1941, p . 2, reported that Albert
Maltz, Long Island, N . Y ., was one of those who signed a statement
to the President defending the Communist Party . The Daily
Worker of May 4, 1936, p . 2, reported that a play written by Mr .
Maltz was given for the benefit of the Communist Party . The Daily
Worker of July 21, 1940, p . 1, reported that "The Underground
Stream" by Albert Maltz, the story of a Communist organizer in the
Detroit automobile industry, was to run in serial form in the publi-
cation . A book by Albert Maltz was advertised in the May 1938 .
issue of the "Communist International ."
The Daily Worker of April 28, 1938, p . 4, reported that Albert
Maltz was one of the signers of a statement by American Progressives,
on the Moscow trials .
by the Daily People's World of November 6, 1948, p . 3 ; and t
Daily Worker of January 17, 1949, p . 3, reported that he signed
statement in behalf of the twelve Communist leaders . He was sho
as a sponsor of the National Non-Partisan Committee to Defend t
Rights of the Twelve Communist leaders (back of letterhead
September 9, 1949), and he signed a statement of the Committee f
Free Political Advocacy, an organization which defended the twel
Communist leaders (Narodna Volya, March 25, 1949, p . 4, and Dai
Worker, February 28, 1949, p . 9) . The Daily Worker of May 1
1952, p . 3, reported he was a sponsor of a conference scheduled f
June 14 at St . Nicholas Arena in New York City by the Nationa
Conference to Win Amnesty for Smith Act Victims ; he was shown
a sponsor of the National Committee to Win Amnesty for the Smi
Act Victims on a letterhead of May 22, 1953, and signed a telegr
greeting Eugene Dennis on his 48th birthday, under auspices of tha
Committee, as reported in the Daily Worker on August 11, 1952, p .
According to the Daily Worker of December 10, 1952, p . 4, he sign
an appeal to President Truman requesting amnesty for leaders of th
Communist Party convicted under the Smith Act . The Dai
People's World of July 24, 1953, p . 6, listed his name as having sign
an appeal for broad participation in the amnesty campaign launch
in behalf of individuals serving sentences under the Smith Act .
An undated leaflet of the American Committee for Protection
Foreign Born listed Albert Maltz as a member of the Board of Direc
tors of that organization . The Program and Call for the Nation
Conference of the American Committee for Protection of Foreig
Born held in Cleveland, Ohio, October 25 and 26, 1947, listed him
a sponsor of the conference . He was shown to be a sponsor of t
American Committee on a photostatic copy of an undated letterhe
of the 20th Anniversary National Conference * * *, U . E. Hal
Chicago, Illinois (December 8-9, 1951) .
The Daily Worker of June 17, 1949, p . 7, reported that Albe
Maltz spoke for the American Labor Party .
Albert Maltz contributed to the November 1933 issue of Fight, p .
the publication of the American League Against War and Fascis
Albert Maltz was a sponsor of a testimonial dinner given by t
American Slav Congress, New York, N . Y ., October 12, 1947,
shown by the Invitation issued by the Congress and the Program
the Dinner .
The Daily People's World of May 28, 1948, p . 3, reported that Albe
Maltz spoke for the American Youth for Democracy .
The Program of the Artists' Front to Win the War, dated Octob
16, 1942, p . 5, listed Albert Maltz as a sponsor of that organizatio
Albert Maltz spoke at the California Labor School, according to t
July 22, 1948, issue of the Daily People's World, p . 5, and was t
guest of honor of the School, according to the April 7, 1949, issue
the same publication, p . 5 .
The Daily Worker of June 20, 1949, p . 5, reported that Albert Mal
spoke for the Civil Rights Congress in behalf of the Communis
leaders . The Daily People's World of May 2, 1947, in an advertiseme
on p . 8, listed Albert Maltz as a sponsor of the Los Angeles Chapt
of the Civil Rights Congress . He signed an Open Letter to J . Howa
Evening Star of October 30, 1951, p . A-7, "paid for by contributions
of signers") .
Albert Maltz was a sponsor of the Conference on Constitutional
Liberties in America, as shown by the program leaflet of the conference
dated June 7, 1940, p . 4. A letterhead of the National Federation for
Constitutional Liberties dated November 6, 1940, and the program,
"Call National Action Conference for Civil Rights" listed Mr. Maltz
as a sponsor of the National Federation * * * . He signed statements
and messages of the organization, as shown by the booklet, "600
Prominent Americans," p . 25 ; a news release of the organization dated
December 26, 1941 ; a leaflet attached to an undated letterhead of the
organization ; the Daily Worker of July 19, 1942, p . 4 ; and the Daily
Worker of December 19, 1940, p . 5 .
Albert Maltz contributed to the Daily Worker, as shown by the
December 24, 1931, p . 3, December 21, 1935, p . 3, and November 9,
1947, pl. 8, issues of the publication . Equality issues of February
1940, p . 18, and June 1940, p . 35, listed Mr . Maltz as a contributor .
He was listed as a member of the Editorial Council of Equality in the
July 1939, p . 2, June 1940, p. 3, and July 1940, p. 2, issues.
The Daily Worker of April 6, 1937, p . 9, listed Mr . Maltz as a staff
member of Frontier Films .
International Publishers listed Albert Maltz in a catalog, p. 14, as
one of the authors whose works they published, and the Daily Worker
of March 1, 1950, p . 11, reported that the International Publishers had
published "The Citizen Writer" by Mr . Maltz .
New Masses, August 27, 1940, p . 21, reported that Albert Maltz
was a sponsor of the Plays for Children Contest of the International
Workers Order, Junior Section . Mr . Maltz participated in a program
of the Jewish People's Fraternal Order of the International Workers
Order, as shown by the Daily People's World of September 5, 1947,
p. -5 . Mr . Maltz spoke at a meeting of the IWO defending Leon
Josephson, Eugene Dennis and Gerhart Eisler, Communists as shown
in the Dail People's World of February 13, 1948, p . 3 . The Daily
People's World of May 19, 1948, p . 5, reported that he spoke at a
meeting of the Jewish People's Fraternal Order, IWO, Silver Lake
Lodge No . 488 .
Albert Maltz' play, "Rehearsal," was produced for the Jefferson
School of Social Science, according to the April 15, 1949, issue of the
Daily Worker, p. 7 .
Letterheads of the Spanish Refugee Appeal of the Joint Anti-
Fascist Refugee Committee dated February 26, 1946, April 28, 1949,
and May 18, 1951, list Albert Maltz as a sponsor of the organization .
He spoke for the organization, as shown by the Daily Worker, April
1, 1948, p . 4 ; The Worker, October 31, 1947 ; and the Daily Worker,
May 17, 1948, p. 2 . A mimeographed letter attached to a letterhead
of the organization dated April 28, 1949, listed his name as a signer
of an Open Letter to President Truman on Franco Spain ; in 1951,
lie signed the organization's petition to President Truman "to bar
military aid to or alliance with fascist Spain" (mimeographed peti-
tion attached to letterhead of May 18, 1951) .
The Daily Worker of April 29, 1935, pp . 1' and 2, reported that
Albert Maltz read "The Working Class Theatre" at the American
55647-54-23
. Maltz as on
of those who signed the Gall to the Third American Writers Congress,
and the Program of the Congress listed him as Co-Chairman of th
Arrangements Committee. A leaflet, "In Defense of Culture,
listed his name as one of those who signed the Call to the 4th American
Writers Congress, New York, N . Y ., June 6-8, 1941 .
The Bulletin of the League of American Writers, p . 12, liste
Albert Maltz as a member of the National Board of the League ; an
the Daily Worker of April 30, 1935, listed his name as a member o
the Executive Committee of the organization . New Masses, June 17
1941, p . 9, and the Daily Worker of September 14, 1942, p . 7, liste
Mr. Maltz as Vice President of the League . Mr. Maltz contribute
to the pamphlet, "We Hold These Truths," p . 70, which was pub
lished by the League ; and the Daily Worker of March 26, 1938, p . 5
reported that he was one of those who signed a telegram to Governor
Lehman which was sponsored by the League . Albert Maltz signed
the Call to the Fourth Congress, League of American Writers, Jun
6-8, 1941, according to New Masses, April 22, 1941, p . 25, and he wa
one of those who signed a statement of the League in behalf of
second front, as shown by the Daily Worker of September 14, 1942
p . 7.
T e League of Women Shoppers defended Albert Maltz, according
to the April 8, 1948, issue of the Daily Worker, p . 5 .
Albert Maltz contributed to New Masses, issues of December 15,
1936, p . 37 ; January 26, 1937, p . 25 ; and August 17, 1937, p . 16
He signed a letter to the President sent by New Masses, as shown b
the April 2, 1940, issue of that publication, p . 21 ; and he spoke at
symposium, New Masses Theatre Night, May 26, 1941, Manhattan
Center, as shown by the May 27, 1941, issue of the periodical, p . 32
The Daily Worker of April 7, 1947, p . 11, listed Albert Maltz as a
endorser of the New Masses ; and the Daily Worker of October 6,
1947, p . 11, reported that he spoke at a meeting held under the joint
auspices of New Masses and Mainstream . An advertisement i
PM of October 16, 1947, p . 5, listed his name as a sponsor of a Protest
Meeting for Howard Fast held by Masses and Mainstream in New
York, N . Y ., October 16, 1947 . "The Journey of Simon McKeever"
by Mr . Maltz was reviewed by Phillip Bonosky in the June 1949
issue of Masses and Mainstream, p . 72 . He sent congratulations to
Masses and Mainstream on its fifth anniversary (issue of March
1953, p . 54) and contributed an article to the November 1951 issue
of the publication, p . 42 .
Albert Maltz was a sponsor of the National Conference on American
Policy in China and the Far East, as shown by the Call to the con
ference which was held in New York, N . Y ., January 23-25, 1948
The pamphlet, "How to End the Cold War and Build the Peace,"'
p . 9, listed his name as one of those who signed a statement of the
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship in praise of Wal-
lace's oven letter to Stalin, May 1948 . The Daily People's World
of October 23, 1943, p . 3, reported that he was on the motion picture
committee to organize Hollywood participation in the local observance
of the Congress of American-Soviet Friendship, November 16, at
the Shrine Auditorirm .
1949, listed Albert Maltz as a member-at-large of the National Council
of the Arts, Sciences and Professions ; the same information was shown
on a letterhead of the organization's Southern California Chapter (a
photostat dated April 24, 1950) . Mr. Maltz was shown to be a
member of the Board of Directors of the National Council * * * on
letterheads of July 28, 1950, and December 7, 1952, and on a leaflet,
"Policy and Program Adopted by the National Convention 1950 ."
An undated ballot of the Southern California Chapter of the National
Council (to be counted February 9, 1951) listed his name as a member
of the organization's Film and Theater Division and as a candidate
for Executive Board . The Daily Worker of April 11, 1951, p. 8,
reported that he was an honor guest at a meeting of the National
Council . He signed a statement of the Council attacking espionage
investigations, as shown by the Daily Worker of August 18, 1948,
p. 2 ; he signed the Council's statement protesting curbs on lawyers
in political trials, as shown in the Daily Worker of March 10, 19521
p . 3 . A statement in support of Henry A . Wallace, sponsored by the
Council, was signed by Mr . Maltz, as shown in the Daily Worker of
October 19, 1948, p . 7 ; and he was a sponsor of a dinner held by the
Council in honor of Henry A . Wallace, October 28, 1948, Hotel
Commodore, New York City, as shown on the Program .
Mr. Maltz was a sponsor of the Cultural and Scientific Conference
for World Peace held under auspices of the National Council
in New York, N . Y., March 25-27, 1949, as shown by the Conference
Program (p . 13) and the Conference Call .
Mr . Maltz spoke at a meeting of the National Lawyers Guild in
Washington, D . C ., on "Legislative Investigation? or Thought
Control Agency?", October 20, 1947, p . 3.
New Theatre, May 1935, p . 8, listed Albert Maltz as a contributor
to that publication of the New Theatre League and New Dance
League . The New Theatre League produced "Black Pit" by Maltz,
as shown by the January 8, 1936, issue of the Daily Worker, p . 3 ;
and the Daily Worker of June 10, 1938, p. 7, reported that Maltz was
the guest of the New Theatre League .
Albert Maltz was one of those who signed the Open Letter in
Defense of Harry Bridges, as shown by the Daily Worker of July 19,
1942, p . 4 ; and he was a member of the International Board and a
sponsor of the People's Institute of Applied Religion, Inc., as shown
by a letterhead dated January 1, 1948 . Mr. Maltz issued a statement
in support of the USSR which appeared in the September 1941 issue
of "Soviet Russia Today", p. 30 ; and he was one of those who signed
a statement in defense of the members of the National Board of the
Spanish Refugee Appeal, as shown by the Daily People's World, June
25, 1948, p . 5 .
Albert Maltz was one of those who signed a letter to Governor
Thomas E . Dewey which was sponsored by the Schappes Defense
Committee, as shown by the New York Times of October 9, 1944,
p. 12 . He signed a letter to President Roosevelt protesting attacks
on the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, as shown by the
Daily Worker of February 21, 1940 ; and he was a public sponsor of
the Veterans Against Discrimination of the Civil Rights Congress of
New York, as shown by a letterhead of that organization dated May
11, 1946.
Century Publishers, as shown by the 1946 catalogue (p. 30'), Th
Workers Bookshop advertises books by Albert Maltr, as . shown b
the advertisement of "The Journey of Simon McKeever" in th 19499
1950 catalogue of the bookshop, p . 3 ; and that of "The Citizen Writer
on a leaflet of the Annual Sale, Workers Bookshop, March 10' to Apri
1, 1950. "The Citizen Writer" was published by Internatio'ixal Pub
fishers, as shown in the Daily Worker, issues of November 21, 1949
p. 11, and March 1, 1950, p . 11 . "The Journey of Simon McKeeve"
was recommended by The Worker (issue of December 4, 191t9', . p.. 8
sec. 2, Southern Edition) .
Albert Maltz testified in public hearings before the Committee o
Un-American Activities, October 21-30, 1947, as shown in th&heaiing
(p. 363) . The Daily People's World of October 30, 1947, p.. I,, reporte
that Maltz was cited for contempt of Congress for refusing' to answe
questions of the Committee . He was one of the persons> cited for
contempt of Congress who agreed to waive a jury trial and abide, by
the decision of the trial case, the Lawson-Trumbo case . The' Wash
ington Post of April 11, 1950, p . 1, reported that the Supreme, Cour
upheld the decision of the lower court and that Lawson and Taumbo
were sentenced to pay $1,000 fines and serve a year in jail' The Dail
Worker of April 4, 1951, p . 3, reported that Albert M`aItz hard bee
released from the Federal prison at Mill Point, West Vitgiih,, after-
serving his sentence for contempt ; he had started serving his ter
June 29, 1950.
CITATIONS
(1) Cited by Committee and/or Special Committees can Un-Amerleaxp
Activities ; (2) Cited by the . United States Attorney General .
American Committee for Protection of Foreign Bern (1) and (2)
American Labor Party (1)
American League Against War and Fascism (1) aaad (2)
American Slav Congress (1) and (2)
American Writers Congress (1)
American Youth for Democracy (1) and (2)
Artists Front to Win the War (1)
California Labor School (2)
Civil Rights Congress (1) and (2)
Conference on Constitutional Liberties in America (1) and (2)
Daily Worker (1)
Equality (1)
International Publishers (1)
International Workers Order (1) and (2)
Jefferson School of Social Science (1) and (2)
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee (1) and (2)
League of American Writers (1) and (2)
League of Women Shoppers (1)
Masses and Mainstream (1)
National Conference on American Policy in China and the Far
East (2)
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship (1) and (2)
National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (1)
National Federation for Constitutional Liberties (1) and (2)
New Masses (1) and (2)
New Theatre (1)
New Theatre League (1)
Open Letter in Defense of Harry Bridges (1)
People's Institute of Applied Religion, Inc . (2)
Schappes Defense Committee (1) and (2)
Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace (1)
Veterans Against Discrimination of the Civil Rights Congress (2)
Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade (1) and (2)
PERRY MILLER
Organization and affiliation Source
Samuel Adams School for Social Catalogue for Spring Term, 1947
Science (2) . Teacher of course (pp . 15 & 23) ; photostat of
on "The Literature of Indus- this used as Struik Exhibit 5,
trialism" ; biographical notes July 24, 1951 .
shown on page 23 of source . i. d.
a s Dr.
Member of Faculty Testimony of Mr . Walter S .
Steele before this committee
July 21, 1947, p, 52 .
GARDNER MURPHY
Organization and affiliation Source
National Federation for Constitu- Press release dated Dec . 26, 1941 .
tional Liberties (1) and (2) .
Signed Press release .
American League for Peace and Letterhead dated Apr . 6,, 1939 .
Democracy (1) and (2) . Mem-
ber of Psychologists Committee .
American Committee for Protec- Letterhead of June 11, 1940
tion of Foreign Born (1) and (2) . (written in Spanish),, Program of
Sponsor. the Fifth National Conference,
Atlantic City, N . J., Mar. 29-
30, 1941 ; and a booklet entitled
"The Registration of Aliens ."
National Council of the Arts, Sci- Daily Worker, Feb . 21, 1949, p. 2 ;
ences and Professions (1) . also conference program, p . 15 .
Sponsor, Cultural and Scientific
Conference for World Peace,
March 25-27, 1949 . i . d . as Edu-
cator .
Greater New York Emergency Program of the conference, Feb .
Conference on Inalienable 12, 1940.
Rights (1) . Sponsor .
Conference on Pan American De- Letterhead, Nov . 16, 1938 ; signed
mocracy (1) and (2) . Sponsor . call to the conference as shown
in "News You Don't Get" for
Nov. 15, 1938, p. 3 .
the Embargo (1) . Representa- cans Say : * * *" (p . 9) .
tive Individual who advocated
lifting the arms embargo against
Spain .
Medical Bureau and North Ameri- Letterhead dated July 6, 1938 .
can Committee to Aid Spanish
Democracy (1) . Psychologists'
Committee .
American Friends of Spanish De- Daily Worker, Apr . 8, 1938, p .
mocracy (1) . Signed petition
to lift arms embargo .
Civil Rights Congress (1) and (2) . Advertisement ("paid for by con-
Signed an "Open Letter to J . tributions of signers"), Eve-
Howard McGrath" on behalf of ning Star, Oct . 30, 1951, p . A-7
the four jailed Trustees of the
Bail Fund of the Civil Rights
Congress of New York ., i . d . as
a teacher, New York .
HENRY MURRAY
Organization and affiliation Source
Daily Worker (1) . Marched Daily Worker, Apr . 28, 1924, p . 4
in May Day Parade, Joliet,
Illinois .
National Council of the Arts, Conference program, p . 15 .
Sciences and Professions
(1) . Sponsor, Cultural and
Scientific Conference for
World Peace, New York
City, March 25-27, 1949 .
Name shown in this source
as Henry A . Murray .
Reported to be witness in behalf of
Alger Hiss. Name shown in
source as Dr. Henry A . Murray .
Washington Times-Herald, Jan .
13, 1950, p . 5.
RAY NEWTON
"The Struggle Against War," August 1933 (p . 2) reported that
Ray Newton was a member of the Arrangements Committee for the
United States Congress Against War of the American Committee for
Struggle Against War . A letterhead of the United States Congress
Against War dated November 1, 1933 carried the name of Ray Newton
as a member of the Arrangements Committee :'
The American Committee for Struggle Against War was cited as a
Communist front which was formed in response to directives from a
World Congress Against War held in Amsterdam in August 1932 under
the auspices of the Communist International by the Special Committee
on Un-American Activities in its report dated March 29, 1944 (pp . 47
and 119) . The Special Committee on Un-American Activities cited
the United States Congress Against War as "convened in St . Nicholas
a leading figure in all its deliberations . In his report to the Commu-
nist International, Browder stated : `The Congress from the beginning
was led by our party quite openly .' " (Special Committee on Un-
American Activities, Report, March 29, 1944, p . 119 .) The Attorney
General of the United States cited the organization as follows : "The
American League Against War and Fascism was formally organized
at the First United States Congress Against War and Fascism held in
New York City, September 29 to October 1, 1933 . * * * The program
of the first congress called for the end of the Roosevelt policies of
imperialism and for the support of the peace policies of the Soviet
Union, for opposition to all attempts to weaken the Soviet Union .
* * * Subsequent congresses in 1934 and 1936 reflected the same
program ." (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, p . 7683 .)
MILTON MAYER
Material concerning Milton Mayer and the Great Books Founda-
tion was entered in Committee files at the request of the Honorable
Richard Nixon in a letter addressed to the Chairman, September 25,
1951 . This material contains a letter addressed to Senator Nixon,
September 13, 1951, by Charles F . Strubbe, Jr ., President of the
Great Books Foundation, concerning Milton Mayer and the Founda-
tion . A copy of this letter and the letterhead on which it was
written is enclosed for your information.
The reference in the letter to the "'Syracuse story,' in which Mr .
Mayer was accused of advocating `tearin down the flag"' may be
found in the Congressional Record of March 6, 1947 (page 1720),
where the Honorable Bertrand Gearhart read an article from the
Syracuse (New York) Post Standard of February 16, 1947 . This
article reported that Milton Mayer, professor at the University of
Chicago, had addressed a meeting of One Worlders in Syracuse,
as follows:
We must haul down the American flag . And if I wanted to be vulgar and
shocking, I would go even further, and say haul it down, stamp on it, and spit on it .
Attached to Mr. Strubbe's letter is a photostatic copy of a letter
dated March 14, 1947, from District Attorney William H . Powers, to
the Assistant Counsel to the Governor of New York, which states :
* * * in connection with the complaint from Mr . Gridley Adams of the United
States Flag Foundation, I wish to report that an investigation of this episode
indicates no crime was committed, or insult intended to the flag . The objectional
remarks occurred at a Forum held . on February 15, 1947, at the Osedaga Hotel in
Syracuse, New York, as part of the program of the Institute of International
Relations, which is sponsored by the American Friends Service Committee and
the Syracuse Peace Council . The subject of the Forum was "world government,"
a concept apparently opposed by Mr . Mayer .
The attention focused on his statement illustrates the misunderstanding that
can arise when a question is taken out of its context . What Mr. Mayer appar-
ently meant was that the persons advocating world government would "haul
down the American Flag, etc ." which is obviously exactly contrary to advocating
such a practice .
Also attached to the file are photostats of a certification of Mr .
Bower's signature by, the Onondaga County Clerk, May 1, 1951, and
clippings of articles reporting on Mr . Bower's investigation which
In an article datelined Whittier, . July 4, the Daily People's World
of July 5, 1950 (page 4), reported that-
the U . S . policy in Korea today "seems dangerously like the totalitarianism w
are supposed to be fighting, Milton Mayer told one of the final sessions of the
Institute of International Relations sponsored by the Quakers here
Emphasizing that he was himself a rabid anti-Communist, Mayer said he faile
to see how war in Korea was going to eliminate communism * * *"
REINHOLD NIEBUHR
A letterhead of the Fourth Annual Conference, American Commit-
tee for Protection of Foreign Born, held at the Hotel Annapolis i
Washington, D . C ., March 2-3, 1940, showed Dr. Reinhold Niebuh
to be one of the sponsors of that conference . The American Commit-
tee for Protection of Foreign Born was cited as subversive and Com
munist by the United States Attorney General in letters furnished
the Loyalty Review Board and released to the press by the U . S
Civil Service Commission, June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; the organi
zation was redesignated by the Attorney General pursuant to Execu-
tive Order 10450 of April 27, 1953. The Special Committee on Un
American Activities cited the American Committee * * * as "one of
the oldest auxiliaries of the Communist Party in the United States"
(Report 1311 of March 29, 1944) .
Dr. Niebuhr endorsed the American Congress for Peace and De
mocracy, as shown on the "Call to Action" by the Congress for Janu-
ary 6-8, 1939, in Washington, D . C . ; a letterhead of the American
League for Peace and Democracy, dated July 12, 1939, named him
as a member of the National Committee of that organization ; th
"Daily Worker" of January 18, 1938 (page 2) reported that he was
one of those who signed a resolution urging passage of the Anti
Lynching Bill, which resolution was sponsored by the American League
for Peace and Democracy . Dr . Niebuhr was one of the sponsors of
the Boycott Japanese Goods Conference of the American League
* * . *, as shown in the January 11, 1938 issue of the "Daily Worker"
(page 2) . It is also shown on a . letterhead of the China Aid Counci
of the League, dated May 18, 1938, that Dr . Niebuhr was a sponsor
of the Council . He was chairman of a Mass Reception at the openin
session of the United States Congress Against War, as shown on the
printed program of the Congress .
The American Congress for Peace and Democracy has been cited
as a Communist-front organization advocating collective security
against the Fascist aggressors prior to the signing of the Stalin-Hitler
pact ; the American League for Peace and Democracy was formed at
this Congress . (From a report of the Special Committee * * *
dated March 29, 1944.)
The American League for Peace and Democracy was "established
in the United States in 1937 as successor to the- American League
Against War and Fascism in an effort to create public sentiment on
behalf of a foreign policy adapted to the interests of the Soviet
Union * * * (It) was designed to conceal Communist control in ac
cordance with the new tactics of the Communist International"
(United States Attorney General, Congressional Record, September
24, 1942, pages 7683 and 7684) ; the Attorney General included the
June 1 and September 21, 1948) and redesignated it pursuant to
Executive Order 10450 of April 27, 1953 . The Special Committee
cited the'American League as "the largest of the Communist `front'
movements in the United States" (Reports of January 3, 1939 ; March
29, 1944 ; January 3, 1940 ; January 3, 1941 ; June 25, 1942 ; and
January 2, 1943) . The American League Against War and Fascism
was formally organized at the First United States Congress Against
War and Fascism which was held in New York City, September 29-
October 1, 1933 (United States Attorney General, Congressional
Record, September 24, 1942, page 7683) ; the Special Committee cited
the United States Congress Against War as "completely under the
control of the Communist Party" (Report of March 29, 1944) .
A letterhead of the American Friends of Spanish Democracy, dated
February 21, 1938, named Dr. Niebuhr as a member of the Executive
Committee of that organization, cited by the Special Committee as
a Communist-front group (Report of March 29, 1944).
Dr. Niebuhr was one of the sponsors of a mass rally of the American
Labor Party, as shown on a handbill entitled "Protest Brutal Nazi
Persecutions!" The Special Committee cited the American Labor
Party as follows : "For years the Communists have put forth the
greatest efforts to capture the entire American Labor Party through-
out New York State . They succeeded in capturing the Manhattan
and Brooklyn sections of the American Labor Party but outside of
New York City, they have been unable to win control" (Report of
March 29, 1944).
A leaflet entitled "Presenting the American Student Union" named
Dr. Niebuhr as a member of the Advisory Board of the American
Student Union ; he spoke at the Fourth National Convention of the
organization, as shown in the "Student Almanac" for 1939 (page 32) ;
he was a member of the Sponsoring Committee of the "Alumni
Homecoming" dinner arranged by the American Student Union in
New York City, March 21, 1937, according to a photostat of a leaflet
announcing the dinner .
The American Student Union has been cited as a Communist-front
organization which was "the result of a united front gathering of
young Socialists and Communists" in 1937 ; the Young Communist
League took credit for creation of the Union, and the Union offered
free trips to Russia . The Union claims to have led as many as
500,000 students out in annual April 22 strikes in the United States .
(From a Report of the Special Committee * * * dated January 3,
1939, page 80 .)
Dr. Niebuhr was one of the sponsors of the Consumers National
Federation, as shown in the organization's pamphlet, "The People vs .
H. C . L ." (page 3), dated December 11-12, 1937. The Consumers
National Federation was cited as a Communist-front organization in
Report 1311 of the Special Committee * * *, dated March 29, 1944.
In a booklet entitled "These Americans Say : `Lift the Embargo
Against Republican Spain,' " material for which was compiled and
published by the Coordinating Committee to Lift the (Spanish)
Embargo, the Rev . Reinhold Niebuhr was named as a "representa-
tive" clergyman who advocated lifting the embargo on the sale of
arms to Spain, "a well-meant but tragically mistaken effort to legislate
Spanish Civil War by the Communist Party in the United States an
through which the party carried on a great deal of agitation . (Fro
the Special Committee's Report of March 29, 1944 .)
The organization, American Friends of the Chinese People, has been
cited as a Communist-front group by the Special Committee in it
Report of March 29, 1944 ; a letterhead of the organization, date
May 16, 1940, carried the name of Reinhold Niebuhr in a list o
members of the National Advisory Board .
ERNEST MINOR PATTERSON
Organization and affiliation Source
American Committee for Democ- Letterhead, Sept . 22, 1939 .
racy and Intellectual Freedom
(1) . Member, National Com-
mittee (shown as Ernest M .) .
Member, Executive Commit- Letterhead, Dec . 21, 1939 .
tee (shown as Prof. Ernest
M. ; University of Pennsyl-
vania) .
Signer of Open Letter to Nich- Daily Worker, Oct . 7, 1940, p .
olas Murray Butler de-
nouncing his "pro-war"
stand .
American Committee for Protec- Letterhead, June 11, 1940 ; Let
tion of Foreign Born (1) (2) . terhead, Mar . 29, 1941 ; Pro
Sponsor . gram, Fifth National Confer
ence, Atlantic City, N . J ., Ma
29-30, 1941 ; and, booklet
"The Registration of Aliens,
back cover .
New York Conference for Inalien- Daily Worker, Sept . 17, 1940, pp
able Rights (1) . Signer of tele- 1 and 5 .
gram to President Roosevelt and
Attorney General Jackson in be-
half of the International Fur
and Leather Workers Union de-
fendants .
Philadelphia Citizens Committee The Worker, Mar. 15, 1942, p .
to Free Earl Browder [Citizens
Committee to Free Earl Brow-
der (1) (2)] . Signer of Letter
to the President .
PAUL RADIN
(1) Cited by Special and/or Committee on Un-American Activities
(2) Cited by United States Attorney General .
Organization and affiliation Source
California Labor School (2) . In- Yearbook and catalog, "Cali
structor ; Member of faculty ; fornia Labor School" 1948, pp
lecturer ; biographical note . 21, 38.
Speaker ; chairman at lecture_ - Daily People's World, Aug . 9
1948, p . 5 .
and (2) . Member .
Open Letter for Closer Coopera- Soviet Russia Today, September
tion with the Soviet Union (1) . 1939, p . 25 .
Signed Open Letter .
Science and Society (1) . Con- New Masses, Apr . 27, 1937, p . 26 .
tributor.
Washington Book Shop (1) and Membership list on file with this
(2) . Member ; address shown as committee .
1442 Fairmont Street, N . W .,
Washington, D . C .
ELIZABETH F . READ
No Record ; the following reference is to one Elizabeth Read .
Organization and affiliation Source
American Youth Congress (1) (2) . Program of American Youth Con-
Member of Continuations Com- gress, Aug . 15, 16, and 17, 1934,
mittee (identified as from the p. 4.
National Student Federation of
America .)
ROBERT REDFIELD
The "Daily Worker" of June 10, 1938 (page 2) reported that
Robert Redfield endorsed an appeal of the American Friends of
Spanish Democracy to Congress to lift the Spanish embargo .
In 1937-38, the Communist Party threw itself wholeheartedly into the campaign
for the support of the Spanish Loyalist cause, recruiting men and organizing
multifarious so-called relief organizations * * * such as * * * American Friends
of Spanish Democracy . (Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Report,
March 29, 1944, p . 82 .)
Professor Robert Redfield, Chicago, signed a statement of the
National Committee to Defeat the Mundt Bill as shown by the
April 3, 1950, issue of the "Daily Worker" (p . 4) .
The Committee on Un-American Activities, in its report on the
National Committee to Defeat the Mundt Bill, January 2, 1951,
cited the group as "a registered lobbying organization which has
carried out the objectives of the Communist Party in its fight against
anti-subversive legislation ."
The "Daily Worker" of July 9, 1952 (p . 6) listed Professor Robert
Redfield as having signed an open letter to the Platform Committees
of the Republican and Democratic Parties urging that they include
in their 1952 platforms "a plank calling for repeal of the McCarran
Act ."
MRS . JACOB Riis
(1) Cited by Special and/or Committee on Un-American Activities ;
(2) Cited by Attorney General of the United States .
Organization and affiliation Source
League of Women Shoppers (1) . Sponsor Letterhead of Oct .
7, 1935 .
See also : Hearings before Special Committee on Un-American Ac-
tivities, pages 530 and 3071 .
' During the committee's hearings regarding Communist infiltratio
of minority groups, July 14, 1949, Mr . Manning Johnson (member o
the Communist Party for ten years) testified as follows concernin
Paul Robeson :
I shall never forget when I was called by Charles Dirba, secretary of the nationa
disciplinary commission of the party . Incidentalily, the national disciplinar
commission is the American Soviet secret police agency in this country . I sa
that without equivocation and without the slightest hesitation . Charles Dirb
was secretary of that commission, and Golos, the head of World Tourists, was
chairman .
Because I had insisted that Paul Robeson be called in to assist in our fight
against white chauvinism, Dirba said by making such requests I was doing irrep-
arable harm to the Communist Party, because in the first place it was not Paul
Robeson's work, and that by the promiscuous use of Paul Robeson's name it
would become general knowledge that he was a member of the Communist Party
and they could not afford to have such knowledge become general, because i
would endanger much work Paul Robeson was engaged in . I had to accept tha
or accept expulsion from the party . (See : Hearings Regarding Communist In
filtration of Minority Groups-Part 2, Testimony of Manning Johnson, page
508 and 509 .)
On February 19, 1951, this committee issued a Statement on The
March of Treason, a Study of the American "Peace" Crusade, in which
the following reference was made to Paul Robeson :
The American Peace Crusade is an organic part of the Communist peace of-
fensive now being waged, * * * as an effort to "disarm and defeat the United
States ." Spearheading the Crusade are the following known members of th Com
munisVParty : Moscow-trained Ben Gold, also Howard Fast, Alex Sirota, Albert
Kahn, Maurice Travis, and Paul Robeson * * * . Once before, we witnesse
an American Peace Crusade . That was during the infamous pact between Adolp
Hitler and Joseph Stalin . At that time it was sponsored by the American Peace
Mobilization which picketed the White House . Oddly enough, a number of signer
of the call for the coming Peace Pilgrimage were likewise supporters of the Ameri-
can Peace Mobilization, namely Paul Robeson, * * * (See page 1 of the State-
ment .)
Paul Robeson's attitude toward the Soviet Union was reflected in
an article which he wrote for the magazine, Soviet Russia Today
(August 1936, page 13) . Mr . Robeson stated that-
The Soviet Union is the only country I've ever been in, where I've felt com-
pletely at ease. I've lived in England and America and I've almost circled the
globe-but for myself, wife and son, the Soviet Union is our future home . For
a while, however, I wouldn't feel right going there to live . By singing its p ses
wherever I go, I think I can be of the most value to it . It's too easy to go to the
Soviet Union, breathe free air, and live "happily ever afterwards ."
During a visit to Moscow, he took occasion to visit a number of
Soviet workers' homes . One of them he visited was that of his
brother-in-law, John Goode, employed in Moscow as a mechanic
and busdriver . Mr . Robeson said that-
he lives in a comfortable airy apartment, plenty of sunlight, surrounded by a
number of other workers who had places of the same sort. I don't say every-
thing's perfect, but they're building, improving all the time .
In the Daily Worker of October 11, 1946 (page 11), it is shown that
when Mr . Robeson was questioned relative to his visits to the Soviet
Union and the schooling his son got there, he replied that "my son
had what I would call a very basic Soviet education ." When asked
whether he was a Communist, Mr . Robeson answered that he charac-
in my association with Communists throughout the world, I have found them to
be the first people to die, the first to sacrifice, and the first to understand fascism.
The New York Times reported on July 10, 1949 (page 31), that-
the famous baritone (Paul Robeson), recently returned from a trip through
Europe (and) told the 300 Negro workers in radio, television and the theatre
that they were deprived of all rights whereas inhabitants of the Soviet Union
and the "people's democracies" in 'Western Europe "are in no danger of losing
any of their civil rights" (and further) predicted the death of American democracy
if Negroes and "progressive" artists in this country did not unite with the twelve
indicted leaders of the Communist Party to overthrow the "guys who run this
country for bucks and foster cold war hysteria ."
On various occasions, Mr . Robeson has defended the Communist
Party. On July 23, 1940, the Daily Worker reported that he had
signed an Open Letter to President Roosevelt, protesting against the
attack on the right of the Communist Party to use the ballot . On
September 23, 1940, the same publication revealed that he had signed
a statement, urging ballot rights to Communists . The Communist
Party of New York wrote a statement to the President, defending the
Party ; the statement was signed by Paul Robeson and others, as
shown in the Daily Worker of March 5, 1941 (page 2) . The same
publication (in the issue of April 22, 1947, page 5), named Mr . Robeson
among the one-hundred Negro leaders who called upon President
Truman and Congress "to repudiate decisively the fascist-like proposal
to illegalize the Communist Party ."
The Daily Worker of April 21, 1947 (page 1), reported that when
asked if he was a Communist, Mr . Robeson replied that-
there are only two groups in the world today-fascists and anti-fascists . The
Communists belong to the anti-fascist group and I label myself an anti-fascist .
The Communist Party is a legal one like the Republican or Democratic Party
and I could belong to either . I could just as well think of joining the Communist
Party as any other .
Mr. Robeson's defense of Communists and Communist candidates
is shown by the following : He filed a Supreme Court brief in behalf of
the twelve Communist leaders and his photograph appeared in the
Daily Worker on January 9, 1949 (page 3) in this connection . When
some of the Communist Party leaders were arrested in 1948, Paul
Robeson sponsored a "Statement by Negro Americans" on behalf of
these people (Daily Worker, August 23, 1948, page 3 ; August 29,
1948, page 11) ; on September 16, 1940, the Daily Worker named
Paul Robeson as one of those who signed a statement by Negro
leaders, protesting attacks against Communist candidates . A meet-
ing was held in Madison Square Garden on March 17, 1941, honoring
William Z . Foster, national chairman of the Communist Party, on
his 60th birthday, on which occasion Mr . Robeson sang (from the
Daily Worker of March 19, 1941, page 5) .
Paul Robeson was Chairman of the Committee for the reelection
of Benj . J . Davis, a Communist Party candidate, as shown in the
Daily Worker of September 25, 1945, page 12 ; an advertisement in
the Washington Post of November 4, 1946, named Mr . Robeson as
Daily Worker also shows that Paul Robeson spoke at a dinner honor
ing Benjamin Davis (see issue of October 20, 1947, page 7) ; he sup
ported the defense of Gerhart Eisler and Leon Josephson, Communist
(Daily Worker, April 28, 1947, page 4) . The Daily Worker of Marc
4, 1952 (page 3) and March 6, 1952 (page 1), reported that Pau
Robeson was one of those who signed a protest to Premier Plastire
,of Greece against the execution of eight Greek Communists .
The pamphlet entitled "What is APM?" (page 12) contained th
name of Paul Robeson in a list of members of the National Council
of the American Peace Mobilization ; he was vice-Chairman of thi
organization, as shown in the Daily Worker of September 3, 194
(page 4) ; he spoke at a mass meeting of the organization in Washing-
ton, D . C ., September 13, 1940 (Daily Worker, September 13, 1940
page 4 ; September 15, 1940, page 2) .
The American Peace Mobilization was cited as "one of the most
seditious organizations which ever operated in the United States"
(Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Report 1311 of March
29, 1944 ; also cited in reports of June 25, 1942 ; January 2, 1943)
The Attorney General of the United States cited the organization as
having been-
formed in the summer of 1940 under the auspices of the Communist Party and
the Young Communist League as a "front" organization designed to mold Amer-
ican opinion against participation in the war against Germany (Congressional
Record, September 24, 1942, page 7684) ;
and as subversive and Communist (press releases of December 4,
1947 and September 21, 1948 ; also included in consolidated list of
April 1, 1954) .
Paul Robeson was chairman of the Council on African Affairs, as
shown in the following sources : Letterhead of the organization dated
May 17, 1945 ; a leaflet entitled "What of Africa's Peace in Tomorrow's
World?" ; a pamphlet entitled "Africa in the War" ; another, "Seeing is
Believing-Here is the Truth About South Africa" ; and "The Job
to be Done," a leaflet . The Council on African Affairs was cited as
subversive and Communist by the Attorney General (press releases of
December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; included in consolidated
list released April 1, 1954) .
Letterheads of the Civil Rights Congress dated March 4 and May 7,
1948, and October 20, 1950, named Paul Robeson as Vice-Chairman
of the organization ; the Daily Worker of January 18, 1949 (page 11)
also listed him as Vice-Chairman ; he signed the call to the National
Conference of the Civil Rights Congress in Chicago, as shown in the
Daily Worker of October 21, 1947 (page 5) ; together with Eugene
Dennis (Communist Party member), Mr . Robeson spoke at a meeting
of the Civil Rights Congress (Daily Worker, November 5, 1947, page
5) ; he also spoke at the National Conference of the group in Chicago,
as shown in the Daily Worker of November 19, 1947 (page 6) .
The Civil Rights Congress was formed by a merger of two other
Communist-front organizations, the International Labor Defense and
the National Federation for Constitutional Liberties . It was
"dedicated * * * specifically to the defense of individual Com-
munists and the Communist Party" and "controlled by individuals
who are either members of the Communist Party or openly loyal to it"
(Committee on Un-American Activities in Report 1115 of September
A 1947 catalogue of the Winter Term, George Washington Carver
.School, listed Paul Robeson as a member of the Board of Directors of
the School which was cited as an adjunct in New York City of the
Communist Party (the Attorney General in press release of December
4, 1947 ; also included in consolidated list released April 1, 1954) .
Letterheads of the Spanish Refugee Appeal of the Joint Anti-
Fascist . Refugee Committee, dated I+ ebruary 26, 1946 and May 18,
1951, include the name of Paul Robeson in a list of national sponsors
of the organization . The Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee was
cited as a Communist-front organization headed by Edward K .
Barsky (Special Committee * * * in Report of March 29, 1944) .
The Attorney General cited it as subversive and Communist (press
releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; included in
consolidated list of April 1, 1954) .
The Daily Worker of April 19, 1947 (page 4), named Paul Robeson
:as one of the sponsors of the May Day Committee of the Arts,
Sciences and Professions ; he was a member of the same committee for
the May Day Parade (Daily Worker, April 28, 1947, page 3) ; and one
of the Marshals for the United. May Day Parade (The Worker, April
27, 1947, page 2) . He was a sponsor of a conference in New York
City, March 24, 1951, held under the auspices of the Provisional
United Labor and People's Committee for May Day as shown by the
Call to a United Labor and People's Conference for May Day, 1951 .
He participated in the May Day Parade in 1951 (Daily Worker,
May 2, 1951, page 9) .
The May Day Parade has been cited as an annual mobilization in
New York City of Communist strength (Special Committee on
Un-American Activities in Report 1311 of March 29, 1944) .
PaulRobesnwaoefthsponr faWin-thePacConfer-
ence held in the National Press Building, Washington, D . C ., April
5-7, 1948, as shown on the call to that conference ; a summary of the
proceedings of the conference showed that Paul Robeson was elected
Co-Chairman, together with Col . Evans F . Carlson, of the National
Committee to Win the Peace . On June 13, 1936, Paul Robeson spoke
at the Win-the-Peace Rally to Stop World War III, sponsored by the
National Committee to Win the Peace (handbill of the rally) . A
letterhead of the conference, dated February 28, 1946, and the Daily
Worker of May 9, 1946 (page 3), name Paul Robeson as a sponsor and
Co-Chairman, respectively, of the Win-the-Peace Conference . He
was co-Chairman, New York Committee to Win the Peace, as shown
on a letterhead dated June 1, 1946 ; and the call to a conference June
28-29,1946 .
The National Committee to Win the Peace was cited as subversive
and Communist by the Attorney General (press releases of December
4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; included in consolidated list released
April 1, 1954) .
In a pamphlet entitled "For a New Africa," which contains the
proceedings of the Conference on Africa, held in New York City,
April 14, 1944, Paul Robeson was named as Chairman of the National
Negro Congress ; he also participated in the Cultural Conference of
the National Negro Congress (Daily Worker, March 14, 1947, page 11) .
"The Communist-front movement in the United States among
1939 ; also cited in reports of January 3, 1940 ; June 25, 1942 ; Marc
29, 1944) ; the Attorney General cited the National Negro Congres
as- "An important sector of the democratic front, sponsored an
supported by the Communist Party" ; and as subversive and Com
munist . (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, pages 7687 an
7688 ; and press releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21, 194
included in consolidated list released April 1, 1954) .
Paul Robeson was a member of the Executive Board of the Ne
York Committee of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare
as shown in an undated leaflet entitled "The South is Closer Tha
You Think" (received by this committee about February 1947
"he was one of the narrators in the attack by the Southern Conferenc
for Human Welfare on the Freedom Train (news release date
November 15, 1947) .
The Southern Conference for Human Welfare was cited as a Com
munist-front organization "which seeks to attract southern liberal
on the basis of its seeming interest in the problems of the South
although its "professed interest in southern welfare is simply an expe
dient for larger aims serving the Soviet Union and its subservien
Communist Party in the United State's" (Committee on Un-America
Activities in Report dated June 12, 1947 . The Special Com
mittee * * * cited the group as a Communist-front which receive
money from the Robert Marshall Foundation (report dated March
29, 1944) .
A letterhead of the Congress of American-Soviet Friendship, date
October 27, 1942, named Paul Robeson as one of the patrons of tha
congress ; he sang and spoke before the group at a meeting in Ne
York City, November 6-8, 1943 (pamphlet entitled "U. S . A
U. S . S. R ." page 31) . According to a letterhead and a memorandu
issued by the congress dated March 13, 1946 and March 18, 1946
respectively, Paul Robeson was one of the sponsors of the Nationa
Council of American-Soviet Friendship, Inc. A printed advertise
ment announcing a Rally for Peace, sponsored by the group, appeared
in the Daily Worker of December 1, 1948 (page 6) . Paul Robeso
was on the program, arranged by the National Council of American
Soviet Friendship, which was held in Madison Square Garden Decem
ber 13, 1948 .
In a report dated March 29, 1944 by the Special Committee
the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship as having been,
in recent months, the Communist Party's principal front for all things
Russian . The Attorney General cited the group as subversive an
Communist (press releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21
1948 ; included in consolidated list released April 1, 1954) .
The Worker of June 29, 1947 (page 5m), named Paul Robeson a
one of the members of the International Workers Order, cited as "one
of the most effective and closely knitted organizations among th
Communist-front movements" by the Special Committee
(report of January 3, 1939 ; also cited in reports of March 29, 1944
January 3, 1940 ; and June 25, 1942) ; the Attorney General cited th
International Workers Order as "one of the strongest Communis
organizations" (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, pag
7688) ; and as subversive and Communist (press releases of Decembe
Paul Robeson was one of the contributing editors of New Masses,
as shown in the issues of March 14, 1944 and April 30, 1946 ; he signed
their letter to the President of the United States (New Masses, April
2, 1940, page 21) ; and endorsed the publication, as shown in the Daily
Worker of October 10, 1944 (page 6) . On January 14, 1946, Mr.
Robeson was honored at a dinner in New York City for the purpose
of making awards to those who contributed to greater inter-racial
understanding (Daily Worker, January 7, 1946, page 11) ; he received
New Masses' Second Annual Award for his contribution to promoting
democracy and inter-racial unity (New Masses, November 18, 1947,
page 7
he Attorney General cited New Masses as a "Communist periodi-
cal" (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7688) ; and the
Special . Committee * * * cited it as a "nationally circulated weekly
journal of the Communist Party" (report dated March 29, 1944 ;
also cited in their reports of January 3, 1939 and June 25, 1942) .
Beginning in March, 1948, New Masses and the Marxist quarterly
known as Mainstream were consolidated into a publication known as
Masses & Mainstream ; Paul Robeson remained as contributing editor,
as shown in the March 1948 issue of Masses & Mainstream (Volume
1, No . 1) .
The Daily Worker of February 4, 1952 (page 8), reported that Paul
Robeson was prohibited from leaving this country when he attempted
to enter Canada to speak at a convention of the British Columbia
International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers .
As a welcome home rally for Paul Robeson in New York City,
June 19, 1949 (reported in The Worker of June 26, 1949, page 4, and
the Daily Worker of July 3, 1949, page 6m), arranged by the Council
on African Affairs, he was quoted in these sources as having made the
following statement : "Yes, I love the Soviet people more than any
other nation, because of their suffering and sacrifices for us, the
Negro people, the progressive people, the people of the future in this
world ." He pledged himself to "defend them (the Communists) as
they defended us, the Negro people . And I stand firm and immovable
by the side of that great leader who has given his whole life in the
struggle of the American working class-Bill Foster ; by the side of
Gene Dennis ; by the side of my friend Ben Davis ; Johnny Gates ;
Henry Winston ; Gus Hall ; Gil Green ; Jack Stachel ; Carl Winter ;
Irving Potash ; Bob Thompson ; Johnny Williamson-twelve brave
fighters for my freedom . Their struggle is our struggle ."
Mr . Robeson was one of the sponsors of the Non-Partisan Committee
to Defend Communist Leaders (Daily Worker, July 18, 1949, page 2) ;
and praised those leaders in an article which appeared in the Daily
People's World of May 16, 1950 (page 11) . In an article date-lined
Moscow, June 9, 1949 (see the Daily Worker of June 10, 1949, page 4),
Paul Robeson was quoted as having told the Soviet Academy of
Sciences that he would return soon to the United States to testify
at the New York trial of Communist leaders . Identified as "one
of the most popular of foreign visitors attending a celebration in
honor of the poet, Alexander Pushkin," Robeson was quoted in the
article as having told the group that "we are fully resolved to struggle
for peace and friendship together ; * * * with you Soviet people
representing the hope of the whole world * * *"
55647-54-24
passport . The Daily Worker of April 3, 1951 (page 2) reported that
on April 5, attorneys before a Federal District Judge would argue
for an order compelling the State Department to renew his passport
According to the September 18, 1951 issue of that paper (page 1),
Paul Robeson was invited' by the Chinese people to attend the Second
Anniversary of the People's Republic of China, but that the State
Department had denied him the right to leave the country . As shown
by the December 9, 1951 issue of The Worker (page 2), Mr. Robeson
applied to the State Department for a special passport to go to Paris
to present a genocide plea before the General Assembly of the UN
He renewed his fight for a passport in order to attend the American
Intercontinental Peace Conference in Rio de Janeiro (Daily Worker,
January 18, 1952, page 8) . He spoke by long-distance telephone to
Canadian unionists in Vancouver, British Columbia, after his passport
was canceled, according to the Daily Worker of February 12, 1952
(page 2) .
ESTHER ROTH
(1) Cited by Special and/or Committee on Un-American Activities
(2) Cited by Attorney General of the United States .
Organization and affiliation Source
Hollywood Independent Citizens' Letterhead dated Dec. 10, 1946 .
Committee of the Arts, Sci-
ences and Professions (1) .
Member, Executive Council .
Name shown in this source as
Mrs . Esther Roth .
See also : Expose of the Communist Party of Western Pennsylvania
(based upon testimony of Matthew Cvetic, undercover agent, Febru-
ary 21, 1950, pages 1202, 1318, and 1442) . These are hearings of
the Committee on Un-American Activities .
Dr . HAROLD O . RUGG
On November 22, 1938, Miss Alice Lee Jemison, Washington
representative of Joseph Bruner, national president of the American
Indian Federation, was a witness before the Special Committee on
Un-American Activities . In connection with this testimony, Miss
Jemison submitted a statement concerning Indian affairs in the
United States which was incorporated in the record . The following
reference to Dr . Harold Rugg is noted in this statement :
In 1935, the council of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians conducted an
investigation into the new educational program which was put into operation at
Cherokee, N . C . This was followed by individual investigations by Mr . and Mrs .
Fred B . Bauer, Federation members at Cherokee, by Mr . 0. K . Chandler, then
Americanism chairman of the Federation, and by Mr . Frank Waldrop, a news-
paper man of Washington, D . C . in 1936 . These investigations disclosed that :
* * * * * * *
That the books, "Introduction to American Civilization" and "Modern
History" by Harold Rugg, member of the Progressive Education Association,
were in use in the class rooms, and that these books had been taken out of the
schools of the District of Columbia because of their radical teachings * * * .
(Public Hearings, Volume 4, pages 2502-2503 .)
mission of the American Legion, in public hearings before the Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities on March 27, 1947 . The reference
appears as follows:
Mr . O'Neil. . * * * I speak specifically of the Rugg textbooks . The Rugg
textbooks have been removed from the educational systems in many states .
Probably the outstanding instance was in San Francisco, where the Legion
urged the removal of these textbooks from the schools because of their un-American
teachings and doctrine, and as a result a board was created by the San Francisco
Board of Education-an independent group . I don't recall the exact membership,
but I believe there was a representative of either the president or somebody in
the field of social sciences, from the University of Southern California, the Uni-
versity of California, and a third representative from some other institution .
They concurred with the American Legion in the removal and the elimination of
these textbooks from the schools .
* * * * * * *
Mr . BONNER. Just tell me a little something about these Rugg textbooks .
What did they comprise-
Mr . O'NEIL . * * * briefly, it was for a science of government that was totally
different from the American system of government-an undemocratic system of
government-in the social sciences * * * . (Hearings on H . R . 1884 and H . R.
2122, March 24-28, 1947, page 28 .)
It is noted that on page 271 of Rugg's book, "The Great Tech-
nology," the following statement appears :
Thus through the schools of the world we shall disseminate a new conception
of government-one that will embrace all the collective activities of men ; one that
will postulate the need for scientific control and operation of economic activities
in the interest of all people .
It is also noted that Washington, D . C . newspapers have reported
that Harold Rugg is author of textbooks rejected for use in the schools
of the District of Columbia . (See : "Evening Star," December 17,
1947, page B-1 ; "Times-Herald," February 1, 1948, page 4 ; and
"Times-Herald," December 26, 1948, page 2 .)
ARTHUR SCHLESINGER, Jr .
In "Who's Who in America" for 1936-1937, Arthur Meier
Schlesinger is shown to have two children, Arthur Meier and Thomas
Bancroft, and to have been professor of history at Harvard University
since 1925 .
Arthur M . Schlesinger, Jr ., is the author of an article entitled,
"The U . S . Communist Party," which was written exclusively for
"Life" magazine and published in the July 29, 1946 issue . The
following statement concerning the author accompanied the article :
The author of this article, Arthur M . Schlesinger, Jr ., is only 28 years old but
is already recognized as an able American historian . His biography, "The Age
of Jackson," won the 1946 Pulitzer Prize and he has been awarded a Guggenheim
Fellowship to write "The Age of Roosevelt ." Last Spring he was named associate
professor of history at Harvard. He is currently writing a series of articles for
"Fortune", wrote this one especially for "Life ."
An undated booklet entitled, "Can You Name Them? (page 3),
lists A . M . Schlesinger as having endorsed the American Committee
for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom, organized on Lincoln's
birthday in 1939 ; he signed a petition of the same committee, as was
shown on a mimeographed. sheet attached to a letterhead dated
January 17, 1940 .
(Special Committee on Un-American Activities in Reports of June 25
1942 and March 29, 1944) .
Prof . Arthur M . Schlesinger was named on a letterhead of the
American Friends of Spanish Democracy, dated February 21, 1938
as a member of that group ; identified as a professor at Harvard
University, he signed a letter to President Roosevelt, urging that th
Neutrality Act be amended so as to render it inapplicable to Spain
the letter was prepared under the auspices of the American Friend
of Spanish Democracy. In information submitted by Mr . Walte
S. Steele, during public hearings before the Special Committee o
Un-American Activities, August 17, 1938 (page 569), it was disclose
that Arthur M . Schlesinger was a member of the American Friends
of Spanish Democracy .
During 1937 and 1938, the Communist Party campaigned for sup
port of the Spanish Loyalist cause, recruiting men and organizing
so-called relief groups such as American Friends of Spanish Democracy
(From a Report of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities
dated March 29, 1944 .)
In the booklet, "600 Prominent Americans Ask President to
Rescind Biddle Decision" (regarding deportation of Harry Renton
Bridges), prepared and published by the National Federation for
Constitutional Liberties, September 11, 1942, A. M . Schlesinger was
named as one of those who signed an Open Letter of that organization
The National Federation for Consitutional Liberties has been cited
by the Attorney General of the United States as subversive and
Communist (press releases of December 4, 1947 and September 21,
1948 ; included in consolidated list released April 1, 1954) ; the Attorney
General had previously cited it as "part of what Lenin called the
solar system of organizations * * * by which Communists attempt
to create sympathizers and supporters of their program" (Congres-
sional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7687) . The Special Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities cited the National Federation
* * * as "one of the viciously subversive organizations of the Com-
munist Party" (Report of March 29, 1944 ; also reports of June 25,
1942 and January 2, 1943) . The Committee, on Un-American
Activities cited the National Federation * * * as "actually intended
to protect Communist subversion from any penalties under the law"
(report dated September 2, 1947) .
Prof . A . M . Schlesinger, Harvard University, was a sponsor of the
Civil Rights Congress, as shown on the "Urgent Summons to a Con-
gress on Civil Rights" to be held in Detroit, Michigan, April 27 and
28, 1946 . The Civil Rights Congress was formed in April 1946 as
a merger of two other Communist-front organizations, International
Labor Defense and the National Federation for Constitutional Liber-
ties ; it was "dedicated not to the broader issues of civil liberties, but
specifically to the defense of individual Communists and the Com-
munist Party" and "controlled by individuals who are either members
of the Communist Party or openly loyal to it" (Report No . 1115 of
September 2, 1947) ; the Attorney General cited the Civil Rights
Congress as subversive and Communist (press releases of December
4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; included in consolidated list released
April 1, 1954) .
Review Section of the New York Times, December 11, 1949
as follows :
I happen to believe that the Communist Party should be granted freedom of
political action and that Communists should be allowed to teach in universities
so long as they do not disqualify themselves by intellectual distortions in the
classroom * * * .
GILBERT SELDES
Organization and affiliation Source'
People's Educational Center (2) . Photostatic copy of the clipping
Sponsor, "Fun For The People," from Daily People's World,
a show at Wilshire-Ebell Thea- May 10, 1946, p . 5 .
tre, May 21, 1946 .
Writers Congress (Cited by 1 as Program of the congress, 1943 .
American Writers Congress) .
Member, Seminar on Radio
Television .
Reichstag Fire Trial Anniversary Full-page advertisement in New
Committee (1) . Signed Decla- York Times, Dec . 22, 1943,
ration of the organization honor- p . 40 .
ing Georgi Dimitrov .
KARL SHAPIRO
Organization and affiliation Source
National Committee to Defeat the Committee's report on the
Mundt Bill (1) . Sponsor, National Committee to Defeat
National Committee * * * ; the Mundt Bill, Dec . 7, 1950,
i . d . as Prof ., Baltimore, Md . p. 12 .
Opposed Ober anti-Communist Daily Worker, Mar . 13, 1949,
bill. i . d . a s poet laureate of p . 2.
Maryland .
Initiated referendum campaign of Daily Worker, Apr . 13, 1949,
Maryland Citizens Committee p . 5.
Against Ober anti-Communist
law . i . d . as poet .
Endorsed Referendum of Citizens Letterhead, Oct . 14, 1950 .
Committee against Ober Law .
i . d . as Assistant Prof .
Member of Citizens Committee Leaflet, "Civil Liberties in Mary-
Against the Ober Law . i . d . as land Are at Stake!"
Assistant Prof .
MEYER SHAPIRO
Organization and affiliation Source
Communist Party . Signed state- Daily Worker, Nov . 6, 1933, p . 2 .
ment of League of Professional
Groups in support of Communist
Party Elections . Name shown
in this source as Meyer Schapiro .
See also : Hearings before the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, Volume 1, pages 547 and 561 .
A Communist periodical, New Masses (February 2, 1937, p . 28)
named Ernest J. Simmons as chairman of a symposium under the
auspices of the American Russian Institute . He was a speaker fo
that' organization, according to the Communist Daily Worker, Febru-
ary 6, 1937, p . 7, and May 20, 1947, p . 2 . The Daily Worker of
December 12, 1947, p . 3, said : "The Board of Superintendents yester
day announced it intended to eliminate a course for teachers on cul-
ture in the Soviet Union . The course, for which teachers received
credit, was sponsored by the American-Russian Institute .
Chairman of the Institute is Prof . Ernest J. Simmons of Columbia
University ." The American Russian Institute was cited as Communist
by the U . S. Attorney General in a letter to the Loyalty Review Board
released April 27, 1949 . He redesignated the organization pursuant to
Executive Order 10450, April 27, 1953, and included it on the con-
solidated list of cited organizations April 1, 1954 .
Soviet Russia Today (cited by the Committee on Un-American
Activities as a Communist-front publication-Report No . 1953,
April 26, 1950, p . 108) published, in its issue of September 1939,
p . 24, the text of an Open Letter for Closer Cooperation with the
Soviet Union . Professor Ernest J . Simmons, Assistant Professor of
English Literature, Harvard University, was listed as a signer of the
letter, p . 25 . According to the Daily Worker of February 10, 1933,
p . 4, Ernest J . Simmons contributed an article to the February issue
of Soviet Russia Today .
The Summary of Proceedings of a Roundtable Conference held by
the American Council on Soviet Relations, May 24-25, 1940, listed
Prof . Ernest Simmons as a participant . The Council was cited as
subversive and Communist by the Attorney General, in letters re-
leased to the press in 1948 . His citation of the organization also
appeared in the Congressional Record of September 24, 1942, p . 7688
He redesignated the organization pursuant to Executive Order 10450,
April 27, 1953, and named it on the consolidated list of April 1, 1954
The Special Committee on Un-American Activities cited the organiza-
tion in its report of March 29, 1944, p . 174 .
A Bulletin of the Committee on Education of the National Council
of American-Soviet Friendship (June 1945, p . 22), listed Ernest J
Simmons as a member of the Sponsoring Committee . That organiza-
tion was cited as subversive and Communist by the Attorney General
in his letters to the Loyalty Review Board released in 1947 and 1948
He redesignated the organization April 27, 1953, and named it on the
consolidated list of April 1, 1954 . The Special Committee on Un-
American Activities cited the Council in its report of March 29 ; 1944,
p. 156 .
The Bulletin of the League of American Writers (Summer 1938,
p . 4) listed Ernest J . Simmons as a member . The League was cited
as subversive and Communist by the U . S . Attorney General in
letters to the Loyalty Review Board released in 1948, and was re-
designated April 27, 1953 . The League was also named on the con-
solidated list of April 1, 1954 . It was cited by the Special Committee
on Un-American Activities in reports of January 3, 1940, p . 9 ; June
25, 1942, p . 19 ; March 29, 1944, p . 48 .
among the signers Ernest J . Simmons, Professor of Comparative
Literature, author, Cornell University, Ithaca, N . Y . The Federation
was cited as subversive and Communist by the Attorney General in
letters to the Loyalty Review Board released in 1947 and 1948, and
in the Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, p . 7687 ; redesignated
April 27, 1953 ; consolidated list of April 1, 1954 . The Special Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities cited the Federation as "one of the
viciously subversive organizations of the Communist Party" (report
of March 29, 1944, p . 50) .
The Daily Worker of October 19, 1948, p. 7, reported that the
National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions had issued a
statement that 500 leaders in the arts, sciences, and professions had
joined in support of Henry A . Wallace. Professor Ernest J . Simmons
was listed among the supporters . The National Council has been
cited by the Committee on Un-American Activities as a Communist
front (Report No . 1954, p . 2) .
New Masses, October 28, 1941, p . 23, contained an article by
Ernest J . Simmons, "Soviet Scholarship and Tolstoy ." "USSR : A
Concise Handbook," edited by Ernest J . Simmons, was reviewed in
New Masses for June 24, 1947, p . 22 . New Masses was cited as a
Communist periodical by the Attorney General (Congressional Record,
September 24, 1942, p . 7688) and by the Special Committee on Un-
American Activities (report of March 29, 1944, pp . 48 and 75) .
A "Peace Ballot" issued by "The Yanks Are Not Coming Com-
mittee" listed Prof . Ernest J . Simmons, Harvard, as a member of the
"Peace Ballot Commission ." The Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, in its report of March 29, 1944, pp . 17, 95, and 100, stated
that the Communist Party was "the principal agent" in "the Yanks
Are Not Coming movement ."
The 1948 Catalog (p . 5) of the Workers Book Shop listed "U . S . S. R .
Foreign Policy," by Ernest J . Simmons . "The Workers Book Shop
* * * is headquarters of a chain of Communist bookshops, which are
the official outlets for Communist literature and at which tickets for
Communist Party and front functions customarily are sold" (Hearings
Regarding the Communist Infiltration of the Motion Picture Industry,
Committee on Un-American Activities, 1947, p . 375) .
"Books on the U . S . S . R ." (a selected bibliography by Bessie
Weissman and issued by the Washington Cooperative Bookshop),
pp. 27 and 28, recommended the following books by Ernest J . Simmons :
"Dostoevski," "Pushkin," and "An Outline of Modern Russian
Literature ." The Washington Cooperative Bookshop was cited as
subversive and Communist by the Attorney General, m'letters to the
Loyalty Review Board, released in 1947 and 1948 . He redesignated
the organization April 27, 1953, and named it on the consolidated list
of April 1, 1954 . The organization was also cited by the Special Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities (report of March 29, 1944, p . 150) .
A book by Professor Simmons-"Problems of Leadership and Con-
trol in Soviet Literature"-is referred to in the Communist Daily
People's World of May 26, 1949, p . 5 .
An article, "The Kremlin Prepares a New Party Line," by Ernest
J . Simmons, appeared in the magazine section of the January 8, 1950,
An examination of the Soviet newspaper and periodical press from a time
shortly after the end of the war shows a pretty constant pattern of action and
ideological propagandizing which merits the most careful consideration as a
possible harbinger of the shape of things to come .
Like clever dramatists the Soviets often reveal actions before the motives
which govern them. Strange as it may seem, in a dictatorship it is frequently
necessary, as in our own country, to prepare public opinion for significant future
policy, and this policy in turn may well be connected with international develop-
ments since the end of the war which could hardly have been anticipated by
the Soviets or explained by Marxian dialectics . In the ideological battle that
now rages between the two worlds the Soviets must regain the initiative or lose
further ground . So some important change in policy would seem to be inevitable .
Two distinct lines of development emerge from this press campaign . One
is the purge-it might be better to say the purification-of intellectuals, which
has been gathering momentum ever since 1946 . The second is the steady cam-
paign to promote the conviction that the transition from socialism to communism
is now a realizable objective in the Soviet Lnion . At first glance there might
not seem to be any connection between these two developments . However, each
is worth exploring precisely from the point of view that they are connected and
are both part of a single, unified drive toward a future transformation of Soviet
policy of momentous concern to the world .
* * * In turn the musicians, artists and architects have been fried in deep
fat ; then the economists, philosophers, statisticians, mathematicians, biologists,
lawyers and astronomers ; then the literary critics, teachers of literature and
finally teachers, scholars and educators in general .
The extent of the drive indicates clearly that a party directive from on high is
being rigorously executed * * *
When asked why the Russians had been so successful in the war, a character
in a recent Soviet novel replied : "Because they have not only a state, but a
state plus an idea." And the whole vast Soviet propaganda machine has been
selling that "idea" to the world with amazing success for over thirty years . Of
late, however, the "idea" has been encountering formidable opposition, especially
in the West, and the Soviets have evinced a tendency to support the "idea"
with elements of power . But they fully realize, in the present international
power structure, that their greatest hope in this struggle is their ideological
appeal and not military aggressiveness .
To be sure, it is commonly felt that the present growing opposition to the idea
of Soviet communism has not been an ideological one, but a political, economic
and military one * * * . In fact, it is often said that America and the West have
no ideology to answer the ideology of communism on a world plane . This is
partly true, for America has failed, except in a negative sense, to combine ideologi-
cal leadership with its policy to contain Soviet communism.
However, it is also true that all these political, economic and military actions
of the United States and the West carry with them the clear implication of
ideological opposition * *
In this ideological struggle of two worlds it is essential, from the Soviet point
of view, that international communism should offer a fresh and inspiring appeal
to the allegiance of all peoples . Hence a declaration at the next All-Union Party
Congress that the people of the Soviet Union would soon enjoy the benefits of
communism-a reward formerly imagined as realizable only in the very distant
future-would obviously be designed to provide a tremendous propaganda
impetus to international communism, and at the same time would reassert the
prominent position of the Soviet people and their party in the battle for the
minds of men .
American League for Peace and Membership list-reprinted in
Democracy (1) (2) . Member, Public Hearings, Special Com-
Washington Branch (address mittee on Un-American Activ-
shown as : 505 18th . St ., NW ., ities, vol . 10, page 6404 .
Washington, D . C .) .
HILDA K . SMITH
Organization and affiliation Source
"New Pioneer" (1) . Contributor_ New Pioneer, March 1932, p . 12 .
HILDA W . SMITH
Organization and affiliation Source
Washington Book Shop (1) (2) . Membership list in Committee
Member (address shown as : files (1941) .
1457 Belmont St ., NW ., Wash-
ington, D . C .) .
HILDA SMITH
Organization and affiliation Source
See also : Public Hearings, Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, vol . 1, pages 565 and 703 .
GEORGE HENRY SOULE, JR .
Organization and affiliation Source
No references were found to George Henry Soule Jr ; but the follow-
ing appears under the name :
GEORGE SOULE
Organization and affiliation Source
American Friends of Spanish De- New Masses, Jan . 5, 1937, p . 31 .
mocracy, Medical Bureau (1) .
Member, General Committee .
American Friends of Spanish De- Daily Worker, Feb . 16, 1938, p . 2 .
mocracy (1) . Signer of Letter
to the President (editor, The
New Republic) .
Member, Executive Commit- Letterhead, Feb . 21, 1938 .
tee .
Signer of Petition to lift the Daily Worker, Apr . 8, 1938, p . 4 .
arms embargo .
American Friends of the Soviet Daily Worker, Jan . 29, 1938, p . 8,
Union (1) (2) . Speaker . and Feb . 2, 1938, p . 2 .
American Youth Congress (1) (2) . Pamphlet, "Youngville, U . S .
Member, National Advisory A .," p . 64 .
Board .
Signer of Call to Congress of Proceedings of the Congress, July
Youth, 5th national gather- 1-5, 1939, p . 2 .
ing of the AYC, in New
York City (editor, The New
Republic) .
Conference on Pan-American De- "News You Don't Get," Nov .
mocracy (1) (2) . Signer of Call 15, 1938, p . 3 .
to the Conference .
Sponsor Letterhead, Nov . 16, 1938 .
Signer of Open Letter to the New Masses, Dec . 3, 1940, p . 2
President of Brazil to Save
Luiz Carlos Prestes .
Vice-Chairman ; member, Ex- Pamphlet, "Economic Trend
ecutive Committee . and the New Deal in th
Caribbean," pub. by the organ
ization, 1942 .
Consumers National Federation Pamphlet, "The People vs
(1) . Sponsor . H. C . L.," Dec . 11-12, 1937
p. 3.
Coordinating Committee to Lift Booklet, "These Americans Say,
the Embargo (1) . Listed as P . 9.
one of the representative indi-
viduals in favor of lifting the
Spanish embargo (writer) .
Descendants of the American Rev- Daily Worker, Jan . 21, 1938
olution (1) . Sponsor ; and, p . 2.
member of Advisory Board .
Member Daily Worker, Feb . 13, 1939, p .
First Congress of the Mexican and Mimeographed press release on
Spanish American People of the the congress, Mar . 24, 25, 26
United States (1) . Signer of 1939 .
Call to the congress to be held
in Albuquerque, N. Mex . (editor,
The New Republic) .
Frontier Films (1) . _ Member, Ad- Daily Worker, Apr . 6, 1937, p .
visory Board .
International Juridical Associa- Daily Worker, July 25, 1936
tion (1) . Signer of statement . p. 2 .
Signer of report on mutiny I . J. A . Monthly Bulletin, Vol . 5
laws prepared under super- No. 2, Aug . 1936 ; and Labo
vision of the I . J . A . at the Defender Sept . 1936, p . 15 .
request of International
Labor Defense (1) (2) .
International Publishers (1) (2) . Daily Worker, Apr. 30, 1936
Writer of introduction to pam- p . 5.
phlet by V . Chemadanov of the
Young Communist League of
the Soviet Union, published by
International Publishers .
League of American Writers New Masses, May 6, 1937, p . 25
(1) (2) . Signer of "A Manifesto
and a Call" to the National
Writers Congress, New York
City, June 4, 5 and 6, 1937 .
Signer of statement Daily Worker, Sept . 1, 1936
p. 4.
Signer of Petition in support Daily Worker, Mar. 10, 1938
of Gerson. P. 1.
of Spanish Democracy (1) .
Member, Executive Committee .
National Committee for People's Letterhead,
"News YouJuly 13, Get,"
1.938 ;Nov
and
Rights (1) (2) . Member . Don't .
15, 1938 .
National Emergency Conference Press Release, Feb . 23, 1940 .
for Democratic Rights (1) .
Member, Board of Sponsors .
"New Masses" (1) (2) . Signer of New Masses, Apr . 2, 1940, p . 21 .
New Masses Letter to the Presi-
dent (editor, The New Republic) .
North American Committee to Daily Worker, Feb . 27, 1937,
Aid Spanish Democracy (1) (2) . p. 2.
Sponsor of organization's Tag
Day, in New York City .
"Soviet Russia Today" (1) . . Con- Soviet Russia Today, Sept . 1936,
tributor . p . 29 .
United Office and Professional Daily Worker, Mar. 9, 1938,
Workers of America (1) . Spon- p. 5 .
sor of conference of the Book
and Magazine Guild, Local 18,
UOPWA .
Member, sponsors committee Letterhead, Feb . 1, 1940 .
of UOPWA Local 16's 5th
Annual Stenographers' Ball .
See also : Public Hearings, Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, Vol . 1, pages 377, 565, 566, 568, 691, 694, 702,
703, and 876 ; Vol . 3, pages 2167 and 2169 ; Vol . 17, pages
10300, 10302, 10305, 10306, 10340, 10341-10347, and
10349 .
MARK STARR
Organization and affiliation Source
Commonwealth College (1) and "Fortnightly," publication of
(2) . Endorsed reorganization Commonwealth College, Aug .
plan of college ; identified as Ed- 15, 1937 issue, p . 3 .
uational Director, Interna-
tional Ladies Garment Workers
Union .
Consumers National Federation Pamphlet, "The People vs .
(1) . Sponsor . H . C . L .," Dec . 11-12, 1937,
p. 3 .
Film Audiences for Democracy (1) . "Film Survey," June 1939, p . 4 .
Member Executive Committee .
Films for ]3emocracy (1) . Mem- "Films for Democracy," April
ber, Executive Committee . 1939, p . 2 .
Granville Hicks, public hearings, Committee on Un-American Acti
ities, February 26, 1953 (pp . 96-97) :
Mr. TAVENNER . When did you become a member of the Communist Part
Mr. HICKS. In the winter of 1934-35 .
Mr. TAVENNER . And how long did you remain a member?
Mr. HICKS . Until September 1939 .
* *
Mr . TAVENNER . Who asked you to become a member of the Party?
Mr . HICKS . Bernhard Stern .
Mr . TAVENNER. Bernhard Stern. How was he employed?
Mr . HICKS . He was employed in some capacity at Columbia University .
don't know what his rank was .
Mr. TAVENNER. Was he a teacher?
Mr . HICKS. Yes . I think so .
Mr. TAVENNER. Tell the committee the circumstances under which he ask
you to become a party member .
Mr. HICKS. I was living-I was not living in New York at that time . I w
living in Troy. As I remember, he wrote and asked me if I would have a mea
with him the next time I came to the city . I did so . We had dinner togeth
and he simply asked me if I didn't feel I was now ready to join the party ; a
after we discussed it a little while I said that I did feel so .
Mr. TAVENNER . Were you then assigned to a special group or any particula
group of the Communist Party?
Mr. HICKS . Well he took me to the group to which he belonged .
Mr . TAVENNER . Then you became a member of the same group or unit o
which he was a member?
Mr . HICKS . That is true ; which was a group ot professional people, write
mostly, in New York City .
In public hearings before the Special Committee on Un-America
Activities on September 13, 1939, Alexander Trachtenberg, a membe
of the Communist Party and its National Committee since 1921
Secretary and Treasurer of International Publishers, and Chairma
of the Literature Department of the Communist Party, gave th
following testimony concerning Bernhard J . Stern :
Mr . MATTHEWS . Have you published any pamphlets or books by Bernhard J
Stern?
Mr . TRACHTENBERG. No ; I have not. Oh, pamphlets? Yes, I have .
* * * * * * *
Mr . MATTHEWS . Have you ever published a pamphlet by a man called Bennet
Stevens?
Mr . TRACHTENBERG . Bennett Stevens? Yes ; that is right.
Mr. MATTHEWS . And also by Bernhard Stern? You stated a while ago tha
you had published pamphlets by Bernhard Stern .
Mr . TRACHTENBERG . Edited ; yes .
Mr . MATTHEWS . And do you not know that Bernhard Stern and Bennett
Stevens are the same person?
Mr . TRACHTENBERG. What is the name of the pamphlet? It must be man
years ago .
Mr . MATTHEWS . Have you met both Bernhard Stern and Bennett Stevens?
Mr . TRACHTENBERG. Oh, there are many authors who write under pseudonym
Mr . MATTHEWS . Have you met Bernhard Stern, whose pamphlets you hav
published?
Mr. TRACHTENBERG . Yes .
Mr. MATTHEWS . And have you met Bennett Stevens?
Mr. TRACHTENBERG . Yes ; that is the pen name of Bernhard Stern . That i
correct . That must have been about 12 years ago that I published those . I hav
no record before me . You have all these records there, you see.
Mr . MATTHEWS . And you know that Bernhard Stern is a professor at Columbia
University, do you not?
Mr . TRACHTENBERG. I think he is teaching there ; yes . (Public Hearings
pages 4928-4929 .)
Un-American Activities :
* * * Charlotte Todes, also a Communist Party functionary and wife of
Bernhard J . Stern who was a Columbia University professor using the alias of
Bennett Stevens .
Your attention is called to the following pages of the "Re iew of
the Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace," a opy of
which is enclosed :
6, 7, 9, 18, 21, 22, 24, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41
45, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 60 .
Subsequent to the above information our files disclose the fo owing :
He signed a statement against denaturalization, which wa spon-
sored by the American Committee for Protection of Foreig Born,
according to the Daily Worker, August 30, 1950, page 5 This
source identified him as a professor at Columbia Universe . He
signed an Open Letter to the American People in oppositio to the
Hobbs Bill, H . R . 10, which was sponsored by the America Com-
mittee * * * (Daily Worker, July 25, 1950, p . 4) . He was Spon-
sor of the National Conference to Defend the Rights of oreign
Born Americans, Detroit, Michigan, December 13 and 14, 952, as
shown by a Press Release regarding the conference and the "I all and
Program" of the conference . According to the Daily Worker of
April 29, 1953 (page 6), Prof . Bernhard Stern was on a list of spon-
sors of the American Committee for Protection of Foreign torn for
1953 . He was a sponsor of the National Conference to Reil ea1 the
Walter-McCarran Law and Defend Its Victims, to be held D cember
12 and 13, 1953, Chicago, Ill ., as shown by the Daily Worker, October
1, 1953, page 2, and the Call and Program of the conference .
The American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born was
cited as subversive and Communist by the Attorney General of the
United States in letters to the Loyalty Review Board, relea ed June
1 and September 21, 1948 . The organization was redesign ted by
the Attorney General, April 27, 1953, pursuant to Executi e Order
No . 10450, and included on the April 1, 1954 consolidates list of
organizations previously designated pursuant to Executive I ~der No .
10450 . The Special Committee on Un-American Activiti :- in its
report of March 29, 1944 (p . 155), cited the American Comm(ttee for
Protection of Foreign Born as "one of the oldest auxiliaries of the
Communist Party in the United States ."
The Call to a Bill of Rights Conference, New York City, July 16
and 17, 1949, named Bernard J . Stern, Columbia Universi y, as a
sponsor . Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, member of the National Co mittee
of the Communist Party, in writing about the conference fo her col-
umn in the "Daily Worker" (July 25, 1949, p . 8), stated th t one of
the highlights of the conference was the fight for the 12 defe dants in
the current Communist cases . She reported that seven of th defend-
ants were present and participated actively . The New York "Times"
(July 18, 1949, p . 13) reported that "the twenty resolutions adopted
unanimously b the two-day conference registered oppositi n to the
conspiracy trial of the eleven Communist leaders, the Pr sidential
. We do not have an available copy of the "Review of the Scientific and Cultural Confere ce for World
Peace ." If you wish to see these references you may come to the Publication Service of the ommittee .
the Federal Bureau of Investigation into political, rather than crim-
inal, activities ."
Dr . Bernhard J. Stern, New York, signed an Open Letter to Presi
dent Truman on Franco Spain, which was sponsored by the Spanish
Refugee Appeal of the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee, accord
ing to a mimeographed letter attached to a letterhead of the organ-
ization, dated April 28, 1949.
The Attorney General cited the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Com
mittee as Subversive and Communist in letters released December 4
1947 and September 21, 1948 . The organization was redesignate
by the Attorney General, April 27, 1953, and included on the April 1
1954 consolidated list . The Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, in its report of March 29, 1944 (page 174), cited the Join
Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee as a "Communist-front organization .
He was a sponsor of the National Conference on American Polic
in China and the Far East, as shown by a Conference Call, "*
January 23-25, 1948, New York City ."
The Attorney General cited the National Conference on America
Policy in China and the Far East as Communist and "a conferenc
called by the Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy" in
letter released July 25, 1949 . The organization was redesignate
April 27, 1953, and included in the April 1, 1954 consolidated list .
A mimeographed list of signers of the "Resolution Against Atomic
Weapons," which was sponsored by the National Council of th
Arts, Sciences and Professions, contained the name of Bernhard J
Stern, New York . The list of signers was attached to a letterhea
dated July 28, 1950. The letterhead also named him as a member o
the Board of Directors . He was shown as a member of the Boar
of Directors of the organization on a letterhead dated December 7
1952 (photostat) . The "Daily Worker" of March 10, 1952 (p . 3)
listed Dr. Bernhard Stern as a signer of a statement of the Nationa
Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions protesting curbs o
lawyers in political trials .
The Committee on Un-American Activities, in its report, Revie
of the Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace, arrange
by the National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions, released
April 19, 1949 (p . 2), cited the National Council * * * as a Commu
nist front organization .
Bernhard J . Stern, Columbia University, New York, was one of the
endorsers of the World Peace Appeal, as shown by an undated leaflet,
Prominent Americans Call for * * *" (leaflet received September 11
1950) .
The Committee on Un-American Activities, in its report on the
Communist "Peace" Offensive, April 1, 1951 (p . 34), cited the Worl
Peace Appeal as a petition campaign launched by the Permanen
Committee of the World Peace Congress at its meeting in Stockholm
March 16-19, 1950 ; as having "received the enthusiastic approval
of every section of the international Communist hierarchy" ; as havin
been lauded in the Communist press, putting "every individual Com
munist on notice that he `has the duty to rise to this appeal' " ; an
as having "received the official endorsement of the Supreme Sovie
of the U . S . S . R ., which has been echoed by the governing bodies
The "Times Herald" of March 28, 1953 (p . 2) reported t i -, t Bern-
hard J . Stern, alleged to have used the name of Bennett S i vens in
writings or for Communist purposes, denied he is now a Co munist
before the Senate Investigating Committee ; but refused to say whether
he ever had been an active member of the Communist Part
MAXWELL STEWART
Organization and affiliation Source
American Committee for Democ- Mimeographed sheet att ched to
racy and Intellectual Freedom letterhead, Jan . 17, 194
(1) . Signer of petition .
American Committee for Protec- Letterhead, 4th Annual Confer-
tion of Foreign Born (1) and (2) . ence, Hotel Annapoli , W ash-
Sponsor . ington, D . C ., Mar. 2 3 ,
Signer of Statement for Amer- "Daily Worker," Oct . 8, 1940,
ican People, and endorsing p. 3 .
the Campaign for American
Citizenship and Citizenship
Rights.
American Council on Soviet Rela- Summary of Proceedin s, July
tions (1) and (2) . Participant, 15, 1940.
Roundtable Conference, May
24-25,1940 .
American Committee to Save Ref- Program of Dinner-Fo m.
ugees (1) . Sponsor of Dinner-
Forum on "Europe Today,"
held at Biltmore Hotel, New
York, Oct. 9, 1941, under joint
auspices ACSR, Exiled Writers
Committee of League of Ameri-
can Writers and United Ameri-
can Spanish Aid Committee .
American Friends of Spanish De- "New Masses," Jan. 5, 1937, p .
mocracy, Medical Bureau (1) . 31 .
General Committee, Member .
Member, Executive Commit- Letterhead, Nov . 18, 1936 .
tee .
Ame can e s f pa h e- "Daily Worker," Feb . 16, 1938,
mocracy (1) . Signer of letter to p. 2 .
President .
Member, Executive Commit- Letterhead, Feb . 21, 1938 .
tee .
American Friends of the "Help Chineseill)
China!" (Handb .
People (1) . Speaker, Mass
Meeting.
Speaker "Daily Worker," Feb . 1938, p .
8.
Signer, Letter pledging sup- "Daily Worker," July 16,, 1940 ,
port to China . 4.
Contributing Editor, "China "China Today," Feb . 938 , p. 2 .
Today" (official publication
of American Friends * * *) .
and Fascism (1) and (2) . Mem- gress Against War and Fas
ber, National Committee . cism," Sept . 28, 29, and 3
1934, Chicago, Ill ., p . 2 .
Member, National Executive Letterhead, Aug . 22, 1935
Committee . "Fight," Dec. 1935, p . 2 .
American League for Peace and "Daily Worker," Apr . 16, 193
Democracy (1) and (2) . Urges p. 2 .
support of Tag Week drive .
Signer of resolution (urging "Daily Worker," Jan . 18, 193
passage of Anti-Lynching p. 3 .
Bill) .
China Aid Council of American "Daily Worker," Apr . 8, 193
League for Peace and Democ- p. 2 .
racy (1) and (2) . Sponsor of
Easter Drive.
China Aid Council (1) . Sponsor-- Letterhead, May 18, 1938 .
American Youth Congress (1) "Youngville, U . S . A.," p . 64 .
and (2) . Member, National
Advisory Board .
Book Union (1) . Member, Ad- Undated Folder.
visory Council .
Committee for a Democratic Far Letterheads, 1946 and 1947 ; le
Eastern Policy (2) . Consultant. terhead, May 28, 1948 .
Sponsor, Conference on China Call to the Conference, Oc
and the Far East, San 18-20, 1946 ; letterhead, Sep
Francisco (called by Na- 19, 1946 .
tional Committee to Win
the Peace and Committee
for a Democratic Far East-
ern Policy) .
Committee for a Democratic Far "Spotlight on the Far East,
Eastern Policy (2) . Honored . Nov . 1947, p . 2 .
Answered questionnaire is- Far East Spotlight, Dec . 1949
sued by organization in Jan . 1950, p . 23 .
favor of recognition of Chi-
nese Communist Gov't .
(Contributing editor, The
Nation ; editor, Public Af-
fairs Pamphlets) .
Committee for a Democratic Far "Daily Worker," Jan . 16, 1950
Eastern Policy (2) . Signer of p. 4 .
statement for recognition of
Communist China .
Conference on Pan American Letterhead, Nov . 16, 1938 .
Democracy (1) and (2) . Sponsor .
Signer of Call News You Don't Get, Nov . 15
1938, p . 3 .
Council for Pan American De- "New Masses," Dec . 3, 1940, p
mocracy (1) and (2) . Signer of 28 .
Open Letter to President of
Brazil to Save Luis Carlos
Prestes .
the Embargo (1) . Representa- p . 9.
tive Individual .
Fight (1) . Contributor "Fight," June 1934, p 2.
Friends of the Soviet Union (1) "Soviet Russia Today
and (2) . Endorser. ber 1933, p . 17 .
Greater New York Emergency Program of Conferenc 12,
Conference on Inalienable 1940 .
Rights (1) . Sponsor .
Labor Research Association (1) "Daily Worker," Jun 8, 1936,
and (2) . Contributor. p. 5 .
League of American Writers (1) Program of Dinner-Forum.
and (2) . Member, Committee
of Sponsors, Dinner-Forum on
"Europe Today" held by Exiled
Writers Comm . of Law ., Ameri-
can Committee to Save Refu-
gees ; United American Spanish
Aid Comm .
Mother Bloor Ba ue . Sponso - Program, Jan . 24, 193 , p . 9. ,
National Committee for People's Letterhead, July 13, 1 38 ; News
.Rights (1) and (2) . Member . You Don't Get, No 15, 1938 .
National Committee for the De- Letterhead, Oct . 31, 1 35 .
fense of Political Prisoners (1)
and (2) . Member .
National Committee to Win the Call to the Confe. nee Oct.
Peace (2) . Sponsor, Conference 18-20, 1946 ; letter ead, Sept .
on China and the Far East, San 19, 1946.
Francisco (called by the Na-
tional Committee to Win the
Peace and Committee for a
Democratic Far Eastern Policy) .
National Council of American- Letterhead, Mar . 13, 1946 ; Mem-
Soviet Friendship (1) and (2) . orandum issued by he Council
Sponsor . Mar . 18, 1946 .
National Emergency Conference Call to Conference, held at Hotel
(1) . Sponsor . Raleigh, Washington, D . C .,
May 13 and 14, 1939, p. 3 .
National Emergency Conference Letterhead, Feb . 15, 1940 ; Press
for Democratic Rights (1) . Release, Feb . 23, 1940.
Member, Board of Sponsors .
National People's Committee Letterhead, Mar . 16, 1937 .
Against Hearst (1) . Member .
New Masses (1) and (2) . Con- "New Masses," August 1929,
tributor . p . 15 ; Aug . 8 . 1939, p . 24 .
Member, Initiating Commit- "New Masses," Apr . 2, 1940,
tee, New Masses Letter to p . 21 .
President, and signer of
same .
Non-Partisan Committee for the Letterhead, Oct . 3, 1 936 .
Reelection of Vito Marcantonio
(1) . Member .
55547-54 25
Speaker ; Philadelphia .
Open Letter for Closer Coopera- "Soviet Russia Today," Sep
tion with the Soviet Union (1) . tember 1939, p . 28 .
Signer.
Open Letter to American Liberals "Daily Worker," Feb . 9, 1937
(1) . Signer. p. 2 ; "Soviet Russia Today,
March 1937, pp . 14-15 .
"Soviet Russia Today" (1) . "Soviet Russia Today, Jan
Contributor . uary 1936, p . 12 ; "Daily Work
er," June 11, 1937, p . 7
"Soviet Russia Today," Jun
1939, p . 35 ; November 1939,
p . 13 ; April 1940, p . 9 .
"Soviet Russia Today" (1) . "Soviet Russia Today," Januar
Member, Editorial Council . 1939, p . 3 ; January 1940, p . 3
March 1942, p . 3 .
United American Spanish Aid Program of Dinner-Forum.
Committee (1) and (2) . Mem-
ber, Committee of Sponsors,
Dinner-Forum on "Europe To-
day," held at Biltmore Hotel,
New York City, Oct . 9, 1941,
under auspices of United Amer-
ican Spanish Air Committee ;
American Committee to Save
Refugees ; Exiled Writers Com-
mittee of League of American
Writers .
Meeting to Greet Soviet Constitu- "Daily Worker," Nov . 30, 1936
tion ; sponsor. p . 5.
Signed letter protesting ban on "Daily Worker," Mar . 19, 1940,
Communists in American Civil p . 4.
Liberties Union .
Editor, Moscow News "Daily Worker," June 28, 1934,
p. 3 .
Taught in the Moscow Institute_- Testimony of Stuart Lillico, pub
lie hearings, Committee on
Un-American Activities, Nov
22, 1938, p . 2512 ; testimony of
Jack B . Tenney, public hear-
ings Committee on Un-Ameri-
can Activities, March 1947, p
247 .
Committee for Peaceful Alterna- Statement attached to Press Re-
tives to the Atlantic Pact (1) . lease of Dec . 14, 1949, p. 11 .
Signer of statement calling for
International Agreement to Ban
Use of Atomic Weapons ; author,
Annandale, N . J .
and (2) . Contributor . p. 5 .
Sponsor, meeting to greet Soviet "Daily Worker," Nov .
Constitution ; NYC . p. 5.
Signer, Open Letter to New Masses "New Masses," Feb .
concerning "American Commit- p. 2 .
tee for the Defense of Leon Trot-
sky ."
Speaker at Student Strike, Phila- "Daily Worker," Apr .
delphia . p. 5.
Signer, statement by American "Daily Worker," Apr .
Progressives on the Moscow p. 4.
Trials .
Signed telegram sent to Peru to "New Masses," Dec.
release political prisoners . p. 20 .
Reviews "USSR Foreign Policy, "New Masses," Aug.
Collection of Litvinov's p. 24 .
Speeches," with approval .
Signed letter protesting ban on "Daily Worker," Mar. 19, 1940,
Communists in American Civil p. 4 .
Liberties Union .
Statement: "Of course we should Far East Spotlight, ecember
recognize the new gov't of 1949-January 1950, . 23 .
China ; recognition provides a
means of dealing with it ; other-
wise we are terribly handi-
capped-viz . the Ward Case .
Recogition has nothing to do
with approval or disapproval ." ;
Contributing editor, The Na-
tion ; editor, Public Affairs
Pamphlets .
Condemns South Korean adminis- "Daily People's
tration ; quoted with approval . 1950, p . 4 .
Record given Congressional Record,
1950, p . A941 .
JACOB VINER
There are only two references in committee files to Ja ob Viner .
See Hearings of the Special Committee on Un-American etivities,
page 2374 ; also Hearings of the Committee on Un-American Activities
Regarding Communism in the United States Governmen , Part ; I,
April 25, 1950, page 1727 .
J . RAYMOND WALSH
Organization and affiliation Source
American Committee for Protec- Program, Fifth Nati al Con-
tion of Foreign Born (1) and (2) . ference, Atlantic Ci
Sponsor (Identified with Hobart Mar . 29-30, 1941 .
College).
tions (1) and (2) . Signer of
open letter to the Pres . of the
U. S . urging a declaration of war
on the Finnish government in
the interests of a speedy victory
by the U. N . over Nazi Ger-
many and its Fascist allies .
(Iden . with Williams College) .
American Slav Congress (1) and Program of Dinner, p. 2 .
(2) . Dinner Chairman and
Sponsor of Testimonial Dinner,
Hotel Pennsylvania, N . Y . C .,
Oct . 12, 1947 .
American Student Union (1) . "The . Student Almanac-1939
Convention Speaker . for the Fourth Annual Na
tional Convention, Dec. 26
30, 1938, p . 32 .
Committee for a Democratic Far Letterhead, May 28, 1948 ; lette
Eastern Policy (2) . Member, heads of 1946 and 1947 ; Fa
Board of Directors . East Spotlight, June 194
Information Bulletin, Augus
1946 .
Council for Pan American De- Letterhead, July 18, 1940 ; pam
mocracy (1) and (2) . Member, phlet, "Economic Trends an
Executive Committee . the New Deal in the Carib
bean," published by Council
1942 .
"Daily Worker" (1) . Photo "Daily Worker," Dec . 7, 193
p. 3 .
League of American Writers (1) Bulletin of the League of Ameri
and (2) . Member (N . Y . C .) can Writers, Summer, 1938,
4.
National Council of the Arts, Conference Program, p . 15 .
Sciences and Professions (1) .
Sponsor, Cultural and Scientific
Conference for World Peace, N .
Y. C ., March 25-27, 1949.
Signer of statement attacking "Daily Worker," Aug . 18, 1948
espionage investigation . p . 2.
National Emergency Conference Call for a National Emergenc
(1) . Signer of Call. Conference, Washington, D . C
May 13-14, 1939 .
National Emergency Conference Press Releases, Feb . 23, 194
for Democratic Rights (1) . Feb . 15, 1940.
Member, Executive Committee .
Open Letter for Closer Coopera- "Soviet Russia Today," Sep
tion with the Soviet Union (1) . 1939, pp . 24, 25, 28 .
Signer .
Southern Conference for Human News Release, Washington Com
Welfare (1) . Speaker . mittee, Apr . 7, 1947 .
D . C ., April 5-7, 1946 (formed
National Committee to Win the
Peace 2) . Chairman, Saturday
Afternoon Session.
Signer of statement attacking "Daily Worker," M 4, 1948,
Mundt anti-Communist bill . P . 11 .
Opposed to Mundt-Nixon bill "Daily Worker," June 13, 1949,
p. 3.
Dies Committee Press Releases Congressional Record, June 11 ,
and Speeches . 1946,p . 6824 .
GENE WELTFISH
Gene Weltfish, President of the Congress of America Women,
New York, spoke at a meeting of the American Commit ee for the
Protection of Foreign Born ("Daily People's World, No ember 10,
1947, p . 2) ; she signed a letter of the group, attacking dep rtation of
Communists ("Daily Worker," March 4, 1948, p . 2) ; she signed this
organization's statement against denaturalization as shown in the
"Daily Worker" of August 10, 1950, page 5 . She was named as a
sponsor of the American Committee * * * in the following sources :
Undated letterhead (received for files, July 11, 1950) ; a 1950 letter-
head ; and undated letterhead (distributing a speech of Abner Green
at the conference of December 2-3, 1950 ;) a book of courons issued
by them ; a letterhead of the Midwest Committee, April 30, 1951 ;
and the "Daily Worker" of April 4, 1951, p . 8 . The "Daily Worker"
of August 24, 1951 (page 6) reported that Prof. Gene Weltfish, sponsor
of the American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born, was one
of those who signed an open letter to President Truman protesting
the jailing of Abner Green, secretary of the organization .
The United States Attorney General cited the American ommittee
for Protection of Foreign Born as subversive and Commu ist in lists
released June 1, 1948, and September 21, 1948 . It was a so cited as
"one of the oldest auxiliaries of the Communist Party in he United
States" by the Special Committee (Report, March 29, 194 , page 155 .
Dr . Gene Weltfish, anthropologist and author, was r,ported as
being a sponsor of the American Continental Congress for Peace in
the "Daily Worker" of July 29, 1949 (page 5) . The Co mittee on
Un-American Activities in its report on the Commune t "Peace"
Offensive, April 25, 1951 (page 21), cited the American ontinental
Congress for Peace as "another phase in the Commu ist `peace'
campaign, aimed at consolidating anti-American forces hroughout
the Western Hemisphere ."
Dr . Weltfish was a member of the Board of Directors of he Ameri-
can Council for a Democratic Greece as shown by a pres release of
March 17, 1948 . This group was cited as subversive and ommunist,
the organization formerly was known as the Greek-Americ n Council,
by the U . S . Attorney General (letters to the Loyalty Rev ew Board,
June 1 1948 and September 31 1948) .
The "Daily Worker" of March 15, 1951 (page 8) reported that Dr .
Gene Weltfish was a sponsor of the American Peace Crusade . She
was a sponsor of the American People's Congress and Exposition for
Peace held under the auspices of the American Peace Crusade, Chicago,
Congress * * * invites you to participate in a National Peace Com
petition" * * * June 29, 1951 . The "Daily Worker" of May 1, 195
(page 11) reported that she was a sponsor of a contest for songs, essay
and paintings advancing the theme of world peace, held under auspice
of the American Peace Crusade .
The Committee on Un-American Activities in its report on th
Communist "Peace" Offensive, April 25, 1951 (page 51) and in it
statement issued on the March of Treason, February 19, 1951, cit
the American Peace Crusade as an organization which "the Com
munists Established" as a "new instrument for their ` .peace' offensiv
in the United States" and which was heralded by the "Daily Worker
"with the usual bold headlines reserved for projects in line with the
Communist objectives ."
A "Program of Testimonial Dinner" which was held at the Hote
Pennsylvania, New York, on October 12, 1947, page 2, named her a
one of the sponsors of a dinner given by the American Slav Congress
The Fall, 1948 issue of the "Slavic-American" (page 18) named Gen
Weltfish as a speaker at a meeting of the Congress . The America
Slav Congress was cited as subversive and Communist by the U .
Attorney General in lists furnished the Loyalty Review Board, whic
were released to the press on June 1, 1948 and September 21, 1948 .
The American Slav Congress was the subject of a report of th
Committee on Un-American Activities, released June 26, 1949, i
which it was cited as-
a Moscow-inspired and directed federation of Communist-dominated organiza
tions seeking by methods of propaganda and pressure to subvert the 10,000,00
people in this country of Slavic birth or descent . (page 1)
Dr. Weltfish was a speaker or reporter at a Conference to Safeguar
the Welfare of Our Children and Our Homes, held under auspices o
the American Women for Peace, March 22 at the Pythian, 135 W
70th Street, New York, N . Y ., as reported by the April 6, 1952 issu
of the "Daily Worker" (page 8, magazine section) . The Committee
in its report on the Communist "Peace" Offensive, cited the America
Women for Peace as-
an advance wave to establish a beachhead for other left-wing organization
scheduled to descend on Washington in observance of a Communist-declare
"Peace Week ."
She was named as a sponsor of the American Youth for Democrac
as shown by a "Program of dinner on first anniversary of the American
Youth for Democracy" (dated October 16, 1944) . The Specia
Committee * * * cited this group as "the new name under which
the Young Communist League operates and which also largely ab-
sorbed the American Youth Congress ." (Report, March 29, 1944
page 102) . The Committee also cited this organization as-
a front formed in October 1943 to succeed the Young Communist League and fo
the purpose of exploiting to the advantage of a foreign power the idealism, inex
erience, and craving to join which is characteristic of American college youth
Vts "high-sounding slogans" cover "a determined effort to disaffect our youth an
to turn them against religion, the American home, against the college authorities,
and against the American government itself ." (Report No . 271, April 17, 1947
The U . S . Attorney General also cited it as subversive and Communist in list
of December 4, 1947, and September 21, 1948 .
August 28, 1946, New York, N . Y ., as shown by the hand 1, "Lynch
Terror Stalks America ." She signed a statement of th group in
defense of Gerhart Eisler ("Daily Worker," February 28, 1947, p . 2 ;
she was a panel participant at the conference of the Civil Rights
Congress of New York, October 11, 1947 ("Program of Co ference") ;
a sponsor of the National Conference of the group which as held in
Chicago on November 21-23, 1947 (Program, "Let Free om Ring,"
and "Daily People's World," October 28, 1947, p . 4) ; sp sor of the
group's National Civil Rights Legislative Conference, anuary. 18
and 19, 1949 (Leaflet, "Freedom Crusade," program of onference) ;
and an additional sponsor of the Bill of Rights Confer nee," New
York City, July 16-17, 1949, p . 6 ; she signed an Ope Letter to
Congress urging defeat of the Mundt Bill ; signed a state ent of the
Congress protesting indictment and arrest of Comm nist Party
leaders ("Daily Worker, August 3, 1948, p . 2) ; mem er of their
delegation in behalf of Communist leaders ("Daily Worke ," January
25, 1949, page 10) ; signed an open letter to .J. Howard cGrath on
behalf of the four jailed Trustees of the Bail Fund of the ivil Rights
Congress as shown by an advertisement ("paid for by c itributions
of signers"), in the October 30, 1951 issue of the "Ev ning Star"
(page A-7) . The "Daily Worker" of November 12, 195 (page 18)
reported that she was to speak at a memorial meeting p otesting an
act of genocide which was to be held under auspices of th Congress .
She spoke at an anniversary dinner of the group on Mar h 26, 1952,
as reported by the March 26, 1952 issue of the "Dail Worker"
(page 3) .
The Committee on Un-American Activities cited the evil Rights
Congress as-
an organization formed in April 1946 as a merger of two other Conpmunist-front
organizations (International Labor Defense and the National Federation for
Constitutional Liberties) "dedicated not to the broader issues of evil liberties,
but specifically to the defense of individual Communists and th Communist
Party" and "controlled by individuals who are either members of th Communist
Party or openly loyal to it ." (Report No . 1115, September 2, 1947, p . 2 and 19) .
The U . S . Attorney General cited the group as "sub ersive and
Communist" in lists furnished the Loyalty Review B and (press
releases, December 4, 1947, and September 21, 1948) .
Letterheads of 1946, 1947, July 11, 1947, and May 28, 148, named
her as one of the sponsors of the Committee for a Democratic Far
Eastern Policy . As shown by the pamphlet, "What Price Philippine
Independence" by George Phillips (pages 30-32), Gene Weltfish was
one of those who signed an Open Letter to President Truman, released
on October 7, 1946, under auspices of the Committee for a Democratic
* * * cited as "Communist" by the U . S . Attorney General (press
release of April 27, 1949) . She was a sponsor of the National Confer-
ence on American Policy on China and the Far East, as shown by the
Conference Call "* * * Jan . 23-25, 1948, New York City ." This
conference was called by the Committee for a Democratic Far East-
ern Policy and was cited as "Communist" by the U . . Attorney
General (press release of July 25, 1949) .
Gene Weltfish was President of "Woman Power," publis ed monthly
by the Congress of American Women, 55 W . Forty-second treet, New
of American Women as shown by a letterhead of February 25, 1949,
and by a bulletin of the group (page 2) . A leaflet, "What is the Con-
gress of American Women?" listed Dr . Weltfish as vice-chairman of
the Continuing Committee of the Congress of American Women . A
report of Gene Weltfish of the Congress of American Women to the
June 1946 Executive Committee meeting of the International Demo
cratic Women's Federation in Paris, France, appeared in "Soviet
Women," July-August 1946 (p . 4) . According to the "Daily Worker"
of February 11, 1948, p . 10, she is a member of the Executive Com-
mittee of the Women's International Democratic Federation .
The Congress of American Women was the subject of a report by
the Committee on Un-American Activities, released October 23, 1949,
in which it stated that-
The Congress of American Women is an affiliate of the Women's International
Democratic Federation, which was founded and supported at all times by the
international Communist movement . The purpose of these organizations is not
to deal primarily with women's problems, as such, but rather to serve as a special-
ized arm of Soviet political warfare in the current "peace" campaign to disarm and
demobilize the United States and democratic nations generally, in order to rende
them helpless in the face of the Communist drive for world conquest .
This organization was also cited as "subversive" and "Communist"
by the U . S . Attorney General in lists furnished the Loyalty Review
Board (press releases dated June 1, 1948, and September 21, 1948) .
Dr. Gene Weltfish was one of the signers of a petition to President
Truman "to bar military aid to or alliance with fascist Spain" released
under auspices of the Spanish Refugee Appeal of the Joint Anti-
Fascist Refugee Committee as shown by a mimeographed petition,
attached to a letterhead of May 18, 1951 . The U . S . Attorney
General cited the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee as "subver-
sive and Communist" (see letters of December 4, 1947 and September
21, 1948) . The Special Committee in its report dated March 29,
1944 (page 174), cited the Joint Anti-Fascist * * * as a "Com-
munist-front organization headed by Edward K . Barsky."
One of the most important "cultural" events 'of the year for the
Reds was the celebration in honor of "Mother" Ella Reeve Bloor on
the occasion of her eighty-fifth birthday anniversary . Gene Weltfish
was one of the sponsors of this banquet, as shown in the "Daily
Worker" of June 11, 1947 (page 5) .
Dr. Gene Weltfish, anthropologist, was listed among those who sent
greetings to women of the Soviet Union, under the auspices of the
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship ("Daily Worker,"
March 8, 1949, page 7) . She was an endorser of this organization
as shown by the program, "Congress on American-Soviet Relations,"
December 3-5, 1949 . The U . S . Attorney General cited the National
Council * * * as "subversive and Communist" in letters of Decem-
ber 4, 1947, and September 21, 1948 . The Special Committee on
Un-American Activities, in its report dated March 29, 1944 (page 156)
cited the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship as "the
Communist Party's principal front for all things Russian ."
A pamphlet, "Seeing is Believing," (dated 1947) listed her as a
Council Member of the Council on African Affairs, Inc . An undated
pamphlet named her as a conference participant of the Council
(Pamphlet, "For a New Africa," page 37) . The "Daily Worker" of
of this group, according to the "Daily Worker" of March 29, 1948,
page 7 . The Council on African Affairs was cited as subversive and
Communist (U. S . Attorney General's letters to the Loyalty Review
Board, December 4, 1947, and September 21, 1948) .
A pamphlet, "For a New Africa," named Gene Weltfish as an indi-
vidual participant of the Conference on Africa held in New York on
April 14, 1944, under the sponsorship of the National Negro Congress .
The Special Committee in its Report of January 3, 1939 (page 81)
stated that-
the Communist-front movement in the United States among Negroes is known
as the National Negro Congress .
The U . S . Attorney General stated that-
Commencing with the formation of the National . Negro Congress in 1936, Com-
munist Party functionaries and "fellow travelers" have figured prominently in the
leadership and affairs of the Congress * * * according to A . Phillip Randolph,
John P . Davis, secretary of the congress, has admitted that the Communist Party
contributed $100 a month to its support . * * * (Congressional Record, Sep-
tember 24, 1942, pp . 7687 and 7688) .
This group was also cited by the U . S . Attorney General (press
releases of the U . S . Civil Service Commission, dated December 4,
1947, and September 21, 1948) .
The "Daily Worker" of September 20, 1947 (page 8) and the
"Worker" for September 28, 1947 (page 10) named Dr. Weltfish as a
speaker for the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade . The
January 15, 1848 (page 5) issue of this paper listed her as a participant
in the picket line against Franco, which was sponsored by the Veterans
of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade . The Special Committee * * * in
its report of March 29, 1944 (page 82) stated that-
In 1937-38, the Communist Party threw itself wholeheartedly into the campaign
for the support of the Spanish Loyalist cause, recruiting men and organizing
multifarious so-called relief organizations .
Among these was the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade .
The U . S . Attorney General cited this group as "subversive and
Communist" in lists to the Loyalty Review Board, released December
4, 1947 and September 21, 1948.
Letterheads of September 8, 1947, September 30, 1947, and an
undated letterhead (received for files, April 1948) have named Gene
Weltfish as a member of the Advisory Council of "Soviet Russia
Today" which was cited as a "Communist front" by the Special
Committee on Un-American Activities in its Report of March 29,
1944 (page 167) and Report of June 25, 1942 (page 21) .
According to the Conference Program (page 15) Gene Weltfish
was one of the sponsors of the Cultural and Scientific Conference .for
World Peace, which was arranged by the National Council of the
Arts, Sciences and Professions and held in New York City on March
25, 26, and 27, 1949. She participated in this conference by speaking
on "Fascism, Colonialism and World Peace" as shown by the edited
report of the Conference, "Speaking of Peace" (pages 72 and 143) .
She was a sponsor of a conference held by the National Council
* * * on October 9-10, 1948, as shown by a leaflet, "To Safeguard
These Rights * * *", published by the Bureau on Academic Freedom
of the National Council . She was also a signer of a statement spon-
leaflet, "World Congress for Peace, Paris" April 20, 21, 22, 23, 1949 .
In its report of April 9, 1949, the Committee on Un-American
Activities cited the Scientific and Cultural Conference for World
Peace as a-
gathering at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City on March 25, 26, and
27, 1949, which was actually a supermobilization of the inveterate wheelhorses
and supporters of the Communist Party and its auxiliary organizations .
This group prepared "the way for the coming World Peace Con
gress to be held in Paris on April 20 to 23, 1949, with similar aim
in view on a world scale and under similar Communist auspice
(page 1) . The National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Profession
was cited as a "Communist-front organization" on page 2 of th
same report .
The "Daily Worker" of February 16, 1949 (page 2) and Februar
20, 1949 (page 10) named Gene Weltfish as one of those person
protesting the procedure in Communist trials . She was one of thos
who signed a telegram in behalf of Robert Thompson, Communist,
as shown by the "Daily Worker" of November 30, 1948 (page 11)
and was also a member of a delegation in behalf of Robert Thompso
("Daily Worker," December 15, 1948, page 1) . She was a sponsor o
the National Non-Partisan Committee to Defend the Rights of the
12 Communist leaders, as shown by the reverse side of a letterhea
dated September 9, 1949 . Robert Thompson was one of the eleven
Communist leaders who were convicted on October 14, 1949 of con
spiracy to teach and advocate the violent overthrow of the United
States Government ("New York Times," October 15, 1949, page 5)
Gene Weltfish was a signer of a brief submitted in behalf of John
Howard Lawson and Dalton Trumbo, October 1949, by the Cultura
Workers in the Supreme Court of the United States, October Term,
1949 . The following reference to John Howard Lawson, Dalton
Trumbo and certain other individuals appears in the Report of th
Committee on Un-American Activities, dated December 31, 1948
page 9 :
Each of these witnesses refused to affirm or deny membership in the Communis
Party * * * In each case the committee presented voluminous evidence to show
affiliations with communist organizations and a copy of the witness' Communist
Party registration card .
Lawson and Trumbo were convicted of contempt of Congress and
sentenced to one year in jail and fined $1,000 each ("Washington
Times Herald, May 30, 1950, page 1) . They began serving thei
sentence on June 11, 1950 ("New York Times," June 11, 1950, pag
3) .
According to the "Daily Worker" of April 10, 1950 (page 2) Gen
Weltfish was a signer of a statement in support of Pablo Neruda,
Chilean Communist. The "Worker" of October 26, 1947 (page 7
named Dr . Weltfish as an active supporter of Ada B . Jackson, a
American Labor Party candidate .
For years, the Communists have put forth the greatest efforts to capture th
entire American Labor Party throughout New York State . They succeeded i
capturing the Manhattan and Brooklyn sections of the American Labor Part
Dr . Gene Weltfish was a sponsor of a conference called by the Pro-
visional Committee for a United Labor and People's May Day which
was organized to "set up May Day Committees" and "to assure the
broadest participation in the May Day Demonstration" ("Daily
Worker," March 14, 1949, page 8) . "The May Day Parade in New
York City is an annual mobilization of Communist strength ."
(Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Report 1311, March
29, 1944, page 179 .)
An undated leaflet, "Prominent Americans Call For * * * (re-
ceived for files, September 11, 1950) named Prof . Gene Weltfish as
an endorser of the World Peace Appeal .
The text of the "peace petition" as adopted in Stockholm on March 15-19,
1950, by the so-called World Peace Congress at the third session of its Permanent
Committee, is announced to the world in the March 24, 1950, issue of "for a
Lasting Peace, For a People's Democracy," official organ of the general staff
of the International Communist conspiracy, the Information Bureau of the Com-
munist and Workers Parties (Cominform) . In conformity with this directive,
the Communist Party, USA, formulated its own "peace plan" in the "Worker"
for June 11, 1950 . Calling for a "Nation-wide drive for millions of signatures,"
every Communist is notified that he "has the duty to rise to this appeal ." On
June 20, 1950, the "peace petition" received the official stamp of approval from
.the Supreme Soviet of the U . S . S . R . (The Communist "Peace Petition Cam-
paign," Interim Statement of the Committee on Un-American Activities, released
July 13, 1950 .)
Dr. Weltfish was one of the sponsors of the Committee to Secure
Justice in the Rosenberg Case, as shown on a letterhead of the group
dated June 5, 1952 ; the "Daily Worker" of October 15, 1952 (page 3),
reported that she had protested the death sentence against Ethel and
Julius Rosenberg ; she was one of the individuals who signed an amicus
curiae brief submitted to the U . S . Supreme Court, urging a new trial
for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg ; Dr . Weltfish was identified in this
source as an anthropologist at Columbia University . The "Dail
Worker" of January 21, 1953 (page 7), also reported that Dr . Weltfis
urged clemency for the Rosenbergs, sentenced to death after their
conviction in March 1951, of conspiring with a Soviet official to . send
atomic secrets to Russia between 1944 and 1950 .
ALEXANDER WERTH
A review of "The Year of Stalingrad," by Alexander Werth, appears
in "Soviet Russia Today," June 1947 (p . 23) . "Soviet Russia Today"
has been cited by the Committee on Un-American Activities as a
Communist-front publication (Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, Report, March 29, 1944, p. 167 ; June 25, 1942, p . 21-
Congressional Committee on Un-American Activities, House Report
No . 1953, April 26, 1950, p . 108) . The reviewer, Isidor Schneider,
states that the task of the book "is to make clear the full significance
of the year of the decisive battle which changed the course of the
Second World War-and of modern history ."
A booklet, "Poland Today," by Alexander Werth, published in
1948 by the Polish Research and Information Service, contains the
following statements :
And it must be said that Polish Communists give the impression of being
Poles first and foremost, Communists only next, and Pro-Russians last and
sometimes not at all . Many say that they want Poland to acquire certain but
Soviet Communism is totally unacceptable to the Polish people, and th
Polish Communists know it as well as anybody . But there are certain feature
of Soviet organization and economy which they-and not only they-conside
valuable in the-process of rebuilding Poland * * * (p . 7) .
* * * The Russians in general are not liked, and the "Russian occupation" o
1944-45 has left some bad memories ; discipline among someof the Russian-troops
especially after victory, went to pieces completely . A growing number of Poles
however, are beginning to realize that it was the Russians, after all, who drove
the Germans out of Poland, and the fact that "they did not stay on" is also pu
to their credit (p . 14) .
"Moscow War Dairy," by Alexander Werth, was recommended by
the Washington Cooperative Bookshop, in "Books on the U .S .S .R .,
a selected bibliography by Bessie Weissman, p . 30 . The Congressiona
Record of September 24, 1942 (p . 7688) contained a statement by th
U . S . Attorney General, from which the following is quoted :
The Washington Cooperative Book Shop, under the name, "The Book Sho
Association," was incorporated in the District of Columbia in 1938 .
Evidence of Communist penetration or control is reflected in the following
Among its stock the establishment has offered prominently for sale books and
literature identified with the Communist Party and certain of its affiliates an
front organizations . * * * certain of the officers and employees of the book shop
including its manaer and executive secretary, have been in close contact wit
local officials of the Communist Party of the District of Columbia .
The Attorney General also cited the organization as subversive an
Communist in his letters to the Loyalty Review Board, in 1947 an
1948 . The organization was redesignated by the Attorney General
April 27, 1953, pursuant to Executive Order No . 10450, and included o
the April 1, 1954, consolidated list of organizations previously desig-
nated pursuant to Executive Order No . 10450 . The Special Com
mittee on Un-American Activities cited the organization as a Com-
munist front in its Report, March 29, 1944 (p . 150) .
Alexander Werth was quoted with approval by Joseph Starobin i
the "Daily Worker" of December 21, 1949 (p . 6) .
Joseph Clark, in his "Daily Worker" column of January 30, 195
(p . 6), said :
Alexander Werth writes from Czechoslovakia in The Nation (Jan . 7) : "It seem
important to explode another favorite myth of our anti-Communist propagan-
dists-that Czechoslovakia is being "mercilessly exploited" by the Soviet Union
It is not. The clear purpose of Soviet policy is to make Czechoslovakia economi-
cally an outstanding success."
An article headed "British Writer Refutes Lies about Sovie
`Forced Labor' " appears on pages 3 and 11 of the "Daily Worker
of February 16, 1949 . The following is quoted from the article :
U. S. charges of "forced labor" in the Soviet Union, often exploded as deliberat
lies in the past, are based on a recent book by David J . Dallin, which has bee
exposed are (sic) a series of lies and distortions by, leading British and America
correspondents in the Soviet Union .
* * * His book, Forced Labor in the Soviet Union, was riddled by the note
British correspondent Alexander Werth some months ago in the British publica
tion New Statesmen and Nation. Werth, who was a correspondent in the Sovie
Union for seven years, cited two places named by Dallin as "forced labor camps,
which he visited and found to be thriving cities .
In his "Daily Worker" column of January 16, 1950, Joseph Clar
quotes from an article by Alexander Werth in the January 2 issue o
Czechoslovakia .
An article headed' "Anti-Soviet Slander Exposed as Forgery"
appears in the "Daily Worker" of February 23, 1949 (p . 6) . The
following is quoted from the article :
"There are no limits to the methods of anti-Soviet propaganda, and in some
countries of western Europe it has become the business not only of the great
magnates-such as for example the great organization behind the distribution of
Kravchenko's book-but also of all kinds of scum who in normal times would be
selling copies, pornographic pictures and other profitable rubbish ."
This is the verdict given by the well-known British journalist Alexander Werth
in a statement published in Rude Pravo
Werth described * * * a characteristic method of those who trade in
what he calls "that highly profitable commodity-anti-Soviet propaganda and
slander" * * * .
According to the "Daily Worker" of November 2, 1952' (p . 7),
Alexander Werth was a signer of the World Peace Appeal .
The Committee on Un-American Activities, in its report on the
Communist "Peace" Offensive, April 1, 1951 (p. 34), cited the World
Peace Appeal as a petition campaign launched by the Permanent
Committee of the World Peace Congress at its meeting in Stockholm,
March 16-19, 1950 ; as having "received the enthusiastic approval of
every section of the international Communist hierarchy" ; as having
been lauded in the Communist press, putting "every individual Com-
munist on notice that he `has the duty to rise to this appeal'" ; and as
having "received the official endorsement of the Supreme Soviet of
the U. S . S . R ., which has been echoed by the governing bodies of
every Communist satellite country, and by all Communist Parties
throughout the world ."
TENNESSEE WILLIAMS
Organization and affiliation Source
Sent greetings to Moscow Art Daily Worker, Nov . 1, 1948, p .
Theater . 13 .
Author of "Streetcar Named De- Daily Worker, Dec . 8, 1947, p .
sire," praised in Daily Worker . 13 .
See also : Public hearings of this committee regarding Communist
Infiltration of Hollywood Motion-Picture Industry-Part 2, April
and May 1951, pp. 331, 2413 .
DR . WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS
The following information from the public records, files and publica-
tions of this committee concerning Dr. William Carlos Williams should
not be construed as representing results of an investigation by or find-
ings of the committee . It should be noted that the subject . individual
is not necessarily a Communist, a Communist sympathizer, or a fellow-
traveler, unless so indicated .
On March 5, 1941 (page 2), the Daily Worker featured in a full-page
spread the names of several hundred persons who defended the Com-
munist Party against alleged persecution . The statement called at-
tention to "a matter of vital significance to the future of our nation .
It is the attitude of our government toward the Communist Party
* * * ." The name of William Carlos Williams of Rutherford, New
Jersey, appeared in the list of persons who signed that statement .
President of the United States, urging reconsideration of the order of
Attorney General Francis Biddle for deportation of Harry Bridges .
The Open Letter was published in pamphlet form, September 11, 1942,
by the National Federation * * *, under the title "600 Prominent
Americans Ask President to Rescind Biddle Decision" ; Dr . Williams
was identified in this source as being from Rutherford, New Jersey
The Daily Worker of July 19, 1942 (page 4), also reported that William
Carlos Williams had signed an Open Letter on behalf of Mr . Bridges .
The Attorney General has cited the National Federation for
Constitutional Liberties as "part of what Lenin called the solar system
of organizations, ostensibly having no connection with the Com-
munist Party, by which Communists attempt to create sympathizers
and supporters of their program * * *." (Congressional Record,
September 24, 1942, page 7687) ; the Attorney General also cited the
organization as subversive and Communist (press releases of Decem-
ber 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; included in consolidated list
released April 1, 1954) ; the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities found that "there can be no reasonable doubt about the
fact that the National Federation * * * is one of the viciously
subversive organizations of the Communist Party" (reports of March
29, 1944 ; June 25, 1942 ; and January 2, 1943) . It was cited as
having been formed for the "alleged purpose of defending civil lib-
erties in general but actually intended to protect Communist sub-
version from any penalties under the law" (Committee on Un-
American Activities in Report 1115 of September 2, 1947). Harry
Bridges was a Communist Party member and and leader of the San
Francisco general strike of 1934 which was planned by the Communist
Party (see Report of the Special Committee * * * dated March 29,
1944, pages 90-97) .
The printed program of the Fifth National Conference of the
American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born which was held
in Atlantic City, N . J ., March 29-30, 1941, contained the name of
William Carlos Williams in a list of sponsors of that conference
The American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born has been
cited as "one of the oldest auxiliaries of the Communist Party in
the United States" (Special Committee on Un-American Activities
in a report dated March 29, 1944 ; also cited in report of June 25,
1942) ; the Attorney General cited the organization as subversive
and Communist (press releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948
included on consolidated list released April 1, 1954) .
The American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom
has been cited as "a Communist front which defended Communist
teachers" (Special Committee * * * in reports of June 25, 1942 and
March 29, 1944) ; William Carlos Williams' was one of those who
signed the organization's petition, as was shown on a mimeographed
sheet attached to the group's letterhead of January 17, 1940 ; in this
source he was identified as an author .
Dr . Williams signed a statement of the American League for Peace
and Democracy, according to New Masses for March 15, 1938 (page
19) ; he signed a letter of the American Friends of Spanish Democracy,
addressed to the President of the United States (Daily Worker, Feb-
tion with`the Soviet Union which was printed in Soviet Russia Today
for September 1939 (page 28), in which source he was identified as'
a writer ; he signed the Golden Book of American Friendship With the
Soviet Union, as revealed in Soviet Russia Today for November 1937'
(page 79) ; and signed the Call to the Third American Writers Congress,''
as reported in Direction for May-June 1939 (page 1) .
The American League for Peace and Democracy was established'
"in an effort to create public sentiment on behalf of a foreign policy
adapted to the interests of the Soviet Union" (Attorney General,
Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, pages 7683 and 7684) ;
the organization was also cited by the Attorney General in press re-
leases of June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; included in consolidated list
released April 1, 1954 . The Special Committee * * * cited it as
"the largest of the Communist `front' movements in the United
States" (reports of January 3, 1939 ; March 29, 1944 ; January 3, 1940 ;
.January 3, 1941 ; June 25, 1942 ; and January 2, 1943) .
American Friends of Spanish Democracy was one of the organiza-
tions formed during 1937' and 1938, when the Communist Party was
campaigning for support of the Spanish Loyalist cause (from the Spe-
cial Committee's report of March 29,'1-944) . The Special Committee
reported on June 25, 1942, that the Open Letter for Closer Cooperation
with the 'Soviet Union was issued by "a group of Communist Party
:stooges." The Golden Book of American Friendship with the Soviet
Union was a "Communist enterprise" signed by "hundreds" of "well-
known Communists and fellow-travelers" (Special Committee * * *
in its report of March 29, 1944) .
The American Writers Congress was sponsored by the League of
American Writers, cited as subversive and Communist by the At-
torney General (press releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948 ;
included in consolidated list released April 1, 1954) ; it was founded
"under Communist auspices" in 1935 and in 1939 it began openly to
follow the Communist Party -line as dictated by the foreign policy of
the Soviet Union" (Attorney General, Congressional Record, Septem-
ber 24, 1942, pages 7685 and 7686) ; and was cited as a Communist-
front organization by the Special Committee (reports of January 3,
1940 ; June 25, 1942 ; and March 29, 1944) .
The Daily Worker of April 11, 1951 (page 8), reported that Dr.
William Carlos Williams, poet, would speak at a meeting sponsored
by the National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions, on
behalf of John Howard Lawson, Dalton Trumbo, and Albert Maltz ;
the same publication, in the issue of April 16, 1951 (page 4), announced
that Dr . Williams had been unable to appear at the meeting, because
,of illness, but that he had initiated a letter appealing for parole of
the so-called "Hollywood Ten" ; he signed a statement on behalf of
the "Hollywood Ten", as reported in the Daily Worker on May 12,
1950 (page 3); he signed a petition to the Supreme Court of the United
States for a Reconsideration of its Refusal to Hear the Appeal of the
Hollywood Ten, as shown in an advertisement inserted in the Wash-
ington Post on May 24, 1950 (page 14), in which source he was
identified as a poet .
Dr . Williams supported the National Council's effort to secure a
rehearing of the case of Communist leaders before the Supreme Court
,of the United States, as shown in "We Join Black's Dissent", a
by the National Council * * * . The Committee on Un-American
Activities cited the National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Profes-
sions as a Communist-front organization (Review of the Scientific and
Cultural Conference for World Peace, arranged by the National
Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions, released April 19, 1949) .
During the Special Committee's investigation in 1939, they un-
earthed the fact that "Earl Browder, general secretary of the Com-
munist Party in the United States, had obtained a false American
passport in the course of his conspiratorial activities * * * . Browder
was tried and convicted on charges in connection with this fraudulent
passport . His sentence was a four-year term in Atlanta Federal
Penitentiary . During his incarceration in Atlanta, the Communists
and their sympathizers all over the United States carried on an
intensive campaign in which they pictured Browder as a victim of
capitalist persecution . The principal Communist organization which
conducted this campaign was known as the Citizens Committee to
Free Earl Browder" .
A letterhead of the Citizens Committee to * * *, dated April 2,1942,
named William Carlos Williams as one of the "prominent Americans
who favor Presidential clemency for the release of Earl Browder" .
An undated leaflet of the same organization which was an appeal to
President Roosevelt "for justice in the Browder case" named Dr .
Williams, author, Collected Poems, as one of those who made the
appeal.
Under the title of "Letters from Readers", featured in New Masses
for December 1930 (page 22), William Carlos Williams, Rutherford,
New Jersey, contributed the following :
I like the John Reed number * * * . I feel in a false position . How can I
be a Communist, being what I am . Poetry is the thing which has the hardest
hold on me in my daily experiences . But I cannot, without an impossible wrench
of my understanding, turn it into a force directed toward one end, Vote the
Communist Ticket, or work for the world revolution . There are too many
difficulties, unresolved difficulties in my way . I can however see the monumental
blockwit of social injustices surrounding me on every side . But why they arise,
God only knows . But in any case they are there and I would give my life freely
if I could right them . But who the hell wants my life? Nobody as far as I can
see . They don't even want my verse, which is of more importance . I'm for
you . I'll help as I can . I'd like to see you live . And here's to the light,' from
wherever it may come .
Mr. Williams contributed to New Masses for November 23, 1937
(page 17), and reviewed "The Spider and the Clock", by S . Funarof£
(International Publishers), in the August 16, 1938, issue of the same
publication (pages 23-25) . Under the heading, "Some Additional
Views", which appeared in New Masses for August 17, 1943 (page
22), William Carlos Williams, poet and novelist, expressed his views
as follows :
Replying to your question, Can Communists and non-Communists unite?
No, not in the same nation, that's why we have nations . But if you'll put your
question, Can a Communist nation unite with a non-Communist nation? Cer-
tainly and why not? We aren't afraid of them and they're not afraid of us . In
fact, we seem to like them, individually, and many of us admire their intellectual
make-up . They seem cleaner than the swine we are used to fighting to keep
our nation halfway honest and anti-thug .
It is going to be some laugh when the war is over and we've beat the mirror-
writing we are so practically familiar with under a different name at our own
doorsteps-it's going to be some fun if Russia or the Russian system, now on a
going to be fun to watch the subtle change that will come over the local fascist .
Man to man, does any one think that a hard boiled American businessman is so
stupid that he won't shift his political complexion if there's money in it? You've
got to ask me a harder one ,than that.
(Note : Words italicized above were shown in italics in original
source .)
EDMUND WILSON
Organization and affiliation Source
Communist Party (1) and (2) . Daily Worker, Sept . 14, 1932, p .
Signed Call for Support of the 1, c . 2 .
Communist Party National
Election and its candidates .
Member, League of Profes- Pamphlet, "Culture and the Cri-
sional Groups for Foster sis," p . 32 .
and Ford, C. P ., candidates
for President and Vice Pres-
ident of the U . S ., respec-
tively.
The Liberator (1) . Contributor ; The Liberator, April 1920, p . 38 ;
name shown in all of these June 1920, p . 27 ; May 1921, p .
sources as Edmund Wilson, Jr. 25 ; September 1921, p . 13 ;
February 1922, p . 12 .
New Masses (1) and (2) . Con- New Masses, October 1927, p . 3 .
tributing Editor ; name shown
as EEdm and Wilson, Jr.
.Contributor New Masses, April 1932, p .' 7 ;
and September 1932, p . 9 .
See also : Hearings of Special Committee on Un-American Activities,
pages 380, 509, 557, 559, 566, and 703 .
ORGANIZATIONS
In the May 1922 issue of Young Worker, then the official organ of
the Young Communist League, the following statement appeared:
We hear the tramp of the young as they come in ever larger masses to the banner
of the revolutionists . Soon they will conquer . Meanwhile as we view the intoler-
able situation forced upon us by the master class, let this be our slogan till that
happy May Day comes when we have won for ourselves a workers' republic :
"We have loved enough ; now let us hate" (pp . 71 and 72) .
In Report No . 1311 of the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, dated March 29, 1944, it was stated that "the American
Youth Congress was outstandingly active in the American Peace
Mobilization against conscription and the national defense program ."
An article entitled "Communist Youth Ask for Unity" appeared in
the Daily Worker of July 19, 1935, p . 1, from which the following is
quoted :
In the past period of time, we have learned to work together and to act together
despite the fundamental differences in program and policy which still separates
our two organizations . Working relationships have now existed between the
Young Peoples Socialist League and the Young Communist League for over a
year. Joint activity for realizing the program of the American Youth Congress
resulted in the inspiring student strike of April 12th, participated in unitedly by
Socialist and Communist students .
United States" :
The greatest progress has been made among the youth . Without any formal
negotiations the Young People's Socialist League and the Young Communist
League already find themselves standing upon an agreed platform . This achieve-
ment came out of the struggle against the fascist Central Bureau which called
the American Youth Congress in which the anti-fascist united front won a com-
plete victory in winning over almost the entire body of delegates to a program
entirely opposed to the one proposed by the leaders, with government support,
adopting instead a program of struggle against war and fascism, and for the
immediate needs of the -youth, including unemployment insurance, etc . This
victory, the basis of which had already been laid by the Youth Section of the
American League Against War and Fascism which was already a growing united
front from below, reaching all strata of youth, now comprises 1,700,000, ranging
from Y. M . C . A .'s, Y . W. C . A.'s, church youth organizations trade union youth
sections, settlement houses, etc ., clear down to the Y . P. S. L. and Y. C. L. In
this, the political center of gravity is the work of our Y . C. L . Practically all the
basic proposals and policy came from us or from those circles influenced by us
through the unanimous support of this broad youth movement" (pp . 265-266) .
BROOKWOOD LABOR COLLEGE
The subject organization has not been cited as subversive by this
committee or by the United States Attorney General . The Special
Committee on Un-American Activities, in its report of March 29, 1944
(House Report No . 1311), referred to the organization as a "commu-
nistic"school, and named it among "Communist enterprises" which
had received financial assistance from the American Fund for Public
Service, stating that it had received "at least $115,000" (pp . 34 and
76) . The American Fund for Public Service (Garland Fund) was
cited in the same report as being "a major source for the financing
of Communist Party .,enterprises (pp . 75 and 76) .
Brookwood's Fifteenth Anniversary Review contained an article
by Spencer Miller, Jr ., from which the following is quoted :
The Workers Education Bureau of America and Brookwood celebrate in 1936
the fifteenth anniversary of their establishment . During the period of a decade
and a half of their respective service to the labor movement, there have been not
a few elements in common in their history . Many of the same persons who were
present at the conference called at the Brookwood School in Katonah, New York,
to plan for the establishment of a resident labor college on March 30 and April 1,
1921, were also present the following days, April 2 and 3, at the New School for
Social Research * * * when the plans were finally adopted for the creation of a
national clearing-house on workers' education . * *
For the first eight years of the existence of Brookwood . it was an affiliated and
valued member of the Workers Education Bureau . When in 1929 this link of
affiliation was discontinued because of. the difficulties between Brookwood and
the American Federation of Labor, the officers of the Bureau continued unofficially
and informally to cooperate with Brookwood. * * *
* * * Brookwood was to be a training center to train workers to work in the
workers' movement . (p . 31)
The following is quoted from the preface to "Workers' Education
at the Cross Roads-Sixth Annual Conference of Teachers in Workers'
Education at Brookwood, February 22-24, 1929 (Edited by a Com-
mittee of Local 189, American Federation of Teachers)," p . 3:
* * * In August of that year (1928) the Executive Committee of the A . F . of L .
launched an attack upon Brookwood Labor College on the ground that it was
"un-American, atheistic, and Red" and that it was too critical of A . F . of L . unions .
Friends of workers' education who saw in this an attack upon the whole move-
ment rallied to the defense of Brookwood and for months the controversy waxed
hot. At the New Orleans convention of the American Federation of Labor in
Brookwood was disaffiliated from the Workers Education Bureau by the action
of the W . E . B . executive committee on January 18, 1929, on the ground that the
Bureau had no other alternative in view of the A. F . of L. action, although it was
definitely stated that the W . E . B . had no charges against Brookwood and had
made no investigation . * * *
"Ten Years of Workers' Education, a survey of the 8th Annual
Conference of Teachers in Workers' Education at Brookwood,
February 21-23, 1931" contained a report by Helen G . Norton, of
Brookwood, from which the following is quoted (p . 75)
Some graduates have been blacklisted by employers because of strike or organ-
izational activity and have gone into other and unorganized industries .
Some have turned to the Communist or Socialist party . * * * I cannot give
you figures on how many of our students were Communists when they came .
Some of them are not now party members by their own or the party's wish . The
same is true of those who joined the party after they left school . One of them
writes, "I am still a left winger with some moderation . I was expelled from the
party for being a Trotskyite and I left the latter group for being something else ."
A number who were in the party's opposition before the present group came into
power have been expelled for still being oppositionists . It may be that radicals
get into the habit of being in the minority and can't get over it when the minority
by chance becomes the majority . The fact, thatt the number of graduates engaging
in labor politicalactivity has risen from 13, in the 1923-26 group to 30in the
1927-30 may be considered a result of the stagnation of the trade union move-
ment. And in their rebellion against the ineffectualness of "business unionism"
most of them seized upon the most radical program they could find as is evidenced
by the fact that out of 43 persons engaged in labor political activity, 31 are Com-
munists of one brand or another . Thirty graduates are members of the Confer-
ence for Progressive Labor Action, started two years ago . Be it said to Brook-
wood's credit that it has not manufactured any Republicans or Democrats .
Further references to Brookwood Labor College may be found in
hearings of the Special Committee to Investigate Un-American Prop-
aganda, as follows : Volume 1, pp . 563, 564, 566, 973 ; Volume 3, p . 2106.
FELLOWSHIP OF RECONCILIATION
Fellowship of Reconciliation has never been officially cited as a
Communist-front organization nor in any other manner by this Com-
mittee or the Attorney General of the United States .
In public hearings before the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, November 7, 1938, the Fellowship of Reconciliation was
described by Mr . J . B . Matthews, its former executive secretary, as
a "radical peace organization ." (Public Hearings, Volume 3, p .
2179 .)
According to a pamphlet of the organization, the Fellowship of
Reconciliation began in England soon after the outbreak of the First
World War "as a movement of Christian protest against war and of
.faith in a better way than violence for the solution of all conflict ."
The pamphlet further states that the organization was composed of
individual members from more than twenty countries who subscribed
to the following Statement of Purpose :
They refuse to participate in any way, or to sanction military preparation ; they
work to abolish war and to foster good will among nations, races and classes ;
They strive to build a social order which will suffer no individual or group to
be exploited for the profit or pleasure of another
The Fellowship of Reconciliation has published a magazine, "Fel-
lowship," and has utilized the magazine, "The World Tomorrow," to
letters .
"Reconciliation Trips" which have piloted 50,000 persons on visits
of understanding to all sorts of groups in New York City were inspire
by the Fellowship of Reconciliation in 1921 "when in an era of 'red
baiting' propaganda the suggestion was made to a group of clergyme
that it might be a good plan to meet and talk with leaders of radica
groups in their own headquarters." Some of its officers and member
have
conducted reconciliation trips to foreign countries * * * Fellowship members
were among the first to visit Soviet Russia and to urge the resumption of diplo
matic relations between Russia and the United States . (From John Nevi
Sayre's "The Story of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, 1915-1935 .")
Through its official representatives, the Fellowship of Reconciliation
has participated in Communist-inspired conference against war, whe
the line of the Communist Party was anti-war . As executive secretar
of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, Joseph B . Matthews attended th
Communist-controlled Amsterdam World Congress Against War in
1932 . (Public Hearings, Volume 3, p . 2175 .) The Fellowship also
participated in the United States Congress Against War held i
August, 1933, which was the predecessor of the American League
Against War and Fascism and the American League for Peace and
Democracy.
The United States Congress Against War was cited as a Com-
munist-front organization by the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities in Reports dated January 3, 1940, June 25, 1942, and
March 29, 1944 . Attorney General Francis Biddle found that the
"American League Against War and Fascism was formally organized
at the First United' States Congress Against War and Fascism held
in New York City, September 29-October 1, 1933" (Congressional
Record, September 24, 1942, p . 7683) .
The American League Against War and Fascism was "established
in the United States in an effort to create public sentiment on behalf
of a foreign policy adapted to the interests of the Soviet Union .
Established in the United States in 1937 as successor to the American
League Against War and Fascism, "the American League for Peace
and Democracy * * * was designed to conceal Communist control,
in accordance with the new tactics of the Communist International"
(Attorney General Francis Biddle, Congressional Record, September
24, 1942, p . 7683 and 7684).
Both the American League Against War and Fascism and its suc-
cessor, the American League for Peace and Democracy, were cited
as subversive and Communist by Attorney General Tom Clark .
(See : Press Releases of the U . S . Civil Service Commission, December
4, 1947 and June 1, 1948 and September 21, 1948 .)
Both the American League Against War and Fascism and the
American League for Peace and Democracy were cited as Communist-
front organizations in Reports of the Special Committee on Un-
American Activities dated January 3, 1939 ; January 3, 1940 ; June 25,
1942 ; and March 29, 1944 . The American League for Peace and
Democracy was also cited in Reports of January 3, 1941 and January
2, 1943 .
the "Directory of Agencies in Intergroup Relations" for 1948-1949,
published by the American Council on Race Relations, Chicago,
Illinois, gives the address of Fellowship of Reconciliation, Racial-
Industrial Department, as 2929 Broadway, New York 25, New York,
and names Bayard Rustin and George M . Houser as co-secretaries
(page 21) . No information concerning Bayard Rustin or George M .
Houser is found in the public records, files and publications of the
Committee .
HIGHLANDER FOLK SCHOOL
The Highlander Folk School has never been cited as subversive by
the Committee on Un-American Activities and/or the Attorney Gen-
eral of the United States .
In an article which appeared in the New York Times on December
16, 1946, p . 29, and which was datelined Monteagle, Tennessee,
December 15, it was reported that-
the Highlander Folk School here will start next year a three-year inter-racial rural
education program throughout the South to promote better understanding be-
tween people of rural and urban areas and to combat racial and religious prejudice,
it was announced today by Myles Horton, director of the school * * * . The
school, since its inception in 1932, has trained more than 7,000 Southerners in
residence sessions and more than 12,000 others in field extension courses . Among
those who have endorsed the work of the school in the past were listed Mrs .
Eleanor Roosevelt, Dr. Frank Graham, president of the University of North
Carolina, and Senator Elbert Thomas of Utah .
A leaflet of the school, advertising the 1939 Winter Term, claims
that the "purpose of Highlander Folk School is to promote the pro-
gressive labor movement in the South ." Under the courses announced
in the same leaflet is one in Union Problems which "deals with definite
problems of the students as labor unionists . Methods of organizing,
strike tactics, Labor Board procedure, education in unions, race re-
lations are some of the things discussed * * * ."
On July 21, 1947, Mr . Walter S . Steele testified before the Committee
on Un-American Activities that-
one of the oldest of the Red mediums of propaganda is the Communist school
for the training and orientating of new recruits * * * .
The Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, Tennessee, unquestionably keeps
pretty close to the party line . Its directors, James Dombrowski and Myles Horton,
are found in the company of Red-fronters . It has been a recipient of funds from
the Robert Marshall Foundation
Mr. Steele continued
Members of the executive council of the Highlander Folk School are William H .
Crawford of the CIO Steelworkers' Union, district director ; Edward F. Gallaghan,
vice president of the Hosiery Workers' Union ; Paul R . Christopher, CIO regional
director, Tennessee ; James Dombrowski, listed as secretary of the Southern Con-
ference for Human Welfare ; Charles Gillman, CIO regional director, Georgia ;
Carey Haigler, CIO regional director, Alabama ; Lucy Randolph Mason, CIO
public relations director ; George Mitchell, regional director, CIO-PAC ; Hollis
Reid, legislative board of locomotive firemen ; Thomas Starling, director, Region
8, Auto Workers' Union (CIO) ; Aubrey Williams, organizing director of Regional
Farmers' Union and publisher of Southern Farmer (Montgomery, Alabama),
a member of the board of directors of the Progressive Citizens Association .
(From Mr . Steele's testimony before the Committee on Un-American Activities,
July 21, 1947, pages 56 and 57 .)
Horton, named by Mr . Steele as directors of the Highlander Fol
School :
JAMES DOMBROWSKI
A list of the 1947-1948 officers of the Southern Conference for
Human Welfare named James A . Dombrowski as an administrato
of that organization . (Reprinted in Committee's Report on the South
ern Conference * * *, June 12, 1947 .) The same report also contain
a chapter on Mr . Dombrowski, quoted in part as follows :
At the April 1942 sessions of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare
James Dombrowski was elected executive secretary. He was the signer of
statement defending the Communist Party in March 1941 and a speaker for th
National Conference for Constitutional Liberties in 1940. The latter organiza
tion has been cited as subversive by Attorney General Biddle .
Dombrowski, together with Myles Horton, a member of the present board o
representatives of the conference, helped launch a joint Socialist-Communis
united-front movement in the South in 1935 . As Socialist Party leaders in Ten
nessee, the two men endorsed a united-front plan of action which included cam
paigns against the AAA and for a "rank and file" movement in the America
Federation of Labor (Chattanooga Times of January 28, 1935, p . 5) . They hav
both been charged with operating as stooges for the Communist Party withi
Socialist circles .
A clue to Dombrowski's political views is given in his book, "The Early Day
of Christian Socialism in America" (1936) . Dombrowski asserts that the Rev
George D . Herron, whom he considers "by far the most able man" in the earl
days of the Christian Socialist movement, pointed out in the last decade of th
nineteenth century :
"* * * that class lines were becoming more sharply defined that the logic o
the inherent contradictions within capitalism was leading inevitably to more an
more concentration of wealth, to the enrichment of the few at the expense of th
masses" (p . 30) .
Dombrowski goes on to defend Herron's views on violence . Herron, he says
"* * * did not think that violence was inimical to a religious approach t
social change . Peace at the expense of justice was not a religious solution t
social problems . And resorting to his social interpretation of the cross, accordin
to which all moral progress is made at the expense of suffering and sacrifice, h
looked upon a revolution by violence, provided it promised a more just society,
as a possible technique for social change worthy of the sanction of religion" (p . 193
"In his acceptance of the fact of the class struggle went the implicit recognition
of the necessity for coercion" (p . 192) .
The Southern Conference for Human Welfare was cited as a Com
munist-front organization which received money from the Robert
Marshall Foundation, one of the principal sources of funds by which
many Communist fronts operate . (From a report of the Specia
Committee on Un-American Activities dated March 29, 1944 .) Th
organization "seeks to attract southern liberals on the basis of it
seeming interest in the problems of the South" although its "professe
interest in southern welfare is simply an expedient for larger aim
serving the Soviet Union and its subservient Communist Party in th
United States" (Report 592 of the Committee on Un-America
Activities dated June 12, 1947) .
The following is quoted from the testimony of Paul Crouch before
this Committee during public hearings, May 6, 1949 (pages 190 an
193) :
Mr . CROUCH. * * * Prior to the Southern Conference, there was a smal
committee, with headquarters in Birmingham, which included as its leading
members Joseph S . Gelders, Communist Party leader in Birmingham
Mr . MANDEL. Did you know James Dombrowski as a member of the Com-
munist Party?
Mr . Crtotrcn . Not as a member of the Communist Party . I do not know
whether he is or is not a member of the Communist Party . He professes to be
a left Socialist . I have met officially with him on a number of . occasions as head
of the Communist District Bureau of Tennessee . He and ;Myles Horton were
present at the conference as Socialists and as representatives of the Highlander .
Folk School at Monteagle, Tenn .
At this conference Mr . Dombrowski gave me the impression of being completely
pro-Communist and anxious to collaborate with the Communist Party and follow
its leadership, without taking the risk-of actual Party membership-
I would like to mention in this connection that the Highlander Folk School at
Monteagle, Tenn ., was a school organized by Myles Horton and Don West, and
which Mr . Dombrowski shortly thereafter joined . ° Mr . Horton likewise professed
to be a left Socialist, with Communist sympathies, and I asked him about joining
the Communist Party . He did not give a final answer, but had not joined at
the time I left Tennessee in early 1941 . His wife, Zylphia, seemed even more
pro-Communist than her husband, and I heard reports in party circles, which I
am unable to verify, that she had subsequently joined the party .
Mr. MANDEL. Does that finish your comments on the Southern Conference?
Mr . CROUCH . Yes, except I would like to add that my most recent contact
with the Southern Conference has been at Birmingham, Ala ., where I have at-
tended a number of meetings during the past 18 months, where I have heard Mr .
Dombrowski and Clark Howell Foreman speak ; and I personally know that the
leading officers of the Southern Conference, Theresa Kantor
Mr . MANDEL. Of what city?
Mr . CROUCH . Miami Beach ; and Leo Scheiner, chairman of the Southern Con-
ference in the Miami area, are active members of the Communist Party .
A letterhead of the American Committee for Protection of Foreign
Born, dated December 11-12, 1948, contains the name of James A .
Dombrowski in a list of sponsors of the organization, "one of the
oldest auxiliaries of the Communist Party in the United States"
(from a report of the Special Committee dated March 29, 1944 ; also
cited in their report of June 25, 1942) ; the United States Attorney
General cited the organization as subversive and Communist (letters
to the Loyalty Review Board, released June 1, 1948, and September
21, 1948 ; redesignated April 27, 1953) .
The name of Dr. James Dombrowski, identified with the Southern
Conference for Human Walfare, appears on a letterhead of the
People's Institute of Applied Religion, Inc ., dated January 1, 1948,
as a member of the International -board, a member of the Southern
Conference, and a sponsor of that group . The People's Institute was
cited as subversive and Communist by the Attorney General (press
releases of June 1 and September 21, 1948 ; redesignated April 27, 1953) .
James A . Dombrowski was a member of the Advisory Board of the
Southern Negro Youth Congress, as shown on letterheads of that
organization dated June 12, 1947, and August 11, 1947 ; he spoke at
a meeting of the group, as shown in the following sources which
identify him as Director of the Southern Conference Educational
Fund : Daily People's World of April 25, 1948 (p . 11) ; Daily Worker
of June 7, 1948 (p . 4) ; June 17, 1948 (p . 7) ; and June 27, 1948 (p . 2) .
The Southern Negro Youth Congress is "surreptitiously controlled"
by the Young Communist League, as disclosed in a report of the Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities (which was released April 17, 1947) ;
it was cited as subversive and Communist by the United States Attor-
ney General (letter to Loyalty Review Board, released December 4,
3, 1940 .
On March 5, 1941, p. 2, the Communist Daily Worker printed a
full-page spread of the names of several hundred persons who defended
the Communist Party against alleged persecution . The statement
addressed to the President and Congress of the United States, called
"attention (to) a matter of vital significance to the future of our
nation . It is the attitude of our government toward the Communist
Party * * *" The name of James Dombrowski, Monteagle, Tennes-
see, was signed to the statement .
Identifying himself with the Socialist Party, Tennessee, James
Dombrowski was one of those who signed a letter (printed in the
Chattanooga Times, Chattanooga, Tennessee, January 28, 1935, p .
"calling upon state executive committees of all southern States to
hold meetings to effect united front between socialists, communists
and other working class groups and suggesting revolutionary
campaign ."
Fortnightly magazine for August 15, 1937, p . 3, disclosed that James
Dombrowski, Secretary, Highlander Folk School, had endorsed the
reorganization plan for Commonwealth College (publishers of Fort-
nightly) . The United States Attorney General has cited Common-
wealth College (Mena, Ark .) as Communist (letter to Loyalty Review
Board, released April 27, 1949 ; redesignated April 27, 1953) . The
Special Committee on Un-American Activities called it a "Communist
enterprise" (Report, March 29, 1944, pp . 76 and 167) .
Mr. Dombrowski spoke at the Conference on Constitutional Liber-
ties in America which was held in June 1940, as shown on the program
(p . 2), and in New Masses of June 18, 1940 (p. 22) ; he signed the
January 1943 Message of the National Federation for Constitutional
Liberties, addressed to the House of Representatives (leaflet attached
to an undated letterhead of the National Federation) .
The National Federation for Constitutional Liberties has been cited
as subversive and Communist by the Attorney General (press releases
of December 4, 1947, and September 21, 1948) ; he redesignated the
organization April 27, 1953 . The Attorney General called it "part of
what Lenin called the solar system of organizations, ostensibly having
no connection with the Communist Party, by which Communists
attempt to create sympathizers and supporters of their program
* * *" (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, p . 7687) . The
Special Committee on Un-American Activities called it "one of the
viciously subversive organizations of the Communist Party" (Report
March 29, 1944, p . 50 ; also cited in Reports, June 25, 1942, p . 20 ; and
January 2, 1943, pp . 9 and 12) . This Committee cited the organiza-
tion in Report No . 1115, September 2, 1947, p . 3 .
The Daily Worker of February 1, 1951, p . 2, named Dr . James A
Dombrowski of New Orleans as one of the sponsors of the American
Peace Crusade ; the "Call for Peace and Freedom" named him as one
of the sponsors of the Crusade's American People's Congress and
Exposition for Peace which was held in Chicago, June 29-July 1, 1951
he was also identified in this source as being from New Orleans .
The American Peace Crusade has been cited as an organization
which the Communists established as "a new instrument for their
line with the Communist objectives (Report on the Communist
"Peace" Offensive, released by the Committee on Un-American
Activities April 1, 1951) .
In the same report on the "Peace" Offensive, the Committee
disclosed that the World Peace Appeal was a petition campaign
launched by the Permanent Committee of the World Peace Congress
at the meeting in Stockholm, March 16-19, 1950 ; it "received the
enthusiastic approval of every section of the international Communist
hierarchy ." Dr . James A . Dombrowski of New Orleans endorsed the
World Peace Appeal, as shown on an undated leaflet entitled,
"Prominent Americans Call for * * *"
MYLES HORTON
The printed program of the Southern Conference for Human Wel-
fare, November 20-23, 1938, reveals the name of Myles Horton as a
speaker at that conference ; it also identified him as a member of the
Committee on Resolutions and a member of the Southern Council of
the organization. He also spoke at a conference of the group which
was held April 14-16, 1940, as was shown on the official program .
In both sources Mr . Horton was identified as Director of the High-
lander Folk School, Monteagle, Tennessee . In 1947-1948, Myles
Horton was a member of the Board of Representatives of the Southern
Conference * * *, according to the organization's publication, "The
Southern Patriot", for December 1946, p. 8 .
In public hearings before the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, August 13, 1938, Mr . John P . Frey, President of the Metal
Trades Department of the American Federation of Labor, made the
following reference to Myles Horton, in a report which he presented
in connection with his testimony:
* * * Elizabeth Hawes, Alton Lawrence, Miles Horton : These three people
have been in the past, and probably now are, paid organizers for the Textile
Workers Organization Committee . They have been active in radical work in
the South and a few years ago attended a secret convention in North Carolina,
at which time plans were made for spreading the revolutionary theories throughout
the South .
In connection with this we might mention that the Highlander Folk School,
Monteagle, Tennessee, was mixed up in this secret convention in which these
three CIO organizers took a very prominent part . (Public hearings, Special
Committee on Un-American Activities, volume 1, page 126 .)
The Chattanooga Times (Chattanooga, Tennessee), of January 28,
1935, p . 5, reported that Myles Horton was one of those who, "with
other Socialists", signed a letter "calling upon state executive com-
mittees of all Southern states to hold meetings to effect a united
front between socialists, communists and other working class groups,
and suggesting a revolutionary campaign ." Myles Horton signed
the statement and identified himself with "the executive committee
of the Socialist party ."
Also note reference to Mr . Horton in the testimony of Paul Crouch,
under "Dombrowski" .
The following is quoted from this committee,
"Organized Communism in the United States," released August 19,
1953 (p . 143) :
Factional fights in the Communist Party of Russia and in the Communist
International carried over into the Communist Party in America . The expulsion
of Trotsky by the Russian Communist Party was followed by the wholesale expul-
sion of the followers of Trotsky from the American Party . The factional fight
between Stalin and Bukharin also affected the Communist Party in the United
States .
Jay Lovestone, who was suspected of sympathy with Bukharin, was ordered
to Moscow for work in the Comintern .
On May 12, 1929, the Comintern reported an "Address" it had decided to send
to the American Communist Party . Lovestone and others were asked to give
their endorsement to this "Address," which was nothing more nor less than a
condemnation of the Lovestone group . When Lovestone refused, he was removed
from all positions in the American Communist Party and the Communist Inter-
national and was ordered to remain in Moscow . Several weeks later, Lovestone,
without the knowledge or permission of the Comintern, left Moscow and returned
to the United States . For this breach of discipline, he was expelled by the Com-
munist Party of the United States .
Lovestone,' with some of his followers, formed the Communist Party U . S . A
(majority group) ; later changed to the Communist Party U . S . A . (opposition)
still later changed to the Independent Communist Labor League of America, and
finally to the Independent Labor League of America . In January 1941, the
Independent Labor League of America, through its general secretary, Jay Love-
stone, issued a declaration of dissolution and expressed the belief that radicalism
in the United States was "in a hopeless blind alley from which there is no escape
along the old lines ."
NATIONAL FARMERS UNION
The National Farmers Union has never been cited by the Attorney
General of the United States nor has it ever been investigated or cited
as a Communist or a Communist-front organization by the Committee
on Un-American Activities .
The Guide to Public Affairs Organizations, published by the Ameri-
can Council on Public Affairs in 1946, lists the National Farmers
Union as being located at 3501 East 46th Avenue, Denver, Colorado ;
James Patton, President . The publication further states that the
organization maintains an office at 1371 E Street, N . W., Washington,
D. C.
"The Worker" of November 14, 1943 (page 6) reported in an article
datelined Utica, N . Y., that the Farmers Union of New York in its
second wartime convention voted to affiliate with the National
Farmers Union and to join in the creation of the new Northeastern
Division of the National Farmers Union . The same article named
Archie Wright as President of the New York organization . "The
Worker" is the Sunday edition of the Communist publication, "The
Daily Worker ."
The following quotations from "The Communist" of October 1937,
an official publication of the Communist Party, concern the Com-
munist Party's hopes to infiltrate the National Farmers Union :
Every district of the Party must work to have this program become the property
of the National Farmers Union, with special emphasis on making it the rallying
point to isolate the Kennedy-Coughlin forces in the Farmers' Union November
Central Committee Plenum * * * (page 953) .
In our mass work our main concentration must be to build the National Farmers
Union, to develop local, state and national programs around which we can rally
and crystallize a firm progressive leadership (page 948) .
concerning statements made on the Floor of the House of Representa-
tives by Mr . Dies. The letter was written on a . letterhead of the
Farmers Educational and Cooperative Union of America, Office of the
President, which showed the address of the organization as 3501 East
46th Ave ., Denver, Colorado .
The Honorable Martin Dies in his speech stated that the Farmers ,
Educational and Cooperative Union of America received contributions
from the Robert Marshall Foundation in the sum of $22,500 .00 . Mr.
Dies also stated that the following leaders of the Farmers' Educational
and Cooperative- Union of America were national leaders of the Ameri-
can Peace Mobilization : Gerald Harris, Alabama Farmers- Union ;
* * * Clinton Clark, Louisiana Farmers Union ; * * * (See : Con-
gressional Record, September 24, 1042 ; page 7690 .)
The Robert Marshall Foundation "has been one of the principal,
sources for the money with which to finance the Communist Party's
fronts generally in recent years" (Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, Report 1311 dated March 29,'1944) .
The American Peace Mobilization was cited as a Communist-front
organization by the Special Committee on Un-American Activities in
Report 1311 of March 29, 1944 (page 5) . The Attorney General of
the United States cited the American Peace Mobilization as a Com-
munist-front and as subversive and Communist (Congressional Record,
September 24, 1942, page 7684 ; letters to the Loyalty Review Board,
released to the press December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948, respec-
tively ; also included in consolidated list released April 1, 1954).
The "Daily Worker" of August 2, 1938 (page 3) "reported that the
Farmers Educational and Cooperative Union of America participated
in the World Youth Congress, "a Communist conference held in the
summer of 1938 at Vassar College" (Special Committee * * * in
Report of March 29, 1944) .
References to the National Farmers Union are found in the Com-
mittee's Hearings Regarding Communist Activities Among Farm
Groups, held February 28 and March 9, 1951, a copy of which is en-
closed (See : pages 1894-1896, 1901-1903, 1916-1920, 1923) .
JAMES G. PATTON
An article published in the "Daily Worker" of September 18, 1947
(page 8) stated that . "an attempt to disrupt the Farmers Union by
raising the red issue was quashed by its top leaders recently . James
S. Elmore, until recently editor of the National Union Farmer, resigned
under fire after being criticized for inserting a red-baiting editorial and
cartoon in the current issue .
James Patton, Farmers Union President, who is recovering from an operation,
wrote Elmore declaring the material was inconsistent with Farmers Union policy
and "invited" his resignation .
The "Daily Worker" of January 29, 1948 (page 2) reported that
James G . Patton, President, National Farmers Union, indicated that
the organization would support Henry Wallace for President . His
photograph appeared in the March 15, 1950 (page 8) issue of that
paper ; it stated in this connection that he opposed the Mundt anti-
Communist bill .
the printed program named James G . Patton as one of the sponsors
of the dinner. The American Slav Congress was cited by the Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities as "a Moscow-inspired and directed
federation of Communist-dominated organizations seeking by methods
of propaganda and pressure to subvert the 10,000,000 people in this
country of Slavic birth or descent ." (Report 1951 dated April 26,
1950, page 1 .) The Attorney General of the United States cited the
American Slav Congress as subversive' and Communist in letters to
the Loyalty Review Board, released to the press June 1 and September
21, 1948 ; also included in consolidated list released April 1, 1954 .
On January 11, 1938, the "Daily Worker" named James G. Patton
as one of those who signed a manifesto which was sponsored by the
Union of Concerted Peace Efforts, cited as a Communist-front organi-
zation by the Special Committee on Un-American Activities in its
Report No . 1311 of March 29, 1944.
James G . Patton, identified as President of the National Farmers
Union, was one of those who signed a statement of the National
Federation for Constitutional Liberties which hailed the War Depart-
ment's order regarding commissions for Communists ("Daily Worker,"
March 18, 1945, page 2) . The National Federation * * * was cited
as "one of the viciously subversive organizations of the Communist
Party" (Special Committee * * * in Report 1311 of March 29, 1944 ;
also cited in Reports of June 25, 1942 and January 2, 1943) .
The National Federation * * * was among a "maze of organiza-
tions" which were "spawned for the alleged purpose of defending civil
liberties in general but actually intended to protect Communist sub-
version from any penalties under the law" (Report 1115 of the Com-
mittee on Un-American Activities dated September 2, 1947) . The
Attorney General of the United States cited the National Federation
as "part of what Lenin called the solar system of organizations,
ostensibly having no connection with the Communist Party, by
which Communists attempt to create sympathizers and supporters of
their program . (Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, page
7687) . Subsequently, the Attorney General cited the National
Federation as subversive and Communist (press releases of December
4, 1947 and September 21, 1948 ; also included in consolidated list
released April 1, 1954) .
The Civil Rights Congress issued a statement opposing red-baiting
and attacks on Communists, which was signed by James Patton, as
shown in "The Worker" of May 25, 1947 (page 9) ; he was identified
as a member of the Executive Board, Local 78, Food, Tobacco, Agri-
cultural and Allied Workers of America, Phoenix, Arizona . James
G. Patton, President, National Farmers Union, was a member of the
Initiating Committee for a Congress on Civil Rights held in Detroit,
April 27-28, 1946, as shown by the Summons to the Congress .
The following quotation is found on page 19 of a Report on the
Civil Rights Congress, released by the Committee on Un-American
Activities, September 1947 :
served their decoy purposes, disappeared from the organization's' letterhead,
among them being * * * James G . Patton * * * This seems to be a favorite
device of Communist-front organizations .
From facts available to the Committee on Un-American Activities,
it was found that "the Civil Rights Congress is an organization
dedicated not to the broader issues of civil liberties, but specifically
to the defense of individual Communists and the Communist Party,
that the organization is controlled by individuals who are either
members of the Communist Party or openly loyal to it" (Committee
Report on the Civil Rights Congress dated September 2, 1947) .
The Attorney General of the United States cited the Civil Rights
Congress as subversive and Communist (letters released December 4,,
1947, and September 21, 1948 ; also included in consolidated list re-
lease d April 1, 1954) .
James G . Patton, President, National Farmers Union, endorsed
"In Fact," as shown by a folder entitled "A Statement from George
Seldez on In Fact ." The publication, "In Fact," was cited as a,
Communist front by the Special Committee in its Report of March
29, 1944 .
In addition, Committee records show that in 1947, James G.
Patton was an honorary sponsor of the Union for Democratic Action,
Washington Chapter (letterhead dated January 10, 1947) . This.
organization has not been cited as a Communist front ; it was the
predecessor of Americans for Democratic Action whose stated purpose
is:
We believe that all forms of totalitarianism, including Communism, are in-
compatible with these objectives . In our crusade for an expanding democracy
compatible
and against fascism and reaction we welcome as members of ADA only those
whose devotion to the principles of political freedom is unquestioned . (From
the Civil Liberties Conference Program of the Philadelphia Chapter, ADA, .
January 10, 1948 .)
Also in 1947, James G . Patton, President, Farmers Union, was one
of those who signed a "statement made by eighty-seven leading Ameri-
can liberals, setting forth what they consider to be a standard of polit-
ical conduct for those who believe in liberalism or progressivism as .
a middle way between the extremes of reaction and communism * * *"
This statement, which was placed in the Congressional Record on
May 23, 1947 (pages A2599-2600), by the Honorable James E..
Murray, contains the following attack on the Communist Party :
"The American Communist group-registered party members, to-
gether with their more or less unofficial adherents-has its roots in a .
foreign land, and the record shows that it follows the behests of a,
foreign government."
It is noted that the "Statement of James G . Patton, President,
National Farmers Union, submitted to the House Committee on
Un-American Activities, March 31, 1950, in opposition to H . R ..
7595 and H . R . 3903" appears in the public hearings on legislation-
o outlaw certain un-American and subversive Activities, March 21,,
22, 23, and 28, 1950 (page 2353) .
The Public Affairs Committee, Inc., has, never been cited in an
manner by this Committee or the Attorney General of the Unite
States.
In testimony before this Committee, July 21, 1947, Mr . Walter
Steele, Managing Editor of the "National Republic" magazine, an
Chairman of the National Security Committee of the American Coali
tion of Patriotic, Civic, and Fraternal Societies, made the followin
reference to the Public Affairs Committee, Inc . :
Public Affairs Committee, Inc ., with offices at 122 East Thirty-eighth Stree
New York, N . Y., entered the pamphleteering field several years ago . It issu
higher quality pamphlets on subjects related to those adopted for propagation
the Communist Party . Maxwell S . Stewart, former editor of Moscow News, a
with other front connections, is editor of the pamphlet service . Violet Edward
is education and promotion director . Frederick V . Field, of New Masses-Com
munist organ-is a member of the board .
Ruth Benedict, a member of the East and West Association, and Gene Weltfish
a leader in the Congress of the American Women, have written pamphlets for th
Public Affairs Committee . One of them, Races of Mankind, was barred by th
War Department affer Congress protested against its use in orientation classes
the Army, declaring that its aim was to create racial antagonism . (Testimon
of Mr . Walter S . Steele, July 21, 1947, pages 40 and 41 .)
. The files of the Committee, contain a copy of the pamphlet, "The
Races of Mankind, written by Ruth Benedict and Gene W eltfish
copyright, 1943, by the Public Affairs Committee, Inc . In the Repor
on the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, released by this
Committee, June 16, 1947, "The Races of Mankind" was described
as "a eulogy of Russia's treatment of minority groups that wa
condemned by the War Department" (page 12) .
The Committee on Un-American Activities does not maintain
complete file of pamphlets issued by the Public Affairs Committee
Inc. One of the latest publications of the group on file is a pamphle
entitled "Prejudice in Textbooks" (copyright, 1950), which was
written by Maxwell S . Stewart . As shown in this source, "Th
Publication of the Public Affairs Pamphlets is one of the activitie
of the Committee, whose purpose as expressed in its Constitution i
`to make available in summary and inexpensive form the results o
research on economic and social problems to aid in the understandin
and development of American policy . The sole purpose of th
Committee is educational . It has no economic or social program o
its own to promote .' Publication of a pamphlet does not necessarily
imply the Committee's approval of all of the views contained in it ."
RAND SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
The Rand School of Social Science has never been cited in any
manner by this Committee or the Attorney General of the United
:States .
A full-page advertisement of the Rand School of Social Science in
the New York "Star" for September 21, 1948 gives its address as
7 East 15th Street, New York 3, New York, and shows Theodor
Schapiro to be Executive Director . The files also contain severa
copies of the School's "Index to Labor Articles" published during 1944
A copy of "100 Questions to the Communists," by Stephen Naft,
published by the Rand School Press, copyright 1939, appears in th
files, from which is quoted the following :
antagonize, but rather to evoke answers in their own thoughts on the basis of
their own independent sincere reasoning . * * * Therefore we hope that every
honest sympathizer and supporter of Communist and Socialist aspirations, who
consequently must cherish the ideals of personal and economic security, of free-
dom, of justice, social equality and brotherly solidarity will not only understand
and appreciate our motives but will welcome these questions as an opportunity
for self-criticism and self-evaluation of his attitude towards the principles dear
to him. * * *
A check of the public records, files and publications of the Com-
mittee has shown no other references to Stephen Naft .
Public hearings of this Committee and the Special Committee on
Un-American Activities contain references to the Rand School of
Social Science, excerpts from which are quoted, as follows :
Mr. John Mills .Davis, former Communist Party organizer, testified
before this . Committee, July 15, 1953, that the "Rand School is an
anti-Communist school . It is known as a Socialist school ." (Com-
munist Activities in the Albany, N . Y ., Area-Part 2, page 2474 .)
The Rand School of Social Science was organized in New York in 1906 . Its
purpose was to instruct leaders in socialism and labor organizations . Each
session -the school has had enrolled over 1,000 students . Its operation expenses
run from $50,000 to $100,000 a year . It has 6,000 books in its library. Many
C . I . O . unions have contributed financially to the school . It maintains a publish-
ing house which has printed numerous books and pamphlets on socialism .
The officers of Rand School of Social Science are Algernon Lee, president ; Dr .
William E . Bohn, educational director ; and Henry Apotheker, manager. The
instructors are Jack L . Afros, former director of the Young Circle League of the
Workmen's Circle ; * * * Rebecca Jarvis, formerly educational director, Women's
Trade Union League ; * * * Bela Low, well-known authority on Marxian econom-
ics
Rand School was raided by the Government during the war . Its leaders were
convicted under the Espionage Act.
The School also operates Camp Tarniment in Pennsylvania . (Public Hearings,
information submitted by Walter S . Steele in connection with his testimony
before the Special Committee * * *, August 17, 1938, page 566 .)
Louis Waldman, born, Yomcherudnia, Russia, January 5, 1892 ; * * * elected
Socialist Party assemblyman, New York City, 1918 ; reelected in 1920 ; ousted
from assembly, 1920 ; author, The Great Collapse' and Government Ownership ;
member, cutters local, International Ladies Garment Workers Union (C . I . 0.) ;
lawyer ; Mason, and member of Socialist Party ; author, Socialism of Our Times ;
Socialist Party candidate, Governor, New .York, 1930-32 ; board of directors,
League for Industrial Democracy (radical Socialist) ; contributor, Socialist Plan-
ning and a Socialist Program ; member, national committee, League Against
Fascism (Communist set-up) ; sponsor, radical Artists and Writers Dinner Club,
1935 ; instructor, Rand School of Social Science (radical Socialist), New York ;
chairman, People's Party, 1936 ; member, executive committee, American Labor
Party, 1938 ; associated with the Social Democratic Federation . (Ibid ., page 648.)
Joseph Schlossberg, born in Russia, May 1, 1875, edited Das Abendblatt,
1900-1902, and Der Arbeiter in 1904-11 ; member of Socialist Workmen's Circle ;
national committee, American Civil Liberties Union ; National committee,
League Against Fascism ; board of directors, League for Industrial Democracy ;
American Friends of Spanish Democracy ; Emergency Peace Campaign ; Rand
School, extremely Socialist institution (Ibid ., page 682 .)
The following is quoted from the testimony of Alexander Trachten-
berg during public hearings before the Special Committee on Un-
American Activities on Spetember 13, 1939 :
Mr . WHITLEY . What occupations have you followed?
Mr . TRACHTENBEac . From 1908 to 1915 I was a student in three universities,
including Yale, and after that I was invited to teach in Rand School' of Social
Science, and headed the research, department of that institution ; that was up
to 1920
55647-54 27
Mr . TRACHTE -~BERC, . Since the end of 1921 . * * * Prior to that I was
Socialist. (page 4864)
Mr . TRACHTENBERG . * * * Mr. Heller and myself were working together i
the Rand School of Social Science some 25 or 26 years ago, he, as a member o
the board of directors and myself as an instructor and as head of the public
research department . * * *
And, in 1924 we got together and organized this firm (International Publish-
ing Company) for the purpose of publishing translations, principally of th
classics ; and other books of interest to the American people and we have engage
regularly in publishing activities * * * on economics, politics, philosophy, art
and sciences . * * * We publish books of our own and publish books fro
various other publishers, usually under our name. (page 4687)
The CHAIRMAN . Is he (Mr . Heller) a member of the Communist Party?
Mr . TRACHTENBERG . He is .
The CHAIRMAN . And has been since 1921, like you?
Mr . TRACHTENBERG. He has been a member for 40 years of the Socialist move
ment . * * * I have been for 33 years with the Socialist movement .
The CHAIRMAN . You broke off from the radicals and joined the Communists
Mr . TRACHTENBERG . That is right . He helped to build the Rand School
which is a Socialist educational institution . (page 4881)
Mr . STARNES . To whom did he (Mr . Heller) make contributions?
Mr. TRACHTENBERG . To educational institutions * * * The Rand School o
Social Science . (page 4883)
Mr. TRACHTENBERG . The Rand School was the primary national educationa
institution of the Socialist movement at that time, very, very prominent, inter
nationally known institution . For instance, when the building was bought fo
that school in 1917, he was one of the heaviest contributors to buying that build
ing from the Y . W . C . A . for the Rand School . I remember that .
Mr . STARNES. And that school is still operated?
Mr . TRACHTENBERG . That school is still operated .
Mr . STARNES. But not by the Socialist Party?
Mr . TRACHTENBERG. Yes ; by the Socialist Party . * * * But not actually offi
cially, because there have been so many split-offs, but a certain part which was
formerly the Socialist Party, but not by the Communist Party . (page 4884)
Mr. WHITLEY . Have you ever known Juliet Stuart Poyntz?
Mr. TRACHTENBERG . Yes.
Mr . WHITLEY. When did you know her?
Mr . TRACHTENBERG . She went to the Rand School as a teacher, in the year
when she was assistant professor, in 1915 or 1916 . * * * That was when I wa
also a teacher in the Rand School . * * *
Mr . WHITLEY . You know of the fact that the New York papers frequentl
carried her name in the early years?
Mr . TRACHTENBERG . I saw that
Mr . WHITLEY. As leading demonstrations for the Communist Party ; in con
nection with her arrest?
Mr . TRACHTENBERG . Yes ; I saw that (pages 4911 and 4912) .
The International Publishers, of which Mr . Trachtenberg wa
secretary and treasurer, was cited by the Attorney General of th
United States as "the (Communist) Party's publishing House"
(Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7686) . The Specia
Committee * * * cited it as an "official publishing house of th
Communist Party in the United States" and a medium through which
"extensive Soviet propaganda is subsidized in the United States"
(Reports of January 3, 1940, page 8 and June 25, 1942, page 18) ; it wa
cited in a similar manner by this Committee in Report No . 1920 o
May 11, 1948 (page 80) .
Files show no information concerning the officers of the Rand
School of Social Science, Algernon Lee, Dr . William E. Bohn, Henry
Apotheker, and Theodore Schapiro, mentioned on pages 1 and 2 o
this memorandum .
signed by George W . Hartman, Chairman, gives the address of this
organization as Five Beekman Street, New York 7, New York, and
states that it is affiliated with the War Resisters' International,
Enfield, Middlesex, England, Laurence Housman, President . This
letter was addressed to Members of Congress, a part of, which is
quoted for your information :
Specifically, the War Resisters League earnestly requests the highest-level
political leadership in Washington to offer the people of the world some better
protection against the chronic menace of war than that allegedly sought and
provided by the North Atlantic Pact . Paradoxically as it may sound, the only
real gainers from the Atlantic coalition so far have been the Communists ; those
advocates of force and violence as the ultimate arbiters of social conflict will
not be "contained" merely by the threat to use their own favorite' techniques on
a bigger scale . Such precedent-bound diplomacy merely makes the supreme
horror of atomic and bacteriological warfare more rather than less likely as the
days roll by .
* * * * * * s
Far more could be done along the lines of a Joint Congressional Pesolution
for universal disarmament, limited world government
The following is taken from the testimony of Walter S . Steele
during public hearings before the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities, August 16, 1938 :
The American Student Union has cooperated directly with other Communist
movements in many avenues in the United States . Its last convention was held
at Vassar College, December 27-31, 1937, at which time it took on a direct
political tinge by resolution . The union also resolved to boycott Japan and to
help the Spanish and Chinese "red" fronts . It especially favors the Nye-Kvale
bills to abolish military training in schools and colleges . It passed a resolution
eulogizing some of its members fighting on the Spanish "red" front . The union
upheld the Mexican confiscation of American properties ; it denounced American
interference in Puerto Rico and the arrest of revolutionists there, demanding
their release ; it endorsed the World Youth Congress, to be held at Vassar in
August 1938 ; * * * it urged the passage of the anti-lynching bill ; the abolition
of poll tax ; it supported the Harrison-Black bills, the Southern Negro Congress,
the Scottsboro Negroes . The union adopted resolutions opposing theatre owners
banning Negroes in movie houses of the South . It ordered its members to coop-
erate in labor struggles * * * It denounced the jailing of labor agitators, and
criticized colleges and universities expelling students and discharging professors
for radical activities .
The American Student Union set up the United Student Peace Committee in
1938, through which it has a wider range in organizing strikes in American schools .
Molly Yard is organizational secretary of this committee . Through it they claim
to have influenced 17 national youth movements to become affiliated with it .
These include the * * * American Youth Congress, the American League for
Peace and Democracy * * * War Resisters' League * * * .
On March 24, the American Student Union called a strike, at which time,
according to the Daily Worker, March 22, 1938, page 5, it called on Secretary of
State Hull to follow the Soviet peace policy against the "Fascist aggressor ."
Of course, that policy was to supply money, men, and arms to the "red" fronts,
thereby injecting the country into the fracas .
The April 24, 1938, issue of the Sunday Worker published an article which
stated that the Young Communist League created the American Student Union
and is the "main inspiration behind the student peace activities that rocked
America on April 27" (1937) . (page 476)
* * * * * * *
Back in 1930 there was also formed the Revolutionary Youth, an organization
to contribute further to the MarxianTheredrive in America, that was launched by
Jack Rubenstein * * * and others . has come into being since the follow-
ing youth movements in the United States ; not all are Communist, but most of
congress, the purpose of which she proclaimed was for "sound intellectual, spiritual
and physical development of the youth of America," the first meeting was calle
in August of 1934 at the Washington Square College, in New York City.
The first break to the left come several weeks before the congress was to con
vene, when Prof . Harvey Zorbaugh, of the Sociology Department of Washingto
Square College, New York City, who in the summer of 1935 served on the advisor
council of Moscow State University, became ired at Miss Ilma for holding dow
liberal and radical organizations to a minimum representation . Professo
Zorbaugh invited 12 organizations to participate in the conference, including th
ultra-radical and pacifist groups, the League for Industrial Democracy (Socialist)
National Student Federation, Pioneer Youth (Socialist), War Resisters' Leagu
(ultra-radical pacifists) * * *. (page 611)
On the sponsoring committee of the Second World Youth Congress there ar
a few fairly conservative individuals sandwiched in with liberals of every tren
of thought . Chairman of the committee is Dr . Henry M . MacCracken . Th
members include Stephen Duggan, John Nevin Sayre, and Mary B . Wooley
and others, many of whom are at least considered extreme "liberals" .
Two weeks before the World Youth Congress convened at Vassar College, th
`rolling stone" had gathered considerable moss . According to the official orga
of the Communist Party (Daily Worker, August 2, 1938, page 3), the followin
organizations announced their intention of participating in the "red jubilee"
* * * War Resisters' League
The following statements with reference to "The So-Called Fas
cists" and the War Resisters' International are found on pages 66
and 664 of the Public Hearings :
Long ago the Communist at Moscow set the course insofar as pacifism is con
cerned, for the radical forces in non-Communist countries . This course is agai
reiterated in the Moscow Izvestia under date of August 1, 1929 . Izvestia is th
official organ of the Third International and the Soviet Government, in Mosco
It says
"While the defense of one's fatherland is not to be tolerated in imperialisti
countries, in the country of the proletarian dictatorship it is one's first duty
Consequently, it is not strap e then that we find over 1,000 national pacifis
movements within the United States, without a single one in the Soviet Unio
* * * that most of these pacifist movements in the United States are bound u
into united front groups, then into Internationals with headquarters abroad fro
where they receive their inspirations and instructions . * * * that we found almos
without exception these organizations promoting the propaganda and publi
sentiment for recognition of Russia * * * carrying on an organized campaig
in the United States against "fascism" but not against the more widely organize
menace communism ; it is not strange then that we find them demanding tha
we "keep America out of war by keeping war out of the world" meaning it i
shown by their demands that we strain our neutrality laws to mean assistance t
revolutionist and pro-Russian elements in various countries but not to anti
Soviet forces .
* * * * * * *
The War Resisters International is called a Communist organization whic
desires to bring a new social order through revolutionary uprisings . It initiat
the War Resisters International Council, which comprises the War Resisters Inter
national and its sections, together with the International Fellowship of Recon
ciliation, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom * * * Thei
first international conference was held in Holland ; one in Austria in 1928, wher
resistance and revolution were discussed . They unite for the suppression o
capitalism and imperialism and would establish their new social and internationa
order . They maintain that war resistance is a practical policy, but do not oppos
war of their own making . Its American section is the War Resisters' League
whose honorary chairman in 1933 was Albert Einstein . They advise that w
change our economic system and thus get rid of war . In an Armistice Day peac
letter to the President of the United States they announced their "deliberat
intention to refuse to support war measures or to render war service" should ou
Government have to resort to arms.
ties, dated March 29, 1944, the World Youth Congress was cited as
a Communist conference held in the summer of 1938 at Vassar College .
In the report of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities
dated January 3, 1939, we find that the same organizations which
were affiliated with the World Youth Congress were affiliated with
the American Youth Congress (see separate memorandum on Ameri-
can Youth Congress) .
Right-wing youth movements refused to attend the World Youth Congress
which was held at Vassar . The organizers in the United States were leaders of
Communist, Communist "front," and Communist sympathizing movements
(p. 82) .
An article concerning the World Youth Congress appeared in the
Daily Worker of August 15, 1938, p . 1 . According to this article-
the World Youth Congress movement originated in 1934 when the League of
Nations Association called a conference of all the youth organizations that had
grown up in various lands in the struggle against war. * * * The first world
Congress convened in Geneva, Switzerland in the late summer of 1936, on the
heels of the Italian conquest of Ethiopia and the fascist uprising in Spain . *
In the United States, the chief center for the World Youth Congress movement
has been the American Youth Congress .
It was reported in the same article that fifty leading American youth
organizations would be represented at the Congress, and delegates
would number almost 500 from 54 countries.
WORLD YOUTH FESTIVALS
The first World Youth Festival was held in Prague, Czechoslovakia,
July 20-August 17, 1947 . According to an article which appeared in
the Daily Worker of August 23, 1947, p . 6, seven of the delegates
from the United States charged that the youth festival was dominated
by Communists, and distributed a statement to that effect at the
closing parade festival . The dissident group was denounced in a
statement by other American delegates to the World Federation of
Democratic Youth, according to this same source .
The second World Youth Festival was held from August 14-28,
1949, in Budapest, Hungary . The Committee on Un-American
Activities (in Report No . 378, April 25, 1951, pp . 77 and 78) stated
that the Festival was held in cooperation with the American Youth
for a Free World and the World Federation of Democratic Youth .
It was reported that delegates were usually led by the Soviet delega-
tion, displaying a huge photograph of Joseph Stalin . Representa-
tives of the Chinese Communist armies won prominent places and
high honors in the festivities . The United States was represented by
a delegation of 175 students . The Daily Worker of August 30, 1949,
p . 5, reported that the festival closed with delegates, among them 22
Americans, pledging "to fight for a lasting peace ." They were asked
by Matthias Rakosi, deputy prime minister and leader of the Hun-
garian Communist Party, to "take an oath for world peace and to
fight against the western union, which is arming the world for a new
war ." The West coast publication, Daily People's World, issue of
September 20, 1949, p . 5, carried a reference to the Budapest Youth
Festival as being "on our State Department's `Moscow peace plot'
list ."
Youth Section of the Socialist Workers Party, as was shown on an
announcement issued by the group for a demonstration against war
the announcement is undated but is attached to a letterhead dated
November 13, 1939 .
The United States Attorney General cited the Socialist Workers
Party as a subversive organization which seeks "to alter the form of
government of the United States by unconstitutional means" (letter
to the Loyalty Review Board, released to the press, December 4,
1947 and September 21, 1948) . The organization was redesignated
by the Attorney General pursuant to Executive Order 10450 of Apri
27, 1953 . The Socialist Workers Party is-
a dissident Communist group not affiliated with the Communist International
nor officially recognized by either the Communist hierarchy in Moscow or the
Communist Party, U . S . A . Essentially, however, both the official and unofficia
groups base themselves upon the teachings of Marx, Engels, and Lenin . Th
Socialist Workers Party are followers of Leon Trotsky, who was expelled from
the Russian Communist Party . The official Communists are followers of Joseph
Stalin .
(Committee on Un-American Activities, Report No . 1920, May 11,
1948, page 141) .
"The Challenge of Youth" (January-February 1938), published
monthly by the Young Peoples Socialist League (4th Internation-
alists), reported that-
the New Year's week end saw the formal launching at an impressive convention
held in Chicago, of the Socialist Workers Party, American section of the Fourth
International movement . The delegates to this convention were made up o
rank-and-file representatives of the left-wing of the Socialist Party who had
previously been expelled for their belief in revolutionary ideas . Quite a fe
members of the Y . P . S . L . were included among the more than 100 regular and
fraternal delegates .
The convention categorically placed itself and the party in favor of the most
loyal and unconditional defense of the Soviet Union, at the same time that it wil
conduct a relentless struggle against Stalinism . On the Spanish question, the
convention reiterated the position of the revolutionists that the working class
must conduct a struggle against fascism and at the same time prepare for a final
struggle against the capitalist system which breeds fascism . In the spirit o
internationalism, the new party affiliated itself to the Fourth International
which bases itself on the revolutionary teachings of Marx and Lenin, and which
alone carries on the struggle for world socialism today .
Relations between the SWP and the YPSL were firmly established . The
National Committee of the SWP has a YPSL representative on it ; constitutiona
provisions provide for a YPSL representative on each corresponding Party
committee or body ; young socialists attaining a specified age are to (be) auto-
matically enlisted in the party ranks ; the Party stands pledged to give the YPSL
its utmost cooperation, including financial aid . The relations between the party
and YPSL are the greatest omen of the future successes assured our movement
"Political Affairs" for September 1952 (pages 33-47) published a
chapter from William Z . Foster's book, "History of the Communist
Party of the United States," under the title, "The Formation of the
Communist Party (1919-1921) ." Reference to the Young People's
Socialist League was made, as follows :
The youth were also a source of strength for the gathering Communist forces
The profound events which had resulted in the split in the Socialist Party and
the organization of the Communist Paity naturally had its repercussions among
the Socialist young people . The S . P., in April 1913, after several years of pre-
liminary work of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, had constituted the Young
People's Socialist League. The Y . P. S . L . in 1916 consisted of 150 clubs and
many anti-war meetings and made much agitation against conscription
The treacherous attitude of the Social-Democratic leaders of the Second Inter-
national, toward the Russian Revolution and the war, produced profound reper-
cussions in the Y . . P. S . L ., as in other sections of the American Socialist move-
ment . At the Y . P. S . L .'s first national convention, held in May 1919, this Left
spirit in the organization found expression . The convention passed resolutions
condemning the Second International and supporting the Third International .
In December 1919, after the Socialist Party had split in September, the Y . P . S . L .
held a special convention, in response to Left-wing demands . It thus set itself
up as an independent organization, declaring for the Young Socialist International,
which was then in the process of transforming itself into the Young Communist
International . When the Palmer raids against the labor and Communist move-
ment took place, the independent Y . P . S . L . disintegrated as a national organiza-
tion, although some of its sections remained in existence . Wm . F . Kruse, the head
of the Y . P. S . L ., joined the Workers Party at its formation in December 1921,
and many former Y. P . S . L . members also took part in forming the Young
Communist League .
,The Young Peoples Socialist League supported the "Call to the
(first) United States Congress Against War" in New York City,
September 2, 3 and 4, 1933 (from "The Struggle Against War,"
published August 1933), and made a part of public hearings before
the Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Volume 10, page
6234) . Delegates from the Young Peoples Socialist League attended .
the Second U . S . Congress Against War and Fascism, as was shown in
the printed proceedings of that Congress which was held in Chicago,
Illinois, September 28, 29, 30, 1934 (from Public Hearings, Appendix
to Volume 10, pages I and XI) .
The American League Against War and Fascism was formally
organized at the First United States Congress Against War and
Fascism, September 29 to October 1, 1933 .
The program of the first congress called for the end of the Roosevelt policies
of imperialism and for the support of the peace policies of the Soviet Union, for
opposition to all attempts to weaken the Soviet Union . * * * Subsequent
congresses in 1934 and 1936 reflected the same program (U . S . Attorney General,
Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, page 7683) .
The Congress-
was completely under the control of the Communist Party . Earl Browder was a
leading figure in all its deliberations . In his report to the Communist Interna-
tional, Browder stated : "The Congress from the beginning was led by our party
quite openly ." (From Report 1311 of the Special Committee on Un-American
Activities dated March 29, 1944, page 119 ; also cited in Reports of January 3 .1940
and June 25, 1942.)
The Young Peoples Socialist League was named in public hearings
before the Special Committee on Un-American Activities as one of the
organizations "cooperating in the American Youth Congress" which
was held in New York City in August 1934 (Public Hearings, Volume
I, page 613) ; later, during the same hearings, it was revealed that
"two weeks before the World Youth Congress convened at Vassar
College, the `rolling stone' had gathered considerable moss . Accord-
ing to the official organ of the Communist Party (Daily Worker,
August 2, 1938, page 3), the following organizations announced their
intention of participating in the `red jubilee' : Young Communist
League, Southern Negro Youth Congress, American Student Union,
* * * Young Peoples Socialist League of America ." (Public Hear-
ings, Volume I, pages 615-616 .)
Loyalty Review Board, December 4, 1947 and September 21, 1948
redesignated pursuant to Executive Order 10450, April 27, 1953) ; "it
originated in 1934 and * * * has been controlled by Communists and
manipulated by them to influence the thought of American youth"
(Attorney General, Congressional Record, September 24, 1942, page
7685 ; also cited in re Harry Bridges, May 28, 1942, page 10) . The
Special Committee on Un-American Activities cited the group as
"one of the principal fronts of the Communist Party" (Report of
June 25, 1942 ; also cited in Reports of January 3, 1939 ; January 3,
1941 and March 29, 1944) .
The World Youth Congress has been cited as a Communist confer-
ence which was held in the summer of 1938 at Vassar College (Special
Committee on * * *, Report 1311 of March 29, 1944, page 183 ; also
cited in Report of January 3, 1939) .
In an Open Letter to the American Student Union, dated Novem-
ber 2, 1939, the Young Peoples Socialist League (4th International),
Youth Section of the Socialist Workers Party, called upon the Ameri-
can Student Union to-
return to an anti-war program . The YPSL broke with your organization a year
ago when you openly supported Roosevelt and his armament program, the war
measure of the NYA Air Pilot Schools and the foreign policies known under the
general heading "Collective Security ." At the same time you opposed any real
opposition to war in the form of a popular war referendum and the Oxford
Pledge-refusal to support the United States Government in any war it may under-
take * * * For the last three years the YPSL has led campus opposition to
imperialism and its wars .
"Solidarity" (published by the Young Peoples Socialist League),
in the issue of July 1940, expressed the stand of the organization as
follows:
Because the Socialist Party is for the workers against the owners, for democracy
against depotism, it is also for peace against imperialist war . But we point out
that only social ownership will do away with the most important cause of modern
wars (page 2) .
TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS
MINORITY VIEWS
OF THE
H . Res. 217
MINC&ITY VIEWS .
SUBMITTED BY
REPRESENTATIVE WAYNE L . HAYS
REPRESENTATIVE GRACIE PFOST
The minority does not agree with the report submitted by the
majority .' It not only disagrees with that report but earnestly
believes that it should never be published .
Each step of the proceedings of this committee placed an ugly stain
on the majestic record of the United States House of Representatives
and the great tradition of the American people . The minority
membership of this committee, feeling that fundamental American
principles were under attack in the committee, diligently attended its
meetings despite the many other congressional responsibilities that
were equally demanding of their attention . The majority member-
ship operated primarily through proxies held by the chairman .
A review of the record of the committee proceedings has brought
to mind again the elemental unfairness that was the basic characteristic
of this intended legislative inquiry by a committee of one of the
greatest legislative bodies in the world . The minority members
confess that this review first angered and then dismayed them .
From the collaboration between them required to state their views,
however, there has come a deep sense of the tragedy of these proceedings
and the report of the staff which has been approved by the majority .
The House of Representatives, in passing House Resolution 217
creating this committee, had a right to expect an enlightened, im-
partial and factual inquiry, which would inform the Congress whether
legislation in this area was required . It had a right to expect an
inquiry affording an opportunity for the fullest expressions of views
by all interested persons, and one in which such facts as were neces-
sary for the committee report to have substance and meaning would
have been carefully and impartially gathered . A similar inquiry
by the Cox committee in the Eighty-second . Congress resulted in the
submission of a full and detailed report which laid the foundation for
a well-considered investigation by this committee .
The hard truth is that, by the manner in which the proceedings of
the committee were conducted and by the self-evident bias of the
majority report, the committee has failed in the most basic way to
carry out the mandate of the Congress . The results of the proceedings
are of no value to the Congress, and it was, therefore, a complete
waste of public money .
I . PREJUDGMENT
The theme of prejudgment which so singularly characterized the
entire course of this committee's activities was, like the theme of
doom in a tragic opera, revealed in its prelude . The following remarks
' This report submitted by two minority members of the committee may, or may not, be a minority
report . One member of the majority has indicated that he disagrees with the report submitted by the
staff and approved by two members of the committee, and that he intends to file separate views, although
be assented to the submission of the staff report as a "majority" report . However, that is a problem for
the parliamentarian . It is mentioned only to emphasize the unreliability of the report submitted by the
"majority ."
42 1
tainly evidenced his unshakable beliefs and his steadfast resolve as
to the course the inquiry should and would take and the conclusions
it should announce :
Certainly, the Congress has a right and a duty to inquire into the purposes
and conduct of institutions to which the taxpayers have made such great sacrifices
In any event, the Congress should concern itself with certain weaknesses and
dangers which have arisen in a minority of these .
Some of these activities and some of these institutions support efforts to
overthrow our Government and to undermine our American way of life .
These activities urgently require investigation . Here lies the story of how
communism and socialism are financed in the United States, where they get
their money . It is the story of who pays the bill .
There is evidence to show there is a diabolical conspiracy back of all this . Its
aim is the furtherance of socialism in the United States .
Communism is only a brand name for socialism, and the Communist state
represents itself to be only the true form of socialism .
The facts will show that, as usual, it is the ordinary taxpaying citizen who
foots most of the bill, not the Communists and Socialists, who know only how to
spend money, not how to earn it .
The method by which this is done seems fantastic to reasonable men, for these
Communists and Socialists seize control of fortunes left behind by capitalists
when they die, and turn these fortunes around to finance the destruction of
capitalism .
V . THE REPORT
The consistency of the dedicated prejudgment of the staff and th
real control of the proceedings which it maintained is (aside from th
many other examples cited in this report) made further evident by
the fact that, from the conclusion of the hearings on June 17, 1954, to
the present, the staff has secluded itself to prepare the majority re
port . There has been no consultation or communication with the
minority, and presumably no direction or observation of the prepara
tion of the report by the majority . This report truly has . been . writte
in "a dark cellar," The staff went further, and in violation of con
gressional procedure tampered with and altered the "corrected" copy
of the hearings which were submitted by the minority, in some in-
stances changing the context and meaning of questions by minority
members .
In view of the manifest unfairness of the proceedings, it might b
assumed that the report prepared by the staff would seek to overcom
the basic unsoundness of its contribution by preparing a temperat
document, short in length and impartial in tone . But, like th
theme of doom in a Wagnerian opera, the basic resolve to justify th
initial prejudgment of condemnation of foundations is expressed an
reexpressed in this enormously lengthy report . Where the record
contained no facts to support some particular conclusions, a type o
staff "judicial notice" has been taken of facts and conclusions draw
from these facts, from whatever source has seemed convenient .
The great body of the press of the Nation has condemned the com
mittee for its shocking excesses and its denial of elementary fair play
As a result, the press has been attacked in the majority report alon
with all others who dared to disagree .
Even before the issuance of the report, the chairman of this com
mittee made an unwarranted attack on three of the Nations's leading
newspapers, the New York Times, the New York Herald Tribune
and the Washington Post and Times Herald . In a statement inserte
in the Congressional Record, the chairman accused these three great
newspapers of deserting their traditional principles of honest and
unbiased presentation of the news . Not content with that reckless
assertion, he deliberately linked the names of these newspapers wit
that of the Daily Worker in an effort somehow to imply guilt b
innuendo even though not one iota of evidence was ever presented
in support of this poisonous attack .
so the report states, owned stock in the New York Herald Tribune .
The fact that the Herald Tribune (in common with a myriad of other
newspapers) criticized the manner in which this committee proceeded
may have some bearing on the malice evidenced by the staff toward
this great newspaper .
From the New York Herald Tribune the report moved to the
New York Times, using the following language :
The presence of Mr . Sulzberger, president and publisher of the New York
Times, on the board of the Rockefeller Foundation is an illustration of this
extension of power and influence . (Mr . Sulzberger is also on the board of several
other foundations .) We do not mean to imply that Mr . Sulzberger directed his
editors to slant their reporting on this committee's work, but his very presence
on the Rockefeller Board could have been an indirect, intangible, influencing
factor . At any rate, the Times has bowed to no other newspaper in the vindic-
tiveness of its attack on this committee . In its issue of August 5, 1954, it gave
856 s lines of laudatory column space, starting with a front-page article, to the
statement filed b~ the Rockefeller Foundation . The following day, August 6,
1954, appeared one of a succession of bitter editorials attacking this committee .
(p . 33) .
Even more important, the report included in its findings the
following statement :
7 . The far-reaching power of the large foundations and of the interlock has so
influenced the press, the radio, and even the Government that it has become
extremely difficult for objective criticism of foundation practices to get into news
channels without having first been distorted, slanted, discredited, and at times
ridiculed (p . 17) .
To the minority, there is an integral relationship between the
majority's refusal to accord the foundations a public hearing and its
broadside attack on the press of the Nation . For, those who would
abuse the rights of the individual fear the press and rail against the
right of the press to report the facts and to criticize wrongdoing .
History teaches us that we must be alert to any incursion on our
basic freedoms . Here we are confronted with the twospecters of a
denial of a fair hearing and an effort to intimidate the press for report
ing and commenting upon that denial . The minority condemns this
and fervently hopes that the majority even at this late hour will recant
and vote to issue no report .
In the report, facts have been distorted and quotations from writings
have been taken out of context . Apparently, only those witnesses
(excepting the two witnesses from the Internal Revenue Service) who
possessed the qualifying bias of the staff were invited to testify, but
for the rare and refreshing case of Dr . Herring, whose testimony we
have discussed .
The other 8 nonstaff witnesses included, in addition to the 2 repre-
sentatives of the Internal Revenue Service, 2 retired and 2 employed
professors and 2 lawyers . These two members of the bar had no special
qualifications other than their own bias, which strangely coincided with
that of the staff .
The report outstrips the record in its bias, its prejudgment, and its
obvious hatred for the object of its wrath-the principal private
foundations of the Nation .
2 Parenthetically, it may be noted that the small-mindedness of the staff is well portrayed by the fact
that it took the time to count the lines which a newspaper devoted to a foundation report . A more
colossal waste of the taxpayer's money than line counting' we can't conceive!
colleges, and universities, and agencies of the Federal Government t
take over America . Quite probably it has now dawned upon th
staff that this theory would have made malefactors out of the Con
gress of the United States-for the Congress passed all of the socia
legislation condemned as the end result of this "conspiracy," includin
such programs as social security and Federal aid to education, th
enlightened programs for labor and agriculture, the protection of ban
deposits and security markets, and a host of others, which strengthe
the whole fabric of our society and its economy .
The theory of conspiracy was abandoned, but a charge of a specia
sort of monopoly was substituted-a monopoly of the educate
"elite ." The fruit of this monopoly is, so the staff concluded
control by the foundations of the avenues of intellectual exploratio
which otherwise would not be explored as evidenced by the fact tha
foundations have given substantial financial support to empirica
research and to research in the social sciences .
The staff's report would seem to recommend to the Congress tha
all foundations should be denied their tax-exempt status unless the
shall, in the field of the social sciences, adhere to principles whic
the staff supports . The following sets forth the lines of censorshi
suggested by the staff :
They (the trustees) should be very chary of promoting ideas, concepts an
opinion-forming material which runs contrary to what the public currently wishes
approves and likes (p . 20) .
We assume that the staff would recommend that this censorshi
be exercised by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue ; a role, b
the way, which the Commissioner in public testimony properly re
jected .
The excessive length of the report is, in itself, an index of th
unseemly effort of the staff to reach a predetermined conclusion, fo
if the conclusions stated were valid, then a positive, incisive, an
brief statement of facts would be sufficient to support them .
It must be remembered that even though the Congress soundl
rejects and repudiates the majority report, as it should, the report
will stand forever in all its spuriousness as a "majority report" o
facts and the sober conclusions of a majority of the members of a dul
constituted committee of the House of Representatives of the Unite
States and will be quoted by every fear peddler in the Nation as
incontrovertible fact .
In addition, the real mischief in these proceedings rests in th
effect which they may have on the future conduct of the tax-exemp
foundations . If, as a result of this inquiry, the foundations shal
surrender to timidity, then the aim of those who would destroy th
effectiveness of the foundations shall have been accomplished . Truly
the integrity of the foundations will hinge on the manner in whic
they meet this challenge .
VI . WHAT THE REPORT SHOULD BE
It is unfortunate that the minority report, limited as it must be to
the record and the majority report, is compelled to place majo
emphasis upon the errors of both . However, these errors are so basi
what the report should contain that can give any real guidance to the
Congress in this sensitive area, for there are no reliable facts in the
record made up by the, staff .
The minority recognizes that foundations are favored by State and
Federal tax laws . Even if they were not, however, they have a high
duty of public responsibility . This responsibility, however, does not
divest such foundations of the rights guaranteed by our Constitution .
Inherent in such guaranties is the proposition that Government may
not dictate, directly or indirectly, what the officers of such foundations
should think or believe or how they shall exercise their trust responsi-
bilities . Government cannot interfere with the lawful operations of
these private organizations in any manner . The fact that some or all
Members of Congress might disagree with all or a part of the acts of-a,--
foundation does not alter the constitutional protection against this
attempted invasion of their private rights under the guise of the taxing
authority .
The majority report should, in all fairness, state at least the fol-
lowing :
1 . The purposes of the resolution were not carried out .
2 . The proceedings were grossly unfair and prejudged .
3 . The record which was constructed by the staff is not reliable .
4 . If there is a necessity, in the public interest, to inquire into the
validity of the tax-exempt status of foundations and other charitable
institutions, then a new inquiry must be authorized to seek all the
facts and to give all interested persons an opportunity to be heard .
In truth, such an investigation, made in conformity with the great
tradition of congressional inquiry, is the only way in which Congress
can be properly advised of the facts in this area-and in which the
foundations can be relieved of the cloud of suspicion placed upon them
by the majority report .
VII . CONCLUSION
The proceedings and the rendition of the majority report are both
tragic events . The minority members are filled with a sense of deep
sorrow in the contemplation of the monstrous nature of both .
The minority members have discussed long and soberly this dark
reality, and they have concluded that the cloud of fear so evident in
all phases of our national life in recent years has enveloped this com-
mittee staff, and that these proceedings, under their guidance, are only
a part of a greater and more ominous movement under the direction
of a group who would use the deadly evil of fear for their own pur-
poses-purposes which would, in their realization, destroy American
constitutional liberty . In this reality, the minority invites the mili-
tancy of all Members of Congress and all citizens of this free land to
root out now and forever this evil and those who nurture it .
The proceedings and the majority report evidence the tragedy of the
men and women of the committee's staff who, having lived and pros-
pered under freedom, yet do' not believe in due process and American
fair play ; who fear the thinkers and those who dare to advance the
new and the unaccepted ; who believe that universal education for our
seek truth without limit or restriction .
Happily, the staff is representative of only a small and unhealthy
minority in the Nation . The fear-sickness of this group leads them to
brand as conspiratorial and un-American the citizens and organizations .
who support the great liberal tradition in our society including such
well-known persons as Edward R. Murrow, Paul Hoffman, Senator-
elect Clifford Case, of New Jersey, and Senator Paul Douglas, of
Illinois, and such highly respected organizations as the Federal Council
of Churches, the Parent-Teachers Association, the National Education
Association, the Anti-Defamation League, and some of the most
prominent newspapers and publishers in the land .
This tragic event evidences the decay which has resulted from the
cynical disillusionment of the minds of free men and women . These
unhappy citizens have forgotten the touchstone of America's great-
ness-freedom . The American faith is one which accepts the right of
free people to make mistakes and believes that a free people, despite
its mistakes, will sustain and advance with wisdom the common good .
If there is an element of good to be found in these proceedings, it is
the challenge to high leadership . Leadership at every level of society
from the smallest community to the White House must find ways to
strengthen those among us in this free and vigorous land who have lost
faith in freedom . We must rehabilitate those who somehow have
forgotten that America's individual and collective strength in a tor-
tured and straining world is, and has always been, in the supremacy of
a positive faith in freedom ; not in the nursing of doubts and fears .
WAYNE L . HAYS
GRACIE PPOST
o lonal ccor
PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 83d CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION
ON
H. Res. 217
[Index to Select Committee on Tax Exempt Foundations, Cox Committee,
H . Res. 561, 82d Cong., is a supplement to this index . See p . 135 .]
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
49720 WASHINGTON : 1955
COMPOSITE INDEX TO HEARINGS OF THE SPECIAL COM-
MITTEE TO INVESTIGATE TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS
AND COMPARABLE ORGANIZATIONS
Key to symbols
I This index Supplement will be found at the end of the Composite Index .
III
COMPOSITE INDEX
A Paso
AAA r400
ABA Committee a 1054
ABA Journal a 1054
Abbott, Leonard D h 220
Abel, Theodore a 1184,1185
Aberle, S . D a 1137
About the Kinsey Report (publication) h 131 ; r 69
Abraham Lincoln Brigade h 223,
253-255, 286, 317-319, 597, 598, 603, 643 ; a 989 ;
r 251, 261, 292, 294, 332, 333, 337, 347, 349, 385 .
Abramovitz . (See Harrison & Abramovitz .)
Abrams, Charles h 779, 793 ; a 984, 990, 995
Abrams, Frank W h 346, 349, 376 ; a 1021
Abt,John r 287
Academic Freedom Rally r 342
Academy of Pedagogical Sciences h 838
Academy of Political Science h 872
Academy of Sciences of the USSR h 838, 847, 848
Acheson, Dean h 893, 918
Across Africa on Foot (publication) h 927
Across the Gobi Desert (publication) h 927
Action Committee to Free Spain Now r 228
ADA (Americans for. Democratic Action) h 32, 41
Adamic, Louis h 34 ; a 1174, 1216
Adams, Dr h 855
Adams, Governor h 590
Adams, Arthur S a 1009, 1016
Adams, Gridley r 351
Adams, Jane h 223
Adams, John h 405, 805
Adam s,Samue 9e h 311
Adams Memorial h 223
Adams School for Social Science r 349
Adamson, Ernie r 227
Adler, David h 74
Adler, Milton h 351
Adler, Mortimer h 42, 74 ; a 1042, 1043 ; r 162, 189, 227
Adult Education Association a 1165
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (film) r 164
Advertisin~g Council, Inc h 42 ; a 1031, 1043 ; r 221
Advisory Board (American Student Union) r 230, 353.
Advisory Board (Film Audiences for Democracy)---- r 305, 306, 308
Advisory Board (Films for Democracy) r 305, 306, 308
1
Foreign Born r 25
Advisory Board of Frontier Films r 238, 327, 33
Advisory Committee (Ford Fund for the Advancement of
Education) r 23, 38, 16
Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policies h 885, 88
Advisory Council of Soviet Russia Today r 27
Athiopica (publication) a 124
Affiliated Schools for Workers h3
Africa (publication) h 92
Africa : Facts and Forecasts (publication) h 92
Africa in the War (pamphlet) . r 35
African Affairs Council r 26
Afros, Jack L r 40
After Defense-What? (pamphlet) r 13
After the War-Full Employment (pamphlet) r 13
Agar, John G h 35
Agard, Walter R a 100
Age of Jackson (publication) r 36
Age of Roosevelt (publication) r 36
Agee,James r 18
Agenda of Democracy (publication) r 132, 14
Agnes Scott College h 36
Agricultural Relief Act administration, Effects of Sales
Taxes (study) r 12
Agriculture Exchange (publication) r 23
Aid to China (Washington Committee) r 289, 32
Aid to Individuals (publication) h 83
Aid Which the Social Sciences Have Rendered and Can Render
to National Planning (report) h 47
Air War College h 94
Akeley, Delia J h 92
Alabama Farmers Union r 40
Alabama University a 121
Albright, Horace M h 35
Albright College a 122
Albu, Austen a 98
Alderman, Edwin A h 35
Alderson Reporting Co a 103
Aldrich, Winthrop W h 353, 358, 89
ALES (American Labor Education Service) r 106-10
ALES-CIO World Affairs Institute a 116
ALES Annotated List r 10
ALES Midwest Workers Education Conference_ _ a 1159, 1160 ; r 10
ALES Philadelphia Center r 10
Alexander, Robert J h 793 ; a 981, 98
Alexander, Wallace McK h 34
Alice in Wonderland, Or Through the Looking Glass (publica-
tion) h 58
All American Anti-Imperialist League h 222 ; r 229, 232, 30
All Eisler Program (Town Hall) r 25
All Men Are Created Equal (poster) a 104
All-Union Party Congress r 36
tries (VOKS) h 273 ; 275 ; r 158
All Union Travel Co . (Intourist) r 158
All We Are and All We Have (publication) h 929
Allahabad Agricultural Institute a 1029
Allbaugh, Lelena G a 1073
Allen, Devere h 220
Allen, Edward W h 552
Allen, Frederick Lewis h 254, 289, 296, 301, 303, 346, 608
Allen, Raymond B h 343, 552
Allen, Froude, Hilen & DeGarmo (law firm) h 552
Allied Mission to Observe Elections in Greece h 886
Allied Voters Against Coudert a 1171
Allis-Chalmers h 752
Allport, Alexander W h 897
Allyn & Bacon h 395
Alma Egan Hyatt Foundation a 1241
Almack, John C h 214
Altman Foundation h 16
Altschul, Frank h 347
Alumni Homecoming Dinner Sponsoring Committee (Ameri-
can Student Union) r 306, 353
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America a 977 ; r 287
Amerasia (publication) h 557, 558
America (article) a 1238
America : World Leader or World Led? (publication)--_ h 927 ; r 173
America and Asia (publication) h 929 ; r 173
America in the Changing World (publication) h 938
America Discovers Its Songs (article) h 320
America First (organization) h 787, 788
America and the New World (publication) h 929
America and the Refugees (publication) ._ _ _ h34
American (publication) h 33 ; r 121
American Academy of Arts and Sciences a 999
American Academy of Political Science h 902
American Academy of Political and Social Sciences h 74 ; r 51
American Advisory Organization h 266 ; r 152, 157
American Affairs (publication) h 36 ; a 1036
American Anthropological Association h 32, 818 ; a 999
American Antiquarian Society a 099
American Architect (publication) h 496
American Association for Adult Education h 674, 675
American Association for the Advancement of Science r 171
American Association of International Conciliation h 873, 906,
024 ; r 171
American Association of Junior Colleges a 1147
American Association for Public Opinion Research a 1036
American Association of School Administrators--_- h 74, 482 ; a 1147
American Association for Social Security h 777, 778 ; a 990
American Association of Social Workers h 32
American Association of the United Nations h 381 ; a 984, 1162
American Association of University Professors h 272,
275, 482, 681, 715 ; a 1239 ; r 142
American Bank Note Cc h 553
American Bankers Association a 104
American Bar Association h 196
382 ; a 1031, 1052, 1054, 1219 ; r 111, 185, 18
American Bar Association Journal a 123
American Bar Foundation a 1031, 105
American Birth Control League h 43
American Book Co h 393, 39
American Book Publishers Council h 39
American Bourgois Philosophy and Sociology in the Service of
Imperialism (publication) h 838, 84
American Broadcasting Co h 38
American Business and the Independent College (article)-_-- a 123
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) h 39
223, 303, 390, 902 ; r 228, 229, 231, 378, 379, 40
American Coalition of Patriotic, Civic and Fraternal Societies
(National Security Committee) r 40
American Commission to Negotiate Peace at Paris in 1918--- h 87
American Committee for Anti-Nazi Literature a 117
American Committee for Anti-Nazi German Seamen a 117
American Committee for Cultural Freedom_- -- r 25
American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky--- r 328, 37
American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom_ h 222
a 1170, 1171, 1215 ; r 228, 233, 250, 254, 258, 301, 304
307, 311, 327, 331, 333, 335, 354, 363, 364, 375, 39
American Committee for International Student Congress
Against War and Fascism h 22
American Committee of Liberals for the Freedom of Mooney
and Billings h 22
American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born h 222
223 ; a 1171, 1173 ; r 230, 232, 240, 246, 251, 255, 265
267, 290, 291, 307, 311, 321, 326, 331, 333, 340, 344
348, 349, 352, 354, 373, 375, 379, 381, 390, 401 .
American Committee to Save Refugees a 1216
r 248, 305, 309, 318, 335, 375, 377, 37
American Committee for Soviet Relations a 117
American Committee for Struggle Against War a 1175
1176 ; r 230, 232, 258, 318, 35
American Committee for Yugo-slav Relief r 265, 30
American Congress for Peace and Democracy r 231
232, 275, 326, 35
American Constitutional History (publication) h 52
American Continental Congress for Peace r 280, 321, 341, 38
American Contributions to Civilization (publication) a 107
American Coordinating Committee for International Studies-_ h 90
American Council for a Democratic Greece r 269, 38
American Council on Education_-- h 21
46, 47, 74, 269, 275, 469-471, 475, 482, 612, 618, 620,
672, 674-677, 679, 681, 682, 686, 687, 689, 695, 698
700, 701, 703-707, 713-716, 720, 722, 808 ; a 998, 1005
1006, 1009, 1012, 1014-1016, 1081, 1112, 1124, 1147,
1236 ; r 45, 47, 52, 53, 129, 135, 136, 142, 157, 171 .
45, 48, 469, 470, 475, 476, 482, 525, 549, 556, 564, 569,
570, 580, 584, 589-592, 601-603, 612, 618, 808, 809,
894, 937 ; a 959, 998, 999, 1006, 1008, 1009, 1012, 1030,
1081, 1128, 1129, 1189, 1222, 1223, 1225-1229 ; r 26,
32, 39, 45, 47, 48, 53-57, 59, 81, 129, 137, 142, 171, 201
American Council on Public Affairs r 404
American Council on Race Relations r 329, 399
American Council on Soviet Relations h 222 ;
a 1173, 1176 ; r 253, 256, 259, 318, 375, 380
American Delegation (UNESCO) r 108
American Dilemma (publication)-- h 49, 58, 578, 592 ; a 967, 969 ; r 125
American Diplomacy, 1900-1950 (publication) r 306
American Economic Association-- h 32, 818, 838, 847 ; a 993, 998, 999
American Education Fellowship h 34, 35,
388, 395, 397, 398, 493, 675 ; a 1149 ; r 146, 151, 152
American Education Under Fire (pamphlet) h 327, 388, 397
American Educational League h 322, 324
American Farm Bureau Federation h 881, 920
American Federation of Labor (AFL) h 746,
750, 751, 776, 780, 781, 784, 788, 789, 792 . 920 ;
a 977, 981, 984, 995, 1159, 1169, 1233 ; r 97, 107, 396,
397, 400, 403 .
American Federation of Teachers a 985, 1159 ; r 106, 396
American Folklore Society a 999
American Foundation for Political Education r 221
American Foundations-Their Fields (publication) ---- h 669 ; a 1235
American Friends of the Chinese People h 222 ;
a 1216 ; r 230, 232, 234, 308, 354, 375
American Friends Service Committee h 389, 390 ;
r 186, 187, 211, 302, 351
American Friends of the Soviet Union a 1171 ; r 269, 317, 369
American Friends of Spanish Democracy h 222 ;
a 1170, 1171 ; r 229, 232, 237, 238, 247, 254, 259, 301,
304, 305, 308, 317, 318, 327, 331, 333, 335, 337, 350,
353, 355, 364, 369, 371, 375, 390, 391, 409 .
American Friends of Spanish Democracy (Medical Bureau)--- r 237,
259, 277, 288, 292, 304, 317, 327, 337, 370, 371, 375
American Fund for Public Service h 222 ;
r 229, 241, 297, 308, 328, 395, 396
American Geographical Society h 286
American-German Review a 1241
American Hawaiian Steamship Co h 553
American Heritage Council r 221'
American Heritage Foundation r 46
American Heritage Program of the National Library Associa-
tion r221
American Heritage Project (American Library Association) --- r 164
American Historical Association h 21,
32, 46, 58, 285-287, 469-471, 475, 476, 478-480, 488,
506, 603, 612, 617, 697, 720, 818, 838, 847 ; a 967, 974,
975, 999, 1081, 1112 ; r 45, 53, 129, 140, 141, 153, 171,
425 .
American Indian Federation r 36
American Indians (article) h 31
American Institute (Moscow University) 158,159', 16
American Institute of Electrical Engineers h 49
American Institute of Management (AIM) h 370, 373, 37
American Intercontinental Peace Conference r 273, 27
American International College a 123
American Investors Union, Inc a 1171,1176, 121
American Journal of Economics and Sociology a 123
American Journal of International Law h 55
American Journal of Psychiatry h 123, 1
American Journal of Public Health a 123
American Judicature Society h 19
American Labor Education Service h 72
a 1158-1167, 1169 ; r 45, 106-10
American Labor Party r 10
268, 285, 322, 344, 348, 386, 40
American Law Institute a 114
American League Against War and Facism h 22
a 1170 ; r 230-232, 251, 253, 258, 259, 298, 318, 326
333,335,344,348,351-353,376,398,415 .
American League to Enforce Peace h 92
American League for Peace and Democracy h 22
a 1169, 1171, 1176 ; r 109, 160, 228, 231, 232, 234, 23
238-240, 251, 253, 254, 259, 260, 275, 276, 288, 292
314, 318, 326, 335, 349, 352, 369, 376, 390, 391, 398
411 .
American League for Peace and Democracy (Theatre Arts
Committee) r 288, 28
American Legion h 29, 40, 243 ; a 1156 ; r 338, 36
American Legion Magazine a 123
American Legion Subversive Activities Committee r 3
American Library Association - - - h 327, 590 ; a 955, 1031 ; r 164, 1
American Locomotive Co a 104
American Management Association h 49
American Medical Association a 115
American Mercury (publication) h 222
a 1216, 1240, 1241 ; r 114, 20
American Mining Congress h 49
American Mining Congress Journal h 49
American Music Alliance of Friends of the Abraham Lincoln
Brigade r 25
American Musicological Society a 9
American Newspaper Publishers Association r
American Numismatic Society a 9
American Oriental Society a 9
American Patriots, Inc h 32
American Peace Crusade-- h 223 ; r 274, 278, 285, 340, 356, 381, 40
American Peace Crusade Open Letter to the President r 2
American Peace Crusader (publication) r 27
American Peace Mobilization (APM) r 23
336, 341, 356, 358, 395, 40
278, 381, 382, 402
American Perspectives (publication) a 1241
American Philological Association a 999
American Philosophical Association h 847, 854, 902 ; a 999 ; r 47
American Policy in the Far East, 1931- (publication) h 928 ;
r 173, 235
American Political Association h 580
American Political Science Association h 32,
556, 560, 564-569, 573, 585, 590, 617, 818 ; a 993, 999 ;
r 26, 27, 91, 115, 117, 131, 200, 201 .
American Political Science Review (publication) h 556
American Progress Foundation h 292, 302
American Progressives h 792 ; r 313, 379
American Protective League h 496
American Psychological Association h 32, 818, 847
American Pushkin Committee h 223
American Review of Reviews (publication) h 361
American Round Table (organization) a 1043
American Russian Institute h 929 ;
a 1215, 1222-1224 ; r 173, 174, 246, 256, 289, 320, 330,
333, 366 .
American School in Japan a 1197, 1205
American Senate and the Treaty-Making Power (publication) - h 556
American Sexual Behavior and the Kinsey Report (publica-
tion) r 68
American Slav Congress a 1174 ;
r 323, 340, 344, 348, 380, 382, 406
American Slave Congress (Report) r 323
American Socialist Party r 98
American Society for Aesthetics a 999
American Society of Cinematographers h 429
American Society for Cultural Relations with Russia a 1176
American Society of International Law h 556, 873
American Society of Mechanical Engineers h 496
American Society of Public Administration a 1209
American Society for Technical Aid to Spanish Democracy ._-- r259
American Sociological Review (publication) r 77
American Sociological Society h 32, 818 ; a 999
American Soldier (publication) h 150 ;
151, 160, 161, 898 ; a 967, 972, 974
American Soldier project r 74, 75
American-Soviet Cultural Conference--- -- r 252
American Soviet secret police agency in the United States- _ -- r 356
American Sponsoring Committee (World Peace Congress) - r 273, 280
American Statistical Association h 32, 495, 818 ; r 128
American Student Union h 222 ;
a 1173 ; r 230, 353 ; r 187, 232, 235-237, 277, 306, 308,
312, 326, 353, 380, 393, 394, 411, 415, 416 .
American Student Union Invites You (leaflet) r 306
American Technical Society h 394
American Telephone & Telegraph Co h 349, 354, 360, 446
American Textbook Publishers Institute h 395, 396
American Trade Union Delegation r 25
American University (Beirut) a 102
American Vietnamese Foundation a 98
American Way (publication) h 3
American Way of Business (pamphlet) r 15
American Women for Peace r 38
American World Policies (publication) h 92
American Writers and Artists Committee r 25
American Writers Congress-_ r 261, 282, 336, 341, 346, 348, 365, 39
American Youth Commission h 74, 696, 697 ; r 13
American Youth Congress h 222
a 1171, 1175, 1176 ; r 187, 230, 232, 236, 237, 276, 29
302, 336, 355, 369, 377, 382, 394-396, 411-413, 413
415, 416 .
American Youth Congress (Fourth Annual Conference) r 27
American Youth For Democracy r 296
319, 333, 344, 348, 382, 394, 39
Americanization Committee (National Society, Sons of the
American Revolution) h 386, 387, 396 ; r 14
Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) h 32, 41 ; r 40
America's Future, Inc h 322, 324, 73
America's Outposts (article) h 31
America's Second Crusade (publication) r 12
America's Stake in Britain's Future (publication) h 92
America's Struggle for Electric Power (publication) h 79
Amherst College h 220, 350, 750 ; a 977, 1051, 1219 ; r 9
An Amiable Adventure (publication) h 92
Amster,I r 258, 29
Amsterdam World Congress Against War r 255, 318, 350, 39
An American Dilemma (publication) r 89, 91, 18
An Atlas of the Empire (publication) h 92
An Atlas of the U . S . S . R . (publication) h 92
An Invitation to American Labor to Participate in a Peace
Congress (leaflet) r 27
And the Bravest of These (publication) h 92
Ander, Oscar Fritiof a 123
Anderson, Albin Theodore a 123
Anderson, C . Arnold a 1184, 1187 ; r 62, 6
Anderson, Dillon h 34
Anderson, Eleanor C . (Mrs . Sherwood Anderson) a 1159
1170 ; r 106, 227, 22
Anderson, Florence h 34
Anderson, H . A a 123
Anderson, Howard R h6
Anderson, M . D h1
Anderson, Paul B h 34
Anderson, Rachael Evans h6
Anderson, Mrs . Sherwood (Eleanor C . Anderson) a 1159, 117
Anderson Foundation h 1
Anderson, Wrenn & Jenks (law firm) h 55
Andrew Jackson High School h 6
Andrews, E . Benjamin h 35
Andrews r 11,22,96
Andrews, F . Emerson h 60 ; a 1117
Andrews, Fanny Fern h 927
Andrews, Frank a 1235-1237
Andrews, T . Coleman h 418-
422, 442-448, 453, 454, 456-458, 460-463, 734, 735,
740, 786 ; a 1120 .
Angell, James R h 338, 339, 353, 358
Angell, Norman h 927, 928 ; r 173, 228
Annual Report of the Fund for Adult Education (1951) h 41
Answers for Americans (Facts Forum broadcast) r . 174,
Anthony, Alfred W a 23,
Anti-Defamation League h 21, 47
Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith h 388, 389 ; r 211, 432
Anti-Defamation League Bulletin (B'nai B'rith) r 211
Anti-Lynching Bill r 352
Anti-Nazi Council of the American League for Peace and
Democracy r 231
Anti-Soviet Slander Exposed as a Forgery (article) r 389
Apotheker, Henry r 409, 410
Appalachian Mountain Club a 1209
Appell, Donald r 301
Appleget, Thomas B . h 357
Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc h 394
Approach to Foundations (article) a 1238
Aquinas, Thomas a 1168
Arabic Works a 1002
Arbuthnot, Thomas S r 338
Archaeological Institute of America a 999
Are Our Teachers Afraid to Teach? (article) h 490
Are We Being Talked Into War (pamphlet) r 322
Arendtz, Herman F h 927
Arens, Herman J a 1229
Aristotle h 805 ; a 1168
Arizona University a 1230
Armstrong h 346
Armstrong, Hamilton Fish h 886, 928
Army Field Manual (publication) r .97
Arndt, Christian 0 h 64, 390
Arnett, Trevor h 353, 359, 362, 363
Arrangements Committee for the United States ongrss
Against War r 230
Artef Theatre r 292
Artists' Front To Win The War r 251, 265, 344, 348
Artists and Writers Dinner Club r 409
Arts and the American Craftsmen (article) h 320
Ashbee, C. R h 926
Assignment in Utopia (publication) h 928
Associated Hospital Service of New York h 351
Associated Research Council a 1006, 1162
Associated Women of the Federation h 881
Association of American Colleges h 268,
275, 681, 715, 874 ; a 1238, 1240
Association of American Geographers a 99
Association of American Law Schools h 32 ; a 121
Association of American Universities__ h 681, 715, 874 ; a 1113 ; r 33
Association of Land Grant Colleges and Universities_ _ _ _ h 482 ; r 14
Association Press a 1235, 123
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development
NEA) h 64, 388, 489 ; a 1150 ; r 19
Atheism (article) r9
Atherton, J. Ballard h 65
Atlanta Constitution h 34
Atlanta Federal Penitentiary r 267, 39
Atlanta University h 6
Atlantic (publication) a 123
Atlantic Monthly a 1238, 124
Atlantic Monthly Supplement . r 18
Atlas Engine Works h 36
Atmono, S a 08
Atomic Age (publication) h 79
Atomic Age Opens (publication) h 02
Attilio h 92
Attlee h 59
Auden, W. H r 18
Augustus College a 123
Ausable Club a 118
Austin, Eduardo_ _ - a 122
Austin, Warren Robinson h 65 ; r 19
Author Meets the Critic (television show) _ _ _ _ _ a98
Auto Workers Union, CIO (region 8) r 39
Avalon Foundation . h 1
Ax 11 , G E a 98
Aydelotte, Frank h 34
Ayer, Fred C a 114
Ayerbach, Mrs . George S a .118
Ayers, Leonard a 974, 123
B
Bach, Otto Karl a 123
Bachman, Dorothy y a 116
Bachman, Frank P h'36
Background of African Liberation Struggles (seminar) r 26
Bacon (see Allyn & Bacon.)
Bacon, Francis h 80
Bacon, Robert h 340 ; a 105
Baehr, George a 98
Baehr, Harry h 90
Baghdad and Points East (publication) h 92
Bagley a 114
Bail Fund of the Civil Rights Congress of New York_ r 278, 345, 35
Baird College a 98
Baker, Frank E a 12.
Baker, Lawrence G a 123
Baker, Newton D h 338 ; a 96
Bakke, E . Wright a 98
Baldanzi, George h 778 ; r 104
Baldwin, C . B a 1173
Baldwin, Roger h 904 ; r 93, 228-231
Baldwin, William H h 359, 362; a 1181
Ball v. Paramount Pictures (case) h 365
Ballantine, Arthur A h 340, 347
Ballantine, Joseph W h 553
Balleau, Frank A h 514
Bailou, Frank W h 286
Balokovic, Zlatko a 1174
Baltimore Sun--- h 795
Bancroft, Edgar A h 340
Bancroft, Thomas r 363
Banani, Amin a 1229
Bank Run (pamphlet) a 1164
Banking (publication) a 1044
Bar of the District of Columbia h 724
Barbary Shore (publication) r 343
Barbash,Jack a 981, 990
Bar of the City of New York a 1219
Bar of the Supreme Court h 724.
Bard, Harry h 74
Bard College a 984
Barkin,Solomon a 979
Barnard, Chester I h 353, 357, 359, 362, 880 ; a 1084, 1236
Barnard, Chester I r 232
Barnard College h 220, 524, 678, 706 ; r 94
arnes h 903
Barnes, A .S h 394
Barnes, Harry Elmer a 1175 ; r 178, 179
Barnes, Joseph Fels a 1223, 1228
Barnes, Kathleen a 1223, 1228
Barnes, Mrs . Katrina McCormick a 980
Barnes & Co h 394
Baron, Baronig r 161
Baron, Murray h 792
Barou, Noel h 793
Barrett, Edward h 904 ; a 1132, 1221
Barrows, David P h 340, 877, 918
Barsky, Edward K r 263, 321, 359, 384
Barsky v. United States (case) r 263
Bartky, Dean John a 1048
Baruch, Bernard r 119
Barzun,Jacques r 189
Basch, Antonin h 891, 892 ; a 1230
Basic Facts About Carnegie Corporation of New York and
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
(publication) h 675, 678
Basis of Durable Peace (publication) h 926
Basis for Peace in the Far East (publication) ---_ h 929 ; a 1216 ; r 173
Batelle Memorial Institute r 46
Bates, Professor h 846
Bates, Blanchard W a 1231
Battle of Consent (article) r 14
Battle for Peace (publication) r 271
Bauer, Fred B r 362
Bauer, Mrs . Fred B r 36
Bauer,John h 793, 84
Bay Area Educational Television Association (San Francisco) --h 386
Bayard, Herbert h 90
Bazar, Julia Older r 16
Be Glad You're a Real Liberal (publication) h 33 ; r 12
Beal, George J h 357, 36
Beard, Charles h 32
58, 286, 488, 516, 518, 519, 566, 573, 574, 576, 586, 595
697, 828 ; a 968, 975 ; r 28, 117 .
Beard, Charles Austin r 89, 17
Beatty, Willard W h 265
Beauchamp, Mary h 327
Beaumont, Louis D h 1
Beaumont Foundation h 1
Beaverbrook, Lord r 11
Bechterov h 278
Beck, George T a 122
Becker h 848
Becker, Carl a 101
Becton .r 294
Bedacht, Max r 298
Bedekar, S. K r 16
Beecroft, Eric Armour a 123
Beer, Max h 31 ; r 92
Behavioral Sciences Division (Ford Foundation) h 36
481 ; r 24, 46, 49, 50, 81, 8
Behlow, Robert a 102
Belding . (See Foote, Cone & Belding .)
Belfrage, Cedric r 280
Bell, Daniel h 33 ; a 98
Bell, H . McClelland h 343
Bell, Howard M h 697
Bell, James F h 340
Bell, Laird a 96
Bell for Adano (publication) h 553
Bell and Howell r 16
Beltz Edward W h 553
Ben 1 eider Memorial Fund a 1171
Bendiner, Robert h 793 ; a 1237 ; r 10
Benedict, Ruth h 34
139, 929 ; a 1215, 1216 ; r 165, 174, 232-234, 408
Benes, Eduard h 928
Benjamin, Harold h 320, 321, 329-335, 388, 390
Benjamin, Herbert r 253, 260, 314
Bennett, John C a 977
Bennington College a 97
Benson, W .S h 394
Benson & Co h 394
Bentley, Elizabeth h 303 ; r 262, 263, 287
Bentley, Harold W h 345
Benton, William . h 893, 918
Berelson, Bernard h 36 ; a 1035, 1036 ; r 189
Berg's Economic Geography of the U . S . S. R a 1003
Berkley, Charles C h 779 ; a 990
Berkowitz, Fred h 750 ; r 99
Berle, A . A . Jr h 629 ; r 92
Berlin, Rose a 1055
Berlin University h 31 ; a 1139; r 93
Bernard h 848
Bernays Foundation r 88
Be rnays, Edward L r 88
Berninghausen, David K h 327
Berry, Catherine E a .1009
Bertram, James h 338, 339
Besant, Anna h 215
Bethesda Naval Hospital h 90, 91
Bevan, Aneurin h 143
Beveridge, William H h 775 ; a 989, 1140
Beveridge Report ' a 989
Beyer, Otto S h 220
Bible '- r203'
Bibliographical Society of America a 999
Bibliography of the Soviet Union (publication) r 264
Bidault h 595 ;r 169
Biddle, Francis r 252, 291, 310, 329, 364, 390, 394, 398, 400
Bidwell, Percy W h 892'
Biedenkapp, Fred r 298
Biennial Survey (publication(publication) a 1111
Big Farm (publication) h 34
Big Sea (publication) r 29.7
Bigelow, Paul r 189
Biggerstaff, Knight h 553'
Bilbo,Senator h 848
Bill of Grievances (publication) r 147
Bill of Rights Conference r 270, 373, 383
Billings h 222
Bingham, Barry h 349 ; a 974
Birchard, C . C h 394
Birchard & Co ' h'394
Birnbaum, Adele r 161
Bisbee . (See Rushmore, Bisbee & Stern.)
Bishop, Bernice P h 553
Bishop, William Rowley .a 1229
Bishop Trust Co . (Honolulu) Ii 553
Bisson, T. A h 928 ; a 1215 ; r 173, 174
Bituminous Coal Act h 748
Bituminous Coal Code, Annotated (publication) h 724
Black, Dr h 830
Black, Hugo L r 210
Black Folk Then and Now (publication) r 271
Black Legion h 312
Black Pit (pamphlet) a 1164 ; r' 107
49720-55-2
Black Pit (play) a 1164 ; r 3
Black Reconstruction (publication) r 2
Blackmur, R . P r1
Blackwell, Thomas E a 12
Blair & Co h 3
Blaisdell h
'Blaisdell, Ballis Edwin r1
<B4ai dill, Thomas C h 615, 6
Blakiston Co h 3
Bland, Hubert h 2
Blanding, Sarah Gibson h 3
Blandshard, Brand a 9
Blanshard, Paul h 135, 749, 751 ; r 100, 2
Blasser, Arthur Frederick a 12
Blegen, Theodore C a 10
Bleicken, Gerhard D a 12
Bliss (See Helvering v. Bliss.)
Bliven, Bruce h 220 ; a 1238 ; r 110, 148, 236-2
Blocks (play) a 1165 ; r 1
Bloor, Ella Reeve_ h 223, 224 ; r 229, 247, 258, 302, 309, 313, 377, 3
Blue Glamor (publication) h 9
Blueprints for Action (article) h 755 ; r
Blueprints of Action-a Handbook for Student Revolutionists
(publication) h7
Blumer, Herbert h 848 ; a 1184, 11
BMT (NYC) h 7
B!nai B'rith h 388, 389 ; r 52, 2
Board of Education (California) h 197 ; r 146, 1
Board of Education (San Francisco) h 19
255, 257, 260, 262; r 146, 1
Board of Foreign Scholarships h 8
Bobbio, Nordberto a 11
Boble
Bobbs-Merrill Co__-- h 394, 3
Bodman, Longley, Boble, Armstrong & Dahling (law firm) --- h 3
Bogardus h 8
Bogolepov h 471 ; r 1
Bohn, :William E r 409, 4
Bo1les,'Blaire h 8
Bolsheviks h 746, 749, 927 ; r
Bolshevism (article) r
Bolte, Charles G h 3
Bondfield, Margaret a 989, 9
Bondy,Fracis
Bontecou, EEleanor a 1131, 11
Book and Magazine Guild (United Office and Professional
Workers of America, Local 18) r 239, 328, 3
Book House for Children h3
Book Shop, Association r 242, 3
Bwk; Union h 222 ; r 246, 261, 282, 3
Book: Union Bulletin r 261, 3
Bookplate (publication) r3
Books on the U . S . S . R . (publication) r 242, 367, 3
Bookshopper (publication) r341
Borden Co a 1043
Borger, Cathrine h 919
Borton, Hugh h 553
Bossard, James H . S a 1184, 1188 ; r 64, 65
Boston Retail Distribution Conference_-- h 495
Boston University r 158
Botein, Bernard a 9 ,1146
Boushy, Theodore F a 1229
Bovingdon,John r 160, 161
Bovingdon, Louise r 161
Bowen, Willis Herbert a 1231
Bower r 351
Bowles, Chester h 353 ; a 1127, 1183 ; r 169
Bowling Green University h 250
Bowman, Francis J . E a 1231
Bowman, Isaiah h 286, 885, 886, 889 ; a 975
Bowman, John G h 345
Bowman, Leroy E h 780, 789 ; a 990
Bowman, Raymond T a 1025
Boycott Japanese Goods Conference r 235, 240, 252
Brace h 394
Brrden,Spruille a 1183 ; r 169
Bradley, Dwight a 1174
Bradley, Justice h 641
Brady, Diamond Jim h 769
Brady, Dorothy a 1025
Brady, Robert A r 117-119, 239, 240
Brainwashing in Red China (publication) h 142
Brameld, Theodore_ _ _ - h 35, 327, 397 ; r 152, 240
Brandeis, Louis D .--- r 19
Brandeis University r 290
Brandon Films r 165
Brandt, Karl h 892
Branscomb, Bennett Harvie h 359 ; a 1041, 1048, 1128
Bratt, K . A h 927
Braun, Madame Madeleine a 1215 ; r 175
Bray, W"illliam G a 1232
Brazil : ' An Interpretation (publication) h 929
Brazilian Communist Party r 233, 239, 249, 254, 259, 328
Bread (play)_-- a 1165
Breech, Ernest R h 376
Breit, Harvey r 189
Bretton Woods a 1217
Briand h 595
Briarcliffe Junior College a 1232
Bribery by Tax Exemption (article) a 1238
Bricker, John W h 59, 310, 511 ; a 1179
Bridges, Harry-_ h 222 ; a 1171 ; r 240, 251, 252, 291, 298, 310,
314, 319, 329, 336, 339, 347, 349, 364, 390 ;'394, 416
Bridges, Robertson, Schmidt Defense Committee r 240, 339
Bridges, Styles h 590
Brief Statement of the History and Activities of the American
Council on Education (publication) r 5
Brierly, William W h 36
Briggs, Thomas Henry- - - - h 94-110, 113, 163, 414, 584, 585 ; a 959
1075, 1089 ; r 21, 23, 27, 38, 127, 161, 162, 166, 16
Brigham Young University h 72
Bring Daddy Home Clubs a 97
Britain : Partner for Peace (publication) h 929 ; r 17
British Columbia International Union of Mine, Mill, and
Smelter Workers r 36
British Columbia University h 87
British Conservative Party h 572, 79
British Institute of Management a 98
British Labor (publication) h 79
British Labor Party r9
British Labor on Reconstruction in War and Peace (publica-
tion) h 79
British Labor Socialist Party h 42
397, 746, 772, 774, 790 ; a 1044 ; r 132, 141, 20
British Liberal Party h 79
British Writer Refutes Lies about Soviet Forced Labor (arti-
cle) r 38
Brock, Stuart P h 55
Broderick, Alan H h 92
Brogan, D . W a 114
Bromley, Dorothy Dunbar a 98
Bronk, Detlev W h 359 ; a 1127, 112
Bronk, Detlev W h 35
Brookings, Robert S ' --' - h 34
Brookings Institution h 17, 44, 93, 553
629, 643, 879, 893, 894, 934-936, 941 ; a 962, 963, 97
Brooklyn College a 976, 980, 981, 983, 988, 990, 1217, 123
Brooks, Charles E h 34
Brooks, Cleanth r 18
Brooks, Thomas a 98
Brookwood College h 750
a 1159, 1164, 1169, 1170, 1175 ; r 99, 106, 107, 396, 3
Brookwoods Fifteenth Anniversary Review (publication) r 39
Brorby, Melvin a 118
Brotherhood of Man (film) r 16
Brothers Under the Skin (publication) r 34
Browder, Earl---- a 1171, 1176, 1222, 1224 ; r 251, 261, 267, 281
285, 287, 289, 291, 298, 330, 336, 351, 354, 392, 39
Brown, Bernice (Cronkite) h 87
Brown, Dyke h 34
Brown, H. Clifford h 55
Brown, Harcourt a 123
Brown, James Scott h 87
Brown, Robert C a 123
Brown, Stanley D r
Brown Bros ., Harriman & Co h 355 ; a 112
Brown University h 874 ; a 123
Browne, Will .iam r 33
h 310
Brownell, Lincoln C h 553
Browning, Robert h 567
Brownlee, James F h 346, 350, 351 ; a 1021, 1051
Broyles, Paul r 299
Bruce, Howard h 348
Bruch, Hilde r 72
Brudney, Victor a 1116
Bruner, Herbert h 327
Bruner,Joseph r 362
Bryan, Malcolm h 350 ; a 1051
Bryan, William L h 343
Bryce,James h 577
Bryce, Lord a 969
Bryn Mawr College h 268 ; 275
Buchanan, Norman S h 891
Buck, Pearl S h 927 ; r 173, 241-244
Bucknell University a 1184
Budenz, Dr. Louis F h 34, 39, 135, 471, 513 ; r 197, 338
Buell, Raymond Leslie h 926 ; a 1177 ; r 173, 244
Buffalo University a 1114
Bugas, John S h 376
Buhl Foundation h 16
Buhler, Curt F a 1009
Building America Textbooks h 197,
287, 309, 310, 313, 315, 316, 320, 719 ; a 1149, 1150 ;
r 121, 136, 147, 154-156 .
Building for Peace at Home and Abroad (publication) - --- h 33 ; r 121
Building a Power Winning Organization (conference theme) h750 ;
r 99
Building a Science of Society for the Schools (pamphlet)--_ .-- h 255
Building the World Society (publication) h 927 ; r 173
Bukharin r 404
Bullis, Harry A h 348
Bullitt, William Marshall h 340
Bunche, Ralph J h 349, 763, 781, 791 ; a 977
Bundy, Harvey H h 340
Bunting, Earl h 33, 34 ; r 121
Burdett Co h 394
Burdock, Eugene I h 340
Bureau of Academic Freedom r 241, 270, 299, 332, 385
Bureau of Adult Education, New York State h 780, 789
Bureau of Educational Research (Ohio State University) - h 267, 274
Bureau of the Representative in the United States of the
Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic (Department of
Information) r 110
Bureau of Research and Statistics a 990
Bureau of Social Hygiene a 1137
Bureaucracy (article) r 92
Bureaucracy and Trusteeship in Large Corporations (publi-
cation) r 45
Burgess, John W h 572-574
Burgess, Robert M a 1231
Burke, Earl a 12
Burke, Edmund h 572 ; r 1
Burke, Kenneth r 190, 2
Burke, Thomas h3
Burling h3
Burns, Arthur F h 785 ; a 963, 9
Burns, Arthur R h7
Burns, Eveline M h 615, 621, 622, 777, 785 ; a 990, 9
Buros, H . R r 1
Bursler, Norman r 2
Burton, M . LeRoy h3
Bush, Vannevar h 338 ; a 949, 962, 965, 9
Bushbv h3
Business and Politics in the Far East (publication) h 927 ; r 1
Business of Giving (article) a 12
Business of Giving Money Away (article) a 12
Business Reports (publication) a,12
Business as a System of Power (publication) r 1
Business Week (publication) h 375 ; a 1044, 12
Buss, Claude A h8
Butler (see United States v . Butler .)
Butler h
Butler, Nicholas Murray h 338-34
343, 556, 573, 584, 588, 873, 875, 876, 881, 882, 89
894, 907, 918, 920, 924, 926, 928, 929 ; a 1057, 106
1063 ; r 26, 171, 233, 331, 354 .
Butler University a 12
Butterfield, Victor L a 10
Buttrick, Ernest A h3
Buttrick, Wallace h 353, 359, 362, 3
Byrnes, Governor r1
Byrnes, James F h 563, 593, 643, 893, 9
C
Cacchione,-Peter V r2
Cadbury, Henry J r 1
Cadwalader, John L h3
Caetani, Marguerite r 1
Cairns, Huntington h 350 ; a 10
Calderwood, James a 11
Caldwell, Erskine a 12
California Committee on Education h 315, 3
California Department of Education r 1
California Institute of Technology a 1124, 12
California Labor School r 344, 348, 3
California Legislature h 313, 315, 319, 3
California schools r 154, 1
California Senate Investigating Committee on Education---- h 31
316 ; r 154, 1
California Senate Un-American Activities Committee r 1
California Society, Sons of the American Revolution- h 197 ; r 146, 1
California Sponsoring Committee, Northern Division (Harry
Bridges) r2
California State Board of Education h 197 ; r 146, 147
California State Department of Education h 387, 396 ; a 1149
California Tenney Committee Report r,,13.38
California University `h'19 -16,
255, 257, 356, 361, 395, 496, 553, 694, 723, 877, 904,
937, 940 ; a 1014, 1025, 1127, 1128, 1132, 1139, 1184,
1188, 1221, 1230 ; r 42, 81, 83, 150, 184, 236, 240, 292,
301, 324, 334, 363 .
California University Press h 395
California University Provost r 150
Calkins, Robert D h 362, 363
Call to Action, American Congress for Peace and Democracy
(leaflet) r231
Call to a Conference on Constitutional Liberties in America
(leaflet) r 227
Call to a Conference on Wom-en of the U . S . A . and the
U. S . S . R . in the Post-War World (leaflet) r 228
Call to a National Congress for Unemployment (leaflet) - r- 230,
260,314
Call to the Second U . S . Congress Against War and Fascism
(article) r 230, 253
Call to the Teachers of the Nation (pamphlet) h 265, 484 : r 143, 151
Call to the Third Annual Conference (American Committee
for Protection of Foreign Born) r 255
Call To the U . S . Congress Against War (publication) r 312
Call Upon the Film Industry to Revoke Blacklist (signed
Statement) . - - CambridgeUnvsty r342
r 158
Cameron, Barney r9
Cameron, Colin a 983
Cameron, George T h 553
Caminita, Mrs. Fanny Sessions Mitten a 1233
Campbell, Doak S a 1149
Campbell, James W___ h34.0
Campbell, Wallace J h 308 ; a-'979
Campus Rebels, a Brief History of the Student League for
Industrial Democracy (publication) . _ _ h 740
Campsall, Frank h 346, 347
Can America Stay Neutral? h 928
Can Science Save Us? (publication) h 149
Can We Be Neutral? (publication) . h 928
Can We Be Saved by Indoctrination? (article) h 484 ; r 143
Canada and the United States (publication) h 926
Can You Name Them (publication) r335,363
Canada's Fabian Party h 788
Canadian Congress of Labor h 784, 792
Canadian Parliament h 764, 783
Canadian Peace Conference r 274
Canadian Progressives on the March (publication) h 793
Canadian Socialist Party h 764
Canadians Find Security With Freedom (publication) h, 793'
Canby, Dean C a 1'025
Capen, Samuel P h3
Capitalism (article) h 32 ; r
Capps, Edward h 358, 3
Cardozo,Justice a 10
CARE Mission in Israel a 9
Carey, Mrs . Andrew Galbraith a 11
Carey, James B h 766, 767 ; a
Carl Shurz Memorial Foundation a 12
Carleton College h 347 ; a 10
Carlson, Evans a 1224 ; r
Carlson, John Roy a 11
Carman, Harry J a 9
Carmichael, Leonard a 10
Carmichael, Oliver C h 338, 340, 343, 3
Carnegie, Andrew h 33
339, 359, 378, 586, 669, 671, 675, 679, 714, 717, 85
853, 873, 912 ; a 951, 952, 954, 956, 963, 1056-105
1065 ; r 27, 116, 134, 170 .
Carnegie, Mrs . Andrew h3
Carnegie, T. Morrison h 343, 3
Carnegie Corporation h
16, 32, 43, 49, 55, 58, 59, 65, 132, 136, 240, 241, 28
337, 338, 400, 472, 474, 476, 479, 519, 527-529, 57
592, 668-670, 675, 678-681, 684, 710, 711, 713, 71
717, 721, 795, 854, 869, 893, 898, 904, 905, 939, 94
a 949-955, 957, 958, 962-965, 967, 969, 974, 97
1000, 1000, 1006, 1063, 1189, 1236, 1238 ; r 29, 34,
42, 45-47, 74, 85, 86, 89, 91, 117-121, 134, 135, 1
140, 141, 170, 176, 178, 179, 182, 191 .
Carnegie Corporation of New York h
49, 65, 337, 400, 474, 479, 668, 675, 678, 681, 7
854, 869, 904, 905 ; a 949-955, 957, 958, 962-965, 96
969, 974, 975, 1000, 1006, 1063, 1189, 1236 ; r 47,
52, 82, 86, 89, 91, 117-121, 134, 135, 137, 141, 17
182, 191 .
Carnegie Corporation Report (1949) r 1
Carnegie Educational Pension Fund h 6
Carnegie Endowment History (publication) h 8
Carnegie Endowment to the International Mind Alcoves r 1
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace h
52, 54-57, 64, 301, 337-339, 472, 474, 529, 584, 5
668, 670, 869, 870, 874, 884, 889, 891-894, 898, 90
913, 915, 916, 918-920, 923, 924, 926, 929, 9
a 951, 983, 1056, 1060, 1063-1065, 1104, 1176, 11
1215-1217, 1238, 1241 ; r 24, 26, 45-46, 52, 54, 1
166, 169-179, 181-185, 199, 220 .
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Yearbook- . h 905-91
915, 918, 920 ; r 177, 178,
Carnegie Endowment reports r
Carnegie Fellowships a 10
Carnegie Foundation
8, 20, 28, 31, 43, 51, 52, 56, 60, 64, 212, 266, 286,
336-338, 401, 535, 559, 672-681, 689, 703-705, 710-
712, 714, 717, 870, 873, 876, 885, 887, 890 ; a 950,
985, 1034, 1105, 1119, 1156 ; r 47, 52, 54, 117, 118,
134-136, 140, 156, 169, 425, 426 .
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Education_ h 680 ; r 135
Carnegie Foundation for Advancement of Teaching h 16,
101, 338, 339, 474, 567, 668, 670, 675, 677, 679, 681,
689, 693, 702, 705, 710, 711, 714, 717, 854, 874 ;
a 951, 952, 954, 955, 1241 ; r 47, 52, 117, 118, 134 .
Carnegie Hero Fund Commission h 338, 339, 068 ; a 951'
Carnegie Institute h 338, 669,
Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh h 668 ; a 951
Carnegie Institute of Technology h 677, 679 ; a 1025
Carnegie Institution h 16, 668
Carnegie Institution of Washington h 338,
339, 360, 668 ; a 949, 951, 962
Carnegie Professional Pension Fund h 680
Carnegie Tech r 81
Carpenter, Colonel h 562
Carr, Dr h 106 -
Carr, Robert a 1131, 1132
Carr, William G h 697 ; a 1151, 1158
Carr-Saunders, Alexander a 1140
Carroll, Professor r 81
Carroll, Thomas D a 1229
Carroll, Thomas H h 347
Carruth, Hayden h 351'
Carter, A . C h 16
Carter, Edward C h 553, 558-560, 927 ; a 1228 ; r 173, 180, 246
Carter Foundation h 16
Carter, Raymond a 1212
Carter, William S h 358
Cartwright, Morse A h 339
Carty, John J h 338
Carver School r359
Casady, Lauren W a 1230
Case, Clifford P h 350, 351 ; r 111, 114, 432
Case Study of an Underdeveloped Area a 1073
Casey, Robert J h 927
Casey, William J h 351 ; a 1235
Caswell, H . L a 1149
Catholic Church h 607 ; a 947 ; r 425
Catholic University of America _ _ _ _ h 231, 244, 723 ; a 945-947, 1231
Catholic veterans organizations h 29
Catlin, Daniel K h 340
Caucus for Peace (postal card) r 323
Cavanaugh, John J h 348
CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) h 40
Censored News (leaflet) r 340
Center for International Understanding (Los Angeles) h 874'
Central Committee Plenum r 4
Central Conference of American Rabbis a 9
Central Hanover Bank and Trust Co a 12
Central Michigan College a 9
Central Pedagogical Institute . r 1
Ceitralia mine disaster (film) r2
Century Co a 1071, 12
Century of the Common Man (quote from Hoover speech) --- r 2
Certificate of Incorporation (Peoples Radio Foundation) r 3
Chaflin, William H a 11
Challenge (film) r 1
Challenge of Red China (publication) a 12
Challenge of International Communism (speech) a 9
Challenge of Isolation, 1937-40 (publication) . .-. h 8
Challenge of Life Time Learning (publication) a 12
Challenge of Soviet Power (publication) r 3
Challenge of Youth (publication) r 4
Chamber of Commerce (New York State) h 8
Chamber of Commerce of the United States_ h 495, 920 ; a 1044 ; r 1
Chamberlain, Joseph P h 5
Chamberlain, Lawrence H a 11
Chamberlain, William Henry r1
Chambers r28
Chambers, Lawson P a 12
Chambers, Merritt M a 12
Champion of Youth (publication) h 223 ; a 11
Chancellor Hutchins in the Witchhunter's Den (article) r 2
Chandler, O . K r3
Changing Conditions in Public Giving (article) a 12
Changing Times (article) a 12
Channing a 10
Chapin, W. W h 340, 9
Chapman, John F a 11
Chapman, Oscar L h 763 ; a 9
Chappell, Winifred r2
Character Assassination (book) h
Character Education in the Soviet Union (publication)--_
-- h 2
Characteristics of the American Negro (publication) r 3
Charitable Community Trusts, with Special Reference to New
Haven Foundation (article) a 12
Charitable Corporation and the Charitable Trust (article)_-- a 12
Charitable Foundations and Related Matters Under the Reve-
nue Act (article) a 12
Charitable Foundations Tax Avoidance and Business Expe-
diency (article) a 12
Charitable Trusts for Political Purposes (article) a 12
Charitable Organizations & Federal Taxation (article) a 12
Charles Hayden Foundation h 13, 16 ; a 12
Charles Stewart Mott Foundation h
Charter-Jobs for All (speech) h 9
Charters, W. W h 267, 2
Charts h 644-66
Chase, Chief Justice h 640
Chase, Harry Woodburn h 267, 268, 274, 359
Chase, Stuart h 74,
132-140, 144, 146-150, 162, 170, 186, 839, 848, 897,
927 ; a 967, 972 ; r 85-89, 110, 121, 125, 157, 247-249
Chase National Bank h 346, 353-355, 358, 920 ; a 1 .021, 1127
Chatham House (England) h 897, 911
Chattanooga Times r 400, 402, 403
Chedney Press a 1236
Cheek, Mary A a 1041
Chekhov Publishing House h 348
Chemadanov, V r 370
Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering (publication) .-- h 496
Chen, Stephen h 929
Cherokee Indian Eastern Band .-- r 362
Cherrington, Ben M h 64, 340, 888, 918
Cherry, H. Dicken a 1229
Chevrolet Co h 373-375
Chicago All-American Anti-Imperialist League h 222
Chicago Bridge & Iron Co h 553
Chicago Committee For the Struggle Against War h 223
Chicago Congress (Student Congress Against War) r 255
Chicago Council of American-Soviet Friendship r 165
Chicago Council on Foreign Relations h 555
Chicago Daily News h 825
Chicago Defender (publication) r 293
Chicago Maroon (publication) h 33
Chicago Stock Exchange h 496
Chicago Sun-Times h 350 ; a 1051
Chicago Tribune h 1.44 ; a 1044, 1217
Chicago University h 19,
32, 33, 36-39, 41, 60-62, 268, 275, 286, 355, 356, 360,
395, 523, 524, 565, 581-583, 672, 674, 675, 694, 701,
703-705, 713, 719-721, 880 ; a 955, 961, 1009, 1025,
1035, 1036, 1081, 1114, 1115, 1124, 1195, 1196, 1229,
1235 ; r 11, 37, 80, 81, 83, 133, 135, 155, 158, 163, 255,
299, 301, 318, 351 .
Chicago University Law School a 1132
Chicago University Press h 395 ; a 1235
Chicago University Roundtable h 32, 41, 581
Chicago University Roundtable Broadcasts r 133
Chicago World Congress Against War r 318
Children and Families in the Courts of New York City (pub-
lication) a 1219
Children in Concentration Camps (pamphlet) r 259, 309, 337
Childs, John L h 308, 780, 789 ; a 985, 990, 1174
China (article) h 319
China Aid Council (American League for Peace and Democ-
racy) r352,376
China Aid News (leaflet) r 289, 301
China Among the Powers (publication) h 524
China in Revolution (publication) h 927
China Today (publication) r 375
Chinese Eastern Railway h 7
Chinlund, Edwin F a 11
Choate, Joseph H h 340 ; a 1057 ; r 1
Chodorov, Frank a 12
Christian Century (publication) r 2
Christian Socialist Party r 4
Christian Science Monitor (publication) a 10
Christie, Harry I h2
Christopher, Paul R r3
Chrysanthemum and the Sword (publication) h 9
Chrysler Corporation h 371, 374, 376 ;
Chudson, Walter A a 12
Church, Edgar M a 11
Church, Samuel Harden h3
Church Peace Union h6
Churchill, Winston h 595 ; r 1
CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations) h 55
767, 776, 778-780, 784, 788, 792, 920 ; a 977, 984, 116
r 104, 165, 232, 239, 399, 403, 409 .
CIO-PAC r 3
CIO Steelworkers Union r 3
CIO War Relief Committee r 2
Citizen Writer (publication) r 345, 3
Citizens Committee for Harry Bridges h 222 ; a 1171 ; r 2
Citizens Committee to Free Earl Browder a 117
1176, 1222, 1224 ; r 267, 289, 291, 354, 3
Citizens Committee for Robert Thompson and Benjamin J .
Davis r 3
Citizens Housing and Planning Council a 9
Citizens for a New World (publication) h 928 ; r 1
Citizens Rally (leaflet) r 228, 2
Citizens Union r 2
Citizenship Education Project r 1
City Art Museau (St . Louis, Mo .) a 12
City College of New York h 268, 275, 390 ; a 976, 1041, 12
City Government of San Francisco r 3
City Manager League of Toledo, Ohio a 11
Civic Responsibility (article) h3
Civil Affairs Training Schools (CATS) a 10
Civil Liberties (article) h 306, 318, 3
Civil Liberties Conference Program r 4
Civil Liberties in Maryland Are at Stake (leaflet)--- r 3
Civil Responsibilities (article) h3
Civil Rights Congress h2
r 266, 270, 271, 278, 283, 284, 302-304, 329, 332-33
339, 340, 343, 344, 347, 348, 350, 358, 359, 364, 38
406, 407 .
Civil Rights Congress (Los Angeles Chapter) r 3
Civil Rights Congress of New York r 278, 332, 345, 347, 3
Civil Service v . Merit (article) a 12
Civil Service at the Crossroads (article) a 12
Cizek, Elizabeth H a 10
Claessens, August h 766 ; r 1
Claflin, William H ., Jr h 353
Clague, Ewan a 1235
Clapp, Gordon R h 904
Clapp, James Gordon a 1232
Clapp, Margaret h 340
Clark (See Kimberly-Clark Corp .)
Clark, Clinton r 505
Clark, Evans h 220, 928 ; a 1215 ; r 109, 110, 148, 166, 174, 249
Clark, Gordon H a 1232
Clark, Grover h 927
Clark, Joseph r 388
Clark, Gen . Mark W r 183
Clark, Tom a 1200, 1215, 1216, 1224 ; r 394, 398
Clark University h 220, 583 ; r 80
Clarke, C . M a 1238
Clarke, Dwight L h 553
Clarke, John H h 907
Classifications for Surveys of Highly Trained Personnel
(publication) a 1004
Clausen, Clarence Arthur a 1231
Clayton, Frank L a 1217
Clayton, W . L h 920
Clement, E . W h 926
Clement, Rufus E h 64
Cleve, Felix M a 1232
Cleveland Council on World Affairs h 57
Cleveland Plain Dealer h 42 ; a 1042
Cleveland Trust Co h 665a
Clevenger, Hon . Cliff h 37
Clinic for the Social Adjustment of Gifted Children (New York
University) . h 275
Clise, Charles F h 553
Clothing (article) h 310
Clough, Ernest T a 1181
Clurman, Morton r 63
Cochran, M . Frances a 1009
Cochran v . Commissioner h 432
Coffman, Harold C a 1235
Coffman, Lotus Delta h 338,343
Cohen, Edward M h 793
Cohen, Felix S h 748, 749 ; a 980 ; r 98
Cohen, Louis r 161
Cohen-Portheim, Paul h 927
Cohn,Jack r 161
Cohn, Roy M h 43
Coil, E .J h 779 ; a 990
Coit, Eleanor G a 1163, 1165
Coldwell, M. J h 783, 784, 791-793 ; a 977, 984, 991
Cole, Charles W h 350 ; a 1051
Cole, David L h 340
Cole, Fred C .--- a 1041
Cole, G . D . H h 31, 32, 307 ; r 92, 93
Cole, Margaret a 985
Colegrove, Prof . Kenneth h 24
555-599, 874, 876, 926, 929 ; a 967, 1210, 1211 ; r 26-2
37, 47, 57, 77, 80, 91, 116, 117, 125, 168, 173, 176, 19
200, 225 .
.Colin, Ralph F h3
Collected Poems (publication) r3
College Art Association of America a 9
College of Education (University of Illinois) h 3
College of Education (University of Maryland) h 3
College de France a 11
College Entrance Examination Board h 68
682, 688, 689, 704, 705, 714 ; a 10
College of the Holy Names a9
College of Letters and Science (University of California) a 10
College of Letters and Science (University of Oregon) a 10
College of Literature, Science and the Arts (University of
Michigan) a 11
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University-- - r
Coolidge, President a 10
Coolidge, T . Jefferson a 11
College of the City of New York-- h 268, 275,,390 ; a 976, 1041, 12
Collier, P . F h .1
& Son Corp h 39
Colliers (publication) a 1238, 124
Collyer, John L h 34
Colony Trust Company h 35
Colorado University h 39
Colorado University Press-_ h 39
Colum, Padraic h 92
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) h 40, 3
Columbia University h 1
33, 36, 40, 74, 94, 219, 220, 224, 252-255, 263, 26
272-275, 285, 286, 288, 318, 347, 355, 390, 395, 40
468, 484, 485, 492, 495, 496, 518, 524, 538, 553, 556
572-574, 599, 643, 672, 674, 675, 677, 678, 694, 696
697, 700, 701, 703-706, 713, 719-721, 776, 781, 78
791, 886, 893, 903, 904, 912, 928, 933, 934, 936, 937
941 ; a 955, 977, 980, 983-985, 990, 993, 996, 1009
1033, 1037, 1059, 1081, 1114,'1124,' 1127, 1130-1133
1139, 1145, 1146, 1148, 1174, 1183, 1184, 1193, 1208
1215, 1216, 1218, 1224, 1229-1231 ; r 21, 42, 51, 6
72, 77, 81, 118, 120, 121, 132, 135, 136, 149, 157, 158
173, 174, 184, 250, 256, 257, 275, 288, 307, 311, 330
333, 335, 366, 372-374 .
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons r
Columbia University Law School a 1131, 1132, 1218 ; r
Columbia University Teachers College h 3
64, 65, 74, 94, 252, 253, 263, 268, 272-275, 285, 28
288, 390, 400, 484, 485, 553, 674, 675, 677, 694, 69
697, 700, 701, 703-705, 713, 7199 . 720, 780, 789, 91
928, 938 ; a 1081, 1115, 1144-1146, 1149, 1217, 123
1236 ; r 120, 121, 149, 157, 173 .
Columbia University Press h 395, 485 ; a 1236 ; a 1
Columbia University Russian Institute h 3
886, 933, 934, 936, 941 ; a 11
Columbus h 3,17
Columbus University (Wash ., D . C .) h 723
Comberbatch, Muriel J a 9,98
Cominform h 7,57
Comintern r 404
Coming of the New Party (publication) h 492
Commager, Henry Steele . ----- r7 . ,
Commentary (publication) r 63
Commercial and Financial Chronicle (publication) h 496
Commercial and Tariff History and Research in International
Economics by Federal Agencies (publication) h 891
Commercial Policy for the United Nations (publication) h 892
Commission for Academic Freedom r 299
Commission of the Churches on International Affairs_-- h 936
Commission on Financing Higher Education a 113, 1235
Commission on the Freedom of the Press h 902
Commission on Higher Education (Truman) r 108
Commission on Human Resources and Advanced Training-_ _ _ h 809
Commission on Human Rights (United Nations) h 67 ; r 192
Commission on Latin America r234
Commission on Secondary School Curriculum_-- h 608
Commission on Social Studies h 476, 481, 482, 494,
506, 513, 514, 612 ; a 974 ; r 129, 131, 137, 141
Commission on Social Stud ies (Report of Conclusions and Re c,
ommendations) `-- r 137
Commission to Study the Organization of the Peace--- h 74,
874, 890, 891, 893, 911, 912, 916, 917, 928 ; a 1064
Committee on Africa h 928
Committee to Aid China a 1225, 1228
Committee to Aid the Striking Fleischer Artists a 1170
Committee on Art in American Education and Society (publi-
cation) h 918
Committee For a Boycott Against Japanese Aggression h222 ;
a 1216
Committee on Cartels and Monopoly a 1172
Committee for Constitutional Government h 322, 324, 730, ,754
Committee for Concerted Peace Efforts--- r 275
Committee to Defend Alexander Tractenberg r .266
Committee to Defend America by Keeping Out of War h 222
Committee to Defend V . J . Jerome r 266
Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy a 1174 ;
r 235, 269, 303, 308, 324, 341, 374, 376, 377, 380, 383
Committee for Economic Development h 47 : a 996
Committee on Education (California Legislature) h 315,
316 ; r 154, 155
Committee on Education (National Council of American-
Soviet Friendship)-_
-- r 264
Committee for Free Political Advocacy r 344
Committee on Government Statistics and Information Serv-
ices r 1,28
Committee of History and Other Studies in the Schools (Car-
negie Corp .) h 476
Committee on Intellectual Freedom h 327
Committee on International Economic Policy h 916
Committee on International Exchange of Persons a 11
Committee on International Relations h 64 ; r 1
'Committee for Israel Amter's Candidacy for President r 2
Committee on Labor Law and Social Legislation r 3
Committee for the Nations Health a 9
Committee of One Hundred and Two Writers and Artists- -- r 2
Committee for Peace Through World Cooperation r 2
Committee for Peaceful Alternatives to the Atlantic Pact_ - -rr 24
297, 321, 331, 333, 3
Committee on Political Research (American Political Science
. Association) r 1
Committee of Professional Groups for Earl Browder and James
W . Ford r 245, 251, 285, 2
Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born h 22
223 ; a 1171, 11
Committee to Repeal the McCarran Act r 3
Committee for Research in Problems of Sex (National Re-
search Council of the National Academy of Sciences) h 1
Committee to Save Spain and China h 2
Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case r 262, 3
Committee on Social Studies (American Historical Associa-
tion) h 286 ; r 4
Committee of Trustees on Experimental Programs h 854 ; r
Committee on Un-American Activities (California) r 1
Committee of Welcome for the Red Dean of Canterbury r 2
Committee to Win the Peace r 3
Common Cause (publication) r 1
Commons, John B a 9
Commonwealth College a 1169 ; r 255, 371, 4
Commonwealth Foundation h
Commonwealth Fund h 16, 854 ; r 45,
Commonwealth or Anarchy (publication) h 9
Communism (article) r
Communist (publication) a 12
Communist District Bureau of Tennessee r 4
Communist International h 90
r 234, 239, 245, 249, 254, 256, 257, 259, 293, 315
326, 328, 343, 350, 351, 404 .
Communist Labor Party h 4
Communist Manifesto h 33, 7
Compass (publication) a 12
Communist Party h1
25-43, 93, 135, 136, 141, 156, 158, 221, 223, 224, 26
271, 288-290, 301, 303, 313, 315, 316, 326, 327, 336
387, 390, 393, 396, 397, 400, 401, 467, 499, 512, 513
517, 535, 536, 538, 557, 561, 562, 576, 606, 762-764
770-773, 782, 790, 838-840, 847, 848, 901-904, 94
a 1035, 1037, 1041, 1157, 1171, 1172, 1174, 1176, 1183
1215, 1216 ; r 21, 24, 29, 32, 41, 54-57, 87, 89, 92, 9
103, 106, 108-110, 113-115, 118, 119, 121, 127, 13
132, 148, 151-153, 155, 157, 158, 160, 161 ; 163-16
169, 173-176, 179, 180, 183, 186, 187, 190, 195-20
220, 222, 228, 229, 239, 249, 254, 259, 312, 328, 38
413,414 .
Communist Party (Cultural Commission) r 266
Communist Party Workers School h 224 ; r 237, 247, 268
Communist Party Yearbook (1937) ----- r 293
Communist Workers Bookshop r 312
Communist Youth Ask for Unity (article) r 395
Communist Youth League r 395
Community Chests r 97
Community Chests h 745
Community Church (New York) a 996
Community Planning (article) h 319
Community Trusts-the new look in Charitable Giving (arti-
cle) a 1237
Company Gifts : Bars Go Down a 1238
Compton, Arthur H h 343 ; a 1041, 1148
Compton, F . E h 394
Compton & Co h 394
Compton, Karl T h 346, 347, 353, 359
Compulsory Arbitration (publication) h 927
Comstock, Ada h 286
Conant, James B h 343, 678, 705 ; a 1133, 1148
Conant, Kenneth r 157
Conclusions and Recommendations (American Historical Asso-
ciation Report) h 285, 286
Concordia Seminary (St . Louis) r 293
Condliffe, John B_-- h 888, 891, 892 ; a 1230
Condon, E . U h 74
Condon, Edward J h 352
Cone (See Foote, Cone & Belding .)
Cone, Fairfax M a 1043
Conference on Africa (NYC) r 359
Conference on American Policy (article) h 893
Conference on American Policy in China and the Far East---- r 235
Conference Board of Associated Research Councils h 808 ; r 53
Conference Board Committee on International Exchange of
Persons a 1227
Conference on China and the Far East r 376, 372
Conference on Constitutional Liberties h 222 ;
a 1170 ; r 227, 332, 345, 348, 400, 402
Conference on Democratic Rights (pamphlet) r 323
Conference for Education in the South h 706
Conference on Pan American Democracy a 1170, 1173, 1216 ;
r 227, 233, 238, 249, 254, 259, 327, 349, 369, 370, 376
Conference on Peaceful Alternatives r 269
Conference for Progressive Labor Action r 397
Conference to Safeguard the Welfare of Our Children and Our
Homes r 382
Conference on World Cooperation and Social Progress in 1951- a 991
Conflict (publication) h 927
Congress (article) h 319
Congress of American Revolutionary Writers--- r 245, 260, 281, 290
Congress of American Soviet Friendship r 242,
246, 252, 289, 296, 320, 346, 360, 384
Congress of American Soviet Relations r 269
49720-55-3
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) h 553
767, 776, 778-780, 784, 788, 792, 920 ; a 977, 984
1168 ;,r 104, 165, 232, 239, 399, 403, 409 ; r 104, 165,
23 , 23 , 39 , 40 , 40 .
Congress for the Peoples for Peace (Vienna) r 28
Congress of Youth r 30
Congressional Record h 29
30, 88, 92, 152, 235, 289, 305, 468, 480, 500, 628, 643
840 ; a 1044, 1238-1240 ; r 132, 233, 234, 236-238, 241
242, 245, 246, 248, 249, 260, 267, 271, 272, 275, 277
281, 282, 286, 291, 295-298, 302, 305, 309, 310, 315
317-319, 321, 324, 327-329, 336, 351-353, 358, 360
361, 366, 367, 379, 380, 385, 386, 388, 390, 391, 394
402, 405-407, 415, 416, 428 .
Connecticut Bar Journal a 123
Connecticut State Medical Society a 98
Connecticut University h 38
Connolly, Cyril r 18
Conquest of the Past (publication) h 92
Conrad, Arthur h 93 ; a 94
Conservation (article) h 310, 31
Constitutional Education League h 322, 32
Constitutional Imperialism in Japan (publication) h 92
Constructive Philanthrophy (publication) a 123
Consumers Cooperative Services h 779 ; a 99
Consumers National Federation a 1170, 1172, 1216 r 227
230, 232, 239, 249, 254, 306, 312, 328, 353, 370, 371
Consumers Union r 236, 30
Container Corporation of America h 34
Contemporary American Bourgeois Sociology in the Service
of Expansionism (publication) h 838, 84
"Contribution of Labor in Rebuilding Democratic Society"
(conference theme) r 10
Coolidge, Calvin h 29
Coolidge, T. Jefferson h 35
Coombs, Philip H h 35
Coon, Horace a 123
Coons, Alvin E r 100, 16
Coons, Arthur G h 553 ; a 104
Cooper, James W a 123
Cooper, W . Mansfield-- . a 121
Cooperative Commonwealth Federation of Canada h 780, 783,
784, 788, 791, 79
Cooperative Educational Testing Commission h 68
Cooperative League a 97
Cooperative Study of General Education (publication) h 70
Cooperative Study of Secondary School Standards (publication) h 70
Cooperative Test Service h 674, 682, 686-689, 701, 704, 705, 713
Coordinating Committee To Lift the Embargo a 1170, 1172
1176 ; r 227, 237, 238, 242, 244, 251, 255, 275, 305-308
312 327, 337, 350, 353, 354, 370, 377 .
Copenhaver, Eleanor a 1170
Copland, Aaron r189190, 250, 251, 253
Copperfield, David h 500
Corbett, Percy E h 929 ; r 173
Corey, Lewis r 93
Cornell Liberal Club r 99
Cornell University h 36,
40, 355, 361, 395, 495, 496, 514, 553, 679, 694, 750,
898, 900, 901, 903 ; a 954, 1055, 1124, 1127, 1130,
1131, 1141, 1148, 1220, 1221, 1230 ; r 8199, 114, 367
Cornell University Press h 395
Corner, G . W .---- a 1137
Cornish, George r9
Coronet (publication) a 1239
Corporate Director (publication) h 370, 373 ; r 7
Corporation (article) '- r 92
Corwin, Norman a 1174
Cory, Ellen h 927
Cosentini, John Walter a 1231
Cosmos h 926
Costello a 1172
Cotrell r 49
Coughlin r 404
Coughlin, Father h 330
Council on African Affairs r 242, 268, 358, 361, 384, 385
Council of American Learned Societies h 369
Council of American-Soviet Friendship a 11.73
Council of American-Soviet Friendship (Chicago) r 165
Council on Foreign Relations h 57,
475, 677, 879, 884, 885, 894, 895, 897, 900, 921, 924,
931, 933, 936, 938, 940 ; a 1030, 1064, 1132, 1133 ;
r 170, 176-178, 181, 182, 184 .
Council on the Future of Germany and World Peace (sym-
posium) r 320
Council for Pan-American Democracy r 233, 254, 312, 332, 376
Council for Social Action a 1163
Council on World Affairs a 1182 ; r 184
Countryman, Verne a 1132
Counts, George S h 263-266,
268, 273-275, 285-289, 303, 390, 400, 484, 488, 904 ;
a 980, 984, 985, 996, 1145, 1146 ; r 92, 143, 145, 149,
151-153, 157, 253-258 .
Courier-Journal (Lousville, Ky .) h 347, 349
Courtis, Stuart A r 63
Couzens h 372
Covington & Burling h 350
Cowles, John h 346, 376 ; a 1021
Cowley a 1145
Cowley, Malcolm r 189, 190, 258, 262
Cowling, Ellis h 779 ; a 990
h 2,
6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26-28, 43, 44, 60, 62,
75, 79, 82, 92, 93, 167, 187, 189-194, 204, 293, 301,
304, 305, 366, 471, 472, 510, 701, 703, 721, 840, 880 ;
a 950, 959, 1006, 1007, 1038-1040, 1056, 1060, 1069,
1071, 1077, 1082, 1084, 1095, 1096, 1118, 1120, 1131,
1134-1136, 1140, 1141, 1210, 1214, 1220 ; r 1, 2, 11,
13, 15, 19, 23, 24, 30, 32, 37, 44, 54, 55, 147, 180, 181,
187, 196, 197, 421, 422 .
Cox Committee h 2,
6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26-28, 43, 44, 60, 75,
79, 82, 92, 93, 167, 187, 189-194, 204, 293, 301, 304,
471, 472, 510, 701, 721, 840, 880 ; a 950, 959, 1006,
1007, 1038-1040, 1056, 1060, 1071, 1077, 1082, 1084,
1095, 1096, 1118, 1120, 1131, 1134-1136, 1140, 1141,
1210, 1214, 1220 ; r 1, 2, 11, 13, 15, 19, 23, 24, 30, 32,
37, 44, 54, 55, 147, 180, 181, 187, 196, 197, 421, 422
Coyne, Robert W h 920
CPUSA a 1037
Craig, B .J h 346, 347
Craighead, Edwin B h 343
Cranbrook Institute of Science a 1241
Crapster, Basil Long a 1229
Craven, Avery 0 h 286
Crawford, William H h 343 ; r 399
Creel, George a 1216 ; r 174
Creighton University a 1229
Cressey, George B h 553
Crisafulli, Alessandro a 1231
Crisis in American and World Resources (speech theme) h 762
Crisis Papers (publication) r 284
Criticism, Social (article) r 92
Crocker, Henry G h 878
Cromwell, Oliver h 565
Cromwell . (See Sullivan & Cromwell.)
Cronkite . (See Bernice Brown .)
Cross, Samuel H r 157
Cross Roads in Ireland (publication) h 927
Crouch, Paul r 400, 401, 403
Crowell, Thomas Y h 394
Crowell Co h 394
Crown Zellerbach Corp h 350 ; a 1051
Cruising the Mediterranean (publication) h 928
Crusoe, L. D h 375, 376
Cubberley a 1145
Cullen Foundation h 16
Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace h 223 ;
a 1174 ; r 241, 252, 264, 274, 304, 311, 321, 332, 333,
341, 342, 347, 349, 380, 385 .
Cultural Commission of the Communist Party, U . S . A r 266
Cultural Workers r 241, 343, 386
Culture Affecting Education (article) h 490
Culture and Crisis (publication) r 258, 289, 303, 393
Culture and Life (publication) h 839, 841, 848
Cummington. Story (publication) r 164
Cumulative List of Organizations that are Eligible for Tax-
Exempt Contributions (publication) h 734
Curie, Enid h 131 ; r 69
Current Digest of the Soviet Press a 1003
Curriculum Problems (publication) h 94
Currie, Sir Arthur W h 343
Currie, Lauchlin r 262, 263
Curry, J . L . M h 359
Curt, Merle E h 265
Cushman, Robert E h 898, 901-904 ; a 1131, 1132, 1221 ; r 263
Customs Union Issue (study) h 887
Cuthbertson, Kenneth E r 204
Cutright, Prudence a 1149
Cvetic, Matthew r 290, 343, 362
D
Dahling h 346
Daily People's World (publication) h 223 ;
r 236, 242, 244, 248, 249, 267, 269-274, 277, 278, 280,
285, 294, 298, 299, 302, 306, 314, 316, 320, 322-324,
334, 338-348, 352, 354, 361, 365, 367, 379, 381, 383,
401,413
Daily Worker h 39,
223, 224, 903 ; a 1174, 1212, 1216, 1221 ; r 165, 228-
238, 244-254, 256-261, 264-281, 283-286, 288-295,
297, 299, 301-305, 308-314, 316-325, 327-333, 335-
350, 352, 354, 362, 365, 369-371, 373-391, 393, 395,
401-406, 411, 413, 415, 428
Dallin, David J a 1216 ; r 388
Dana, Henry W . L r 158, 198
Danforth Foundation h 16
Daniel, Franz h 751 ; r 99
Dante a 1168
Darcy, Sam Adams r 252, 310, 330, 340
Darden, Colgate W ., Jr h 874
Dare Progressive Education be Progressive (pamphlet) h 263
Dare the Schools Build a New Social Order (pamphlet) h 262,
285, 484 ; r 143, 151, 153
Darrow, Clarence S h 220 ; a 993
Dartmouth College h 353, 354, 360, 395, 941 ; a 1127
Dartmouth College Press h 395
Darwin a 1168
Das Abendblatt (publication) r 409
Dashiell, Lefferts M h 357, 363
Daugherty, D . H a 1009
Daughters of the American Revolution--- a 1204 ; r 114, 237, 247, 259
Davenport, Donald H a 990
David, Donald K h 346, 376 ; a 1021
Davidson, Carter h 343
Davidson, Gert r 161
Davidson, Jo a 1173 ;r279
Davidson, Lillie r 161
Davidson, Thomas h 215
Davies, E . C . h 928
Davis, Benjamin J . Jr r 266 357, 358 361
Davis, Chester C h 42, 347
Davis, Elmer r 108
Davis, Hallie Flanagan r 189
Davis, Harold T h 582
Davis, Herbert a 1216
Davis, Horace B r 93
Davis, Howard r9
Davis, J . R h 376
Davis, Jackson h 362, 363
Davis, Jerome h 39, 903 ; a 1175
Davis, John Mills r 409
Davis, John W h 341, 353, 359, 889 ; a 1060
Davis, Joseph S h 892
Davis, Malcolm W h 918, 919 ; a 1238
Davis, Norman H h 341
Davis, Polk, Wardwell, Sunderland & Kiendl (law firm) h 353,
359 ; a 965
Davison, Emmett C a 1232, 1233
Day, Edmund E h 286, 358, 363, 514 ; a 1148
Day, George N r 158
Day, John (publisher) h 263, 265, 395
Day After the Revolution (conference theme) h 751 ; r 100
Day Co . (publishers) h 263, 265, 395
DeBoer, John J h 34 ; r 151
DeGarmo . (See Allen, Froude, Hilen & DeGarmo .)
DeHuszar, George h 193
De Kadt,Jacques a 984
De Kiewiet, C . W a 1009
De la Rue, Sidney h 926
De Madariga, Salvadore h 927 ; r 173
DeMille, Agnes George r 265
DeTocqueville a 969 ; h 852
DeToledano, Ralph a 1216
DeVane, William C h 359 ; a 1041, 1128
DeVoto, Bernard r 266
Dead Reckoning (publication) r 245
Deak, Francis h 888
Dean, Arthur H h 343, 552, 553
Dean, Vera Micheles h 74,
874, 882, 883, 897, 901, 928 ; a 1179, 1180, 1215, 1229
r 175, 176, 264 .
Deant, Albert W a 1041
Dearmont, Russell L h 350 ; a 1051
Declaration of the Rights of Youth r 276
Defense of the Empire (publication) h 928
Delano, Frederic A h 341
Delaware State College ___ _ a 1231
Delaware Univeristy a 1229
Delegates Assembly for Peace r 274
=
Deming, W . Edwards a 1025
Democracy (article) r92
Democracy and Education (publication) h 265
Democracy and You (publication) h 397
Democracy Today and Tomorrow (publication) h 928
Democracy Versus Dictatorship (publication) h 773
Democratic Manifesto (publication) h 929
Democratic Party h 212,
213, 227, 333, 382, 386, 492, 513, 737, 751, 784 ; r 61,
162, 198, 223, 280, 281, 355, 357 .
Democratic Platform Committee r 280, 355
Democratic Socialism (publication) h 467, 793
Dennett h 558 ; a 1212, 1213
Dennis, Eugene r 266, 271, 315, 344, 345, 358, 361
Denny, George H h 343
Denver Art Museum a 1231
Denver Post h 862
Denver University h 64, 888, 941 ; a 955
Department of Education (California) r 165
Department of Education and Research (CIO) h 784
Department of Secondary School Principals h 696, 697 ; r 136
Department of Superintendents (National Education Associa-
tion) r 85, 140
Deperon, Paul h 892
Der Arbeiter (publication) r 409
Derby, Albert LeForest h 345
Des Moines Register and Tribune a 1021
Des Moines University of Lawsonomy h 457, 458
Descartes h 805
Descendents of the American Revolution - r 237, 247, 259, 308, 370
Design for America (publication) h 397
Design for Giving a 1239
Desmond, Alice Curtis h 927
Deutsch, Albert h 131 ; r 71
Deutsch, Monroe h 255, 257
Dewey, Charles S h 920
Dewey,John h 21,
203, 217-219, 224, 265, 268, 274, 308, 309, 324, 327,
488, 516, 518, 573, 781, 782, 791 ; a 977, 980, 1145 ;
a 1012 ; r 45, 117, 149, 156 .
Dewey Society h 21, 46, 309, 388, 390 ; a 1012 ; r 45
Dewey, Thomas E h 149 ; a 1045, 1189 ; r 309, 347
Dewey Laboratory School (University of Chicago) h 216
Dewhurst, J. Frederick h 137 ; r 86
Dickey, Charles D h 349
Dickey, John S h 353 : a 1127
Dickinson, R . L h 131 ;r68
Dictatorship in the Modern World (publication) h 928
Dictionary of American Biography -- a 1001, 1007
Dies, Hon . Martin h 40, 135,
904 ; a 1159, 1169-1172, 1174, 1175, 1220 ; r 93, 109,
110, 197, 263, 381, 405 .
1169-1172, 1174, 1175, 1220 ; r 93, 109, 110, 381
Dies Committee Press Releases r 38
Dies Committee Reports (1944) r 9
Dilworth Committee h 315, 318-320, 389 ; r 154, 15
Dillard, Hardy C h 87
Dillard, James H h 359 ; a 123
Dillard University a 104
Dillingham, Walter F h 552, 55
Dilworth, Nelson h315, 318-320, 335, 38
Dilworth report h 319, 38
Dimitrov, Georgi r 36
Dinwiddie, Albert B h 34
Diogenes (publication) r 18
Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges of Agents and Staff
Members of the International Organization (publication) --- h 91
Dirba, Charles r 35
Direction (publication) r 286, 346, 39
Directory of Agencies in Intergroup Relations for 1948-1949
(publication) r 39
Directory of Fellowship Awards for Years 1917-1950 (publica-
tion) a 123
Directory of Social Sciences Research Organizations in Univer-
sities and Colleges (publication) h 808, 85
Dirksen a 118
Disarmament (publication) h 927 ; r 17
Discriminations and Preferences in International Trade (publi-
cation) h 89
Disraeli h 57
District of Columbia Bar h 72
District of Columbia Schools r 362, 36
Dixon, Dean a 117
Dobb, Maurice h 31, 32 ; r 9
Doctor Counts is Afraid (editorial) r 25
Documentary Film (seminar) r 33
Dodd, Norman h 5-81
89-94, 195, 736, 796, 803, 804, 810, 834, 844 ; a 1046
1048 .
Dodd, Paul A a 967, 104
Dodd, William a 122
Dodd, Mead & Co a 121
Dodds, Harold W h 343, 353, 35
Dodge, Cleveland H h 34
Dold, Charles C h 35
Dollard, Charles h 132
135-137, 338-340 ; a 949, 950, 965, 967, 972 ; r 46, 51
82, 85, 86, 89, 120, 140 .
Dombrowski, James A r 107, 399-40
Donner Foundation h 1
Dorner, Hannah a 117
Dorville Corp . (Campus publishing division) h 39
Dostoevski(publication) r 36
Doubleday Page & Co h 361,395,92
Dougherty ' h 297
Douglas, Helen Gahagan a 996
Douglas, James H ., Jr h 349
Douglas, Lewis W h 353, 359 ; a 1127, 1128
Douglas, Paul H . h 220,
227, 231, 239, 242, 243, 492, 763, 781-783, 791 ; a 977 ;
r 110, 148, 432 .
Douglas, Thomas C h 763, 764, 793 ;.a 977, 991
Douglass, Harl h 697
Down the Tiber and Up to Rome (publication) h 926
Downes, Olin a 1174.
Dragoicheva, Tsola N a 1215 ; r 175
Drake University a 1230
Draper, Edgar a 1149
Dressmakers Union, ILGWU 2977
Driving a Ford Across Soviet Russia (publication) h 273
Dubinsky, David h 309 ; a 977 ; r 104
DuBois, W . E . B h 34, 35, 74 ; r 151, 266-274
DuBridge, Lee A h 341 ; a 1219 ; r 46
Dudley, Tilford E h 792
Duffett, W . E h 928
Duffy, Irving A h 376
Duggan, Stephen P h 268, 273, 274, 897 ; r 157, 159, 412
Duke Foundation h 13, 16, 366, 367, 377, 440 ; r 6
Duke University--. h 61, 367, 395 ; a 1230
Duke University Hospital h 367
Duke University Press h 395
Duling, G . Harold a 1238
Dulles, Allen W- . h 928 ; a 1133
Dulles, John Foster h 57,
341, 353, 357, 359, 362, 889, 918 ; a 1044, 1057, 1084 ;
r 24.
Dumbarton Oaks Conference h 886, 890, 916-918
DuMont Broadcasting Co h 386
Duncan, Charles T h 351
Dunford House Association h 909
Dunjee, Roscoe r 266
Dunn, Frederick S h 341, 874, 928
Dun's Review a 1239
DuPont Co h 375
Durrell (see also Smith & Durrell) h 395
Dutcher, George Matthew h 926
Dutton, E. P h 395
Dutton, William S a 1238
c
Dutton Co h 395
E
E in UNESCO (pamphlet) h 379
Eagan, Leo r 4, 30
Earle, Ken h 725-793 ;
a 976, 978, 985, 986, 989-998 ; r 96, 99-103, 105
Early Days of Christian Socialism in America (publication)-- r 400
East Asian Institute (Columbia University) h 553
East European Fund, Inc h 36, 50, 346 ; a 1027, 1036, 1047 ; r 24,47
East Indies (article) h 319
East and West Association r 408
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians _-- r 362
Eastern Illinois State Normal School h 94
Easton, Charles L . S h 265
Easton, Stewart C a 1229
Eaton, Berrien a 1238
Eberlein h 926
Eberstadt, Ferdinand r 9
Economic Bases of Peace (publication) h 928
Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations
(publication) h 915
Economic and Financial Problems (study) r 177
Economic Geiger Counters (editorial) h 849
Economic Imperialism (publication) h 926
Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United
States (publication) h 573
Economic Organization of Welfare (publication) h 890
Economics and the Public Interest (study)_--- h 19, 51, 625 ; a 1079
Economic Relations With the U . S . S . R . (pamphlet) h 891
Economic Rivalries in China (publication) h 927
Economic and Social Council (United Nations) h 67, 71, 769
Economic and Social History of the World War a 1058
Economic Trends and the New Deal in the Caribbean (pam-
phlet) r 380
Economics in One Lesson (publication) r 122
Economics and the Public Interest (report) r 132
Economy of Abundance (publication) h 134
Economy Co h 394
Edelson, Louise M r 161
Edison a 1168
Edison, Thomas r 203
Editorial Committee ("Soviet Summer") r 160
Editorial Council of Equality r 345
Editorial Research Reports a 1240
Edman, Irwin h 309 ; a 1009 ; r 189, 274, 275
Edmondson, J . B a 1148
Edsall, David L h 354
Educating for the Abolition of Want (speech) h 780
Educating for Tomorrow (publication) h 488
Education and the Social Order (publication) h 308
Education History article r 92
Education for International Understanding in American Schools
(publication) a 967, 970 ; r 191
Education for the New America (publication) h 35 ; r 141
Education for Tomorrow (publication) ~h 516
Education for a World Society (publication) h 390
Education in Haiti (pamphlet) h 619
Education Through Indoctrination (pamphlet) h 263
Educational Exchange (United States Advisory Commission) - r 108
Educational Foundations and Progress (article) a 1239
Educational Foundations and the Quality of Higher Education
(article) a 1239
Educational Institute of Scotland, h .74
Educational Policies Commission h 74, 697 ; a 1147
Educational Record (publication) a 1237, 1238
Educational Records Bureau h 674, 688, 701 ; 704, 705, 713
Educational Research Department (Teachers College) r 149
Educational and Social Planning in the Soviet Union (article)__ r255
Educational Testing Service h 705
Educational Yearbook a 1146
Educator, The New Deal, and Revolution (article) h 487 ; r 145
Edward L . Bernays Foundation r 88
Edwards,Joel a 1238
Edwards, Marvin Louis a 1229
Edwards, Violet r 408
Edwin Gould Foundation for Children h 16
Effective Use of Social Science Research in the Federal Services
(publication) h 473
Egerton,J r 263
Egghead Clutch on the Foundations (article) h 222 ; r 114, 202
Eichelberger, Clark M h 881,
890, 917, 918, 927 ; a 984 ; r 173, 275, 276, 277
(Eichelberger) Commission To Study the Organization of the
Peace h 74
Eiges, Helen r 161
Eiges, Herberg r 161
Eight-Year Study (publication) h 706
Eighth American Scientific Congress h 912
Eisenhauer, Alice r 263
Eisenhower, Dwight D h 152,
243, 341, 343, 380, 381, 512, 643, 766, 940 ; a 987, 1015,
1043, 1052, 1057, 1061, 1079, 1081, 1130, 1148, 1158,
1204, 1208 ; r 132, 133, 195 .
Eisenhower, Milton S h 348
Eisler, Gerhart h 223 ; r 266, 339, 345, 358
Eisler, Hanns a 1165 ; r 108, 190, 250, 253, 261, 301, 309, 383
Eisler, Robert r 93
El Pomar Foundation h 16
Eldridge . (See Hinds, Hayden & Eldridge .)
Electronized Chemical Corp h 553
Eleven Communist leaders r 373
Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps (Reader's Digest article) - h 408
Eliot, Charles W h 341, 343, 352, 354, 359 ; a 1071
Eller, Edouard D h 363
Elliott, Edward C h 343
Elliott, Edward D a 1235
Ellis . (See Wilbur-Ellis Co .)
Ellis, Albert h 130 ; r 71
Ellis, Howard h 940 ; a 1230
Ellis, M. H h 926
Ellsworth, Paul Theo a 1230
Elmore, James r 405
Elting and Gossett h 33
Embree, Edwin R h 357 ; a 1238
Emeny, Brooks h 553, 874, 897 ; a 1177, 1181
Emergency Civil Liberties Committee _-- r 277, 322
Emerson a 1168
Emerson, Rupert h 553
Emerson, Thomas I h 39
Emory University a 955, 1041, 1124
Empire in the World (publication) h 928
Emporia Gazette h 356
Encyclopedia Americana h 394
Encyclopedia Brittanica h 308, 394 ; r 164
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences h 31,
33, 894 ; a 1236 ; r 49, 92, 93, 198
End the Cold War-Get Together for Peace (pamphlet)__ r 269, 331
Endowments and Foundations (publication) a 1236
Engels r 129, 414
England, the Unknown Isle (publication) h 927
Engle-Janosi, Friedrich h 244
Episcopal Academy in Virginia a 969
Epstein, Abraham h 220
Epstein, Henrietta h 777, 778 ; a 990
Equal Access to Health (article) h 614, 615
Equal Justice (publication)
Equal Rights for Negroes in the Arts, Sciences, and Profes-
r
260
sions (conference) r 279
Equality (publication) r 345, 348
Equitable Life Assurance Society h 355, 361
Escher, Franklin h 927
Espionage Act r409
Essex, Martin a 992
Essex County jail (New Jersey) r 229
Estate Planning in a Changing World (publication) h 186
Ethnogeographic Board a 1226
Ethridge, Mark h 347 ; a 1021
Etting r 121
Ettinger, Karl E a 1183, 1193
Euclid h 142
Eugene and Agnes E . Meyer Foundation r 10
Enrich, Alvin C h 349
Europe Today (Dinner-Forum) r 305, 318, 377, 378
Europe and the U . S . (publication) h 901
European Advisory Commission h 886
European Summer (publication) h 928
Evans, Lawton B h 341
Evans, Melbourne G a 1232
Evans, Roger h 538, 540 ; r 28
Evening Moscow (publication) r 253
Evening Star (Washington) r 243,
270, 274, 278, 283, 322, 323, 325, 344, 350, 383
Everett, Samuel h 390 ; a 1149
Every Man's United Nations, a Ready Reference to the Struc-
ture and Functions of the Work of the United Nations and
Its Related Agencies (pamphlet) h 385
Evolution of the Philanthropic Foundation (article) a 1238
Ewert h 903
Ewing, Oscar R h 308, 757 ; a 995
Executive Order No .10450 h 434 ;
r 237-239, 242, 243, 246, 248, 268-271, 279, 283, 284,
288, 305, 310, 324, 329, 334, 352, 353, 366, 373, 414,
416 .
Existentialism the Philosophy of Decadence (publication)-_-- a 1194 ;
r 76
Exiled Writers Committee (League of American Writers) r 248,
305, 318, 375, 377, 378
Experience in International Administration (publication)---_ a 1241
Experiment in the Eradication (publication) a 1073
Exploitation (article) r92
Export Policy (publication) h 892
Express to Hindustan (publication) h 926
F
Fabian News (publication) h 215
Fabian Party (Canada) h 788
Fabian Publications, Ltd h 308
Fabian tract No . 288 h 308
Fabian Society h 31, 46,
202, 205, 214, 215, 221, 245, 307, 319, 573 ; a 984, 985
Fabian Socialists h 236-237, 297,
307, 319, 393 ; r 57, 117, 132, 148, 155, 156, 426, 430
Fabianism (article) r92
Fabianism in Great Britain (publication) r 148, 155
Fabianism in the Political Life of Britain (publication) h 215,
243, 244 ; a 946, 947
Fabulous Ford Foundation (article) a 1239
Fackenthal, Frank D h 309
Facts Forum h 52, 53, 54, 137, 185, 725
Facts Forum broadcasts r 133, 174
Facts Forum News (publication) r 174
Faculty Research Fellowships (SSRC pamphlet) r 6l
Fads and Delusions in Modern Sociology, Psychology, Psy-
chiatry, and Cultural Anthropology (publication) r .78
Fahs Charles B ..---- h 358, 561 ; r 201
Fainsod, Merle ~h 347
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) r 101
Fair Labor Standards Act a 1206
Fairbank, John K h 553
Fairchild, Henry P h 488, 516 ; a 1174, 1216 ; r 277-281
Fairman, Charles h 874
Falconer, Sir Robert h 343
Falk, I . S h 777 ; a 985, 990
Falk, Laura h 16, 854 ; r 45, 47
Falk, Maurice h 1, 854 ; r 45, 47
Falk Foundation h 16, 854 ; r 45, 47
Fall h 297
Falnes, Oscar J-' a 1231
Family Foundation (article) a 1239
Family Life (article) h 320
Family of Nations (publication) h 928
Far Eastern Affairs (publication) h 524
Far Eastern Association a 999
Far Eastern International Relations (publication) h 927
Far Horizons (publication) h 927
Farmer, James_-- a 979, 982, 983
Farmer-Labor Party h 790, 791 ; a 1163
Farmers Educational and Cooperative Union of America r 405
Farmers Union r 187
Faris, Ellsworth a 1235
Farrand, Livingston h343 ;a1220
Farrar Straus & Co ., Inc h 395
Farrell, James T r 189, 281, 282
Farrell, John T h 244
Facism, Colonialism, and World Peace (speech) r 385
Facism and National Socialism (publication) h 928
Facist Central Bureau r 396
Facist Goat Glands for Capitalism (article) h 744
Fascist Party h 222,
223, 308, 330, 335, 382, 504, 604, 744, 746, 762, 771,
773, 788, 847 ; r 21, 87, 98, 220, 240, 251, 259, 265,
276, 318, 326, 329, 332, 333, 335, 344, 347, 348, 351-
353, 357, 374, 380, 396, 398, 412 .
Fast, Howard h 33 ; r 121, 282, 283, 284, 285, 297, 356
Faulkner, Ray Nelsen a 1231
Faulkner v . Commissioner (case) h 433
Faust, Dr h 111
Faust, C . H h 348, 349 ; a 1238
Fearing, Kenneth r 245, 285-287
Federal Council of Churches a 990 ; r 432
Federal Council of Churches of Christ a 1156, 1235
Federal Government and You (publication) h 397
Federal Loyal-Security Program (study) a 113
Federalist (publication) h 593, 92
Federation for the Repeal of the Levering Act h 390
Feinberg, Israel h 762 ; a 99
Fellows of the Social Science Research Council 1925-1951
(publication) r 62
Fellowship (publication) r 397
Fellowship of Reconciliation r 187, 397-399, 412
"Fellowships and Grants" (SSRC pamphlets) r 61
Fels, Samuel S h 1
Fels Fund h1
FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Commission) r 10
Ferguson, Francis r 18
Fergusson, Erna h 928
Ferguson, Homer h 552 ; a 120
Ferry, Frederick C h 34
Ferry, W. H h 351 ; r 18
Few of the One Hundred and Eighty-One Who Have Led
Groups Served by the Open Road (publication) r 31
Field, Frederick V h 560 ; a 1222, 1224, 1225 ; r 40
Field, Marshall h 16, 28, 471, 472 ; r 5
Field Foundation h 16, 28, 471
Fields h 903
Fields of Wonder (publication) r 297
Fifteen Facts on the Proposed British Loan (publication) - _ _ _ h 920
Fifteen Million Dollars to Study Peace (article) a 1238
Fight (publication) r 228, 230, 231, 258, 298, 376, 377
Fight War (pamphlet)-_ -- r 318
Filene, Edward H r 109
Film Audiences For Democracy h 222 ; r 371
Film Audiences for Democracy (Advisory Board)____ r 305, 306, 308
Film Council of America r 166
Film Survey (publication) r 305, 308, 371
Films for Democracy (publication) r 308, 371
Financing of International Administration (publication) h 915
Finch, George A h 341, 873, 878, 881, 887, 888, 890, 918
Fine Arts in Philanthropy (publication) a 1236
Finer, Herman h 33, 929 ; a 1140
Finkelstein, Maurice a 1238
Finkelstein, Moses h 42
Finley, Professor h 42
Finley, Moses (Finkelstein) a 1041, 1042
Finnegan, Richard h 350 ; a 1051
Finney General Hospital (Thomasville, Ga .) h 920
Firestone Foundation h 16
Firing Line (newsletter) h 40
First American Delegation to U . S . S . R r 247
First American Writers Congress (Mecca Temple, NYC) r 281
First Boston Corp h 351
First Congress of the Mexican and Spanish American People
of the United States r 370
First Kinsey book r 71
"First of May" (song) r 190, 253
First Russian Seminar and Near East Cruise (1933) r 157, 158
First United States Congress Against War r 318, 351, 353, 398
Fischer, George h 348
Fish Committee r 229
Fisher, G . W h 553
Fisher, Helen h 751 ; r 99
Fisher, John r 161
Fisher, Joseph L h 352
Fitch, John A r 93
Flanagan, Hallie F h 268, 275
Flannigan h 218
Fleischman, Max C h 16
Fleischman Foundation h 16
Fleming, Frank h 74
Fletcher, Arnold Charles_a 1229
Fletcher, C . Scott h 348, 349
Flexner, Abraham h 62,
98, 101, 250, 252, 287, 345, 359, 363 ; a 950, 955, 1145,
1196, 1235, 1238 ; r 44 .
Flexner, Simon h 354
Flood, Hon . Daniel J h 37
Florinsky, Michael T h 928
Flower, B . 0 h 220
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley h 224 ; r 373
Flynn, John T h 731 ; r 121, 122
Flynn, Kathleen T a 1009
Flynn, Leone h 402
Foley, William h 329
Folger, J . Clifford h 891
Folkways (publication) a 972 ; r 83
Follett, Helen h 929
Food and Agriculture Organization a 1103 ; h 66, 67, 71
Food, Tobacco, Agricultural and Allied Workers of America-- - r 06
Foote, Cone & Belding a 1043
For a New Africa (pamphlet) r 359, 384, 385
For the Rescue of Refugees (publication) r 309, 335
For the Right to Liberty (article) h 320
For This We Fought (publication) h 134
Forbes, Rose D h 429
Forbes, Rosita h 927
Forced Labor in the Soviet' Union (publication) r 388
Forces Affecting American Education (publication) -- h 489, 490, 494
Ford, Benson h 346, 376 ; a 1021, 1023
Ford, Edsel h 346, 347 ; a 1021
Ford, Guy Stanton h 286, 928 ; a 975
Ford, Henry h 25, 40, 101,
249, 250, 372, 375, 586, 848 ; a 1021 ; r 27, 116, 167
Ford, Henry II h 39, 250, 346, 347, 376 ; a 1021, 1039
Ford, James W r 245, 251, 258, 285, 289, 303, 393
Ford, William C h 376
Ford Behavioral Science Foundation h 36,
481 ; r 24, 46, 49, 50, 81, 82
Ford East European Fund r 24, 47
Foreign Economic Administration r 63
Ford estates r 7
Ford family r 7 9 10
Ford Foundation h 2,
13, 16, 18, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 36, 38-43, 50, 54, 93, 96,
97,104-106,108,212,246,250,333,336,337,346,363,,
370, 372, 375, 376, 379-381, 384, 400, 401, 459, 474,
480, 481, 519, 549, 732, 840, 854 ; a 1103, 1016-1018,
1021, 1023-1027, 1029-1036, 1038-1050, 1052, 1053,
1055 ; 1119, 1156, 1168, 1183, 1197, 1204, 1227, 1229,
1230, 1235, 1238, 1239, 1241 ; r 4, 6, 7, 21, 23-28,
31-33, 41, 45, 46, 48, 59, 81, 94, 107, 111-114, 116,
123, 156, 161, 162, 169, 170, 176, 177, 186-189, 226,
299, 300, 426 .
Ford Foundation (breakdown chart) r 24
Ford Foundation Arkansas Experiment a 1238
Ford Foundation Reports h 42, 375 ; r 25
Fund for Adult Education (Ford) - r 52, 53, 107, 108, 162, 164, 166, 176
r 23, 27, 38, 127, 161, 162, 166, 167
Ford Fund for the Advancement of Education (Advisory Com-
mittee) r 23, 38, 162
Ford Institutional Exchange Program r 24
Ford Millions for Education (article) a 1237
Ford Motor Company- h 39, 41, 42, 346, 370-377 ; a 1021 ; r 6, 7, 111
Ford's New Venture (article) a 1238
Foreign Policy Association h 36,
57, 74, 475, 553, 874, 877, 879, 881-884, 894, 895, 897,
900, 901, 921, 924, 931, 933, 941 ; a 1036, 1037, 1064,
1133, 1156, 1176, 1177, 1179-1182, 1215, 1229 ; r 170,
171, 174-176, 182, 184, 235 .
Foreign Policy Bulletin a 1179 ; r 174
Foreign Trade (article) h 319
Foreman, Clark Howell r 401
Forging A New China (publication) h 901
Foresman,Scott h 394
Foresman & Co h 394
Form 990 A r214
Formal Grammar as a Discipline (publication) h 94
Formation of the Communist Party, 1919-1921 (article) r 414
Forest, Wilbur r9
Forstall, James J h 433
Forsyth, Margaret r 298
Fortnightly (publication) a 1239, 1241 ; r 371, 402
Fortune (publication) a 983, 1239 ; r 363
Fortunes, Private, Modern Period (article) r 92
Forty-five years of the Carnegie Foundation (publication) - - - a 1236
Forty Years of Carnegie Giving (publication) h 669 ; a 1236
Forty Years of Education (publication) h 308, 793
Forty Years of Social Work Leadership (article) a 1238
Forward March of American Labor (publication) h 781,
791 ; a 981, 988, 997
Fosdick, Harry Emerson h 354
Fosdick, Raymond B h 136,
354, 360, 362, 669, 879, 880, 893, 896, 919, 942 ; a 1073,
1082, 1084, 1090, 1117, 1130, 1140, 1235 ; r 19, 20, 30,
32, 88 .
Foss, Martin a 1232
Foster r 258, 393
Foster, Arthur William h 341
Foster, Bill r 361
Foster, John W h 341 ; a 1057, 1200, 1023
Foster, William Z r 258, 271, 303, 315, 325, 357, 414
Foundation for Economic Education a 997
Foundation for Foreign Affairs a 1241
Foundation : Its Place in American Life (publication) - - a 1236 ; r 30
Foundation Program and Public School Finance (article) - - _ - a 1240
Foundation Racket (article) a 1239
Foundations and Endowments in Relation to Research (pub-
lication) a 1236
49720-55--4
Foundations, a modern Maecenas (article) a 1237
Foundations and Public Service (article) a 1238
Foundations and Their Support of Scholarly Publishing
(article) a 1239
Foundations on Trial (article) a 1238
Four-H Clubs h 881
Fourth American Writers Congress r 341, 346
Fourth Annual Conference (American Youth Conference) - - - - r 276
Fowler, Codey r 185
Fox, Austen G h 341
Fox, Bertrand a 1025
Fox, Dixon Ryan h 343
Fox, G a 1181
Fox & Co a 1181
Fox, Mary h 220
Fraekel, Osmond K h 39
Frame, Donald Murdoch a 1231
France (New Plans for Education) publication h 397
France, Short History (publication) h 929
Francis, Clarence h 348 ; a 1028
Franck, Peter Goswyn a 1230
Franco r 321, 333, 345, 374, 385
Frankenberg, Lloyd r 309
Frankenstein, Alfred V a 1231
Frankfort University h 31 ; r 92
Frankfurter, Alfred M r 189
Frankfurter, Felix h 309 ; a 1232
Franklin, Benjamin h 805, 846, 859
Franklin, Francis a 1175
Franklin Institute (Philadelphia) h 845
Franks, Robert A h 338, 339, 341, 343, 345
Franzwa, Elmer h 379 ;r188
Fraser, Alexander h 348
Fraser, Leon h 341, 891
Fratres, Corda h 876
Frazar & Hansen Import-Export Co h 553
Frazer, Keener C h 874
Frazier, Lynn J a 1175
Frazier, Bill r 186
Fred, Edwin B h 343
Free, Henry John a 1229
Free Cedric Belfrage (handbill) r 280
Freedom in an Age of Danger (broadcast) h 33
Freedom Crusade (Civil Rights Congress) r 270, 343, 383
Freedom, Culture, and Social Planning, and Leadership (pam-
phlet) h 263
Freedom From Want (pamphlet) h 779 ; a 989, 997
Freedom of Speech and of the Press (article) r 93
Freedom and the Welfare State (publication) r 100, 103
Freedom and the Welfare State Today (symposium) h 308,
755,756,762,773
Freedom's Charter, The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (publication) h 884
Freedom's Choice, The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (publication) r 176
Freegood, Anne G r 70
Freelander, Ronald h 351
Freeman, David F h 350, 351
Freeman, Douglas S h 341, 354, 360
Freeman, Edwin Ruthven a 1229
French, Mrs . John a 1181
French Canadian Outlook (publication) h 929
Frew, William N h 338
Frey ' John P r 403
Freyre, Gilberto b 929
Frick, Henry Clay h 16
Frick Educational Commission h 16
Friedman, Robert . . r 322, 323, 343
Friedman, Samuel H a 1165
Friends of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade r 251, 261, 292, 337
Friends Committee on National Legislation r 187
Friends of Democracy a 1173
Freedom and Welfare State a 994, 995
Friends of the Public Schools h 322, 324, 326
Friends Service Committee (Philadelphia) r 302
Friends of the Soviet Union h 222 ;
a 1175 ; r 235, 247, 248, 256, 259, 317, 330, 377
Frisch, Rabbi Ephraim a 990
Frissell, Hollis B h 360
Fritchey, Clayton a 1181
Frontier Films .-- a 1172 ;
r 230, 232, 238, 251, 259, 327, 332, 333, 336, 345, 370
Frontiers of Democracy (publication) h 468 ; r 146, 168
Froude (See Allen, Froude, Hilen & DeGarmo .)
Fruit of an Impulse-45 Years of Carnegie Foundation-1905-
1950 (Publication) h 378, 669, 680 ; a 1236
Fruits of Philanthropy (article) a 1240
Fry, Varian h 928
Fuchs, Klaus r 56
Fulbright, Senator a 1059, 1157
Fuller, Richard E h 553
Fulton, William a 1238
Funaroff, S r 392
Fund for Adult Education (Ford) h 41, 346,
349, 379, 883 ; a 1027, 1028, 1040, 1236
Fund for the Advancement of Education h 96, 98-
100, 103, 106, 107, 109, 346, 349, 350, 480 ; a 1027,
1028, 1041, 1042, 1048 .
Fund for American Leadership, Inc h 197
Fun For The People (show) r 365
Fund for the Republic, Inc h 346, 350 ;
a 1027, 1031, 1040, 1050, 1051, 1053, 1054, 1055 ; r 24,
111, 114, 116, 198 .
; a 1235, 1239 ; r 44
Funk and Wagnall a 978, 1236
Furth, J . Herbert a 1230
Furst, Clyde h 345
Future, Inc h 351
Future Supply of Human Resources (article) a 1239
G
Gadler, Steve r 293
Gailmor, William S a 1174
Gaines, Francis Pendleton h 341
Gaither, H . Rowan h 38, 346, 347, 376 ; a 1016, 1039 ; r 46
Gale, Samuel C a 1043
Galio,John r 161
Gallaghan, Edward F r 399
Galloway, George h 567, 569
Gallup, Dr h 148-150
Gallup poll h 148, 149 ; r 61
Gamble, Charles K h 553
Gamble, Ted R h 920
Gambs, John S h 265
Gardner, John h 137, 338-340, 527 ; a 965 ; r 34, 86
Garett, Garet a 1036 ; h 36
Garfield a 1220
Garfinckel,Julius a 1232
Garfinckel Co a 1232
Garland Fund h 223,
399, 400, 457, 458, 471 ; r 54, 197, 201, 229, 247,
395, 396
Garside, Charles h 351
Gasser, Gerbert S h 354 ; r 9
Gates, Mr r 30
Gates, "Bet a Million h 769
Gates, Frederisk T h 354,360,362
Gates, Johnny r 361
Gates Papers r 30
Gatti, Allen h 929
Gaylord, Robert M h 891
Gebhart, Paul H h 123
Geddes, Donald Porter h 131
Gellhorn, Walter---- h 28, 40, 898, 903 ; a 1131, 1132, 1218, 1219, 1222
General American Investors Co ., Inc h 347
General Corporation Act of Michigan a 1049
General Education Board (Rockefeller Foundation) h 16,
34-36,104,119,226,250,251,287,337,353-356,359-
361, 400, 474, 475, 525, 546, 548, 668, 669, 672, 677,
690-693, 697, 702, 706, 710-713, 716, 718-721, 854,.
939, 1066-1075, 1083, 1084, 1094-1096, 1099-1101,
1107-1110, 1113, 1122, 1127, 1128, 1141, 1144-1149 .
General Electric Co h 98,
349, 357, 362 ; a 979, 1021, 1044, 1136
General Foods Corp a 1028, 1043
General International Organization-Its Framework and
Functions (publication) h 890
General Mills h 98 ; a 1943, 1044
General Motors (GM) h 98, 370, 371, 374-376 ; a 989, 1044 ; r 7
Gearhart, Bertrand r 351
Gearing, Kenneth r 190
Geddes, Donald Porter r 69
Gelders, Joseph S r 400
Gellhorn, Walter r 288
General Education Board (Rockefeller) r 47,
52, 59, 136, 149, 154, 156
General Education Board Annual Report, 1940 (Rocke-
feller) r 154, 198
George Washington Carver School r 359
George Washington University h 590, 723
Georgetown University h 729 ; a 1055, 1229
Georgetown University Law School h 729
Gerbode, Martha A h 553
Gerhard, Wm . Arthur a 1232
German-American Bund h 330
Germany Is Our Problem (publication) h 929 ; a 1216
Gerschenkron, Alexander h 891
Gerson, Simon W r 240, 258, 267, 275, 327, 343, 370
Gerth, Donald Rogers a 1229
Gettysburg College a 1229
Getz Bros h 553
Ghaller, L . 0 r 161
Ghosh,Suprakas a 1229
Giannini Foundation a 1238
Gideonse, Dr . Harry D a 1217
Gifford, Walter S h 349, 354, 360
Gilbert, Walter M h 345
Gilchrist, Huntington h 920
Gildersleeve, Virginia C h 917, 919
Gillette, H . Malcolm h 357, 363
Gilliat a 1228
Gillman, Charles r 399
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins h 220
Gilman, Daniel C h 360
Gilmore, Eugene A h 343 ; a 1230
Gimbel, Dwight S a 1174
Ginn & Co .(Boston) h 394
Girard Trust Corn Exchange Bank (Philadelphia) - _ -- h 356 ; a 1127
Gitlow, Benjamin r 248, 256
Givens, Willard E h 35, 74, 385, 405, 409, 482 ; r 141
Gladieux, Anna Cook a 1204
Gladieux, Bernard Louis h 36,
37, 38 ; a 1038, 1197, 1198, 1204, 1238
Gladieux, Mrs . Bernard L a 1205, 1209
Gladieux, Victor Modest a 1204
Gladstone h 571
Glasser, Carrie h 747
Glasser, Harold r 197, 287, 288
Glazer,Joseph a 981, 988
Glazer, Nathan h 162
Gleason, William Everett h 884
Glebov's History of Russian Music a 1003
Gleickman, H. H r 161
Glenn, John M a 1236, 1238
Glueck, Eleanor h 175
Glueck,Sheldon h 175
GM (General Motors) h 98, 370, 371, 374-376 ; a 989, 1044
Godfrey M . Hyams Trust h 16
Godkin Lectures a 970
Goebbels r 322
Goerring, Hermann r 11.9
Goetz, Delia h 897
Goff, Mr a 1175
Gold, Ben r 356
Gold and Prices (publication) h 639
Golden, Clinton S h 348
Golden Book of American Friendship with the Soviet Union-- h 222
a 1171, 1215 ; r 175, 260, 264, 269, 290, 304, 312, 327,
331, 333, 391 .
Golden Rule Foundation a 1236
Goldner, Werner Ernst a 1229
Goldsmith, Robert h 926
Goldsmith Memorial Award a 1219
Goldthorpe, John H a 1236
Golos,Jacob r 287, 356
Gomme, A . W h 929
Good Earth (publication) h 927 ; r 173
"Goodbye Christ" (published poem) r 121, 151
Goode,John r 356
Goodell,Jane h 929
Goodman, Sarah r 161
Goodrich, Carter h 776, 917 ; a 990
Goodrich, L . Carrington h 553
Goodwin, Angier L a 1120
Gordon, Alvin h 929
Gordon, Darley h 929
Goslin, Willard L h 320, 325, 330, 389, 404, 409
Gosplan h 31 ; r 130
Gossett r 121
Gossett, William T h 376
Gossman, Norbert Joseph a 1229
Gottingen University a 1139
Gould, Edwin h 16
Gould, Kenneth M a 1175
Gould, Laurence M h 347 ; a 1021
Gould Foundation for Children h 16
Government, Soviet Russia (article) r 93
Governmental Research Association a 1209
Grace, W . R h 346, 376 ; a 1021
Grace & Co h 346, 376 ; a 1021
Graduate Library School (Chicago University) a 1036
Graduate Record Service h 688, 689, 704, 705
Graduate School (University of Minnesota) h 286
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Catholic University of
America) h 244
Graduate School of Business Administration (Harvard Uni-
versity) h 346 ; a 1025
Graduate School of Education (Harvard University) a 1041
Graduate School of Public Health (University of Pittsburgh) - h 355 ;
a 1127, 1128
Graebner, Theodore r 293
Graham, Frank P h 268, 275, 343 ; r 399
Graham, Martha r 290, 288
Graham, Philip L a 1043
Gramp, Professor r 159
Grandmother Drives South (publication) h 929
Grant, Frances R a 985
Grant, Ulysses S h 43
Grant Foundation h 854 ; r 47, 52
Grants-in-Aid of Research (SSRC pamphlet) r 61, 62
Grassi a 1105
Grattan, C . Hartley a 1175
Gravediggers of America (publication) a 1216
Graves, John Temple, Jr h 220 ; r 148
Graves, Dr . Mortimer a 1009,
1222, 1223, 1227, 1229 ; r 55, 56, 289, 363
Graves, Kizer & Graves (law firm) h 553
Gravit, Francis West a 1231
Gray, George h 341 ; a 1057
Gray, Gordon a 1181
Gray, Herman A h 779 ; a 990
Great Books Foundation r 221, 351
Great Britain, an Empire in Transition (publication) h 928
Great Collapse and Government Ownership (publication) r 409
Great Investment (publication) h 94
Great Technology (publication) r 363
Greater Boston Peace Strike Committee h 223
Greater New York Emergency Conference on Inalienable
Rights a 1176 ; r 301, 306-310, 349, 377
Greece (publication) h 929
Greek-American Council r 269
Green, Abner r 267, 290, 381
Green, Gilbert r 298, 361
Green, William h 781, 920 ; a 991, 997
Greenacres Association a 1209
Greenbacks (organization) h 515
Greene, Jerome D h 354, 357, 360
Greene, Katrine R . C h 552
Greene, Roger S h 357
Greenfield, Mrs . Albert M a 1181
Greenwood, Arthur h 774, 775, 776 ; a 989
Gregg, Alan h 357, 358, 363
Gregg Publishing Co h 394
Gregory, George D h 879
Gregory, Horace r 190, 289
Grether. Dean E . T a 1025
Grew h 769
Grierson,John r 165
Griffen, Bill r 186
Griswold, A . Whitney h 343
Griswold, Erwin N h 350 ; a 1051, 1052
Grizodubova, Valentina r 241
Grolier Society, Inc h 309, 310, 394
Gromov, Antoli a 1223, 1228
Grosberg, Marian r 161
Gross, Ernest A h 341
Gross, Felix a 983
Grossman, Mordecai h 488
Group Health Association of Washington, D . C a 1209
Group Leader's Guide a 1049
Grover, Elizabeth S a 1065
Grubstakers (article) a 1238
Grubstaking the Best Folks (publication) a 1240
Guardians of American Education, Inc h 261, 262
Guardians of Liberty r 280
Guerard, Albert h 929 ; r 189, 190, 290, 291
Guggenheim, John Simon h 16,
60, 355, 471, 472 ; a 1127, 1240 ; r 24, 54, 197, 198
Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (John Simon) h 16,
60, 355, 471, 472 ; a 1127, 1240 ; r 24, 54, 197, 198
Guggenheim, Solomon R h 16
Guggenheim (Solomon) Foundation h 16
Guggenheim Fellowship r 363
Guide to the Practice of International Conferences (study) ---- h 887
Guide to Public Affairs Organizations (publication) r 404
Guide to Reading on Communism r 297, 31
Guide to Soviet Education (publication) h 397
Guide to the Study of Medieval History (publication) h 831
Gulick, Robert L . Jr h 891, 892, 920
Gumbo (play) a 116
Gunn,Selskar M h 357
Gustavson, R . G h 344, 35
Guthrie a 974
Gwinn, Ralph W h 292, 302, 643 ; 13
H
Haas, William S h 929
Haber, David h 39
Hacker, Prof . Louis M_-- a 998
Haddad,Jam.al a 1229
Hadley, Arthur T h 344
Hadley, Herbert Spencer h 354
Hadley, Morris h 338 ; a 96
Haigler, Carey r 399
Haines, Aubrey B a 1238
Hakmon, Frances B a 1232
Hale, E . M h 394
Hale & Co h 394
Half-Billion for Humanity (article) a 1238
Hall, Bascom
Hall, Gus r 361
Hall, Helen a 984
Hall, Rob F r 324
Hall, S . S ., Jr h 340, 345
Hall Brothers Foundation h 16
Halla,Philip J--- a 1229
Halperin, Maurice a 1223, 1228
Halt the Defamers Who Call Peace Un-American (handbill) - - r 279
Hambro, C.J h 982, 929
Hambuechen, Joseph W h 351
Hamilton h 875
Hamilton, Alexander h 593, 805, 928
Hamilin, Charles S h 341
Hammond, C . S h 394
Hammond & Co h 394
Hampton Institute (Hampton, Va .) h 360
Hampton University h 694
Hancox, Robert 0 h 348
Hand, Mrs . Learned a 1182
Handbook on International Understanding h 893
Handbook for Latin American Studies h 895
Handbook of the National Education Association r 136
Hankamp, Gertrude A h 64
Hanna, Hugh H h 360
Hanna, Mark h 1.36
Hanna, Dr . Paul R a 1145, 1150
Hansen, Alvin H h 74
Hansen, 0 . C h 553
Harcourt, Brace & Co h 394 ; a 1236
Harder, D. S h 376
Harding, Clifford H a 1229
Harding, Warren G h 297 ; a 1063
Hardman, J . B .S r 93
Hardware Age (publication) h 496
Harger, Alice M a 1009
Harley, J . Eugene h 874
Harper h 583 ; r 80
Harper, Heber h 266, 274, 275 ; r 157
Harper, Samuel G h 927 ; r 158
Harper, William R h 344, 360
Harper & Bros h 346, 390, 394 ; r 85
Harper's (publication) h 131, 132, 346 ;
a 1235, 1238, 1239 ; r 70, 210, 250
Harriman, Henry L r 158
Harriman, W . Averell a 1197, 1198, 1200, 1207
Harriman . (See Brown Bros ., Harriman & Co .)
Harris, Abram h 33
Harris, Gerald r 405
Harris, Helen a 984
Harris, Rufus C h 344
Harris, Seymour E h 468, 468, 497, 508, 628, 793 ; a 981
Harrison, Charles C h 344
Harrison, Selby M h 60 ; a 1236, 1238
Harrison, Wallace K h 354 ; a 1127
Harrison & Abramovitz (architects) h 354 ; a 1127
Harrison-Black bills r 411
Harsha, E. Houston a 1132
Harshorn, Merrill F h 64
Hart, Henry C a 1229
Hart, Schaffner & Marx h 350 ; a 1051
Hartford Courant (publication) r 160
Hartford, John A h 16
Hartford Foundation h 16
Hartman, George W h 467 ; r 411
Hartsville School a 1229
Harvard Business Review h 496 ; a 1240
Harvard Class of 1905 Thirtieth Anniversary Report r 231
Harvard Law Review h 903 ; a 1219, 1240
Harvard Law School h 350 ; a 1051, 1055, 1180
Harvard Medical School h 354
Harvard School of Business Administration h 376 ; a 1021
Harvard School of Public Health h 354
Harvard University h 19,
32, 62, 63, 220, 224, 346, 347, 354, 359-361, 376, 404,
468, 525, 553, 574, 599, 617, 628, 678, 694, 705, 795,
830, 840, 892 ; a 970, 981, 993, 1009, 1021, 1071, 1124,
1133, 1139, 1145, 1148, 1184, 1191, 1193, 1196, 1219 ;
r 45, 64, 75, 77, 81, 157, 158, 178, 231, 248, 263, 306,
363, 364, 366, 367 .
Harvard University Press h 482, 617
Hassell, James Woodrow, Jr a 1231
Hastings College of Law h 196 ; a 1230
Hat Worker (publication) a 989
Hatami, Abolghassen J a 1229
Hatcher, Harold 0 a 1163
Hathaway, Clarence r 298
Hauser, Dr . Philip M h 37 ; a 1203 ; r 83
Haverford College a 954, 995, 1230, 1232
Havighurst, Robert J h 36, 363, 696-698
Hawaii University h 553
Hawes, Elizabeth r 403
Hawkes, Albert W r 298
Hawkes, Herbert E h 687
Hay, Clara E h 398, 405
Hayden (See Hinds, Hayden & Eldridge .)
Hayden, Charles h 13, 16 ; a 1235
Hayden Foundation h 13, 16 ; a 1235
Haydn, Hiram r 189
Hayek, Frederick A h 33, 494 ; r 121
Hayes, A. J h 791, 792 ; a 977, 979
Hayes, Brooks a 1120
Hayes, Carlton J . H h 286, 926 ; a 975
Hayes, Ellen h 483
Hayes, Samuel Perkins, Jr a 1230
Hays, Arthur Garfield h 902
Hays, Will h 297
Hazen, Edward W a 1235, 1241 ; r 52
Hazen Foundation a 1235, 1241 ; r 52
Hazen Pamphlets a 1241
Hazlitt, Henry r 122
Headline Books h 883, 900, 901 ; a 1215 ; r 174, 176
Headline Series Booklet a 1179, 1180
Heald, Henry T a 1048
Health Care for Americans (publication) h 34
Health Insurance Our Next Forward Step (speech) h 778
Hearst h 223, 267 ; r 238, 260, 377
Heath, D . C h 394
Heath & Co h 394
Hebrew University a 1139
Heckscher Foundation h 471 ; r 54
Hedin, Sven h 927
Heffernan, Helen a 1149
Heilbroner, Robert L a 1239
Heinrichs, Waldo Huntley a 1230
Heinz, H .J h 351
Heinz, H .J .,II h 351
Heinz, Howard h 341 ; a 1236
Heinz Co h 351
Held, Adolph h 517, 763
Heller r 410
Heller, A . A r 298
Hellman, Lillian a 1174
Helms, Paul H h 348
Help China (handbill) r 375
Helper, Dr h 332
Helvering v . Bliss (case) h 429
Helvering v . Davis (case) a 1080
Henderson h 397
Henderson, Donald r 161, 298
Henderson Memorial Prize a 1219
Hendrick, V.J h 669
Henley, Constance Jordan h 929
Hennig, Elmer h 352
Henry, Patrick h 311
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation h 16
Henry Street Settlement a 984
Hepburn, Alonzo B h 354
Herald-Journal (Syracuse, N . Y .) r 352
Herbert, John E h 352
Herbison, Margaret a 995
Here Is Africa (publication) h 929
Heritage Foundation (publisher) h 243, 246 ; a 945-947
Hernandez v . Texas (case) h 364
Herndon, Angelo h 306 ; a 1175 ; r 154
Herndon Bail Fund r 314
Herod, W . R h 553
Herring, Hubert a 116
Herring, Pendleton h 137, 340, 794-865
r 48, 49, 86, 115, 126-127, 226, 423, 426, 427, 429
Herron, George D r 40
Hershey, Amos S h 87
Hersey, John R h 55
Heydt, Charles 0 h 354
Hibben, John G h 344
Hickey, Margaret A h 920
Hicks, A. R h 928
Hicks, Granville r 372
Higgins, Eugene h 1
Higgins Scientific Trust h 1
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth h 220 ; a 993
High, Stanley a 1239
Higher Education (article) a 1240
Higher Education and American Business (publication) a 1235
Higher Education, Philanthrophy and Federal Tax Exemption
(publication) a 1236
Higher Education in France (pamphlet) h 619
Highlander Folk School a 1164 ; r 107, 399-403
Hilen (See Allen, Froude, Hilen & DeGarmo .) .
Hill, David Jayne h 341
Hill, David Spence h 345
Hill, Louis h 16 ; a 1227, 1231 ; h 16
Hill, Maud h 16 ; a 1227, 1231 ; h 16
Hill Family Foundation . h 16 ; a 1227, 1231 ; h 16
Hilldring, General h 560, 579, 580
Hillman, Sidney a 1172
Hinds, Hayden & Eldridge, Inc h 395
Hindus, Maurice h 927 ; r 173
Hiroshima (publication) h 553
Hirsch, Rudolf r 189
Hiss, Albert R h 344
Hiss, Alger h 56,
193, 194, 301, 303, 543, 872, 893, 918 ; a 997, 1060,
1217 ; r 24, 54, 172, 175, 184, 185, 196, 197, 261, 277,
287, 350 .
Historical Blackout (publication) r 178, 179
Historical Outlook (publication) h 478 ;r 140
History of the Communist Party of the United States (pub-
lication) r 414
History of League of Nations (publication) h 397
History of Political Ideas (publication) h 831
History of the English Speaking Peoples (publication) h 929
History of the Far East in Modern Times (publication) h 928
History of Science Society a 999
History of the Standard Oil Company (publication) h 219, 669
Hitchcock, Henry Russell r 189
Hitchcock Memorial Presbyterian Church a 1209
Hitler h 141,
248, 771, 778, 901, 928 ; a 1015, 1225 ; r 42, 118, 119,
277, 322, 326, 352, 356 .
Hitler-Stalin pact a 1225
Hitti, Philip K a 1230
Hi-Y Club a 1204
Hobbe h 581
Hobbs, Dr . A . H h 114-187,
414,(811, 812 ; r 31, 60, 63, 64, 66, 68- 69, 71, 72, 74-
79, 85-88, 94, 125, 204, 225 .
Hobbs Bill r 265, 267, 321, 373
Hobby, Oveta Culp h 777, 786 ; r 9
Hobson, J. A h 926
Hochman,Julius h 308
Hoetzsch, Otto h 31 ; r 93
Hoffman, Alice h 309
Hoffman, Paul G h 26, 38,
39,42,346,347,350,351,363,379-382,384,385,891 ;
a 1039, 1049-1053, 1055, 1208, 1239 ; r 111, 114-116,
166, 188, 432 .
Holcombe, A . N a 993
Holcombe, Arthur W h 919
Holland, William a 1228
Holland, William J h 338
Holland, William L h 553
Hollins College h 874
Hollis, Ernest Victor h 58, 479,
669-674, 678, 681, 684, 702; 707, 711-714, 716, 722 ;
a 1236, 1239 ; r 134-136 .
Hollywood Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts,
Sciences and Professions r 292, 334, 362
Hollywood Quarterly (publication) r 240, 292, 334
Hollywood Ten h 224 ; r 313, 391
Hollywood Writers Mobilization r 240, 292, 324, 334
Holman, Alfred h 341
Holmes, John Haynes h 309 ; a 977, 996
Holt, Henry h 394 ; a 1001
Holt & Co h 394 ; a 1001
Holy Land Under Mandate (publication) h 927
Hook, Sidney h 265, 488, 516-519 ; a 977, 996 ; r 190, 257
Hooven-Owens-Rentschler Co h 346
Hoover, Glenn E h 255, 258, 259
Hoover, Herbert h 197, 231, 745,
778, 850, 851 ; a 1063, 1080, 1220 ; r 97, 103, 195, 202
Hoover, J . Edgar r 114, 115, 266
Hoover Commission h 617 ; a 1208
Hoover Institute h 231 ; a 1030, 1229 ; r 147
Hoover Institute Library h 197
Hoover's speech r 202
Hopkins, Ernest M h 354, 360, 362
Hopkins, Harry h 300
Hopper, Bruce C r 158
Horace Mann-Lincoln Institute of School Experimentation,
Teacher's College, Columbia University h 74
Horn, Ernest h 286
Horn, John L h 255
Horn, Robert h3
Hornbeck, Stanley K h 92
Horne, Ernest h 51
Horrabin, J. F h 92
Horsley, G . William h3
Horton, Mrs . Douglas h 34
Horton, Myles r 107, 399-401, 40
Horton, Zylphia r40
Hoselitz, Bert H r 16
Hosiery Workers Union r 39
Houghton, Alanson B h 34
Houghton Mifflin Co h 39
House that Hitler Built (publication) h 92
House I Live In (publication) r 16
Houseman, John r 190, 29
Houser, George M r 39
Housing Program for America (publication) h 306, 79
Housman, Laurence r 41
Houston, David F h 33
Houston, William V h 34
Houston Chronicle a 104
Houston Endowment h1
Hovde, Dr . Bryn J a 977, 995, 123
How Children Learn About Human Rights (pamphlet) h 61
How Discriminatory are College Admissions? (article) r 6
How to End the Cold War and Build the Peace (pamphlet) - - r 253
268, 320, 34
How Fare American Youth? (publication) h 69
How Free Is Free Enterprise? (conference theme)-- h 785, 793 ; r 10
How May Power Be Won (conference theme) h 750 ; r 9
How Science Aids the Golden Rule (article) a 124
How Tax Laws Make Giving to Charity Easy (publication) -- a 123
"How This Book Came To e Written" (article) h 13
How To Evaluate a Secondary School (publication) h 706
How To Give Money Away (article) a 124
How To Have Your Own Foundation (article) a 123
How To Think About War and Peace (publication)--_ a 1043 ; r 22
How To Win the Peace (publication) h 928, 92
Howard, Donald S h 779 ; a 99
Howard, Martha C h 348
Howard, William M h 34
Howard Heinz Endowment a 123
Howland, Charles P h 354, 360 ; a 96
Hu Shih h 30
Hubbard, Frank W h 491, 495, 501, 502, 50
Hudson, J. L h 346
Hudson, Manley h 74, 92
Hudson, Roy -------------- - - - -
Hudson, Shirley D a 100
Hudson Co h 346, 374, 376
Huff h 927
Huffman, Paul G a 1197
Hughes, Charles Evans h 219, 354, 879
Hughes, Edwin H h 344
Hughes, Frank a 1217
Hughes, Langston h 34, 35 ; a 1216 ; r 121, 151, 293-298
Hugins, Roland h 926
Hull, Cordell h 226, 885, 916 ; a 1132 ; r 233, 331, 332, 411
Hullfish, H . Gordon h 327-329, 332, 335, 388
Human Events (article) a 1238
Humanity Uprooted (publication) h 927 ; r 173
Nume a 1168
Humphrey, Bob h 298
Humphrey' George M h 348
Humphrey, Hubert H a 977
Humphrey, John R h 874
Humphreys, Alexander C h 344
Hunt h 137
Hunt, Erling M h 54, 65, 912, 928 ; ~r 173
Hunt Foundation h 137
Hunter h 269
Hunter, Edward h 142
Hunter, Frederick M a 1148
Hunter, Robert h 219
Hunter College h 350 ; a 1051, 1232
Hurewitz, Jacob C a 1230
Hurley, Gen. Patrick h 559
Hutchins, Clayton D a 1239
Hutchins,Judd a 1145
Hutchins, Robert Maynard h 38-40,
268, 275, 347, 350, 351, 490, 491, 498, 499, 501-504 ;
a 1038, 1039 ; r 111, 114, 155, 190, 198, 299-301, 323 .
Hutchison, Bruce h 929
Hyams Trust h 16
Hyams, Godfrey M h 16
Hyatt Foundation a 1241
Hyde, Walter W r 158
Hyneman, Charles S a 1184, 1191 ; r 39
I
I Take My Stand For Peace (pamphlet) r 271
IBM h 130 ; r 63
Ickes, Harold h 300 ; r 132
Ickes' Diary r 132
Idaho University h 553
Ideologists of the Imperialist Bourgeoisie (publication) --- h 838, 847
Idle Men, Idle Money (publication) h 134
ILGWU (International Garment Workers Union) h 762, 779,
780, 789, 792, 793 ; a 977, 983, 996, 1167 ; r 104, 108
Ilich, Vladimir r 92
Ilin, M h 927
Ilin, U h 927
Illinois Legislature r 300
Illinois Seditious Activities Investigation Commission h 38 ;
r 299, 323
Illinois University h 220, 388, 390, 395, 495
Illinois University Press h 395
Ilma, Viola r 412
Import Capacity of the United States (publication) h 892
Imprecorr (publication) r 243
In Battle for Peace (publication) r 272
In the Case of Morris U . Schappes (pamphlet) r 253
In Defense of American Activities (article) a 1221
In Defense of Culture (leaflet) r 315, 341, 346
In Egypt (publication) h 927
In Fact (publication) h 34 ; r 407
In Search of Ireland (publication) h 927
In Search of Scotland (publication) h 927
In Search of Wales (publication) h 927
Income and Economic Progress (publication) h 34
Income Tax Deductions for Donations to Allegedly Subversive
Groups (article) a 1239
Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and
Professions r 241, 265, 334, 336
Independent Communist Labor League of America r 187, 404
Independent Labor League of America r 404
Index to Labor Articles (publication) r 408
India Today (publication) h 928
Indiana Text Book Commission h 490, 499
Indiana University h 937 ; a 1137, 1138, 1229, 1231
Individualism and Capitalism (article) h 32
Industrial Foundations and Community Progress (article) --- a 1240
Industrial Price Policy (publication) h 34
Industrial Property in Europe (pamphlet) h 891
Industrial Workers of the World (I . W. W .) r 229
Industrialism (article) r 92
Industry Support for our Colleges-moral and financial
(article) a 1240
Inkeles, Alex h 840, 846
Inman,Samuel Guy h 929
Inner Asian Frontiers to China (publication) r 323
Institute for Adult Education (Columbia) h 677
Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton, N . J .) h 16,
356, 359, 360, 361
Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton University) h 347
Institute of Current World Affairs a 1230
Institute of Educational Research h 677 ; .r 136
Institute of International Education h 74,
268, 269, 273-275, 282, 475, 674, 675, 702-705, 713,
894, 924 ; a 1064, 1081, 1113, 1162 ; r 135, 136, 157,
158, 160, 161, 171, 182, 221 .
Institute of International Relations (Forum) r 351
Institute of International Studies (Yale) h 524, 843, 893, 932
Institute of Management and Labor Relations a 1166
Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) h 26,
43, 57, 475, 529, 535-545, 547, 548, 553, 557-561, 564,
580, 879, 883, 888, 892-894, 897, 909, 921, 927, 929,
935, 940 ; a 1060, 1134-1136, 1180, 1210-1215, 1223,
1228 ; r 19, 23, 24, 28, 29, 41-45, 54, 56-59, 170-174,
179-182, 198-201 .
Institute of Philosophical Research h 42 ; a 1042 ; r 162
Institute of Public Affairs (Seattle) h 874
Institute of School Experimentation a 1146
Institute of Sex Research a 1138
Institute for the Study of Law (Johns Hopkins) h 286
Institutional Exchange Program (Ford) r 24
Institutional Research Policy Committee (American Council
on Education) r 52
Insull, Samuel h 373
Intellectuals World Congress for Peace r 234
Intelligence and Politics (pamphlet) h 907
Intelligent Philanthropy (publication) a 1235
Intelligent Student's Tour of Socialism r 313
Inter-American Bar Association h 912
Inter-Relationships Between Foundations, Education, and
Government (chart) r 53
Intercollegiate Council a 986
Intercollegiate Socialist (publication) h 483
Intercollegiate Socialist Society h 46,
134, 135, 205, 219, 220, 221, 492, 740 ; a 993 ; r 85, 97,
148, 163, 414 .
Intercollegiate Student Council h 741, 751 ; r 96
Intercontinental Peace Conference (Rio De Janiero) r 362
Intercultural Publications, Inc h 346, 351 ; a 1027 ; r 188, 189
Inter-University Labor Education Committee r 162, 163
International Agreement to Ban Use of Atomic Weapons
(statement) r 331, 378
International Education Board r 149
International Education Institute 149, 156
International Assembly of Women (Kortright, N . Y .) r 264
International Association of Machinists h 791 ; a 977, 979, 1232
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development__- h 67,
71 ; a 1230
International Cartels (publication) h 892
International Cases (publication) h 926
International Chamber of Commerce h 881, 891, 916, 920
International City Manager's Association a 1209
International Commodity Agreements (publication) h 892
International Conciliation (article) a 1241
International Conferences and Their Technique (conference
Memoranda) h 891, 914, 915
International Control of Aviation (publication) h 556
International Congress of Writers (Madrid) r 261
International Cost Accounting Conference h 495
International Democratic Women's Federation r 384
International Double Taxation (publication) h 892
International Drug Control (study) h 887, 915
International Economic Handbook h 891
International Economic Outlook (pamphlet) h 891
International Education Board h 353, 355, 359, 361, 690
International Education Fund (Rockefeller fund) h 255
International Education Institute h 337
49720-55-5
tions a 115
International Fellowship of Reconciliation_-- r 41
International Fur and Leather Workers Union r 234, 354
International General Electric Co h 553
International Geographical Union h 286
International Health Board h 355, 357, 361
International Health Commission h 35
International Institute of Child Psychology r 7
International Institute of Columbia h 285, 288 ; a 114
International Institute of Teachers College (Columbia Uni-
versity) r 25
International Juridical Association-___ h 903 ; a 1221 ; r 239, 288, 37
International Juridical Association Monthly Bulletin r 37
International Labor Defense (National Committee) h 223
r 230, 232, 251, 254, 260, 271, 282, 294, 314, 332-334,
340, 358, 364, 370, 383 .
International Labor Defense (Prisoners Relief Fund) r 230, 26
International Labor Office h 776, 913 ; a 99
International Labor Organization (United Nations) h 67
71, 776, 911, 922, 92
International Ladies' Garment Workers a 995 ; r 165, 371, 40
International Law and International Relations (publication) - h 926
r 17
International Law of the Future, Postulates, Principles, and
Proposals (study) h 887
International League for the Rights of Man r 23
International Literature (publication) r 26
International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union--- r 33
International Mind Alcoves (Carnegie Endowment) h 55, 56
882, 930 ; a 1063 ; r 171, 173, 17
International Monetary Fund h 66, 67, 71 ; a 1230,123
International Organization in European Air Transport
(publication) h 88
International Parliamentary Union r 17
International Peace Prize r 27
International Polity Clubs h 876, 924, 925, 92
International Press Correspondence (publication) r 31
International Press Institute (Zurich, Switzerland) r 13
International Publishers r261, 315, 345, 348, 370, 372, 392
International Publishing Company r 41
International Relations (publication) h926 ;r17
International Relations Club-- a 1215-1217 ; r 171, 173, 174, 175, 18
International Relations Club Handbook, 1926 h 87
International Relations Clubs h 876, 882, 88
International Secretariat (study) h887
International Security (publication) h884
International Social Science Research Council r 184, 18
International Socialist League h 51
International Studies Conference h 89
International Trade Organization (United Nations) ---- h 66, 67, 7
International Tribunals, Past and Future (study) h 88
International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers
(British Columbia) r 36
International Union of Revolutionary Writers r 245, 262
International Woman's Day r 241
International Women's Congress Against War and Fascism_-_- a 1170
International Workers Order (IWO) h 223 ;
r 246, 295, 340, 345, 348, 364
International Workers of the World (IWW) h 512 ; a 1165•
IWW (International Workers of the World) h 512 ; r 229'
International Year Book of Experimental Education_-- h 397
Interparliamentary Union h 909'
Interprofessional Association for Social Insurance a 1173, 1175,
Intourist (Russian Travel Company) h .273,
275, 279, 281, 282 ; r 158, 313
Introduction to American Civilization (publication) r 362
Investigation of Certain Educational and Philanthropic Foun-
dations (article) a 1238
Interstate Circuit, Inc . v . United States (case) h 365
Into the Valley (publication) h 553
Introducing Teachers College (pamphlet) h 255, 273
Iowa University h 286, 395
Iowa University Press h 395
Iran (publication) h 929
IRC a 1217
Islands on Guard (publication) h 929
Isaacs, Harold R r 32
Isaacs, Stanley M a 984 ; r 240
Italian Americans (article) h 319
Italy From Within (publication) h 929
Items (publication) r 51, 81, 126
Ives Law h 489
Ivy College h 830
IWW (International Workers of the World) h 512 ; a 1165
J
Jackson, .Ada B r 386
Jackson, Andrew h 64 ; r 363
Jackson, Attorney General r 234, 305, 325, 354
Jackson, Hon. Donald L h 40, 41
Jackson, Joseph Henry h 928
Jackson High School h 64
Jacoby, Dr . Neil H a 1025
Jaffe, Philip h 558
James, Henry h 338
James, William h 574 ; r 77
James Foundation of New York ~h 16
Jane Addams Memorial h 223
Janowsky, Oscar I .__ h 917
Jansen, Dr . William a 985
Janski, Oscar r 93
Japan : An Economic and Financial Appraisal (publication)-- h 927
Japan in China (publication) r 235
Japan International Christian University a 1209
Japan Public Administration Clearing House h 942
Japan's War Economy (publication) r 235
Jarvis, Rebecca ----- r 40
Jaszi, Oscar h 31 ; r 9
.Davits, Jacob J h 763 ; a 980, 99
Jay h 59
.Jeanes Foundation h 35
.Jefferson, Thomas_- h 318, 319, 597, 598, 805 ; a 1015, 1031, 1061 ; r 15
.Jefferson School of Social Science_ h 34, 224 ; r 268, 291, 319, 345, 34
Jemison, Alice Lee r 36
.Jenkins, Edward C a 123
Jenks . (See Anderson, Wrenn & Jenks .)
.Jenner Committee r 165, 19
Jerome, V .J r 26
Jessup, Dr h 91
Jessup, Morris K h 36
Jessup, Philip C h 36
74, 98, 341, 874, 884, 886, 888, 889, 918 ; a 103
Jessup, Walter A h 338, 339, 344, 345, 567, 56
Jewish Labor Committee h 76
Jewish Peoples Fraternal Order (International Workers Order) - r 34
Jewish veterans organizations h 2
Jewkes,John r 12
Job-Hunting (pamphlet) a 1164 ; r 10
Job to be Done (leaflet) r 35
John A . Hartford Foundation h 1
John Reed Club Writers School r 24
John Reed Clubs r 260, 282, 28
John F . Slater Fund h 35
Johns Hopkins Institute (School of International Affairs) r 3
Johns Hopkins University h6
220, 286, 360, 395, 485, 553, 677, 874, 938 ; a 97
1009, 1113, 1124, 1227, 1231, 1232 ; r 323 .
Johns Hopkins University Press h 395, 794, 9
Johnson, Alva h 31, 668, 877, 883 ; a 984, 1175 ; r 92, 198, 3
Johnson, Eldon L a 10
Johnson, F . Ernest a 9
Johnson, Henry h 2
Johnson, Hewlett h 36 ; a 10
Johnson, Joseph E h 340, 923 ; a 1056, 1065 ; r 1
Johnson, Lee F a 979, 9
Johnson, Manning h 471 ; r 197, 198, 3
Johnson, Oakley r 160, 1
Johnson, Hewlett (Red Dean of Canterbury) r 2
Johnston, Eric A h 891, 9
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee a 117
r 278, 279, 283, 296, 301, 321, 323, 332, 333, 345, 34
359, 374, 385.
Joint Committee on Research of the Community Council of
Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania School of Social Work-- a 12
Joint Legislative Committee Investigating Seditious Activities
(New York State) h 467 ; r 2
Joliot-Currie, Madame Irene r 3
Jones, Amy Heminway h 9
Jones, Arthur Creech h 3
h 358
Jones Rufus M r 302, 303
Jones, William Thomas a 1232
Jordan, David S h 344, 875
Josephs, Devereaux C h 338, 339, 344, 345 ; a 965
Josephson, Emanuel Mann a 1236
Josephson, Leon r 345, 358
Josephson, Matthew r 303
Journal of Educational Sociology a 1166
Journal of Genetic Psychology h 847
Journal of Social Psychology h 847
Journal of Teacher Education a 1238
Journey to the Missouri (publication) h 524
Journey of Simon McKeever (publication) r 346, 348
Journeys Behind the News (article) a 1238
Joyce, William H . Jr h 350, 379 ; a 1051, 1052 ; r 188
Joyce,Inc h 350 ; a 1051
Judd, Charles H h 268, 275
Judiciary (article) r 92
Judson, Harry Pratt h 355, 360
Julliard Musical Foundation h 16
Julius Rosenwald Fund h 471, 472, 854 ; r 47, 54, 198
July, Robert W h 363
Jungle Portraits (publication) h 927
Junior Farmers Union h 881
Junior High School (publication) h 94
K
Kahin, George McT a 1230
Kahn, Albert r 356
Kai-shek, Chiang-- h 546, 547, 558, 560, 597, 929 ; a 1224 ; r 324, 362
Kai-shek, Madame h 929
Kaiser, Henry J h 16
Kaiser Co h 374
Kaiser Family Foundation h 16
Kalder, Nicholas h 939
Kalijarvi, Thorsten h 874
Kalinin, President r 269
Kallen, Horace M h 484 ; r 93, 143, 304-306
Kamehameha Schools (Honolulu) h 553
Kandel, I . L h 268, 275, 345 ; a 970 ; 1145, 1239
Kant, Immanuel h 565, 575, 597, 929
Kantor, Theresa r 401
Katayev,Ivan r 257
Kate Macy Ladd Fund h 16
Katona, George a 1025
Kattenburg, Paul M a 1230
Katz, Milton h 347
Kaufmann, Walter A a 1232
Kazemzadeh, Firuz a 1230
Kazin, Alfred r 189
Keatley, V . B a 1239
Keel h 508
Keele, Harold
Keeney, Mary Jane a 1223, 122
Keeney, Philip 0 r 23
Keenleyside, H . L h 783, 791, 926 ; a 99
Kelley, Nicholas h 338 ; a 96
Kelley, Drye, Newhall & Maginnes a 96
Kellogg, Paul a 118
Kellogg, Vernon L h 35
Kellogg, W. K h1
Kellogg Foundation h 13, 1
Kelly, Robert L h 268, 27
Kennan, George F h 347, 348 ; r 190, 30
Kennan, Richard Barnes h 327, 38
Kennedy, Raym .ond h 55
Kennedy-Coughlinforces r40
Kent, Fred I h 89
Kent, Rockwell a 1168, 121
Kent State University h 25
Kentucky University a 1184, 1185, 1187, 1230, 1232 ; r 6
Kenwood Golf and Country Club a 120
Keppel, Dr h9
Keppel, Frederick P h 338, 339, 669, 875
943 ; a 969, 975, 976, 1041, 1236, 1239 ; r 21, 30, 38, 11
'Kerr, Charles H h 39
Kerr & Co h 39
Kerrison, Irvine L . H a 116
Kestnbaum, Meyer h 350 ; a 105
Key to Peace (publication) h 243, 246 ; r 12
Kiendl . (See Davis, Polk, Wardwell, Sunderland & Kiendi.)
Killian, James R ., Jr a 121
Kilpatrick, William_ h 309, 320, 324, 327, 484 ; a 977, 985, 1145 ; r 30
Kimball, LindsleyF h 357, 36
Kimberly, John R h 355 ; a 112
Kimberly-Clark Corp h 355 ; a 112
Kimmel, W . G h 47
Kinfolk (publication) r 24
King h 39
King, Henry C h 34
Kingdom, Frank a 1173, 117
Kings Crown Press (Columbia University) h 39
Kingsbury, John A h 268, 275 ; r 15
Kingsbury, Susan M h 268, 27
Kinney, Anne (also known as Jane Howe) 33
Kinsey, Alfred C h 117
118, 123-134, 140, 144, 146, 147, 150, 165, 166, 179
266, 839, 840 ; a 1137-1139 ; r 24, 51, 67-71 .
Kinsey Report h 117, 123-134
144, 165, 166, 266, 839, 840 ; a 1137 ; r 24, 51, 67-7
Kiplinger Washington Agency a 123
Kirchwey, Freda h 220 ; r 110, 148, 30
Kirchwey, George W h 87
Kirk, Grayson L h 341, 344, 886, 920 ; r 5
Kirk, Robert H h 35
Kirkland, James H h 344
Kirshom, Vladimir a'1165
Kise,Joseph h 74
Kitasato a 1105
Kizer, Benjamin H h 553
Klapper, Paul h 268,275
Klein, Philip r 93, 309, 311
Kline, Alan B h 348
Klineberg, Otto h 848 ; r 184, 311, 312
Knopf, Alfred A h 351
Knopf,Inc h 351
Know Nothing Party h 318, 515
Knowland,Senator h 590
Knudsen, Mr r 119
Koch, Arnold a 1105 ; r 222
Kohlberg, Alfred h 389, 557-559 ;
a 1135, 1210-1214, 1227, 1228 ; r 23, 24, 32, 180, 181
Kohn, Hans h 929
Koopman, O . Robert a 1149
Korean-English Dictionary a 1003
Korean Independence (publication) r 231
Kornilov r 257
Koshland, Daniel E h 553
Kotschnig, .Walter h 917
Kravchenko r 389
Kremlin Prepares a New Party Line (article) r 367
Kresge Foundation h 13, 16
Krey, A. C h 286
Kriz, Miroslav A a 1230
Kruse, William F r 165, 405
Ku Kux Klan h 307, 308, 746
Kuhn, Fritz h 330
Kultura (publication) r 189
Kvale r 411
Kwiat, Joseph J a 1231
Kyrilov r 257
L
Labor Bureau, Inc r 248
Labor-Capital Co-Operation (article) --- r 93
Labor Defender (publication) r 230, 232, 260
Labor Government at Work (publication) h 793
Labor in America (publication) a 983
Labor Looks at Education (publication) a 1167 ; r 108, 109
Labor Parties of Latin America (publication) h 793
Labor Research Association r 377, 378
Labor Spy (pamphlet) a 1164
Labor Unions in Action (publication) a 981
Labor's Stake in World Affairs (publication) r 163
Lacin, Mahmut N a 1230
Ladd Fund h 16
Ladd, Kate Macy h 16
LaFollette, Senator h 569
Laidler, Harry W h 135,
219, 305, 306, 308, 309, 756, 765, 767-770, 780, 782,
789, 790, 793 ; a 976-977, 984, 998, 1163 ; r 100-105,
107, 154, 312 .
Laissez Faire (article) h 32 ; r 93
Lake Forest College----- h 941
Lamb, Lawrence C h 325, 403, 405
Lamont, Corliss a 1215, 1216 ; r 174, 313-322
Lamont, Thomas S h 344
Lamont, Thomas W h 344
Lamp (publication) a 972
Lancaster, William W a 1181
Land of the Pepper Bird (publication) h 926
Land of the Soviets (publication) r 313
Land of Soviets (Russian plane) r 247
Land of the Sun-God (publication) h 926
Land Problems and Policies in the African Mandates of the
British Commonwealth (publication) h 927
Landon, Alfred M h 150
Landsteiner a 1105
Lane, Clayton h 552, 553
Lane, Franklin K h 360
Lang, Paul Henry r 189
Lange, Oscar--- h 35, 39, 779 ; r 155, 323
Langer, William L h 884 ; r 178
Langmuir, Charles R h 345
Laniel h 595 ; r 169
Lanks, Herbert C h 929
Lansing, Robert h 341 ; a 1057
Lapham, Lewis A h 553
Laprade, William T a 1239
Lardner, Ring Jr r 160
Large Scale Production (article) r 93
Larsen, Roy E h 349, 699
Larson, Duke of Mongolia (publication) h 926
Larson, Emanuel a 1222, 1225
Larson, Frans August h 926
Laserson, Max M h 888
Laski, Harold J__ h 31, 32, 480, 506, 507, 926 ; a 1139 ; r 92, 141, 173
Laski, Victor r 121
Lasky, Melvin J r 189
Lasser, J. K a 1235, 1236, 1239 ; r 11
Lasser Tax Reports r 11
Lasswell, Professor r 81
Lasswell, Harold h 848
Latcham, Franklin C a 1239
Latin America : Its Place in World Life (publication) h 929
Latin American Information Service_ -- h 932
Latin American Studies Committee r 44
Lattimore, Owen h 313,
543, 544, 553, 929 ; a 1215, 1216, 1222-1225, 1228
r 173, 174,323-325 .
Laughlin,James _- h 351
Lauchlin Currie & Co r 263
Laura Spellman Rockefeller Foundation h 102 .,
565, 668, 690, 691, 698, 701, 702, 718, 721, 854, 879,
896 ; a 1083, -1080, 1090, 1095, 1113, 1125, 1134, 1139,
1145 ; r 47, 87, 134 . -
Laurie, Arthur Bruce a 1230
Lawrence, Alton r 403
LaVine, Janice B a 1204, 1209
Lavoisier a 1092
Law and Contemporary Problems (article) a 1241
Lawler, Vanett h 64
Lawrence College h 875 ; a 1041
Lawson h 458
Lawson, John Howard r 241, 339, 343, 348, 386, 391
Lawson-Trumbo case r 348
Lawyers Guild Review r 340
Lazarsfeld, Professor r 81
Leach, Mrs . Henry Goddard a 1181
Leader . (See Little, Leader, LeSourd & Palmer .)
League Against Fascism ---------------------------------- r 409
League of American Writers_ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ h 223 ; a 1171,
1173, 1176, 1216 ; r 234, 245, 248, 249, 260, 261, 275,
281, 282, 286, 290, 295, 304, 305, 314, 318, 327, 332,
333, 336,- 341, 346, 348, 355, "366, 370, 375, 377, 378,
380, 391 .
'League of American-Writers Bulletin r 260, 286,
295, 336, 346, 355, 3'66, 380
League to Enforce Peace (publication) h 926
League of Free Nations Association a 1177
League for Industrial Democracy (LID) h 21., 46,
47, 134, 136, 219, 221, 305, 306, 308, 309, 327, 467, 492,
724, 728-737, 740, 741, 743, 744, 747, 751, 754-757,
762-768, 770-793 ; a 976-981, 983, 984, 985, 986-989 .
990, 993, 994, 997, 1163, 1164, 1167 ; r 45, 85, 96-108,
123, 148, 154, 167, 313, 409, 412 .
League for Industrial Democracy : Definition of "Democracy"
(article) h 467
League for Mutual Aid h 223 ; a 1176
League of Nations h 71, 396,
397, 875, 878, 879, 881, 886, 887-890, 913-917, 922,
923, 927, 933 ; a 1103 ; r 182, 193 .
League of Nations Mandate System (publication) h 915
League of Nations Secretariat (publication) h 915
League on Power Control a 998
League of Professional -Groups for Foster and Ford_ - r 258, 303, 393
League of Professional Groups in support of Communist Party
Elections r 365
League of Women's Shoppers, Inc__ a 1170 ; r 228, 308, 346, 348, 355
League of Women Voters h 390 ; a 1202
League of Workers Theaters- -- r 264
Leander, Gunnar r 299
Learned, William S h 339, 345
Lee, Algernon h 308 ;r 409, 410
Lee, C . Herbert h 339, 340, 345
Lee, Canada a 1174
Lee, Dwight E h 886
Lee, Governor a 1179
Lee,Ivy h 400
Lee, Michael E a 1198, 1201, 1202
Lee, Michael J h 37
Lee, Rensselaer a 1009
Lee, Robert E h 354
Lefebure, Victor h 927
Lefferts, Barent h 340
Leffingwell, Russell h 338, 339 ; a 965
Lefkowitz, Abraham h 767 ; a 984, 996
Legislative Investigation or Thought-Control Agency? (speech) - r 347
Lehman, Herbert H_ h 308, 489, 893, 914, 918 ; a 977, 995, 1197, 1207
Lehman, Willie r298
Lehman amendment (Immigration Act) r 187
Leibnitz h 805
Leiden, Carl a 1230
Leider, Ben a 1171
Leider Memorial Fund a 1171
Leigh, Robert D h 929
Leighton, Comdr. Alexander h 137
Lenczowski, George a 1230
Lend-Lease (article) h 319
Lenger,Joyce r 161
Lenin h 31,
278, 745, 771, 841, 842, 847 ; r 97, 151, 294, 310, 390,
402, 406, 414 .
Leningrad (publication) a 1216
Leonard, Harold B a 1122, 1144, 1150, 1214
Leonard, J . Paul a 1149
Lerner, Abba P h 35 ; r 155
Lerner, Max h 74,
883, 884, 928 ; a 1159, 1171, 1172, 1179, 1181 ; r 93,
106, 325-328 .
LeSourd . (See Little, Leader, LeSourd & Palmer .)
L'Esprit International : the International Mind (publication)--a 1241
Lester, Robert M h 339, 345, 669 ; a 1236
Let's look at our Foundations (article) a 1238
Let's Talk It Over (leaflet) r 280
Letters from Readers (column in New Masses) r 392
Leubscher v . Commissioner (case) h 432
Levin, Harry r 189
Levenstein, Aaron h 793 ; a 979
Lewis, Alfred Baker r 103, 329
Leviathan (publication) h 581
Levinson, Ronald B a 1232
Levitt, Al a 1175
Levy, Beryl Harold h 917
Levy, Jean a 983
Lewey,John h 484
Lewis, Alfred Baker h 771, 772, 778 ; a 981, 987, 990, 997
Lewis, Elizabeth Foreman h 928
Lewis, Fulton h 738
Lewis & MacDonald a 1181
Lewis, Strong & Earl (law firm) h 729, 762
Libbey, E . D h 16
Libbey Trust h 16
Liberal Party h 571 ; r 257
Liberalism and Sovietism (pamphlet) h 771 ; a 987, 997
Liberator (publication) r 249, 393
Liberty (article) h 32 ; 92
Libton, Ralph r86
Lichtenberger, Henri h 928
LID h 765 ; a 977 ; r 99, 100, 103-105
Lie, Trygve a 977
Liebers, Otto H h 352
Liebesny, Herbert J a 1230
Life (publication) r 363
Life of Andrew Carnegie (publication) h 669
Lift the Embargo Against Republican Spain (publication)---_ r 308
Lilienthal, Alfred M h 389
Lilienthal, David h 300
Lillico, Stuart r 378
Lilly Endowment h 16
Linbergh, Charles E h 788
Lincoln, Abraham h 223,
253-255, 286, 317-319, 597, 598, 603, 643 ; r 251, 261,
292, 294, 305, 332, 333, 337, 347, 349, 385 ; a 989 ;
r 155, 203, 251 .
Lincoln Brigade h 223 ;
r 251, 261, 292, 294, 332, 333, 337, 347, 349, 385
Lincoln-Mercury Division (Ford Motor Co .) h 376
Lincoln Experimental , School h 253-255, 286,'674
Lincoln School h 700, 701, 705, 713, 719, 720 ;
a 1081, 1114, 1144-1146 ; r 136, 149
Lindeman, Edward C a 1159, 1175, 1176, 1236 ; r 106, 122
Lindgren, Raymond E a 1231
Lindley, Ernest H h 344
Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada a 1002
Linguistic Society of America a 999
Linton, M . Albert h 350 ; a 1051
Linton, Ralph h 137
Lions International Organization a 1156
Lippmann, Walter h 349, 928
Lipsit, S . Martin a 983
Lipsky, Celia r 161
Literary Digest h 148, 150
Littauer, M h 795
Littauer Center of Public Administration (school) h 795
Litterick, William a 1048
Little, Clarence C h 344
Little, Brown & Co h 348, 395; r 324
Little, Leader, LeSourd & Palmer (law firm) h 553
Litvinov r 379
Liveright, A . A r329
Lizitzky, Gene r 161
Llewellyn, Professor r 68
Llewllyn, Carl h 220
Lobbying r 220
Locke a 1168
Locke, John h 581, 804, 805 ; r 66
Lockwood, William W h 553
Lodge, Nucia P h 303
Loeb, Robert A h 355
Loeb, Robert F a 1127
Logan, Dr . John A a 1073
London, Jack h 206, 219, 220 ; a 993 ; r 148
London, Leopold r 161
London County Council a 985
London School of Economics h 215, 615,
620-622, 674, 703-705, 713, 939 ; a 1081, 1139 ; r 57
London University r 263
Long Island Railroad Co h 359
Longley, Clifford B h 346, 347
Longmans, Green & Co h 394 ; a 1235
Look (publication) h 490, 491, 495, 502, 503
Lord, Walter a 1235
Lorimer, Frank L h 917
Lorwin, Lewis L r 92
Los Angeles Board of Education h 379-382 ; r 188
Los Angeles City School Department h 379, 384 ; r 188
Los Angeles Times h 379, 382
Louis and Maud Hill Family Foundation___ h 16 ; a 1227, 1231 ; h 16
Louisiana Farmers Union r 405
Louisiana University h 61
Louisiana State University h 831 ; a 1231
Louisville Courier-Journal a 1021
Louisville Times h 347 ; a 1021
Lovestone,Jay r 404
Lovett, Robert A h 344, 355, 360 ; a 1127
Lovett, Robert Morse h 135, 221-224, 305 ; a 1175 ; r 92, 148
Low, Bela r 409
Low Memorial Library a 1184, 1193
Lowden, Frank O h 341
Lowell, Abbott Lawrence h 344, 574
Lowenstein, Prince Hubertus Zu h 928
Lowrie, Donald A h 348
Lowry, Howard F h 344
Loyalty and Legislative Action (publication) a 1132
Loyalty Review Board --_ -- r 237,
238, 242, 243, 248, 255, 256, 276, 278, 281, 282, 284,
303, 305, 307, 311, 318, 319, 321, 326, 327, 329, 334,
335, 352, 353, 366, 367, 381-385, 388, 394, 401, 402,
406,414,416 .
Loyola University Press h 394
Lubin, Isadore h 220, 242, 769 ; a 1161 ; r 102, 148, 330
Lucas, Scott W a 1239
Luckmann, Lloyd h 255
Lundborg, F h 848,
Lunberg, George h 149
Lundborg, Louis B a 12393
Lurie, Leonard h 750 ; r 99
Lusk Committee (New York Legislature) h 253,.
286, 296, 297, 400, 467"
Lusk Report h 286, 296;
Lustig, Alvin r189'
Luther a 1168
Luthringer, George F a 1230
Lynch Terror Stalks America (handbill) r 383
Lynd, Robert S a 1216 ; r 110, 118, 330-333,335
Lyons, Eugene h 928 ;r 122
M
Mabie, Hamilton Wright h 875
MacArthur, General h 556, 560-563, ,579, 874 ; r 183, 201, 250
MacCauley h 108
MacCracken a 1220
MacCracken, Henry M r412
MacDonald, Dwight h 33
MacGowan, Kenneth h 220 ; r 148, 334
Machinery for Foreign Relations (article) h 319
Maclver, Professor r 68
Maclver, R . M h 929 ; r 173, 335
Mackall, Lawton h 927
Mackenzie, Gordon N h 64
MacKenzie, Norman A . M h 344, 874
MacLeish, Archibald M r 190, 335-337
MacMahon, Prof . Arthur a 1208
MacManus, Seumas h 928
Macmillan Co a 1236 ; h 394
MacMurray h 910
MacNair, Harley F h 927
MacNaughton, E . B h 352
Macy,Josiah h 16
Macy Foundation h 16
Madison--- - a 1080
Madison, James h 593, 597
Madison Square Garden r 268, 276, 320, 357, 360
Magazine Publishers Association a 1156
Magdoff, Harry Samuel h 37 ; a 1202, 1203
Maker of Swords (play) r 108
Mailer, Norman r 190, 342
Main, John H. T 344
Maine University a 1232
Mainstream (publication) r 297, 346
Maisel, Albert Q h 929
Maker of Swords (play) a 1164
Making Bolsheviks (publication) h 927
Malenbaum, Wilfred a 1230
Malkin, Maurice h 471 ; r 196
Mallory, Walter H h 886, 929
Malone, George W h 37 ; a 1179, 1197, 1198, 1201, 1202
Maltz, Albert a 1164 ; r 107, 165, 343-348, 391
.Management-Employee Relations, Inc h 553
Manchester University a 1219
Mandates, Dependencies, and Trusteeships (study) h 887
Manhattan Center (New York, N . Y .) r 242, 323, 346
Manifesto and a Call to the National Writers Congress r 370
Manion, Clarence h 243, 245, 246, 254 ; r 121
Mann, A . R h 362, 363
Mann, Charles R h 269, 275 ; r 157
Manning, Richard I h 341
Manual Arts Press h 394
Manual of Corporate Giving a 1236
Mao Tsetung r 235
Marcantonio, Vito h 223
r 238, 241, 252, 288, 301, 303, 322, 328, 377
March of Treason (study) h 223 ; r 285, 356, 382
Marine Trust Co h 731
Maritime Trade of Western United States (publication) h 888
Markel, John h 16, 854 ; r 47
Markel, Lester h 884 ; a 1048
Markel, Mary h 16, 854 ; r 47
Markle Foundation h 16, 854 ; r 47
Marks h 92'6
Marquat, General h 562
Marquette University a 1232
Marriott, John A . R h_928
Marshall, George h 151, 338 ; a 973, 1216
Marshall, John h 6
Marshall, Leon C h 286
Marshall, Robert h 40,
41, 457, 458, 471 . 472 ; r 54, 107, 197, 201, 360, 399,
400, 405 .
Marshall College a 1230
Marshall Field & Co a 1232
Marshall Field Foundation h 16, 28, 471, 472 ; r 54
Marshall Foundation h 40, 41, 457, 458, 471, 472 ; r 54, 107
Marshall Plan r 163
Marston, Edgar L h 360
Martens, Ludwig C . K . A a 1216
Martin Adele C r 161
Martin, Boyd A h 553
Martin, Carloyn E a 1182
Martin, Charles E h 553, 874
Martin, Clyde E h 123
Martin, Leslie John a 1230
Martin, Prof. Oliver a 1184
Martin, Speaker h 590
Marvel, William W h 340
Martinsville Seven r 284
Marx, Karl h 27,
32, 41, 217, 219, 277, 278, 315, 467, 551, 571, 573-576,
595, 612, 746, 749, 768, 770, 788, 801, 802, 821, 847 ;
a 1167 ; r 73, 92, 108, 117, 119, 124, 149, 151, 152,
155, 202, 203, 272, 294, 361, 368, 409, 411, 412, 414
Marxist (quarterly) r 272, 361
Maryland Association of Democratic Rights r 323
Maryland Citizens Committee Against Ober anti-Communist
law r 365
Maryland University h 333, 390
Mask for Privilege (publication) h 33 ; r 121, 341
Mason, Lucy Randolph r 399
Mason, Ma h 360
Mason, Max h 355, 357, 358, 363
Massachusetts Committee for Concerted Peace Efforts r 275
Massachusetts Institute of Technology h 346,
353,-359, 395, 679 ; a 1033, 1216, 1218 ; r 248
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press h 395, 933
Massachusetts Legislature : h 571
Masses and Mainstream (publication) r 272,
286, 297, 343, 346, 348, 361
Masses and Terrorism (article) r 93
Massock, Richard G h 929
Mathematical Association of America a 1112
Mather,Samuel h 341
Mathers h 394
Matson, Wallace Irving a 1232
Matthew-Bender a 1235, 1236
Matthews, J . B a 987, 1173, 1175 ; r 397, 398
Mattocks, Raymond L h 345
Maurice and Laura Falk Foundation h 16, 84 ; r 45, 47
Max C . Fleischman Foundation h 16
Maxwell School of Citizenship a 1205
May, Herbert L a 1182
May, Oliver h 347
May, Rene A h 553
Mayer,John a 1048
Mayer, Milton h 32 ; r 351, 352
Mayflower Pact r 250
McBride, Robert M h 927
McCain, James R h 360
McCallum, Revell h 854 ; r 47
McCarran, Pat h 33,
43, 215, 256, 529, 537, 539, 547, 557-560, 564, 883,
901, 927, 929 ; a 1060, 1136, 1215 ; r 29, 41, 148, 173,
174, 180, 181, 187, 225, 250, 265, 267, 281, 290, 291,
333, 355, 373 .
McCarran, Sister Margaret Patricia h 215,
244 ; a 945-947 ; r 148, 225
McCarran Committee . h 3 ,
43, 529, 537, 539, 547, 557-560, 564, 732, 883, 901,
927, 929 ; a 1060, 1136, 1215 ; r 29, 41, 173, 174, 180,
181, 250, 265, 267, 281, 333, 355 .
McCarthy, Joseph h 33, 74, 208,
267, 269, 311, 732, 766 ; a 1166 ; r 101, 111, 197
McCarthy, Henry L a 984
McClelland, Thomas-. h 344
McCloy, John J h 346, 355 ; a 1021, 1127
McCormick, Colonel h 787
McCormick, Medill a 980
McCormick, Ruth Hanna a 980
McCormick, Samuel B h 344
McCormick-Mathers Publishing Co h 394
McCoy, Maj . Gen . Frank R a 1177, 1180
McCutcheon, Roger P a 1009
McDaniel, Joseph M . Jr h 347, 348 ; a 1239
McDonald, Hon . James G a 1177, 1182
McDougall, Archibald a 1230
McDougall, Curtis h 35
McEntegart, Bryan J a 946
McFerren, Darel D a 1230
McGee, Theodore h 517 ; a 984
McGill, James H a 1172
McGill, Ralph h 349
McGill University h 874 ; a 1139
McGovern, Prof . William M a 1184
McGrath, J . Howard r 270, 278, 319, 344, 345, 350, 383
McGraw-Hill Book Co h 394
McIver, Professor h 131
McKeever, Simon r 346, 348
McKeon, Richard P r 189
McKinley, William h 43, 136, 333
McKinley Republican h 333
McKinnon, Mr r 150
McKinnon, Harold R h 256, 259
McMullen, Laura W h 927 ; r 173
McMurray h 879
McNiece, Thomas M h 467-521, 601-666, 844
McNutt, Gov . Paul V a 1232
McPeak, William H h 347
McPherson, Aimee r 294
McWilliams, Carey h 33, 34 ; r 121, 337-341
Meaning of Democracy (publication) h 94
Means, Gardner C r 92
Meany, George h 308, 784 ; a 977, 980, 995
Mears, Elliott G h 888
Mediaeval Academy of America a 999
Medical Aid Division (Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign)_--- r 337
Medical Education in the United States and Canada (report) - a 955
Medina, Judge Harold R a 1219 ; r 330
Meeker,, Dr . D . Olan a 983
Meet the Germans (publication) h 926
Meet the Japanese (publication) h 927
Meet the People of the Progressive Theater (leaflet) r 264
Meharry Medical College a 1124
Meier, Arthur r 363
Meiklejohn, Dr. Alexander a 977
Mein Kampf (publication) r 132
Melby, Ernest O h 327, 388, 397
Melby, Hilda H a 1009
Melch, Holmes a 1239
Melcher, F . G a 1239
Mellett, Lowell h 74
Mellon, Mr h 297
Mellon, Paul h 349
Mellon, A . W h 16 ; a 1235
Mellon, R . K h 16
Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust h 16 ; a 1235
Mellon Foundation h 16, 42 ; a 1042
Mellon Institute of Industrial Research h 16
Mellon National Bank & Trust Co a 1048
Memorandum on the Composition, Procedure, and Functions
of the Committees of the League of Nations (mimeographed
study) h 915
Men and Machines (publication) h 134
Men on Bataan (publication) h 553
Men of the Ford Foundation (article) a 1239
Men's Club of Hitchcock Memorial Church a 1209'
Menshikov, Chief Michail A a 1207
Merchant of Venice (publication) h 500
Meredith, Elizabeth h 348
Merriam, Professor r 57
Merriam, Charles E- _ _ _ h 286, 514, 565, 566, 573, 581, 596, 616-619
Merriam, Charles K 131, 141
Merriam, John C h 338
Merrick, Lectures, 1945 h 929
Merrill, Charles E h 394
Merrill Co h 394
Merton, Professor r 81
Messersmith, George S r 261
Metchnikoff a 1105
Methodist Federation of Social Action_-_
-- h 38
Methodist Federation for Social Service (youth section) r 187
Methods and Problems of Medical Education (article) a 1241
Meusel, Alfred r 93
Mexico (publication) h 927
Mezerik, A . G .--- a 1239
Meyer, Agnes E r 10
Meyer, Eugene r 10
Meyer Foundation (Eugene and Agnes E .) r 10
Miami University h 250
Miami University (Oxford, Ohio) a 1231'
Michigan Civil Rights Federation a 1172
Michigan Department of Public Instruction a 1149
Michigan Law Review a 1238
Michigan University h 250,
286, 395, 524 ; a 1001, 1025, 1029, 1129, 1149
Michigan University Press h 395
49720-55 6
Mid-Century Conference a 1032 ; r 240, 321, 322
Mid-West Committee for Protection of Foreign Born r 267
Middlebury College a 1230
Middlebush, Frederick A h 344
Middleman (article) h 32
Middletown (publication) r 204
Midkiff, Frank A h 553
Milbank Memorial Fund h 16, 268,275 ; a 1241 ; r 157
Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly a 1241
Milbank, Tweed, Hope & Hadley a 965
Miller, Spencer Jr r 396
Miles a 974
Militarism in Japan (publication) h 556
Mill, Edward W a 1230
Miller, A . V r9
Miller, David Hunter h 878
Miller, J . L h 928
Miller, James R a 1239
Miller, Leslie A h 352
Miller, M .S h 928
Miller, Margaret Carnegie h 338 ; a 965
Miller, Perry r 189, 190, 349
Miller, Spencer, Jr r 928
Miller, William Marion a 1231
Millis, John S h 344
Mills, C. Wright a 983
Mills College h 554 ; r 150
Milne High School, New York State College for Teachers
(Albany, N . Y .) h 65
Milton a 116
Miltwyck School a 985
Mims, Edwin h 360
Minary, John S h 352
Ming, William R ., Jr h 33
Minimum of Education (article) h 48
Minkoff, Nathaniel h 779 ; a 977, 990 ; r 104
Minneapolis Public Schools .. a 114
Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co h 346, 376 ; a 1021
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co h 375
Minnesota University h 286
362, 395 ; a 953, 975, 1009, 1231 ; r 74, 82, 424
Minnesota University Press h 395
Minor, Clark H h 891
Minor Foundation h1
Minor, William H h 1
Miracle of America (publication) h 42 ; a 1043, 104
Misner, Paul J a 114
Missouri 'University a 113
Mitchell, Broadus h 22
Mitchell, George r 33
Mitchell, N. P h 92
Mitchell, Wesley C h 813, 848-850 ; a 99
Mittell, Sherman a 1232, 123
Mobilizing our Forces, Economic, Political, Cultural, In Behalf
of the New Freedom (pamphlet) r 105
Mobilizing Our Forces, Economic, Political, Cultural, in Behalf
of the New Freedom (roundtable) h 780, 789
Mobilizing Our Forces in Behalf of the Third Freedom
(conference theme) h 779
Modern Atheism (article) r 92
Modern Foreign Exchange (publication) h 927
Modern History (publication) r 362
Modern Language Association of America a 999
Modern Philanthropic Foundation a 1239
Modigliani, Prof . Franco a 1025
Moe, Henry Allen h 355 ; a 1127, 1240 ; r 24, 198
Mohan, Pearey a 1230
Molders of the American Mind (publication) h 485 ; r 143
_Molyneaux, Peter h 341
Money to Burn (publication) a 1235
Monroe, Parker h 340, 345
Monroney, Mike h 569
Monsanto Chemical Co a 965
Monserrat,Joseph a 984
Monson, Ronald A h 927
Montague, Andrew J h 342
Montague, William Pepperell
Montana State University a 1231
Montgomery, George r 122
.Moon is Down (publication) r 241
Mooney, Tom h 222, 223, 741 ; r 230, 232, 255, 306
Mooney Committee r 230
.Moore, Dr . Geoffrey H a 980
Moore, Harriet (Gelfan) a 1223, 1228 ; r 324
Moore, Warner R r9
Moral Awakening in America (symposium) h 766 ; a 996
Morals (article) r 93
Morford, Richard r 322
Morgan, Arthur h 300 ; a 1175
Morgan, H . A h 300
Morgan, J. P h 347, 349 ; a 965 ; r 317
Morgan, Joy Elmer h 309
Morgan & Co h 347, 349 ; a 965
Morgens, Howard J a 1043
Morgenthau, Henry Jr h 929 : a 1216
Morley, Felix h 927
Morning After the Revolution (conference theme) h 750 ; r 99
Morphet, Edgar L a 1240
Morrill, J. L a 953 ; r 424
Morrill, Justin P a 1116
Morris, Britton r 161
Morris, Edward S a 1181
Morris, Newbold h 308,309
Morris, Roland S h 342
Morrissette, Bruce A a 1231
Morrow, Dwight W h 342
Morse h 927
Morse, Wayne h 784 ; a 977, 980
Mortimer, Charles G a 1043
Morton, H . V h 927
Moscow Art Theatre r 389
Moscow Institute r 378
Moscow Izvestia (publication) r 412
Moscow News r 134, 378, 408
Moscow Trials r 313, 333, 343, 379
Moscow University h 266, 267, 273-276,
279-282 ; r 152, 157-159, 160, 161, 412
Moscow War Diary (publication) r 388
Mosely, Philip E h 38, 347, 348, 885, 897 ; a 1036, 1037 ; r 46
Most, Amicus h 749 ; a 984 ; r 99
Mother (publication) h 927
Mother Bloor Celebration Committee r 258
Motherwell, Robert r 189
Motion-Picture Direction Course (Peoples Educational Cen-
ter) r 334
Motlow, John D a 1229
Mott, Charles Stewart h 16
Mott Foundation
Moulton, Rev . Arthur W r 291
Moulton, Harold G h 629, 643, 927
Mount Holyoke College h 555, 750, 831 ; r 99
Mount Vernon Mortgage Co a 1232, 1233,
Mount Vernon Trust Co a 1232, 1233
Mountjoy, Helen S a 1217
Movies (article) h 310 ,
Mowat, R. B h 929
Mowitz, Robert J a 1132''
Mudd, Harvey S r 46
Mudd Foundation r46-
Muhlenberg College a 1229, 1232
Muir, Ramsay h 926
Mumford, Lewis h 848 ; r 100
Mumford, Milton C a 1048
Mundt, Karl h 37, 762, 902 ; a 1157 ; r 339, 380, 383, 405
Mundt-Ferguson-Nixon bill h 762, 902
Mundt-Nixon bill r 299, 380
Munford, David C h 348
Munro, Dana Carleton a 975
Munro, Henry F h 926
Murphy, Frank a 1206
Murphy, Gardner r 190, 349
Murphy, Prof. Jay a 1218
Murphy, Starr J h 355, 360, 363
Murray, H . A h 137 ; r 86, 190, 350
Murray, James E r407
Murray, Philip h 766,920
Murray, Walter C h 344
Murrow, Edward R h 267,
270, 271, 275, 307, 332, 342 ; r 157-159, 432
Music Educators National Conference- -- h 64
Musicians Committee (National Council of American-Soviet
Friendship) r 252'
Muslim Religion a 1002'
Mussolini r119'
Mustapha Kemal of Turkey (publication) h 927
Mutual Life Insurance Co . of New York--- h 353 . 359 ; a 1127, 1128'
Mutual Telephone Co h 552'
Muzzey, Professor r 28'
Myers, Dean r 30,
Myers, Louis G h 357, 363
Myers, William I h 355, 361 ; a 1127, 1128, 1141
Myers, Prof . William Starr r43'
Myrdal, Alva r 184
Myrdal, Gunnar h 49
58, 577, 578, 592, 593, 939 ; a 967-970 ; r 89, 91, 124, 184
Myth of Good and Bad Nations (publication) h 186'
N
Nabrit, S . M a 1240'
Naft, Stephen r 408, 40'9
Naked and the Dead (film adaption, War Department) r 343
Naked and the Dead (publication) r 341, 342
NAM (National Association of Manufacturers) r 103, 119, 121
Nankai University (Tientsin) h 930, 931
Narodna Volya (Bulgarian Communist publication) r 339, 344
Nash Co h 374
Nason, John W----- a 1177, 1181
Nation (publication) h 784,
793 ; a 1172, 1240 ; r 311, 326, 376, 379, 388, 389
National Academy of Sciences h 123,
470, 471, 475, 618, 894 ; r 45, 53
National Action Conference for Civil Rights r,345
National Advisory Committee a 1176
National Advisory Committee (American Youth Congress) --- r 230
National Advisory Council h 267, 268, 275 ; r 157
National Advisory Council on Radio in Education h 675,713
National Americanism Commission (American Legion) r 363
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NAACP) a 984
National Association of Cost Accountants h 495
National Association of Educational Broadcasters a 1032
National Association of Manufacturers_ h 33, 34, 778 ; r 103, 119, 121
National Association of School Superintendents h 74
National Association of Secondary School Principals h 35,
94, 105 ; a 1147
National Automobile Dealer's Association h 375
National Better Business Bureau r 213
National Broadcasting Co h 386 ; a 1031-1032
National Bureau of Economic Research h 605,
641, 849, 894-896 ; a 962, 963, 979, 980, 998, 1124, 1140
National Central University (China) h 930
National CIO War Relief Committee r 232
698, 699, 701, 703-705 ; a 955, 1157 ; r 221
National Citizens' Political Action Committee a 1170-1174
National City Bank of New York h 346
National Civil Rights Legislative Conference r 343, 383'
National Civil Service League a 1031'
National Coal Board (publication) h 307
National Commission for the Defense of Democracy Through
Education, NEA h 320, 321, 323-325, 327, 333, 388, 407
National Commission on History and Geography of the United
States . . h 61"
National Committee to Abolish the Poll Tax a 1170
National Committee to Aid the Victims of German Fascism--- h 223 :
National Committee of the American Committee for Democ-
racy and Intellectual Freedom r 233,
National Committee of the American League for Peace and
Democracy r 231,239'
National Committee of the Communist Party r 266:
National Committee to Defeat the Mundt Bill r 299, 355, 365
National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners---- h 233 ; -
a 1170 ; r 251, 254, 260, 282, 303, 377
National Committee on Maternal Health a 1139'
National Committee for Peoples Rights h 223 ;
a 1170 ; r 251, 254, 260, 290, 303, 371, 377'
National Committee to Repeal the McCarran Act r 333'
National Committee on Research in Secondary Education--__ h 94
National Committee of the Student Congress Against War- r255,319
'
National Committee on Teachers Examinations h 688
National Committee to Win Amnesty for Smith Act Victims_ h 224 ;_
r 266, 277, 344
National Committee to Win the Peace r 269, 359, 377, 381
National Conference on American Policy in China . and the Far
East r 235303, 346, 348, 374, 383'
National Conference of Christians and Jews r 52
National Conference of the Civil Rights Congress r 358, 383
National Conference for Constitutional Liberties r 400'
National Conference on Foreign Relations of the United States- h 872
National Conference for Mobilization of Education h 74
National Conference to Repeal the Walter-McCarran Law and
Defend Its Victims r 291, 373'
National Conference on Social Work r 310
National Congress of Parents and Teachers a 1156
National Congress for Unemployment and Social Insurance- r 230,
232, 253, 260, 314
National Council for American Education h 322, 324
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship h 36T
a 988, 1035, 1036, 1170, 1216 ; r 175, 228, 250, 254, .
264, 268, 279, 288, 289, 296, 302, 319, 320, 322, 323,
331, 333, 346, 348, 360, 366, 377, 384 .
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship (Committee
on Education) r 264, 265, 289, 320, 331, 366
National Council of American-Soviet Friendhip (Comitee
on- .Education Bulletin) r 289, 366
National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (South-
ern California Chapter) r 270, 347
National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (Theatre
Division) r 342, 347
National Council of Education r 151
National Council of Parent Education h 696 ; r 136
National Council on Social Studies h 35,
64, 478 ; a 1115 ; r 153, 190
National Council of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions h 38,
223, 224 ; a 1174 ; r 241, 252, 257, 264, 270, 274, 279,
280, 282, 283, 297, 299, 304, 311, 321, 332, 333, 341,
342, 347-350, 367, 374, 380, 385, 386, 391, 392 .
National Council of Churches h 47
National Council of Education h 263
National Defense Advisory Commission a 1206
National Delegates Assembly for Peace h 223
National Democratic Committee a 1181
National Education Association (NEA) h 21,
32, 34, 35, 46, 47, 63-65, 74, 94, 104-106, 109, 135,
224, 230, 267, 313-315, 320, 321, 323, 325-327, 329,.
330, 334, 382, 385, 388, 395, 396, 398, 405, 407, 409,
470, 475, 478, 482, 489-491, 494, 501, 505, 514, 516,.
674-676, 679, 682, 686, 689, 696-698, 701, 703-705,
713, 714, 716, 720, 722, 893, 925 ; a 967, 970, 992,
1081, 1112, 1115, 1146, 1147, 1150-1158 ; r 45, 53,
85, 135, 136, 140, 141, 145, 146, 149, 154-156, 191,
199, 432.
National Education Association (Department of Superintend-
ents) r 85, 140
National Education Association Handbook---- h 74, 704 ; r 138, 146
National Education Association Journal (publication) h 135 ; a 1240
National Emergency Conference h 223 ;
a 1172, 1173 ; r 307, 309, 310, 332, 377, 380
National Emergency Conference for Democratic Rights h 223.;
a 1172, 1173, 1176 ; r 288, 303, 307-310, 312, 323, 326,
328, 332, 371, 377, 380 .
National Executive Committee (American League Against War
and Fascism) r 253
National Farmers Educational and Cooperative Union of
America h 881
National Farmers Union h 780, 788 ; r 404-407
National Federation of Business and Professional Women's
Clubs h 920
National Federation for Constitutional Liberties h 223 ;
a 1170, 1171, 1173 ; r 233, 252, 271, 284, 291, 306-308,
310, 312, 319, 329, 332-334, 339, 340, 345, 348, 349,,
358, 364, 367, 383, 390, 402, 406 .
National Film Board of Canada r 166,
National Free Browder Congress r 267
National Grange h 881
National Guardian (publication) r 280
National Health Insurance (publication) h 793 ; a 981
1233, 123
National Housing Conference a 979, 98
National Industrial Conference Board r 119 ; h 495
National Institute of Public Affairs h 899, 931, 937
National Interest (publication) h 595
National Lawyers Guild h 39, 903 ; a 1220 ; r 288, 340, 347, 349
National League of Women Voters h 920
National Library Association r 221
National Manpower Council a 103
National Mooney Council of Action h 223
National Municipal League a 1031, 1209
National Negro Congress r 359, 360, 38
National Non-Partisian Committee to Defend the Rights of
the Twelve Communist Leaders-- -- r 266, 344, 38
National Peace Conference h 881, 890 ; r 172
National Peoples Committee Against Hearst h 223
r 238, 260, 308, 314, 377
National Planning Association h 779 ; a 990, 1236
National Planning Board h 473,
612, 613, 616, 625 ; r 50, 53, 129-132
National Planning Board (1933-34 report) r 50
National Productivity Since 1869 (publication) h 656
National Public Housing Conference h 779
National Reception Committee for Madame Irene Joliot-
Currie r 321
National Recovery Act administration and Government
Financial Policy (study) r 128
National Religion and Labor Foundation---- a 1170
National Republic (publication) a 1215 r 408
National Research Council (NRC) ' h 21
45, 47, 123, 355, 482, 808, 809, 816, 879, 894 ; a 1005,
1124, 1137-1139 ; r 45, 47
National Resources Committee r 130, 132
National Resources Development Report (1942) r 131
National Resources Planning Board a 990 ; r 53, 130-132, 141
National Right-To-Work Congress h 223
National Science Foundation h 48 ; a 1004, 1240 ; r 45, 46, 49
National Security Committee (American Coalition of Patri-
otic, Civic and Fraternal Societies) r 408
National Selection Committee a 1042
National Selection Committee on Workers' and Adult Educa-
tion a 1162
National Social Welfare Assembly a 1162
National Society, Sons of the American Revolution__ h 190, 197,
261, 327, 335, 336, 368, 387, 393, 396, 403 ; r 147
National Student Federation of America r 355, 412
National Student League r 255, 260, 318, 393, 394
National Union Farmer (publication) r 405
National University of Mexico h 61
National War College h 524, 874, 941
National Writers Congress h 223 ; r 370
Nationalist Party (China) h 560
Nations Business (publication) a 1241
NATO r 9
Nature of Intellectual Freedom (speech) r 270
Naumoff, Benjamin a 984
Navarre School a 1204
Nazi Party h 32, 146, 248, 292, 504, 771, 778,
788 ; r 92, 103, 118, 153, 231, 296, 312, 353, 380
Nazi press r 153
NEA Committee on Tenure and Academic Freedom h 501, 502
NEA Handbook h 74
Nebraska University h 358 ; a 1231
Negro in America (publication) h 34 ; a 9969
Negro Leader's Plea to Save Rosenbergs (article) r 272
Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (study) a 967
Nehru,Jawaharlal h 309
Neilson, William Allan h 269, 272, 275, 344
Nelson, Donald M h 553 ; a 1197, 1207
Nelson, Otto L ., Jr h 342
Nelson, William Rockhill h 16
Nelson Trust h 16
Neruda, Pablo r 267, 275, 386
Neutrality Act r 304, 364
New Appraisal (publication) a 9 8, 1
New Brunswick University h 874
New Century Publishers r 271, 315, 348, 349
New Concepts in Education (paper) r 63
New Dance League r 347
New Deal Party h 301 ; r 92, 117, 145, 162'
New Democracy and the New Despotism (publication)_ h 619 ; r 132
New Education Fellowship h 493
New Fabian Essays (publication) r 132
New Frontiers (publication) h 467 ; r 167
New Jersey League of Women Shoppers r 228,'308
New Jersey State Teachers College a 1215, 1217
New Man in Soviet Psychology (publication) h 843
New Masses (publication) a 1212 ;
r 230, 232, 233, 236, 237, 241, 245, 249, 251, 252, 259,
264, 271, 272, 276, 282, 286, 290, 295-297, 301, 304,
308, 309, 312-314, 316-318, 326-328, 332, 336, 340,
341, 345, 346, 349, 355, 361, 366, 367, 369-371, 375-
377,379,390,392,393,402,408 .
New Masses Letter to the President h 223 ; r 371, 377
New Masses Symposium ~r 282, 346
New Masses Theatre Night (symposium) r 346
New Philosophy of Public Debt (publication) h 643
New Pioneer (publication) r 369
New Policy for the AEF (article) h 35 ; r 152
New Protectionism (publication) ~h 926
New Republic (publication) h 135 ; a 1176 ;
1238-1240 ; r 190, 236, 239, 262, 269, 370, 371
for Federal Tax Purposes (article) a 1238
New Russian Primer (publication) h 285, 927
New School for Social Research h 31, 553,
894, 917 ; a 1160 ; r 106, 300, 304, 396
New Standard Dictionary a 978
New Statesmen and Nation (publication) r 388
New Testament h 130 ; r 71
New Theater (publication) r 264, 349
New Theater League r 264, 292, 347, 349
New Threats to American Freedom (pamphlet) h 902
New Times (publication) r 243
New Trends in Corporate Giving (article) a 1237
New World Review r 271, 307, 316
New York Central . Railroad h 756
New York City Board of Aldermen r 258
New York City Board of Higher Education a 993
New York City College h 268, 275, 390 ; a 976, 1041, 1229
New York City Council a 976, 984
New York City Sponsoring Committee r 253
New York Committee on Discrimination in Employment---- h 779 ;
a 990
New York Committee to Win the Peace r 269, 359
New York Conference for Inalienable Rights r 234, 265, 354
New York Council of Arts r 270, 284
New York Foundation h 16
New .York Herald TribunTribune h 77 ;
a 1180, 1216, 1238 ; r 8-10, 88, 428, 429
New York Law Society a 1219
New York League of Women Shoppers r 308
New York Legislature h 253, 286, 296, 297, 400,701
New York Life Insurance Co a 965
New York Memorial Cancer Hospital h 582
New York Post r 325
New York Public School System h 283 ; r 234, 319
New York School . for Social Research a 995
New York School of Social Work a 995, 1175, 1205 ; r 310
New York Star (publication) r 342, 408
New York State Board of Regents h 698
New York State Chamber of Commerce h 892
New York State College of Agriculture h 355 ;
a 1127, 1128, 1141 ; r 30
New York State College for Teachers, Milne High School
(Albany, N . Y .) h 65
New York State Conference on National Unity a 1176
New York State Council of the Arts and Sciences r 342
New York State Joint Legislative Committee Investigating
Seditious Activities r 249
New York State Unemployment Insurance Advisory Com-
mittee h 779 ; a 990
New York Telephone Co h 749
New York Times h 41,
89, 165, 166, 300, 330, 356, 400, 404, 409, 630, 750, 751,
849, 862, 901 ; a 973, 980, 1002, 1045, 1048, 1127, 1130,
1159, 1187, 1215, 1216, 1217, 1240 ; r 5, 30, 32, 33, 72,
93, 116, 174, 176, 183, 195, 202, 231, 250, 253, 267, 275,
277, 286, 300, 306, 309, 324, 331, 340, 347, 357, 362,
365, 368, 373, 386, 399, 428, 429 .
New York Times Book Review h 148, 166 ; a 1216 ; r 324
New York Times (magazine) h 39 ; a 1237 ; r 116, 250
New York Tom Mooney Committee r 230
New York University h 64,
254, 268, 272-274, 327, 359, 361, 390, 395, 495, 517,
677 ; 697 ; a 976, 977, 983, 985, 995, 996, 1009, 1025,
1048, 1231, 1236 ; r 278 .
New York University Press h 395
New York World Telegram and Sun a 1237
New York Yankees h 371, 589
New Zealand (publication) h 929
New Zealand House of Representatives h 790
New Zealand's Labor Government at Work (publication) ---- h 736
Newark College of Rutgers University a 1041
Newcomb, John L h 344
Newlan, Jesse H h 265, 286
News-Letter r 288
News Releases by American Heritage Foundation a 1241
News You Don't Get (publication) r 238,
251, 254, 259, 260, 290, 303, 349, 369, 371, 376, 377
Newson & Co h 394
Newton a 1092, 1168
Newton, Ray r 350
Niebuhr, Reinhold h 751 ; r 99, 190, 353-354
Nimitz, Admiral a 973
Nineteen Eighty Four "1984" (publication) h 141
Nirvana r 139
Nisselson, Michael M a 1173
Nitze, Paul a 1161
Nixon r 299, 762, 902
Nixon, J . W r 161
Nixon, Richard r 351,381
NKVD (Soviet Military Intelligence) r 287
Nobel h 930
Nobel, Mary E a 1229
Nobel Prize a 991, 1101, 1103 ; r 242
Nolde, 0 . Frederick h 342, 884 ; a 1181 ; r 176
Non-Partisan Committee to Defend Communist Leaders r 361
Non-Partisan Committee for the Reelection of Congressman
Vito Marcantonio-_ h 223 ; r 238, 241, 252, 288, 231, 303, 328, 377
Noon, John W a 1182
Nordberto Bobbio (publication) r 76
Norgenstern, George r 121
Norlin, George h 344
Norman, Dorothy_-- r 189
North, Joseph
North, Professor Robert C r 32
North Africa (publication) h 929
North African Affairs Committee (Algiers) r 287
North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy r 230,
232, 237, 238, 259, 277, 288, 292, 309, 337, 350, 371, 378
North Atlantic Defense Pact r 273, 280, 283, 411
North Carolina University h 268,
272, 275, 395, 874 ; a 955 1181, 1232 ; r 81, 399
North Carolina University Press h 395
Northwest Commission to Study the Organization of Peace--- h 874
Northwest Farmers' and Workers' Education Conference---- a 1166
Northwestern University-_ h 242, 555, 582, 831 ; a 1041, 1149, 1184,
1191, 1229, 1231, 1232 ; r 26, 39
Northwestern University Press h 395
Norton, Edward L h 361 ; a 1128
Norton, Helen G r 397
Norton, Thomas James r 122
Norton, W . W h 394
Norton & Co h 394
Norwegian Government Disability Services h 778 ; a 990
Not Without Laughter (publication) r 297
Notes on a Drum (publication) h 928
Notre Dame University h 831 ; a 1014
Nourse, Dr . Edwin a 963
Now the Foundations (article) a 12409
Nowak, Frank r 158,
Nowell, William r 394
Nunez, Rev . Benjamin a 985
Nursery Schools (pamphlet) h 289
Nurske, Ragnar a 1231
NYA Air Pilot Schools r 410
Nye-Kvale r411
Nystrom, J . Warren a 1181
0
Oahu Railway & Land Co h 553
Oakeshott, Michael B a 1140'
Ober Act of the State of Maryland a 1132
Oberlin Alumni Club of Washington, D. C a 1209
Oberlin College h 220, 272, 275 ; a 1197, 1204, 1205, 1209
O'Brian, John Lord h 350
Occasional Papers No . 3, A Modern School (publication)---- .- h 250',
251,287
Occidental College h 553 ; a1041 ; r 158
Occidental Life Insurance Co . of California h 553
Occupation of Japan (publication) h 901
Odegaard, Dr . Charles E a 1129'
Odegard, P . H r 184
Odets, Clifford a 1164
O'Dowd, Lt . Paul, Jr h 291
Odum, Howard W h 272, 275
O'Dwyer, Mayor r 267'
Of Human Rights (film) r 165
`Office of Education Directory h 674
Office of Scientific Research and Development a 1206
Ogburn h 848
Ogden, David L a 1230
Ogden, Miss Esther G a 1182
Ogden, Robert C h 361, 362
Ogg, Frederic A h 567 ; a1236
Oglethorpe University h 831 ; a 1230
Ogura r 119
Ohio Education Association h 504
Ohio Marches Toward Peace and Progress (article) r 293
Ohio State ; h 504, 506
Ohio State University h 107, 250, 267,
274, 310, 327-329, 395, 489, 518 ; a 1139, 1232 ; r 424
Ohio State University Press h 395
Oil(article) h 319
Oklahoma University a 1231
Old Deal (article) h 468
Old Colony Trust Co a 1128
Old Dominion Foundation h 16, 349 ; a 1042 ; r 162
Olden, Rudolf h 926
Older, Andrew r 160
Older, Julia r 160
Olds, Leland a 977, 996
Olds, Robert E h 342
Olin Foundation h 16
Oliver, Alfred Richard a 1231
Oliver, Sydney h 215
Olmsted, Shirley r 161
Olmsted, Sterling a 1164
Omnibus (television program) a 1029
On the Abyss (publication) h 927 ; r 173
On the Agenda of Democracy (publication) h 482, 617
On the Picket Line (pamphlet) r 107
On Understanding Soviet Russia and Socialist Planning in the
Soviet Union (pamphlet) r 315
One Hundred Questions to the Communists (publication) - - - - r 408
One Wonders (Syracuse) r 351
O'Neal, Edward A h 920
O'Neal, Emmet h 553
O'Neil, Charles Joseph a 1232
Only Way for Writers (speech) _ r 342
Only Yesterday (publication) h 254, 303
Open Letter to American Liberals h 223
a 1172 ; r 314, 328, 333, 340, 378
Open Letter to the American People (National Council of
American-Soviet Friendship) r 331
Open Letter to the American People in Opposition to the
Hobbs Bill r 373
Open Letter for Closer Cooperation With the Soviet Union-- h 223
a 1172, 1173 ; r 235, 240, 287, 289, 304, 314, 327, 355 .
366,378,380,391
Open Letter of the Council for Pan-American Democracy_ _ _ _ r 332
Open Letter in Defense of Harry Bridges r 314
Open Letter of the League of American Writers r 332
Open Letter to J . Howard McGrath r 270, 278, 344, 350
Open Letter to New Masses r 328, 379
Open Letter to Nicholas Murray Butler r 331, 354
Open Letter to the President of Brazil r 233, 312, 370, 376
Open Letter to the President on Franco Spain r 321, 345, 374
Open. Letter to the President of the United States (in re Harry
Bridges) r 252, 347, 349, 390
Open Letter to the President by The National Federation for
Constitutional Liberties r 389 ,
Open Lettter Protesting the Ban on Communists in the Amer-
ican Civil Liberties Uhion h 223
Open Road, Inc a 1120, 1220 ; r 313
Opportunities and Dangers of Educational Foundations (arti-
cle) a 1239
Opus 21 (publication) h 147
Ordeal by Planning (publication) r122
Oregon University-- . h 349 ; a 1040, 1148,
Organization of Public Health and Socialized Medicine (educa-
tional course) h 279
Orlov r 257
Orton, William A a 1236,
Orwell, George h 141
Osborn, Fairfield h 352'
Osborn, Frederick h 338 ; a 965 ; r 74, 82 ,
Osborne, Brig . Gen . Frederick H h 151, 157
Our Changing Industrial Incentives (publication) h 793'
Our Constitution (article) h310, 311, 318, 320 ,
Our Federal Government (article) h 319'
Our Land Resources (article) h 319
Our Mightiest Ghost (article) a 1238'
Our Neighbors in North Africa (article) h 319
Our Son, Pablo(publication) h929 ,
Our Sunday Visitor (publication) a 1044
Our Water Resources (article) h 319
Outline of Modern Russian Literature (publication) r 367
Outlook (publication) r 153
Overstreet, Harry A h 308, 763'
Owen, Charlotte r 161
Owens h 346
Ox Bow Incident (publication) r 164
Oxford h 215
Oxford Pledge r416'
Oxford University Press h 394
Oxnam, Bishop h 261,327-
P
Pabelford, Norman J h 920
Pacific Spectator (publication) a 1240
Pacific National Bank (San Francisco) h 376'
Paepcke, Walter P h 349 ; a 12401
h 338 ; a 965
Page, Robert Newton h 342
Page, Walter Hines h 361, 553
Paine, Rear Adm . Roger W a 1219
Painter, Sidney a 1009
Paley, William S h 352
Palmer h 347
Palmer, Frank a 1175
Palmer . (See Little, Leader, LeSourd & Palmer .)
Pan American Highway Through South America (publication) - h 929
Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Co h 360
Pan American Union h 64, 912
Panamanian Conference on History and Geography h 61
Panal on Pan-American Affairs r 334
Papanek, Dr . Ernst a 984
Paramount Pictures . (See Ball v . Paramount Pictures .)
Parent-Teachers Association h 47 ; a 1209 ; r 432
Pares, Bernard h 929 ; a 1216
Paris, Ellsworth r 77
Parker, Dorothy a 1174
Parker, Edwin B h 342
Parker, William A a 1009
Parker, William R a 1009
Parkin, G. R h 928
Parkinson, Thomas I h 355, 357, 361
Parmer, Charles B h 929
Parran, Thomas h 355, 361 ; a 1127, 1128'
Parsons, Goeffrey r9
Parsons, Talcott h 137, 848 ; r 86
Parsons, Wilfred h 244
Parten, Jubal R h 350 ; a 1051, 1052
Participation of Observers in International Conferences (publi-
cation) h 915
Partisan Review r 282, 286
Parton,James r9
Pasadena Board of Education h 403, 405
Pasadena School Board h 325, 405
Pasternak, Boris r 257
Pasteur a 1105
Pasvolsky, Leo h 927, 934-936, 941
Patch, Buel W a 1240,
Path to Peace (publication) h 926,
Patrick, Mary Mills h 926
Patriotic Education, Inc h 261
Patterns of Culture (publication) h 139
Patterns of .Social Reform in North America (conference) a 983
Patterson, Elmore_C h 342
Patterson, Ernest Minor h 927, 928 ; r 173, 354
Patterson, Gardner a 1231
Patterson, Grove r 158
Patterson, William A h 348
Patton,James r 404-407
Pavlov h 142,278,283 ;r 87
Payne, Roger h 467
Payne Fund r 52
Peabody, George Foster h 361, 363, 694, 706
Peabody, Stuart a 1043
Peabody Board h 706
Peabody College for Teachers h 694 ; a 1145, 1149, 1236
Peabody Education Fund h 359
Peace Aims Group h 885, 886 ; r 177
Peace Atlas of Europe (publication) h 929
Peace Ballot Commission r 367
Peace Information Center r 273
Peace Pilgrimage r 356
Peace We Want (pamphlet) h 917
Peace with the Dictators? (publication) h 928 ; r 173
Peaceful Change (publication) h 927, 928 ; r 173
Peake, Cyrus . h 580
Pearce h 942
Pearce, Richard M h 358
Pearl Harbor (publication) r 121
Pearson h 639
Pearson, Norman Holmes r 189
Pease, Edward R h 215
Peattie, Donald Culross a 1240
Peekskill USA (publication) r 284
Peers, E . Allison h 928
Peffer, Nathaniel_-- h 929 ; a 1215, 1216 ; r 173, 174
Pell, Orlie A . H a 1163, 1165
Penn State University h 114
Penniman, Josiah H h 344
Pennsylvania Railroad Co h 373
Pennsylvania State General Education Board_ -- h 687
Pennsylvania University h 114,
138, 165, 272, 275, 355, 395, 811, 846 ; a 1024, 1025,
1139, 1184, 1187 ; r 26, 31, 158, 204, 354 .
Pennsylvania University Law Review a 1239
Pennsylvania University Press _ _ - h 395
People vs . H . C . L . (pamphlet) r 227,
230, 247, 249, 254, 306, 312, 328, 353, 371
"People Of The World-A Day In Their Lives" (article) r 163
People Write a World Charter (speech) h 919, 920
Peoples Educational Center r 334, 365
Peoples Front For Peace h 223
People's Institute of Applied Religion_-_ a 1170 ; r 341, 347, 349, 401
Peoples Party r409
Peoples Radio Foundation (certificate of incorporation) r 319
Peoples of the Soviet Union (publication) r 316
Peoples Speaking to Peoples (publication) h 929
People's Peace (publication) h 929
Peoples World (publication) r 160
Pepperdine College h 379 ; r 188
Percy, Charles H h 348
Percy, LeRoy h 342
Perelamn, Norman h 793
Perlo, Victor r287
Perkins h 669
Perkins, George W h342 ;-a 1181
Perkins, James A h 339,-340
Perlman, Mildred h 784, 792
Permanent Charity Fund h 16
Permanent Committee of the World Peace Congress r 273,
280, 284, 389, 403
Permanent Court of International Justice h 922
Perpetual Peace (publication) h 929
Perry, Ernest J h 351
Perry, Ralph Barton h 309
Persians (publication) h 927
Perspective of India (publication) r 189
Perspective, U . S . (publication) r 189
Pescatello, Michael h 340
Peters, William A h 342
Peterson h 394
Peterson, Sir William h 344
Pew Foundation h 13,16
Peyre, Henri a 1009
Pfeiffer, Timothy h 794, 837
Phelps Stokes Fund h 471 ; r 54
Phi Beta Kappa a 1205, 1221
Philadelphia Citizens Committee to Free Earl Browder r 354
Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine a 1240
Philanthropic Foundations and Higher Education (publica-
tion)-__ h 58, 479, 669-671, 684, 702, 707, 711 ; a 1236, 1239 ; r 134
Philanthropy in America (publication) a 1236
Philanthropy Faces a Change (article) a 1240
Philanthropy and Learning (article) a 1236
Philanthropy in Negro Education (publication) a 1236
Philanthropy Uninhibited (article) a 1239, 1241
Philanthropy's Venture Capital (article) a 1237
Philippines-Problems of Independence (publication) h 901
Phillips, Duncan r 189
Phillips, Ellis L r 52
Phillips, George r 383
Phillips, Henry A h 926, 927
Phillips, John Marshall a 1231
Phillips Foundation r52
Philosophical Research Institute (San Francisco)--h 42 ; a 1042 ; r 162
Philosophy of Dialectical Materialism (educational course)---- h 279
Phylon a 1240
Pickett, Clarence E r 187
Pierpont Morgan Library a 1009
Pike, H . Harvey a 1182
Pilgrim Lutheran Church a 1209
Pilnyak r 257
Pincus, John A a 1230
Pinkevitch, Albert P h 285
Pioneer Youth r 412
49720-55-7
Pioneer's Progress (book) h 31 ; r 92
Pitirim, Professor r 64
Pitman Publishing . Corp h 394
Pittsburgh University h 220, 355, 361 ; a 1238
Pittsburgh University Law Review a 1238
Planning Committee on Board of Education of Scarsdale, New
York a 1209
Planning Foundation Programs (article) a 1239
Plantz, Samuel, h 344
Plastires, Premier r 358
Platform for All Americans (article) h 42
Plato a 1168
Plays for Children Contest (International Workers Order) ---- r 345
Plymouth Co h 374
Pocono Conference h 65, 68
PM (publication) a 1171 ; r 283, 346
Poetry of the Negro (publication) r 297
Poggioli, Renato r 189
Poland Today (booklet) r 387
Policy Committee (African Affairs Council) r 268
Policy and Program Adopted by the National Convention,
1950 (leaflet) r 270, 347
Polish Research and Information Service r 387
"Political Action for Labor" (conference theme) r 106
"Political Action Techniques" (conference theme) r 10
Political Affairs (publication) r 341, 414
Political Affairs and the Constitution of the Communist Party,
U. S . A . (publication) r 31
Political and Civil Rights in the United States (book) h 39
Political and Social History of Modern Europe (publication)-- h 926
Political Awakening of the East (publication) h 926
Political Handbook of the World, 1946 (publication) h 929
Political Offenders (article) r 93
Political Police (article) r 93
Political Problems (study) r 177
Political Quarterly a 1219
Political Research Committee (American Political Science
Association) r 131
Political Science and Comparative Law h 572
Politics (article) h 319
Politics and Economics (article) h 748
Politz, Alfred a 102
Politz Research, Inc a 102
Polk . (See Davis, Polk, Wardwell, Sunderland & Kiendl .)
Pollard,John A a 124
Pomeroy, Wardell B h 123
Pomona College a 123
Pool, Rabbi David De Sola r 26
Poole, D . C r 15
Pope Arthur Upham a 121
Pope Leo XIII h 607 ; r 42
Pope Pius XI h 607 ; r 294, 42
Population Council, Inc a 965
Populists h 515
Porter, Paul R h 135, 744-747,
750, 751, 763, 765, 784, 791 ; a 977, 991 ; r 97, 99
Portland Police Department r 338
Portraits from a Chinese Scroll (publication) h 928
Portugal for Two (publication) h 927
Possible Peace (publication) h 926
Post Standard (Syracuse, N . Y .) r 351, 352
Postwar Planning, etc . (pamphlet) r 131
Potash Irving . r 361
Potomac Appalachian Trail Club a 1209
Pound, Roscoe h 897 ; a 1180
Poverty (publication) h 219
Power of Freedom (publication) a 1240
Power Industrial (article) r 93
Powers, H. H h 926
Powers, William H r 351
Poynton, John A h 338
Poyntz, Juliet Stuart r 410
Pragmatism and Pedagogy (publication) h 94
Prang Co h 394
Pravda (publication) h 32, 848
Precedents for Relations Between International Organizations
and Nonmember States (conference memoranda) h 891, 914
Prejudice in Textbooks (pamphlet) r 408
Prendergast, William B h 904 a 1132, 1221
Prentice-Hall,Inc h 394
Presenting the American Student Union (pamphlet) r 230,
255, 308, 353
President Truman's Commission on Higher Education r 108,
142,143
President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace_ r 184
President of the United States ---------------------------- h 35,
41, 74, 152, 153, 212, 213, 216, 223, 298, 311, 317-319,
360, 438, 482-484, 512, 531, 536, 537, 573, 574, 581,
590, 603, 604, 607, 617, 643, 741, 745, 757, 766, 785,
786, 790, 809, 849, 850, 872, 901, 911 ; a 1063, 1207 ;
r 20, 21, 58, 65, 97, 103, 108, 121, 126, 131-133, 142,
143, 148, 155, 162, 178, 179, 185, 187, 195, 202, 234,
240, 245, 247, 250, 261-263, 265, 266, 269, 272, 274,
277-279, 285, 291, 304, 305, 309, 311, 313, 317, 321
325, 331-333, 343-345, 347, 354, 357, 361-364, 371,
374, 381, 385, 390, 392, 402, 405, 412, 415 .
Presidential Leadership (publication) h 795
President's Commission on Administrative Management h 617
Presidents Commission on Higher Education h 482,
484 ; a_1167 ; r 142
President's Committee on Civil Rights a 1131
President's Council of Economic Advisers h 777,
849 ; a 963, 980, 1025
President's Research Committee on Social Trends h 850
President's Review (printed reports) a 1072
Press releases of Attorney General (June 1, Sept . 21, 1948) --- r 234
Prestes Defense Committee r 238, 239, 249, 3
Prestes, Luiz Carlos r23
238, 239, 249, 254, 259, 312, 328, 332, 370, 3
Preston, Hon . Prince H .,Jr h
Price, Don K h 137, 347 ; r
Price, Governor a 12
Price, Gwilym A h 338 ; a 9
Price Control in the Postwar Period (pamphlet) h 8
Price, Waterhouse & Co a 11
Primer on Charitable Foundations and the Estate Tax a 12
Princeton office of population research h 1
Princeton University h 15
220, 347, 353, 356, 359, 362, 395, 495, 553, 832, 933
a 1209, 1230, 1231, 1232 ; r 43, 73, 158 .
Princeton University Press h 395 ; r
Principles of the Collective and Socialist Society (educational
course) h 279 ; r 1
Principles of Exchange Stabilization (publication) h 8
Principles of Giving (publication) a 12
Principles of Philanthropy as a Science and Art (memo-
randum) r
Prisoners Relief Fund (International Labor Defense) r 2
Pritchett, Henry S h 33
342, 344, 345, 671, 679-682, 689, 714 ; a 12
Private Fortunes and Public Future (article) a 12
Privileges of American Citizenship (publication) r 1
Pro America (organization) h 322, 324, 3
Problem of Financing the Medical Schools (article) a 9
Problems of Leadership and Control in Soviet Literature (pub-
lication) r 3
Problems of Philosophy (publication) h 84
Procter & Gamble Co a 10
Program for Labor and Progressives (publication) h 79
Program for Modern America, Concentration of Control in
. American Industry (publication) a 99
Progress in International Organization (publication) h 9
Progressive (publication) h 468, 6
Progressive Citizens of America a 1173, 11
Progressive Citizens Association r 3
Progressive Education (publication) h 3
291, 303, 484, 487, 488, 493 ; r 143, 145, 146, 151, 1
Progressive Education Association ------------------------- h 2
34, 35, 46, 47,263, 265, 292, 397, 475, 488, 493, 674
676, 679, 682, 686, 689, 696-698, 701, 703-705, 713
714, 716, 720, 722 ; a 1081, 1112, 1147-1149, 117
r 45, 135, 136, 146, 151-153, 362 .
Progressive Education Journal (publication) h 285 ; r 1
Progressive Education Society h 28
Proletarian Literature in the United States (Publication) r 2
Proletarian Youth League of Moscow r 3
Proletariat (article) r
Prominent Americans Call For * * * (pamphlet) r 28
374,387,40
Proper Study of Mankind (publication) h 132-134, .
170, 176 ; a 967, 972 ; r 85-87, 89, 125
Prospects for Democracy in Japan (publication) r 236
Protest Against Attack on Right of Communist Party to Use
Ballot (Daily Worker) r 258
Protest Brutal Nazi Persecutions (handbill) r 353
Protestant Digest (publication) r 302
Protestant Digest Association r 302
Protestantism Answers Hate (dinner-forum) r 302
Provident Mutual Life Insurance Co h 350 ; a 1051
Provisional Committee for a United Labor and Peoples May
Day r 387
Provisional International Social Science Council r 184
Provisional Sponsoring Committee (National Emergency
Conference) r 332
Provisional United Labor and Peoples Committee for May
Day--- ; r 359
Psychological Abstracts (publication) h 847
Public Accountability of Foundations and Charitable Trusts
(publication) a 1236, 1240
Public Administration Clearing House h 894,
896, 942 ; a 1031, 1141, 1142 ; r 221
Public Administration Clearing House of Chicago h 942
Public Administration Committee h 933
Public Administration and the Public Interest (publication) - - h 795
Public Administration Review a 1208
Public Affairs Committee, Inc h 34, 74 ; r 408
Public Affairs Pamphlets r 134, 376, 379, 408
Public Benefactions of Andrew Carnegie ; Carnegie Corp . ; The
Foundation (publication) h 669
Public Debt and Taxation in the Postwar World (publication)- h 793
Public and International Affairs (Princeton) r 158
Public Opinion and Foreign Policy (publication) h 884
Public Opinion and Propaganda Studies (publication) h 524
Public School System (New York, N . Y .) h 283 ; r 234, 319
Public Use of Arts Committee r 247, 301
Publishers' Weekly a 1237, 1239
Pulitzer Prize (1946) r 363
Punahou School (Honolulu) h 553
Puner, Morton h 388
Pupils of the Soviet Union (publication) r 174
Purpose of Education in American Democracy (publication)_- h 697
Pusey, Nathan M h 344 ; a 1041
Pushkin, Alexander r 361, 367
Pushkin (publication) r 367
Pushkin Committee h 223
Q
Queens College h 555 ; r 319
Quigley, Harold h 580
Quigley, Hugh r 93
Quiet Revolution (article) r 162
Quinn, Theodore a 979
R
Race Differences (publication) r 312
Races of Mankind (publication) h 34 ; a 1215 ; r 165, 232, 408
Radcliffe College h 286, 874
Radford, Betty r 161
Radin, Paul r 354
Radius, Walter A a 1231
Ragan, Philip H a 1240
Rai-,uel h 927
Railroad Brotherhoods h 788
Rainey, Homer P h 697
Rakosi, Matthias r 413
Rand Corp a 1047, 1049 ; r 46, 49, 81
Rand, McNally & Co h 394
Rand School Press a 1165 ; r 408
Rand School of Social Science r 110, 408-410
Randolph, A . Phillip r 385
Randolph, Bessie C h 874
Random House h 395
Rankin, Congressman r 263
Ransom, John Crowe r 189
Rapp-Coudert Committee r 234
Rathbone, Perry I a 1231
Rau, Professor h 242
Rauh,Joe h 41
Raushenbush, Carl a 1164
Raw Materials in Peace and War (publication) h 928
Ray, Annada Sankar r 189
Raymond, Harold Bradford a 1229
Raymond Rich Associates a 1235
Read, Elizabeth F h 926 ; r 173, 355
Readers Digest h 408, 56
Rearmament-How Far? (Fabian tract) h 30
Rebel Song Book a 1165 ; r 10
Recent Developments in Britain (speech) a 98
Recent Social Trends in the United States (report) h 850
Recent Trends in British Trade Unionism (publication) h 793
Reception Committee (Soviet flyers, Moscow to New York
1929) r 24
Recommendations of the President to the Trustees (document)- . h 56
r 18
Recovery, the Second Effort (publication) h 927 ; r 17
Red Cross h 586,679,731 ;r27
Red Decade (publication) r 12
Red Network a 117
Red Tiger (publication) h 926
Redefer, Frederick h 265
Redfield, Robert h 926 ; a 1009 ; r 189, 355
Reed, Alfred Z h 345
Reed, John r 245, 260, 282, 286, 313, 39
Reed, Philip D h342, 349, h°920
Reed, Vergil D -- a 1025
Reed Club Writers School r 245
Reed Clubs r 260, 282, 286
Reed College -- - a 1227
Refugees Behind the Iron Curtain r 231
Regenery, Henry h 389, 395 ; a 1192
Regenery Co h 389,95;-a 1192
Regional Accrediting Associations a 1147
Regional Farmers Union r 399
Registration of Aliens (publication) r 307, 311, 340, 349
Rehearsal (pamphlet) r 107
Rehearsal (play) r 345
Reichstag Fire Trial Anniversary (advertisement) r 253
Reichstag Fire Trial Anniversary Committee r 365
Reid, Chandoe h 74
Reid, Helen Rogers r 9.
Reid, Hollis r 399
Reid,Ira r 28
Reid, Ogden M r 8-10
Reid,Stephen a 983
Reid, Whitelaw r9
Reid Foundation r 8-10, 429
Reisman, David h 848
Reither, Wm . Harry a 1232
Relief For The Alert Citizen r 216
Relation Between International Commercial Policy and High
Level Employment (publication) h 892
Relations Between International Organizations and Nonmem-
ber States (publication) h 915
Religion in Soviet Russia (publication) r 315
Remington, William W h 36, 41 ; a 1199-1201, 1223, 1228
Remsen,Ira h 344
Rennie, Wesley F a 980, 996
Rentschler, Gordon S h 346
Report of the Commission on the Social Studies-Conclusions
and Recommendations of the Commission (publication) - h 476 ; a 967
Report on the Enemy (publication) h 320
Report on the Ford Foundation a 1237
Report on Foundations a 1240
Republican Platform Committee r 280, 355
Report on President's Commission--- a 981
Report of the Study for the Ford Foundation on Policy and
Program a 1235
Reporter (publication) a 1241
Repplier, M . T a 1043
Republic (Ford Foundation Agency) h 26; a 1054-1055
Republic (publication) h 576
Republic Steel a 1044
Republican National Committee h 298, 334, 737
Republican Party-- h 227, 298, 328, 333, 334, 380, 386, 511, 513, 624,
737, 751, 762, 784 ; a 989 ; r 61, 198, 223, 281, 355, 357
Research Institute of America a 979
Research Policy Committee (American Council on Education) - r 52
Resources for the Future, Inc h 346 ; a 1027, 1032
Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Employees of Amer-
ica, CIO h 779 ; r 104
Reticence of Mr . Mellon (subtitle) h 297
Return of Adam Smith (publication) r 122
Reuter h 848
Reuther, Victor a 1161
Reuther, Walter P h 42, 308, 309, 757, 766 ; a 995-997, 1161
Review and Evaluation Committee (Inter-University Labor
Education Committee) r 163
Review of Legal Education in the United States and Canada
(publication) a 1241
Revenue Act of 1938 a 979
Revenue Act of 1950 a 1238
Reves, Emery h 929
Review (publication) h 930
Revise the Neutrality Act (speech) r 275
Revolt (publication)--_ h 740, 743, 744, 747-751 ; a 986, 993 ; r 97-99
Revolutionary Radicalism (pamphlet) r 249
Revolutionary Youth (organization) r 411
Rexroth, Kenneth r 189
Reynolds, James J a 1048
Reynolds, Z . S h 16
Reynolds Foundation h 16
Rhees, Rush h 344
Rhind, Flora M h 357, 363
Rhode Island University a 1184
Rhodes Scholarship Trust a 1183 ; r 169
Rhodes School h 901
Rhys,Albert h 315 ; r 154
Rice, Mollie r 161
Rice Institue a 1227, 1229
Rich, Raymond a 1235
Rich, Hon. Robert Fleming h 134, 501
Rich Land, Poor Land (publication) h 134 ; r 121
Richards, Alfred N h 355
Richards, Charles R h 363
Richmond News Leader h 354, 360
Right to be in Error (speech) h 984
Right to make Mistakes (pamphlet) a 980
Rinehart & Co h 394
Rinehart r 343
Ring and the Book (publication) h 567
Rippy, Prof. J . Fred h 60, 62 ; a 1195, 1196 ; r 37, 44
Rise of Liberalism (article) h 32 ; h 92
Road Ahead (publication) h 793 ; r 122
Road to the Grey Pamir (publication) h 927 ; r 173
Road to Serfdom (publication) h 33, 594 ; r 121
Robbins, Lionel a 1140
Robbins, Y . L r 159
Robert Marshall Foundation h 40,
41, 457, 458, 471, 472 ; r 54, 107, 197, 201, 360, 399,
400, 405 .
Roberts, Allen h 315 ; r 154
Roberts, George a 1182
Roberts, Katharine h 929
Roberts, Owen J- -- h 349, 642 ; a 1028
Roberts, Stephen H h 928
Roberts Dairy Co . v . Commissioner (case) h 430
Robertson, J . R r 39
Robeson, Paul h 34 ; r 121, 356-362
Robinson, Edgar E h 256
Robinson, Edward h 357, 363
Robinson, Geroid T r 158
Robinson, Richard Dunlop a 1230
Robinson, William E r9
Rochester University h 356,
362, 395 ; a 1009, 1124, 1139, 1227, 1230, 1231
Rochester University Press h 395
Rockefeller, David h 342
Rockefeller, John D h 2,
8, 13, 16, 20, 28, 31, 34, 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 51, 64,
102, 123, 212, 219, 226, 250, 254, 293, 354, 355, 360,
586, 669, 690, 692, 701, 703, 721, 848, 854 ; a 1068,
1070, 1073, 1081, 1083, 1094, 1095, 1123 ; r 20, 27, 28,
30, 47, 116, 134, 149 .
Rockefeller, John D . Jr._ . h 255, 355, 357, 361, 362 ; a 1084, 1095 ; r 47
Rockefeller, John D. III h 355, 357, 361, 362 ;
a 1066-1067, 1084, 1095, 1127, 1128, 1182
Rockefeller, Nelson a 1208
Rockefeller, Winthrop a 1240
Rockefeller Agency a 1105
Rockefeller Brothers h 854 ; r 47
Rockefeller Corporation h 589
Rockefeller Foundation h 2,
8, 13, 16, 20, 28, 31, 34-36, 40, 42, 43, 51, 64, 123,
212, 219, 226, 241, 250, 273, 286, 288, 293, 309, 310,
317, 336, 337, 353-356, 359-362, 400, 401, 472-475,
508, 523, 525, 535, 537, 538, 544, 546, 557-559, 567,
584, 595, 602, 615, 620-622, 668-670, 674, 690-693,
701, 704, 705, 710, 711, 717, 718, 720, 854, 869-871,
879, 880, 883-885, 889, 892-894, 898, 901, 904, 905,
930-934, 936, 938-943 ; a 950, 1001, 1004, 1006, 1034,
1044, 1063, 1066-1075, 1082-1084, 1086-1088, 1090,
1092, 1094-1095, 1096, 1099-1105, 1107-1110, 1113,
1116-1135, 1137, 1139-1146, 1176, 1183, 1210-1211,
1214, 1218, 1226, 1241 ; r 4, 19, 23, 24, 26-30, 33, 41,
42, 45, 46, 52, 54, 58, 68-71, 79, 87, 88, 91, 114, 116,
128, 133-136, 149, 154-156, 169, 170, 176-182, 190,
198, 199, 209, 426, 429 .
Rockefeller Foundation Report a 11.05 ; r 169, 176
Rockefeller Foundation Story a 1238
Rockefeller General Education Board r 47,
52, 59, 134, 136, 149, 154, 156
Rockefeller General Education Board Report, 1940 r 154, 198
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research h 353,
354, 359, 668, 690, 718 ; a 1127, 1128
Rockefeller, "internationalist" the man who misrules the world
(publication) a 1236
Rockford College a 1041
Rocky Road to Dublin (publication) h 928
Rodman,Selden r 189
Rodriguez, Dr . Balmore a 985
Rogin, Larry a 1166
Role of the Foundation in Education (publication) - - - _ a 1238, 1240
Role of Foundation in Public Affairs (publication a 1240
Role of the Foundation in Postwar Planning (publication) --- a 1240
Role of Workers' Education in Political Action (conference
theme) a 1160
Roll Call for Peace (Daily Worker) r 268
Rollins, Prof . Carlton R a 983
Romantic Czechoslovakia (publication) h 927
Romualdi,Serafino a 984
Ronald Press Co h 395
Rooney, Hon. John J h 37
Roosevelt, Eleanor h 308, 309, 763 ; a 977 ; r 399
Roosevelt, Franklin .D h 35,
41, 74, 153, 212, 570, 573, 581, 741, 745, 790, 901
a 1063, 1205 ; r 97, 121, 162, 178, 234, 263, 272, 305,
325, 332, 347, 351, 354, 357, 363, .364, 392, 415 .
Roosevelt, Theodore h 409, 679
Roosevelt College h 395
Roosevelt College Press h 395
Roosevelt Myth (publication) r 121
Root, Ballantine, Bushby & Palmer (law firm) h 347 ; a 965
Root, Elihu h 339, 342, 584, 588, 877, 879, 889 ; r 26
Root, Elihu, Jr h 339 ; a 965, 1057
Roper, Elmo h 350 ; a 1051
Roper polls h 149
Ropes, Ernest a 1224
Rorty,James a 996
Rose h 942
Rose, Arnold h 49
Rose, Wickliffe h 355, 361, 362
Rosenberg, Ethel h 33 ; r 257, 258, 272 ; 285, 309, 387
Rosenberg Julius h 33 ; r 257, 258, 272, 285, 309, 387
Rosenberg Foundation h 16
Rosenbergs a 997
Rosenman, Samuel L a 1207
Rosenwald, Julius h 355, 471 ; a 1237, 1240 ; r 47
Rosenwald Fund h 471, 472, 854 ; r 47, 54, 198
Rosinger, Lawrence K h 897, 901 ; a 1180
Ross h 848
Ross, Professor r 77
Ross, Andrew a 1222, 1225
Ross, E . Denison h 927
Ross, Milton a 1240
Rossiter, Prof. Clinton a 1055
Rotary Clubs h 379 ; r 188
Roth, Andrew a 1225, 1226
Roth, Esther---- . r 362
"Round Trip" (film) r 165
Roundtable Broadcasts (University of Chicago) r 133
Rousseau, Jean Jacques r 21
Row, Peterson & Co h 394
Rowe, David Nelson h 417,
523-553, 597 ; a 1135, 1136, 1214 ; r 28, 29, 34, 35,
41-44, 50, 52, 54, 58, 59, 65, 66, 79, 123, 124, 199,
200, 213 .
Royal Institute of International Affairs h 894, 933, 936 ; r 170
Rubber (article) h 319
Rubenstein,Jack r 411
Rubenstein, M h 841, 842
Rubin, R . N r 161
Rudd, Colonel h 261, 262
Rude Pravo (Publication) r 389
Rugg, Harold h 197, 254-256, 258-262, 264, 468,
484 ; a 1146, 1175 ; r 146, 149-151, 153, 168, 362, 363
Rugg pamphlets r 150
Rugg Social Science textbooks h 259 ; r 150
Rugg textbooks h 197, 255, 256, 258, 259 ; r 149, 150, 363
Ruggles, Melville J h 348
Ruml, Beardsley h 339, 352, 879, 880 ; a 1236 ; r 49, 87
Rushmore, Eisbee & Stern (law firm) h 354, 360
Rusk, Dean h 240-
242, 356, 357, 361, 362, 391, 415, 668 ; a 1066, 1067 ;
1084, 1121, 1122, 1127, 1131, 1144, 1150, 1210, 1211,
1214 ; r 180, 198, 209
Ruskin College Scholarships a 1162
Russell, Dr h 700
Russell, Bertrand h 926
Russell, Frederick F h 357
Russell, James Earl a 1230
Russell, John M h 339
Russell, Phillips h 926
Russell, William F h 64, 272, 275
Russell Sage Foundation h 9,
16, 31, 60, 472, 473, 779, 854 ; a 990, 1117, 1235, 1236,
1239-1241 ; r 14, 45, 47, 91, 184
Russia (publication) h 319, 929
Russia at War (publication) h 883
Russia-Democracy or Dictatorship (pamphlet) h 307
Russia and Russia and the Peace (publication) a 1216
Russian Institute, Columbia University h 36, 347
Russian Reconstruction Farms, Inc h 222 ; r 229, 232, 247, 302
Russian Research Center (Harvard University) h 840
Russian State Travel Co . (Intourist) h 275, 281 ; r 158
Russian-Telegu Dictionary a 1030
Russian War Relief, Inc h 222 ; a 1171 ; r 246
Russia's Race for Asia (publication) a 1216 ; r 174
Rustin, Bayard r 399
Rustow, Dankwart A a 1230
Rutgers University h 42 ; a 981, 984, 991, 1041, 1042, 1166
Ruttenberg, Stanley h 352, 784, 792 ; a 1161
Ryan, W . Carson h 345
Ryerson, Edward L h 342
Ryerson, Martin A h 356
Ryhd, Hanna h 926
S
Saarinen, Eero r 189
Sacks, Milton a 983
Sacramento Defense Committee r 154
Sacramento State College a 1229
Sadlier, William H h 394
Saerchinger, Cesar h 928
Saidler ne h 394
Safety (article) h 310
Sage, Russell
' h 9,
16, 31, 60, 472, 473, 779, 854 ; a 990, 1117, 1235, 1236,
1239-1241 ; r 14, 45, 47, 49, 91, 184 .
Sage Foundation h 9,
16, 31, 60, 472, 473, 779, 854 ; a 990, 1117, 1235, 1236,
1239, 1240, 1241 ; r 14, 45, 47, 49, 91, 184 .
Saint Aimee McPherson r 294
Saint Becton r 294
St . Louis Post Dispatch r 279, 332, 392
Saint Pope Pius r 294
Sale, Chic . h 829
Salem Lutheran Home Association h 429
Sales Management (publication) h 496
Salt, Waldo r 164
Salter, Arthur h 927, 928 ; r 17"
Saltzman, Charles E a 1182
Saltzman, Lee r 161
Samokhvalova, Miss r 159
Samuel Adams School for Social Science r 349
Samuel J . Tilden High School h 767 ; a 984
San Francisco Bar h 256
San Francisco Board of Education h 197,
255, 257, 260, 262 ; r 146, 150, 363
San Francisco Chronicle h 553, 624, 625 ; a 1231
San Francisco City Board of Education---- h 197, 255, 257, 260, 262
San Francisco City Government r 338
San Francisco Schools h 257, 258
San Francisco University h 256 ; r 150
Sanborn, Benjamin H h 394
Sanborn & Co h 394
Sanders, Dr . Theodore a 983
Sante Cream Cheese Co a 1171
Santa Anita Foundation r 46
Sardinian Project (publication) a 1073
Sargent, Aaron M h 187,
189-233, 236, 242-409, 492, 608, 624, 863 ; a 1049 ;
r 7, 146-149, 153-156, 188, 225, 426 .
Sassoon, Philip h 926
Sattgast, Charles R a 1236
Saturday Evening Post h 320 ; a 1239
Saturday Evening Post r 293
Saturday Review a 1238, 1240
SaturdayReview of Literature a 1216
Sauer, Carl 0 r 83
Saunders, W . B h 166 ; a 1137
Saunders Company (book publishers) h 166 ; a 1137
Savage Howard J h 345, 378, 669, 681, 689, 717 ; a 1236
Sawyer, Charles h 37 ; a 1197, 1199, 1200-1202, 1207
Sawyer, Wilbur A h 357
Sayre, A . Monell h 345
Sayre, John Nevin r 398, 412
Scaife, Sarah Mellon h 16
Scaife Foundation h 16
SOAP a 1216
SCFOTO (Soviet propaganda organization) h 316
Schaeffer, Barbara r 322
Schapiro, Meyer r 189, 190
chapiro, Theodore r 408, 410
Schappes, Morris U r 253, 309, 347, 349
Schappes Defense Committee r 253, 309, 347, 349
Schemer, Leo r 401
Scherer, Paul h 344
Schieffelin, W . J . Jr h 342 ; r 267
Schine, G . David h 43
Schlesinger, Arthur M ., Jr- _ -- h 32, 41 ; a 1040 ; r 189, 190, 363-365
Schlesinger, Cecelia a 1222
Schlossberg,Joseph a 977 ; r 409
Schmidlapp, Jacob G h 342
Schmidt, Henry r 339
Schnabel, Joseph H h 351
Schneider,Isidor r 387
Schneiderman-Darcy Defense Committee r 340
Schodt, Eddie W a 1231
Schoeck, Dr . Helmut a 1184, 1191
Scholastic Magazines h 394
School of Business Administration (University of Michigan) - - h 286
School for Democracy h 224 ; r 233, 268, 319
School of Education (College of the City of New York) h 275
School of Education (University of Chicago) h 275
School of Education (New York University)---_ h 272, 275, 390, 517
School of Education (Stanford University) h 912
School for General Studies a 998
School of Industrial Administration (Carnegie) a 1025
School of International Affairs (Columbia University) h 893,
933,934,936,941
School and Society (publication) 97, 110 ;
a 1239, 1240
School Review a 1237, 1240
Schools of Arts and Sciences (Tulane) a 1041
Schools of Washington, D . C h 286, 514 ; r 362
°, Schorer, Mark r 189
Schrader, George A .,Jr a 1232
1 Schulgen, General h 579, 580
Schultz, Rabbi Benjamin h 389 ; r 239
'Schultz, Prof . Theodore a 1025
Schurman, Jacob Gould h 344
Schuster. (See Simon & Schuster .)
Schwartz, Delmore r 189
Schwarz, Marjorie r 161
Science (publication) a 1239
Science Research Associates h 394
Science and Society (publication) h 223 ; r 152, 245, 355
Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace h 224 ;
a 1174, 1175 ; r 270, 283, 297, 349, 350, 386
Science in the U. S . A . in the Service of Monopolies and Mili-
tarists (article) h 841, 842
Scientific Disarmament (publication) h 927
Scientific Monthly h 131 ; r 71
Scotland Educational Institute h 74
Scott, Agnes h 360
Scott, Austin W a 1240
Scott, Frank h 308
Scott, Hugh a 1240
Scott, James Brown h 342, 879, 889
Scott, Masha . r 242
Scott, Roland A a 1231
Scott College h 360
Scott Foresman & Co h 394
Scottsboro Negroes r 411
Screen Writer (publication) r 240
Scribner, Charles h 395
Scribners (publication) h 476 ; a 1236
Scribner's Sons h 395
Scripps Foundation for Research in Population Problems- h 854 ; r 47
Scudder, Stevens and Clark a 1236
Scudder, Vida D a 977
Seaman, Bernard a 989
Sears, Henry a 1182
Sears & Co a 1182
Seattle Art Museum h 553
Second Annual North Dakota Conference of Farmers and
Workers a 1161
Second biennial American Writers Congress r 282
Second State University of Moscow h 285
Second United States Congress Against War and Fascism--- a 1175 ;
r 230, 232, 253, 376
Second World Peace Conference r 273,280
Secondary Education (publication)
Secondary Education_ for Youth in America (publication) _ h 697
Seconding by International Organizations and From National
Services to International Agencies (conference memoranda)_ h 914
Securities Exchange Act a 995
Security and Armaments Problems (study) r 177
Security Council (United Nations) h 67 ; a 1059 ; r 192
Security, Loyalty, and Science (publication) a 1132,
1218, 1219 ; r 288
Security and World Organization (publication) . _ _ _ h 890
Seditious Activities Investigation Commission (State of Illi-
nois) h 38 ; r 299, 323
Seditious Activities Committee (New York State) h 467
Seeber, Edward D a 1231
Seeds of Treason (publication) r 121
Seeing America (article) h 319
Seeing is Believing-Here is the Truth About South Africa
(pamphlet) r 358, 384
Seelye, L. Clark h 344
Seidman,Joel h 307
Seidman, Dr . Joel a 988, 1163
Selassie, Emperor Hailie h 874
Selberstein, Robert a 1223, 1228
Selby, Walter Owens r 292
Seldes, George h 34, 902
Seldes, Gilbert . r 189, 190, 365
Seligman, Edwin R . A h 907 ; a 993
Seligman, Eustace a 1182
Seligman,J h 356
Seligman, W h 356
Seligman & Co h 356
Sellin, Theodore a 1016
Selsam, Howard r 237, 247
Senate Investigating Committee on Education (State of Cali-
fornia) h 315, 316 ; r 154, 155
Sender, Toni a 995
Senior, Clarence h 765 ; a 977 ; r 100
Sergeyeva, N r 243
Service, John Stewart h 40 ; a 1222, 1225
Sevareid, Eric h 40
Seven Great Foundations (publication) a 1235
Seven and a Half Million Speak for Peace (pamphlet) r 228,
231, 234, 239
Seventh Annual Institute on Federal Taxation a 1236
Severance, Cordenio A h 342
Sex Life of the American Woman and the Kinsey Report (pub-
lication) h 130 ; r 71
Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (publication) h 123,
124, 140, 165, 166
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (publication) h 123,
124, 140, 144
Seybold, Geneva a 1240
Seymour, Charles h 344 ; r 9
Seymour, Whitney North a 1052, 1054
Shafer, Congressman r 85, 141
Shafer, Paul W h 134, 480, 507
Shah, Hiru Chhotalal a 1230
'Shann, Tillie G h 552
Shakespeare in Harlem (publication) r 297
Shall Our Government Cancel the War Loans to the Allies?
(pamphlet) h 907
Shall Strikes Be Outlawed? (publication) a 1163
Shame of the Cities (publication) h 219
Shane, Theodore King a 129"
Shapiro, Karl J r 189, 190, 365
Shapiro, Meyer (Schapiro) r 365
Shapley, Harlow r 257
Sharer, Ena Lu r 161
Sharkey,Joseph T r 267
Sharp, Walter R h 886 ; a 983
Shaw, Albert h 361
Shaw, George Bernard h 215
Sheffield, James R h 342
Shea h 311
Sheng-Cheng h 926
Shepardson, Whitney H h 340, 363
Sherman,John h 641
Sherman, Maurice S h 342
Shih, Hu h 309
Ship of State r 203
Shishkin, Dr . Boris a 980, 991
Shoemaker, James H h 553
Shotwell, James T h 64,
342, 588, 877, 885, 888, 890, 907, 918, 919, 927, 928 ;
a 1058 ; r 173, 177, 185 .
Should Labor Unions be Regulated? (publication) a 1163
Shuck, Luther Edward, Jr a 1230
Shumlin, Herman a 1173
Shurz, Carl a 1241
Shurz Memorial Foundation a 1241
Shuster, George N h 342, 350 ; 351 ; a 1051
Sibley h 832
Sibley, Elbridge r83
-Sibley Harper h 342, 918
Sides, Virginia V a 1240
Signet Special (publication) r 69
Silence of Colonel Stewart and Others (publication) h 297
Sillen, Samuel r 250
Sills, Kenneth C . M h 344
Silver Burdett Co h 394
Silver Lake Lodge No . 488 (IWO) r 345
Silvermaster, N . Gregory r 263, 287
Silvermaster-Perlo Groups r 287
Simmons, Ernest J h 36 ; a 1037 ; r 366, 367
Simon, Abbot a 1175
Simon & SchusterInc h 395
Simons, Hans h 917
Simonson, Rebecca C h 309 ; a 985
Simpson, Richard M a 1120
Sinclair, Frances a 1232
Sinclair, Upton h 220, 308, 740 ; a 993 ; r 97, 148
Singer, L . W h 394
Singer Co ..,_Inc h 394
Sirota,Alex: r 356
Sister Margaret Patricia McCarran h 215,
244 ; a 945-947 ; r 148, 225
Sisters of the Holy Name h 244
Situs of International Organizations (publication) h 915
Situation in Asia (publication) r 324
Sixth Annual Institute on Federal Taxation (report) a 1235
Six Hundred Prominent Americans Ask President to Rescind
Biddle Decision (pamphlet) r 252, 291, 310, 345, 364, 390
Skaife, Mr h 321
Skaug, Arne h 778 ; a 990
Skilliter, Persis Emma a 1204
Slater, John F h 359
Slater Fund h 359
Slavic-American (publication) r 382
Slayden, James L h 342
Slee v . Commissioner (case) h 431
Slichter, Sumner H h 892
Sligh, Charles R., Jr. a 1240
Sloan a 1118
Sloan, H . S a 1240
Sloan Experiment in Applied Economics (article) a 1240
Sloan, Alfred P h 16, 28, 32, 34 ; a 1241 ; r 52, 133, 134
Sloan Foundation h 16, 28, 32, 34 ; a 1241 ; r 52, 133, 134
Slocum, William F h 344
Slosson, Preston h 929
Small Farm (publication) h 34
Smedley, Agnes r 298
Smiley, Albert K h 342
Smiley, Joseph Royall a 1231
Smith, Gen . Bedell a 1198
Smith, Corley a 995
Smith, Edgar F h 344
Smith, Edwin S h 41
Smith, Francis A h 731
Smith, Geoffrey S h 356 ; a 1127
Smith, Gerald L . K h 330
Smith, Hon . H . Alexander a 1182
Smith, Harold D a 1203, 1206, 1207
Smith, Hilda r 109
Smith, Hilda K r 369
Smith, Hilda W__ -- a 1169 ; r 369
Smith, Jeremiah, Jr h 342
49720-55-8
Smith, John B a 1231
Smith, Rebecca M h 393
Smith, S . Edwin a 1173
Smith, T . V a 971
Smith, Tredwell r 158
Smith Act h 33, 39, 224, 902 ; r 240, 266, 277, 285, 291, 344
Smith College h 272, 275
Smith & Durrell h 395
Smith-Hughes Act a 1116
Smithsonian Institution a 1226
Snader, Lyle 0 h6
Snee, Father Joseph M a 1055
Snow, John Howland h 134, 507 ; r 85, 141
Snyder, Franklyn B h 344
Social Contract (article) r 92
Social Democratic Federation h 766 ; r 101, 409
Social Democratic Labor Party (Sweden) a 969
Social Democrats r 415
Social Economic Movements (textbook) a 998
Social Frontier (publication) --- h 468, 488, 489 ; r 145, 146, 168, 255
Social Problems and Scientism (publication) h 114,
133, 144 ; r 31, 63, 68, 71, 72, 204
Social Reform and the Communication of Ideas (conference
theme) a 983
Social Reform and the Conflict of Rural and Urban Values
(roundtable discussion) a 983
Social Science Division (Rockefeller Foundation) h 538
Social Science Foundation h 64
Social Science in Modern Society (article) r 127
Social Sciences Publishers, Inc h 395
Social Science Research Center (University of Minnesota)---_ r 82
Social Science Research .Council h 21,
45, 47, 50, 132, 133, 136, 150, 154, 169, 170, 173, 184,
469-471, 473, 475, 482, 548, 549, 565, 566, 569, 570,
584, 590, 601, 612, 617, 618, 620, 794, 800, 806-811,
813, 814, 816, 820, 825, 832, 837, 848, 855, 879, 888,
889, 894, 898, 901, 904, 932 ; a 959, 998, 1003, 1005,
1012, 1026, 1093, 1124, 1142, 1186, 1189, 1190, 1228 ;
r 4, 26, 39, 45, 47-53, 59, 61, 62, 66, 73, 74, 79, 81-83,
85, 89, 115, 118, 125-129, 131, 141, 184, 185, 218, 226,
426, 427 .
Social Science Research Council Reports r 53, 126, 128
Social Sciences (publication) r 140
Social Sciences at Mid-Century (publication) r 82
Social Security (article) h 310, 319
Social Security Act h 232 ; a 995, 1080
Social Service Review a 1238, 1239, 1240
Social Studies (publication) h 478
Social Studies Commission h 58, 400, 479
Social Work Journal a 1237
Social Work, General Discussion, Social Case Work (article) - - r 93
Social Work Today (publication) r 310, 311, 329
Social Workers Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy a 1176
Socialism (article) r 93
Socialism of Our Times (publication) h 750, 751 ; r 99, 409
Socialism in the United States (publication) h 306, 793
Socialist and Labor Songs (publication) r 108
Socialist Call (publication) h 468
Socialist Labor Party h 467
Socialist Party h 25,
27, 29, 31-33, 35, 36, 40, 136, 201, 202, 210, 214,
219-221, 224, 227, 279, 288, 306, 314, 319, 393, 400,
401, 467, 468, 492, 506, 512-514, 577, 612, 737, 746,
747, 751, 762, 764, 765, 780, 790-792, 901 ; a 990 ; r 98,
100, 105, 129, 131, 147, 155, 163 ; 187, 202, 203, 205,
393,394-397,400,401,402,409,410,412,414-416,422
Socialist Party of America r 98
Socialist Workers Party r 414-416
Socialist Workmen's Circle r 409
Society of American Chemists h 603
Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis a 999
Society for Cultural Relations With Foreign Countries (VOKS) r 158,
159, 161, 313
Society for Cultural Relations Between Soviet Union and
Foreign Countries r 158, 313
Society for Curriculum Study h 310 ; a 1112, 1149, 1150
Society of .Nations (publication) h 927
Sociology-and Social Research (publication) r 205
Solidarity (publication) r 416
Soledad Sugar Co h 353 ; a 1127
Soljak, Philip L h 929
Solomon R . Guggenheim Foundation h 16
Solution in _Asia (publication) r 324
Sombart, Werner h 32 ; r 92
SomeyNotes on' War and Peace (publication) h 928
Some Trends in Adult Education (publication) a 1165
Son of China (publication) h 926
Songs Useful for Workers Groups (pamphlet) a 1165, 1169 ; r 108
Sons of the American Revolution h 190,
197, 261, 327, 335, 336, 368, 387, 393, 396, 403 ; r 147
Sons of the American Revolution (California Society) h 197 ;
r 146, 147
Sons of the American Revolution (Americanization Commit-
I
tee) r 147
Sorensen„,Roland A a 1231
Sorokin, A . r 64, 78
Sorokin, Prof, Pitirim A a 1185, 1192
Soul of Black Folk (publication) r 272
Soule, George h 929 ; a 979 ; r 93, 110, 369
South is Closer Than You Think (leaflet) r 360
South by Thunderbird (publication) h 928
South Carolina University a 1231
Southeast International Relations Clubs Conference h 876
South-Western Publishing Co h 394
Sciences, and Professions) r 27
Southern California Country (publication) r 341
Southern California University--h 395, 523, 874 ; a 983, 1229 ; r 36
Southern California University Press h 395
Southern Conference on Human Welfare h 903 ; a 1174,
1219, 1220 ; r 107, 309, 360, 380, 399-401, 403, 408
Southern Council on International Relations h 874
Southern Education Board h 706
Southern Farmer (publication) r 399
Southern Methodist -Un ersity a 1014
Southern Negro Youth Congress r 401411, 415
Southern Patriot (publication)
Southern Summer School a 1164 ; r 107
403 r
Southwestern University h 60
Soviet Academy of Sciences r 361
Soviet Challenge to America (publication) h 285 ; r 152
Soviet Civilization (publication) r 322
Soviet Literary Gazette h 847
Soviet-Nazi Pact r 296, 312
Soviet Russia and the Postwar World (pamphlet) r 315
Soviet Russia Today (publication) h 223,
901 ; a 1172, 1222, 1225 ; r 175, 228, 235, 240-242, 246,
247, 252, 259-261, 264, 269, 271, 287, 289, 290, 304,
312, 314-317, 324, 327, 328, 331, 333, 340, 347, 355,
356, 366, 371, 377, 378, 380, 385, 387, 391 .
Soviet Russia Today Book Club r 316
Soviet Russia Today Lecture Bureau r 316
Soviet Scholarship and Tolstoy (article) r 367
"Soviet Summer" (publication) r 160
Soviet Union and Present World Affairs (Carter's speech) - _ -- r 246
Soviet Union State Scientific Council r 153
Soviet Union Today, An Outline Study (publication) - - h 929 ; r 173
Soviet Women (publication) r 384
Soviet Women's Anti-Fascist Committee r 241
Spanish Loyalists r238,
247, 294, 317, 327, 335, 337, 355, 364, 385, 39 .1
Spanish Refugee Appeal (Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee)--_ r 278,
296, 321, 332, 333, 345, 347, 359, 374, 384
Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign r 259, 301, 309, 337, 341
Spanish Republicans h 902
Spanish Speaking People (article) h 320
Spanish Tragedy (publication) h 928
Spaulding, Francis T h 96, 361
Spaulding, Frank E h 361
Speaking for Peace (report) r 270, 342, 385
Speier, Hans r 46
Spellman, Laura h 102, 565,
668, 690, 691, 698, 701, 702, 718, 721, 854, 879, 896
a 1083, 1089, 1090, 1095, 1113, 1125, 1134, 1139, 1145 ;
r 47, 87, 134 .
Spellman Rockfeller Memorial h 102, 565,
668, 690, 691, 698, 701, 702, 718, 721, 854, 879, 896 ;
a 1083, 1089, 1090, 1095, 1113, 1125, 1134, 1139, 1145 ;
r 47, 87, 134 .
Spencer, John H h .,874
Spero, Prof . Sterling a 995
Spider and the Clock (publication) r 392
Spillane, Mickey h 146
Spinney, Ann C h 348
Spinoza h 805
Spirit and Structure of German Fascism (publication) r 240
Spoehr, Herman A h 358, 363
Spofford, Charles M h 339 ; a 965
Sponsoring Committee (World Peace Congress) r 273
Spotlight on the Far East (publication)-_-_ r 235, 236, 296, 324, 376
Spragens, Thomas A h 350
Sprague, Charles A h 342
Sproul, Robert Gordon h 344, 356, 361, 552, 553 ; a 1127, 1128
Stachel,Jack r 361
Stackpole, Stephen H h 339, 340
Staley ;Eugene h 881, 884, 889, 900, 921, 928
Stalin . h 141,
278, 314, 318, 319, 745, 773, 901 ; a 1015 ; r 97, 103,
151, 197, 252, 274, 276, 294, 326, 331, 352, 356, 404,
413, 414 .
Stalin-Hitler Pact r 276, 326, 352, 356
Stamm, Robert a 1171
Standard Oil Co . (New Jersey) h 346, 349, 276 ; a 972, 1021
Standard Oil of California a 1044
Standard-Vacuum OilCo-_. h 553
Stanford Law Review a 1219
Stanford University h 196,
197, 220, 231, 256, 356, 362, 395, 524, 554, 562, 672,
874, 892, 912, 934, 941 ; a 1030, 1113, 1115, 1145,
1149,1150,1229,1231 ; r 81, 135, 147, 150, 291 .
Stanford Research Institute h 524 ; a 1.231
Stanford School of Education--- -- h 214 ; a 1048
Stanford University Press h 395
Starling, Thomas r 399
Starnes,Joe r 273
Starobin,Joseph r 324,388
Starr, Mark h 308,
780, 785, 789, 793 ; a 977, 979, 983, 985, 990, 996,
1167,1168,1169 ; r 108, 371 .
Stassen, Harold E h 919
State Bar of California h 196
State Bar Journal of California a 1237
State Board of Education of California h 197 ; r 146, 147
State Department of Education (Sacramento, Calif .) r 146, 147
State Normal School (Buffalo, N . Y .) h 485
State of Our National Finances (pamphlet) h 907
State Publishing House (Moscow) r 262
State Scientific Council h:285
State Travel Co . (Russian) h 275, 281 ; r 158
State University of Iowa h 555, 567, 568 ; a 1229
Statement of American Proposals for a New World Order
(publication) h 890
Statement by Negro Americans (article) r 266, 357
States and Subversion (study) a 1132
Status of Observers at International Conferences (conference
memoranda) h 914
Statutes of Mortmain r 11
Stauffer, Samuel h 137
Steamboat Inspection Service h 846
Steck Co h 394'
Steel (article) h 310
Steele, Walter S h 400 ;
a 1170, 1173, 1215 ; r 175, 228, 245, 249, 252, 256, 264,
265, 281, 292, 349, 364, 384, 394, 395, 399, 400, 408,
409, 411 .
Stefan, Hon . Karl 37
Steffens h 219
Stegner, Wallace r 189
Stein, Guenther a 1216
Steinbeck,John r241
Steiner, Jesse F h 286
Stembridge, Jasper H h 929
Stephan, Frederick F r 46
Stephens College h 350 ; a 1048
Stern, Alfred a 1174
Stern, Anna .a 1009
Stern, Bernhard J r 93, 372-375
Stern . (See Rushmore, Bisbee & Stern .)
Sterne, Emma Gelders h 928
Sterner, Richard h 49
Stetson University h 94
Stettinius, Edward R ., Jr h 917 ; r 119
Stevens, Bennett r 372, 375
Stevens, David H h 358, 362, 363
Stevens, Harry R a 1230
Stevens, J . P h 356
Stevens, Robert T h 74, 142, 208, 356
Stevens & Co h 356
Stevens Institute of Technology h 495
Stevenson, A a 1190
Stevenson, Mrs . Eleanor B h 350 ; a 1051
Steward Machine Co . v . Davis a 1080
Stewart, Colonel h 297
Stewart, Albert Edward r 298
Stewart, Alice r 161
Stewart, Marguarite Ann (Mrs . Maxwell Stewart) h 897, 901
Stewart, Maxwell S . h 33,
34, 74, 897, 903 ; a 1180, 1216 ; r 121, 134, 375, 408
Stewart, Walter W h 356, 357, 361, 362 ; a 1084
Stewart-Warner Corp h 32
Stickler, Issac h 351
Stine, Russell Warren a 1232
Stinmetz, Charles P h 135
Stock, J.Stevens a 1025
Stockholm University a 970, 1139
Stockholm World Appeal To Outlaw Atomic Weapons r 273
Stoddard, George D a 1148
Stokes, Anson Phelps h 356, 361
Stokes, Phelps h 220, 471 ; a 993 ; r 54
Stokes Fund . h 471 ; r 54
Stone, Chief Justice Harlan h 573 ; a~1220
Stone, Donald h 74
Stone, Peter r 232
Stone, William T h 927 ; r 173
Stop Shipments to Japan (leaflet) r 289, 323
Storen, Helen Frances h 64
Story of the Dutch East Indies (publication) h 929
Story of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, 1915-35 (publica-
tion) r 398
Story of the Rockefeller Foundation (publication) h 669,
879, 893, 942 ; a 1073, 1090, 1091, 1117, 1130, 1235 ;
r 19 .
Stouffer, Professor r 81
Stouffer, Samuel A----- h 154 ; a 967, 972
Stout, George Leslie a 1231
Stowe, Harriet Beecher h 455
Stowell, Ellery C h 926
Stranger at Coney Island (publication) r 286
Strategy for Advancing the Social Sciences (article) r 51
Straus, Donald B h 552, 553
Straus, Nathan a 1206
Straus, Oscar S h 342
Strauss, Anna Lord h 348, 897, 920 ; a 1180, 1182
Strauss, Frederick h 356
Strauss, Levi h 553
Strauss & Co h 553
Strawn, Silas H h 342
Strayer, George D h 697
Street, C. J . C h 926
Streetcar Named Desire (publication) r 389
Streit, Clarence K h 928 ; r 173
Stresemann (publication) h 926
Strikes and Lockouts (article) r 93
Stripling, Robert E a 1172
Strobell, George H h 740 ; r 97
Strode, George K h 357, 358 ; a 1073
Strode, Hudson h 928
Strong, Anna Louise h 315, 927 ; r 154, 160, 173
Strong . (See Lewis, Strong & Earl .)
Strong, Edward a 11.75
Strubbe, Charles F_-- r 351
Structure of Education in American Democracy (publication) _ . - h 697
Struggle Against the Historical Blackout (publication) r 178
Struggle Against War (publication) _ _ _ _ r 230, 258, 312, 318, 350, 415
Struik, Prof . Dirk a 1215 ; r 349
Stubbs, Rey Manning a 1230
Studebaker, J . W a 1148
Studebaker Corp h 346,
Student Advocate (publication) r 236, 306, 312, 394
Student Almanac, (publication) r 230, 235, 277, 326, 353, 380
Student Congress Against War h 223 ; a 1170 ; r 255, 318
Student League for Industrial Democracy---- a 982, 983 ; r 393, 394
Student Outlook (publication) h 751, 755 ; r 99
Student Peace Service Committee r 187
Student Strike (Philadephia) r 379
Students in the Class Struggle (article) . h 749
Studies in Income and Wealth (publication) h 641
Studies in the Problem of Sovereignty (publication) _ _ _ _ h 926 ; r 173
Studies in the Scope and Method of the American Soldier (pub-
lication) h 161
Studies in Social Psychology in World War Two (article) h 150
Study of American Public Library (publication) h 898
Study of the Conditions of Political Freedom (publication) --- h 831
Study of the Influences in Roman Life and Law (publication) _ _ h 831
Study of the Latin American Philosophy of Law (publication) _ h 831
Study of Secondary School Curriculum (publication) h 706
Sture, Ernest a 1231
Sugarman, Norman h 417-420, 422, 435-461,
734, 735, 786 ; a 1101, 1102, 1106 ; r 22, 96
Sullivan & Cromwell (law firm) h 353, 359, 553
Sulzberger, Arthur Hays h 356 ; a 1127 ; r 33, 428
Sumner, William Graham a 972
Sun Yat-sen (publication) h 929
Sunday Worker (publication) r 242, 297, 303, 394, 411
Sunderland . (See Davis, Polk, Wardwell, Sunderland &
Kiendl .)
Supporters of Anti-Nazi Seamen (organization) a 1172
Surdna Foundation h 16
Survey of Education in the U . S. S . R . (educational course) --- h 279
Survey Graphic (publication) a 1240
Survey of Psychological Research (educational course) h 2"
Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan a 974
Survey of University and College Endowment Funds (publica-
- tion) a 1236
Sutch, W. B h 736
Sutherland, Arthur E a 1055
Sutherland, George h 342
Suzzalo, Henry h 339, 344, 345, 877
Svadkovsky, Professor r 159
Svennilson,Ingvar h 942
Swarthmore College a 1177
Swedish Institute of International Affairs h 933
Swift, Harold H h 356, 361
Swift & Co h 356, 361
Swing, Raymond Gram a 1213
Swope, Gerard a 1136
Syracuse Peace Council r 351
Syracuse Post Standard r 351, 352
Syracuse University h 395, 553, 555 ; a 1197, 1205, 1232
Syracuse University Press h 395
T
Taft, Robert A h 210,
342, 574, 590, 591, 595, 766, 889 ; a 1057, 1157
Taft, William Howard h 910 ; a 1057 ; r 20
Taft-Hartley Act in Action (pamphlet) a 981
Taft-Hartley labor bill a 1160, 1166
Talbot, Phillips a 1230
Talk About Russia With Masha Scott (publication) r 242
Taney, Chief Justice h 318
Tarbell h 219, 669
Tate, Allen r 189
Tawney, R . H a 1140
Tax Exempt Charitable Corporations (publication) a 1238
Tax Exempt Foundations (publication) a 1236, 1240
Tax Planning for Foundations and Charitable Giving (pub-
lication) a 1235
Taxes (publication) a 1240
Taylor, Cecil Grady a 1231
Taylor, Charles L h 339, 342
Taylor, Eleanor K a 1236, 1240
Taylor, George h 538, 553
Taylor, Glen H h 35
Taylor, James M h 344
Taylor, Wallace W h 65
Teacher Tenure Act h 505
Teachers College (Columbia University) h 33,
64, 65, 74, 94, 252, 253, 263, 268, 272-275, 285, 286,
288, 390, 400, 484, 485, 553, 674, 675, 677, 694, 696,
697, 700, 701, 703-705, 713, 719, 720, 780, 789, 912,
928, 938 ; a 1081, 1115, 1144-1146, 1149 ; r 120, 121,
136 . 149, 157, 173, 257 .
Teachers College v . Goldstein et al . (case) a 1146
Teachers College Faculty Committee h 94
Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association a 954
Teachers Union of New York r 281
Teapot Dome and Elk Hill (subtitle) h 297
Television and Education in the United States (pamphlet) _ _ -- h 385
Temple University a 1229
Temporary National Economic Committee (TNEC) _ -- _ r 15, 39, 45
Ten Years of Workers Education (publication) r 397
Ten Years of World Cooperation (publication) h 927
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) r 100, 101
Tennessee Williams r 189, 389
Tenney Committee h 904 ; a 1132, 1221
Tenney Report h 315
Tepoztlan, Mexico (publication) h 926
Terlin, Rose a 1175
Tewkesbury, Donald G--- h 553
Texas University h 395 ; a 1149
Texas University Press h 395
Text . of the Trustees of the Ford Foundation's Plans To Aid
World Welfare (article) a 1240
Textile Mills Securities Corp . (case) h 429, 437
Textile Workers Union of America h 778 ; a 979, 1166 ; r 104
Textile Workers Organization Committee r 403
Thacher, Judge Thomas D a 1220
Thanh, N . Due a 983
That Next War? (publication) h 927
Thatcher, Mollie Day a 1165
Theatre Division (National Council of the Arts, Sciences, and
Professions) r 342, 347
Theoretical Study of Ethnic Groups (publication) h 831
These Americans Say : Lift the Embargo Against Republican
Spain (booklet) r 227,
242, 244, 251, 255, 275, 305, 308, 312, 327, 350, 353,
377.
They Sent Me to Iceland (publication) h 929
They Tried To Get Me, Too (article) r 197
They Work to Give Millions Away (article) a 1239
Things Men Fight For (publication) h 926
Third American Slav Congress (Manhattan Center, NYC) --- r 323
Third American Writers Congress r 261, 286, 346, 391
Third Freedom (conference) a 989, 994
Third Freedom, Freedom From Want (publication) h 774, 777
Third Reich (publication) h 928
Third Route (publication) h 926
Thirty Pieces of Silver (play) r 284
Thirty Year Catalogue of Grants (publication) h 669 ; a 1236
Thirty-Five Years of Educational Pioneering (pamphlet) h 219
This Happened in Passadena (publication) h 408
This Is One Way to Sell Radicalism (article) h 755
This Is Russia (publication) h 927
This Week Magazine a 1239
Thomas a 1172,1175
Thomas, Charles Allen h 339 ; a 965
Thomas, E . P h 891
Thomas, Elbert D h 929 ; r 399
Thomas, Norman h 135, 306-309, 512, 513, 762,
765, 773, 793 ; a 981, 983, 984, 988, 995 ; r 103, 105
Thomas, R .J h 776
Thomas, Steven Alexander a 1230
Thomas, Valentine h 927
Thomas Committee . ---_ - h 256
Thomas for President Club h 751
Thomas Jefferson : World Citizen (publication) h 929
Thomas Masaryk of Czechoslovakia (publication) h 926
Thompson, J . Walter a 1025
Thompson . Norma S h 357
Thompson, Robert r 358, 361, 386
Thorndike, E . L h 677
Those Subversive Foundations (article) a 1239
Thut, Professor h 388
Thwing, .CharlesF h344
Tilden, Samuel J h 767 ; a 984
Tilden High School h 767 ; a 984
Tilt, James T a 1237
Time (publication) h 199, 349 ; a 1238
Timid Billions (article) a 1238
Tiner, Hugh M h 379 ; r 188
Tinsley, Ted ' r 249
To Safeguard These Rights (leaflet) r 241, 270, 299, 332, 385
To the Ultimate Benefit of Mankind (publication) a 1235
To Insure the End of Our Hysteria (article) r 116
Todes, Charlotte r 373
Tokyo Bureau of Municipal Research h 942
Tokyo Community Church a 1209
Toledano, Ralph r 121
Toledo Blade (publication) 159
Toledo, University h 831'
Tolstoy a 1168
Tom Mooney Committee (New York) r 230
Tomb, Lawrence C h 888
Tomorrow's Food (publication) a 996
Toronto University h 496, 780, 788 ; a 990
Toward an Abiding Peace (publication) h 929 ; r 173
Toward a Farmer-Labor Party (pamphlet) h 780,
789 ; a 988, 997, 1163 ; r 105, 107
Toward Greater Freedom : Problems of War and Peace (pam-
phlet) h 912, 917
Toward Higher Ground (pamphlet) h 907
Toward Independent Labor Politics in Britain (publication) - - h 793
Toward Nationalization of Industry (pamphlet) h 767,
768 ; a 988, 997 ; r 102
Towards a Policy (publication) h 921, 922
Toward Social Security (publication) a 990
Toward an Understanding of the U . S . S . R . (publication)_--- h 928
Tower, Charlemagne h 343
Tower Press h 395
Town Club of Scarsdale, N . Y a 1209
Town Hall (All Eisler program) r 250
Toynbee, Arnold J h 575, 936 ; a 1140
Trachtenberg, Alexander h 513 ; r 372, 409, 410
Tragedy of Waste (publication) h 134 ; r 248
Transitional Period (publication) h 890
Travel Grants for Area Research (SSRC pamphlet) r 61, 62
Travis, Maurice . r356
Treatise on Civil Government (publication) h 581
Trexler, Harry C h 16
Trexler Estate (foundation) h 16
Triggs, Oscar Lovell h 220
Trilling, Lionel r 189
Trotsky, Leon r 98, 328, 379, 397, 404, 414
Trow, William Clark h 287
Trowbridge, Augustus h 356, 362
Truman, President h 757 ;
a 1158, 1204 ; r 108, 162, 187, 240, 265, 266, 269, 274,
277-279, 285, 331, 344, 345, 357, 374, 381, 383 .
Truman's Commission on Higher Education r 108, 142, 143
Trumbo, Dalton--- r 241, 339, 343, 348, 386, 391
Trustees of the Bail Fund of the Civil Rights Congress of New
York r 350
Trusts for Charitable and Benevolent Purposes (article) a 1240
Tsetung, Mao r235
Tsurumi, Yusuko h 927
Tufts College a 1048
Tulane University a 1009
Tunis, John R a 1175
Turkey at the Straits (publication) h 888
Turner, Betty r 161
Turner, Ralph E r 189
Turning of the Tides (publication) --- h 134, 136, 480, 507 ; r 85, 141
TV-Radio Workshop h 41 ; a 1040
TV station, Jacksonville, Fla . (Washington Post Co .) r 10
TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) r 100, 101
Twelve Communist leaders r 266, 357
Twelve Communist Leaders (National Non-Partisian Com-
mittee to Defend the Rights of) r 266, 344, 386
Twentieth Century Capitalist Revolution (article) r 92
Twentieth Century Fund h 16, 724, 854 ; a 1172, 1216,-1235;
r 4, 24, 47, 50, 109, 110, 118, 166, 174
Twentieth Century Fund ; Phi.lanthrophy and Learning
(publication) h 669
Twenty-Five Years of Sex Research (article) ' a 1137
Twenty-year Report of the Phelps-Stokes Fund a 1235
Tyler, Professor r 81
Tyler, Gus h 792
Tyler, H . W h 272, 275
U
UAW-CIO a 990, 995
UCLA r334
Ulyanov (article) r 92
Umscheld, Arthur George a 1229
Un-American Activities Committee (California) r 116
Un-American Activities Reports r 233
Un-American Activities in the State of Washington (study) - _ a 1132
Uncle Tom's Cabin (publication) h 455
Under Five Sultans (publication) h 926
Underground Stream (publication) r 343
Underhill, Professor a 990
Underhill, Frank H h 780, 788
Undermining the Constitution (publication) r 122
Undermining Our Republic (pamphlet) h 260
Unemployment Insurance Review (publication) r 230, 260
UNESCO in Focus (publication) h 397
Unified Polytechnical School h 277
Union Carbide Co h 375
Union Carbide & Carlson a 1044
Union Casualty Co a 981, 990
Union of Concerted Peace Efforts (pamphlet) r 309, 406
Union for Democratic Action (Washington Chapter) r 407
Union Leadership Project (University of Chicago) r 163
Union Now (publication) h 928 ; r 173
Union Theological Seminary h 74, 361, 362 ; a 977, 1127, 1128
Unique Function of Education in American Democracy (publi-
c 4on) h 697
United American Spanish Aid Committee r 248,
249, 305, 318, 319, 375, 377, 378
United Automobile Workers of America (CIO) h 41,
42, 776 ; a 977 ; r 165
United Educators, Inc h 394
United Fruit Co h 359 ; a 1128
United Kingdom Delegation to the United Nations a 995
United Mine Workers r 228
United Nations h 28,
33, 35, 39, 42, 56, 57, 65-67, 69-71, 74, 349, 380-382,
384, 385, 396, 397, 619, 769, 772, 781, 784, 789, 791,
872, 874, 875, 881, 884, 886, 887-893, 914, 916, 918-
921, 929, 934, 935, 939, 942 ; a 970, 977, 984, 985, 991,
1021, 1049, 1050, 1057, 1059, 1094, 1103, 1157, 1158,
1161, 1162, 1167, 1179, 1217, 1229, 1230 ; r 19, 101, 102,
104, 108, 155, 160, 165, 174, 176, 182-185, 187, 188,
191, 192, 251, 268, 278, 323, 326, 333, 362, 380 .
United Nations Charter h 69 ; a 1059, 1062
United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (pamphlet)_--- h 619
United-Nations News (publication) a 1241
United Nations Organization films r 166
United Nations Studies (publication) a 1241
United Negro College Fund, Inc a 1031
United Neighborhood Houses a 984
United Office and Professional Workers of America (UOPWA)- r 239,
328, 329, 371
United Productions of America r 165
United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum, and Plastic Workers of
America a 981
United Services Organization (USO) h 34 ; r 232
Unites =' ostes` Advisory Commission on Educational Ex-
change a 1167
United States Committee of the Inter-American Association for
Democracy and Freedom a 985
United States Congress Against War- - r 232, 335, 350, 352, 398, 415
United States v . Butler a 1080, 1081
United States Chamber of . Commerce h 495, 920 ; a 1044 ; r 158
United States Citizens in orld Affairs (publication) a 1158
United States and the Far East (publication) h 929
United States Flag Foundation r 351
United States and Russia (publication) r 264
United States News and World Report a 1238
United States Vice President r 245
United States Workers' Theater r 264
United Student Peace Committee r 393, 411
Universal Declaration of Human Rights r 165, 188
University radio station, Ann Arbor, Mich , a 1230
University of Alabama a 1218
University of Arizona a 1230
University of Atlanta h 64
University of Berlin h 31 ; a 1139 ; r 93
University of Boston r 158
University of British Columbia h 874
University of Buffalo a 1114
University of California h 19,
196, 255, 257, 356, 361, 395, 496, 553, 694, 723, 877,
904, 937, 940 ; a 1014, 1025, 1127, 1128, 1132, 1139,
1184, 1188, 1221, 1230 ; r 42, 81, 83, 150, 184, 236, 240,
292, 301 ; 324, 334, 363 .
University of California Press h 395
University of California Provost r 150
University of Cambridge r 158
University of Chicago h 19,
32, 33, 36-39,, 41, 60-62, 268, 275, 286, 355, 356, 360,
395, 523, 524, 565, 581-583, 672, 674, 675, 694, 701,
703-705, 713, 719-721, 880 ; a 955, 961, 1009, 1025,
1035, 1036, 1081, 1114, 1115, 1124, 1195, 1196, 1229,
1235 ; r 11, 37, 80, 81, 83, 133 ; 135, 155, 158, 163, 255,
299, 301, 318, 351 .
University of Chicago Law School a 1132
University of Chicago Press h 395 ; a 1235
University of Chicago Roundtable h 32, 41, 581
University of Chicago Roundtable Broadcasts r 133
University of Chicago Union Leadership Project r 163
University of Colorado h 395
University of Colorado Press h 395
University of Connecticut h 388
University of Delaware a 1229
University of Denver h 64, 888, 941 ; a 955
University of Frankfort - h 31 ; r 92
UniveUniversity of Gottingen a 1139
University of Harvard h 19,
32, 62, 63, 220, 224, 346, 347, 350, 354, 359-361, 376,
404, 468, 525, 553, 574, 599, 617, 628, 678, 694, 705,
795, 830, 840, 892 ; a 970, 981, 993, 1009, 1021, 1071,
1124, 1133, 1139, 1145, 1148, 1184, 1191, 1193, 1196,
1219 ; r 45, 64, 75, 77, 81, 157, 158, 178, 231, 248, 263,
306, 363, 364, 366, 367
University of Hawaii h 553
University of Idaho h 553
University of Illinois h 220, 388, 390, 395, 496
University of Illinois Press h 395
University of Indiana
University of Iowa h 286, 395
University of Iowa Press h 395
University of Kentucky a 1184, 1185, 1187, 1230, 1232 ; r 62
University of Louisiana h 61
University of London r 263
University of Maine a 1232
University of Manchester a 1219
University of Maryland h 333, 390
University of Michigan h 250,
286, 395, 524 ; a 1001, 1025, 1029, 1129, 1149
University of Michigan Press h 395
University of Minnesota h 286,
362, 395 ; a 953, 975, 1009, 1231 ; r 74, 82, 424
University of Minnesota Press h 395 ; r 82
University of Missouri a 1139
University of Moscow h266, 267,
273-276, 279-282 ; r 152, 157-161, 412
University of Nebraska h358 ; a 1231
University of New Brunswick h 874
University of New York h 64, 254,
268, 272-274, 327, 359, 361, 390, 395, 495, 517, 677,
697 ; a 976, 977, 983, 985, 995, 996, 1009, 1025, 1048
1231, 1236 ; r 278 .
University of North Carolina h268,272,
275, 395, 874 ; a 955, 1181, 1232 ; r 81, 399
University of North Carolina Press h 395
University of Notre Dame h 831 ; a 1014
University of Oklahoma a 1231
University of Oregon h 349 ; a 1041, 1148
University of Pennsylvania h 114, 138,
165, 272, 275, 355, 395, 811, 846 ; a 1024, 1025, 1139,
1184, 1187 ; r 26, 31, 158, 204, 354 .
University of Pennsylvania Law Review a 1239
University of Pennsylvania Press h 395
University of Pittsburgh h 220, 355, 361 ; a 1238
University of Pittsburgh Law Review a 1238
University of Princeton h 151,
220, 347, 353, 356, 359, 362, 395, 495, 553, 832, 933 ;
a 1209, 1230, 1231, 1332 ; r 43, 73, 158 .
University of Rhode Island a 1184
University of Rochester h 356,
362, 395 ; a 1009, 1124, 1139, 1227, 1230, 1231
University of Rochester Press h 395
University of San Francisco h 256 ; r 150
University of South Carolina a 1231
University of Southern California_ h 395, 523, 874 ; a 983, 1229 ; r 363
University of Southern California Press h 395
University of Stanford h 196,
197, 220, 231, 256, 356, 362, 395, 524, 554, 562, 672,
874, 892, 912 . 934, 941 ; a 1030, 1113, 1115, 1145,
1149, 1150, 1229, 1231 ; r 81, 135, 147, 150, 291 .
University of Stockholm a 970, 1139
University of Texas
University of Texas Press h 395
University of Toledo h 831
University of Toronto h 496, 780, 788 ; a 990
University of Utah a 1041
University of Virginia h 358, 874 ; a 1139
University of Washington h 61,
286, 395, 530, 531, 538, 552, 553, 974, 877 ; a 1143
r 79 .
University of Washington Press h 395
University of Washington's Far Eastern Institute__ a 1143
University of Wisconsin h220,
395, 694 ; a 964, 990, 993, 1009, 1139, 1229, 1231
University of Wisconsin Press h 395
University of Yale h220,
242, 353, 358, 359, 361, 417, 523, 524, 526, 527, 529,
540, 546, 553, 843, 893, 932, 937 ; a 983, 1009, 1025,
1041, 1124, 1128, 1139, 1194, 1188, 1191, 1231, 1232
r 28, 34, 35, 41, 42, 81, 199 .
University of Yale Press h 395, 524
University Center (Atlanta) h 677
University Publishing Co h 394
USO (United Services Organization) h 34 ; r 232
United States v .Butler (case) h 642
United States Army in World War II, the Army Ground Forces
(publication) h 161
Unknown Country (publication) h 929
Unseen Assassins (publication) h 927 ; r 173
Untermyer, Samuel r 19
Upjohn, W . E h 854 ; r 47
Upjohn Unemployment Trustee Corp h 854 ; r 47
Upper Iowa University h 568
USA-USSR (pamphlet) r 360
Use and Abuse of Endowments (article) a 1240
Use of Charitable Foundations for Avoidance of Taxes
(article) a 1238
Use of the Foundation in your Estate Planning (report) _ _ _ _ a 1235
USSR (publication) h 36
USSR ; a Concise Hand book r 316, 367
USSR Foreign Policy (publication) r 367, 379
Utah University a 1041
Utley, Freda a 1216
V
Valentine, Alan h 344
Van Dusen, Henry P h 356, 362 ; a 1127, 1128
Van Dyke, John C h 927
Van Fleet, General h 156, 163 ; r 183
Van Rise, Charles R h 344
VanNostrand, D h 394
VanNostrand Co h 394
Van Sant, Edward R a 1231
Van Till, William h 388, 390
Van Valkenburg, Samuel h 929
Vandenbosch, Army a 1230
Vanderbilt, Commodore h 769
Vanderbilt Law Review a 1218
Vanderbilt University h 60,
359, 360, 395 ; a 1041, 1048, 1124, 1128, 1231
Vanderbilt University Press h 395
Vanderlip, Frank A h 344, 345
Varieties of Religious Experience (publication) h 574 ; r 77
Variety (publication) r 342
Varney, Harold Lord h 222 ; r 114, 202
Vassar College h 220,
268, 275, 901 ; a 1220 ; r 277, 302, 394, 412, 413, 415
Vassar Experimental Theater a 1165 ; r 108
Vatican Library a 1058
Vaughn, Kenneth W h 345, 688
Veblen a 1167 ; r 108
Velde, Hon . Harold H h 25, 40
Velie, L a 1241
Venezuela (publication) h 928
Vernon, Raymond a 1231
Vested Interests (article) r 93
Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade h 223 ;
r 261, 294, 305, 332, 333, 347, 349, 385
Veterans Against Discrimination of the Civil Rights Congress
of New York r 347, 349
Veterans' Bureau Scandals (subtitle) h 297
Veterans of Foreign Wars h 29
Viallate, Schille h 926
Vice President of the United States r 245, 285, 289
Viekke, Bernard H . M h 929
Viking Fund (publication) a 1236
Viking Press h 395
Villard, Oswald Garrison h 781, 790 ; a 1175
Vinacke, Harold M h 928
Vincent, George E h 356, 357, 362
Viner,Jacob r 190, 379
Vinson, Robert E h 345
Virginia Law Review a 1238
Virginia University h 358, 874 ; a 1139
Vishinsky's Law of the Soviet State (publication) a 1003
Vital Speeches (publication) h 325, 405
Viton, Albert h 928
Vladeck, William C a 984
Voice of Alabama (WAPI, WAFM-TV) h 361 ; a 1128
Voice of Freedom Committee r 228
Volunteer for Liberty (publication) r 294
VOKS (All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign
Countries) h 273, 275 ; r 158, 159, 161, 313
Volker, William h 16
Volker Charities h 16
Von Hayek, Friedrich a 1140
Von Mises, Ludwig h 254 ; a 1192 ; r 149
49720-55-9
Wade, Mason h 929
Wadsworth, Senator r 99
Wadsworth, Eliot h 343, 891
Wadsworth, Philip Adrian a 1232
WAFM-TV (Voice of Alabama) h 361
Wagner, Ellasue h 927
Waite High School a 1204
Waiting for Lefty (play) a 1164
Wakefield, Lyman E h 343
Waksman, Dr . Selman A a 977, 991
Waldman, Louis r 409
Waldrom, Webb h 926
Waldrop, Frank r 362
Walker, Everett r9
Walker, Gordon S a 949
Walker, Sydnor H h 358
Wallace, DeWitt h 569
Wallace, Henry A h 35, 36, 37 ; a 1174, 1197,
1203, 1207 ; r 252, 268, 304, 320, 342, 347, 367, 405
Wallace, Robert C h 345
Wallace's Open Letter to Stalin r 268, 320
Walling, William English h 220
Wallis h 926
Walsh, J . Raymond h 778
a 1159, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1175 ; r 106, 379
Walsh, Robert K h 735
Walsh investigation (1917) r 19
Walter Hines Page School h 361, 553
Walter-McCarran law r 290, 291, 373
Walton, Eda Lou r 286
Wambaugh,Sarah h 917
WAPI (Voice of Alabama) h 361
War in China (publication) h 928
War of the Classes (publication) h 219
War Debts and World Prosperity (publication) h 927
War and Peace Studies h 885, 886 ; r 177
War, Peace and Revolution (research project) r 147
War and the Private Investor (publication) h 900, 921
War Resisters International Council r 411, 412
War Resisters League r 187, 411, 412
War and the Working Classes (publication) r 243
Ward, H . F r 298
Ward, Dr . L . F r 30, 31
Ward, Robertson D h 339
Wardwell . (See Davis, Polk, Wardwell, Sunderland & Kiendl .)
Ware h 301
Ware, Edith E h 927 ; r 173
Ware, Harold r 247, 302
Warne, Colston h 750, 751 ; r 99
Warren h 639
Warren, Chief Justice h 364
Warren, Andrew J h 358
Warren, Robert Penn r 189
Washburn, Gordon Bailey r 189
Washburne, Carleton a 1175
Washington, George h 52, 354, 598, 805 ; a 1061 ; r 169, 203
Washington Book Shop Association r 341
Washington Committee to Aid China a 1222, 1224, 1225
Washington and Jefferson College a 1231
Washington and Lee University Law School a 969
Washington Committee for Aid to China r 289, 323
Washington Cooperative Book Shop r242,
243, 271, 324, 355, 367, 369, 388
Washington Evening Star r 243, 270, 274
Washington Post a 1043,
1224 ; r 283, 289, 313, 330, 338, 348, 357, 391, 428
Washington Post Co r 10
Washington Post Co . common stock r 10
Washington Post and Times-Herald a 1043 ; r 10, 325, 428
Washington Securities Co . (Seattle) h 553
Washington Square College (New York, N . Y) . r 412
Washington Star (publication) h 735
Washington Times-Herald r 10, 325, 350, 375
Washington University (St . Louis, Mo .) h 354, 356, 395 ;
a 1041, 1124, 1127, 1143, 1144, 1148, 1149, 1231, 1232
Washington University Law Quarterly a 1238
Washington University Press h 395
Washingtons Birthday Workers Education Conference- a 1159 ; r 106
Washington's Farewell Address r 169
Wasson, R . Gordon h 347, 348
Watkins, Myron W r 93
Watkins, Senator a 1179
Watson, Goodwin h 265, 488, 516 ; a 1174
Watson, John B h 142
Watson, Thomas J h 343, 891
Watt, Robert J h 776 ; a 990
Way Out of Depression (publication) h 927
Way Out of War (publication) h 928
Way Things Are (publication) r 348
Wayfarer in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (publication) ---- h 928
Wayland College a 1229
Waymack, W . W h 343
Wayne University a 1132
We Americans (article) h 319
We Are Moving Away From Americanism (article) r 250
We Are the Government (publication) h 33 ; r 121
We Chinese Women (publication) h 929
We Consumers (article) h 310
We Have Seen America (pamphlet) r 320
We Hold These Truths (pamphlet) r 234, 346
We Join Black's Dissent (reprint of article) r 279, 332, 391
We Uphold the Right of All Citizens to Speak for Peace (signed
statement) r 279
Wealth and Culture (publication) a 1236 ; r 122
Weary Blues (publication) r 297
Webb, Beatrice h 319, 573 ; r 155
Webb, Paul h 345
Webb, Sydney h 215, 319, 573 ; a 1139 ; r 155
Webber, James B ., Jr h 346, 376
Webbink, Paul h 137, 794, 837 ; r 48, 86
Webster, Bethuel M a 1052
Webster, Sir Charles a 1140
Webster Publishing Co h 394
Webster's New International Dictionary_-- a 976
Wechsler, James a 1175
Wedemeyer, General h 548
Weil, Richard, Jr h 351
Weinberg, Bernard a 1232
Weininger h 848
Weiss, John K h 349
Weissman, Bessie r 242, 367, 388
Welch, Holmes a 1241
Welch,John a 983
Welcome, Land of Soviets (pamplet) r 247
Wellemeyer, J . F ., Jr h 473 ; a 1009, 1227
Welles, Sumner h 554, 916, 929 ; a 1216
Wellesley College h 349 ; a 977
Wells, Herman B h 345
Wells College h 831
Weltfish, Gene h 34 ; a 1215 ; r 165, 174, 381-387, 408
Werner, Morris R a 1237
Werth, Alexander r 174, 190, 387-389
Wesleyan University h 224 ; a 1041
West, Charles h 874
West, Reed h 590, 591
West Indian Odyssey (publication) h 928
Western Electric a 1044
Western Reserve University a 955
Western Reserve University Law Review a 1239
Westinghouse Electric Corp a 965
WEVD a 985
Weybright, Victor r 189
Weyl, Walter E h 926
Weyl v . Commissioner (case)_ h 432, 734 ; a 978, 994 ; r 96
Wharton School of Finance and Commerce (University of
Pennsylvania) a 1024, 1025, 1032, 1187
What About Communism? (publication) h 41, 397
What About Our Japanese-Americans? (publication) h 34
What Is the Congress of American Women? (leaflet) r 384
What Is Communism? (broadcast) h 32, 41
What Germany Forgot (publication) h 928
What is the I . J. A .? (leaflet) r 288
What the I . L . O . Means to America (publication) h 928
What of Africa's Peace in Tomorrow's World (leaflet) r 358
What of Germany, France, and England? h 907
What Great American Philanthropic Foundations do with their
Money (publication) a 1235
What Price Telephones (publication) h 793
Wheeler, George Shaw a 1223, 1228
Wheeler, Monroe r 189
Where is the Money Coming From? (publication) h 134
Whidden, Howard P h 892
Whig Party h 318
Whipple, George H h 356, 362
White, Andrew D h 343
White, Gilbert a 954
White, Goodrich C a 1041
White, Harry Dexter r 89, 115, 197
White Llewellyn h 929
White, Lynn T . Jr h 554
White, Walter a 984
White, William Allen h 356
White House picket line r 237, 276, 336, 356, 395
Whitehead, Alfred North h 118 ; a 1114
Whitelaw, Wm. Menzies a 1230
Whitney, General Courtney h 562, 563
Whitney, J . H h 346, 350 ; a 1021
Whitney, William C . h 16, 472 ; r 198
Whitney Foundation h 16, 472 ; r 198
Whitney & Co h 346, 350 ; a 1021
Whittemore, Arthur E a 1182
Whittier r 352
Whiting, B.J a 1009
Who Is Loyal To America (article) r 250
Who's Running the Ford Foundation? (article) a 1241
Who's Who h 60, 74, 785, 873 ; a 1222, 1223 ; r 9
Who's Who in America (1936-37) r 363
Why Men Fight (publication) h 926
Why War? (publication) h 928
Wibel, Mary E a 1158
Wickens, Mrs . Aryness J a 1024
Wickersham, George W r 20
Wickliffe, Rose h 357
Widener, Alice a 1241
Wiggins, A . L . M h 891
Wilbur, Brayton h 554
Wilbur, Ray Lyman h 356, 362, 537, 552, 554, 559 ; a 1113
Wilbur, Wm . Cuttino, Jr a 1229
Wilbur-Ellis Co h 554
Wilcox, Clair h 893, 918
Wilcox, Francis 0 h 874
Wild, Dr. Payson S ., Jr a 1041
Wiley, Alexander a 1241
Wiley,John h 395
Wiley, William Leon a 1232
Wiley & Sons, Inc h 395
Wilkins, Ernest H h 272, 275
Willert, Arthur h 928
Willets, Dr r 27, 180, 181
William H . Minor Foundation h 16
William Rockhill Nelson Trust h 16
William and Mary College h 851
William Volker Charities h 16
William C. Whitney Foundation h 16, 472 ; r 198
Williams, Aubrey r 399
Williams, Clement C h 345
Williams, Clyde r 46
Williams, John Sharp h 343 ; a 1057
Williams, Lynn A h 32
Williams, Robert W a 1182
Williams, Tennessee r 189,389
Williams, Whiting r 158
Williams, Wilbur Laurent a 1231
Williams, William Carlos r 190, 389-392
Williams College a 1172, 1220 ; r 326, 327, 380
Williamson, Genevieve r 161
Williamson,Johnny r 361
Willits, Joseph H h 358, 359, 567, 584, 585 ; a 1135, 1210-1214
Willkie, Wendell h 595 ; r 168
Willoughby, General h 561, 562
Willys Co h 374
Wilshire-Ebell Theatre r 365
Wilson, Charles E h 346, 376 ; a 1021
Wilson, Edmund r 190, 393
Wilson, Howard 64 ; a 1216
Wilson, Leroy A h 339
Wilson, Luke I a 1223, 1228
Wilson, M . L h 352
Wilson, 0 . Meredith h 349 ; a 1041
Wilson, Woodrow h 345, 360, 531, 553 ; r 65, 162, 179
Wiltwyck School a 984
Win the Peace Conference a 1174 ; r 359, 381
Winning the War on the Spiritual Front (publication) h 918
Winslow, Charles Edward Amory h 34, 917
Winston, Henry r 361
Winston, John C h 395
Winston Co h 395
Winter, Carl r 361
Winterich, J . Q a 1241
Wirt, Dr . William A h 299-301, 399
Wirth, Louis h 33
Wisconsin University h 220,
395, 694 ; a 964, 990, 993, 1009, 1139, 1229, 1231
Witch Hunt (publication) r 341
With These Hands (film) r 165
Withers, John W h 272, 275
Wither, William h 793
Witman, Shepherd L a 1182
Wittfogel,iKarl h 538 ; a 1184, 1193
Wittmer, Felix a 1215, 1217 ; r 174, 175
Woefel, Norman h 292, 485, 487-490 ; r 143-146, 153
Wolchok, Samuel h 779, 780, 788 ; r 104
Wolf, Charles, Jr a 1230
Wolff, Kurt r 189
Wolfson, Theresa h 220, 308 ; a 980, 981,988
Woman, Position in Society (article) r 93
Woman Power (publication) r 383
Woman Today (publication) r 309
Women's Action Committee for Victory and Lasting Peace--_ r 32
Women's International Democratic Federation r 384
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom r 412
Women's Trade Union League r 409
Wood h 256
Wood, General h 787
Wood, Ben D h 687
Wood, John E . F h 347
Wood, John S a 1200
Wood, W. Barry, Jr h 356 ; a 1127
Woodley, W . John R a 1231
Woodley Petroleum Co h 350 ; a 1051
Woodrow Wilson Foundation a 1241
Woodrow Wilson school (Princeton University) h 553
Woods, Arthur M h 356, 362
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute a 1124
Woodward, Robert S h 339, 343
Woody, Thomas h 272, 275
Wooley, Mary B r 412
Woolsey, Lester H h 878
Wooster, J. W .,Jr a 1241
Worcester Art Museum (Worcester, Mass .) a 1231
Worker (publication) r 231,
245, 248, 266, 271, 272, 286, 297, 316, 320, 325, 339,
341-343, 345, 348, 354, 360, 362, 386, 404, 406 .
Worker (Southern Edition) r 316, 339, 348
Worker's Book Shop (New York, N . Y.)-- r 271, 297, 315, 341, 348, 367
Workers Book Shop Catalog r 341, 367
Worker's Education (article) a 1167
Workers Education Bureau of America r 396, 397
Workers Education at the Cross Roads (publication) r 396
Workers Library Publishers r 315
Workers Monthly r293
Workers Party of America r 229, 415
Workers School r 233, 319
Working Class Theatre r 345
Workmen's Circle Call (publication) a 1167
Workshops on Education (publication) a 1159
World Affairs Council h 57 ; r 184
World Affairs Council of Northern California h 553
World and Africa (publication) r 271
World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1953 a 1237
World Appeal to Outlaw Atomic Weapons (Stockholm) r 273
World Armenian Congress a 1173
World Bank h 900
World Book Co h 395
World Commercial Court h 92
World Conference of the Teaching Profession h 6
World Congress Against War (Amsterdam) r 255, 318, 350, 39
World Congress on Education for Democracy at Teachers Col-
lege h9
World Congress of Intellectuals r 235, 282, 283, 30
World Congress for Peace, Paris (leaflet) r 273, 280, 38
World Cooperation and Soial Progress (pamphlet)-_ h 781, 91 ; a 99
World Court h 917, 92
World Court (publication) h 92
World Economy in Transition and Raw Materials in Peace and
War (publication) h 884, 90
World Federation of Democratic Youth r 41
World of the Four Freedoms (publication) h 929 ; a 121
World of Great Powers (publication) h 883 ; a 1179 ; r 17
World Health Organization (United Nations) h 67 ; a 991, 110
World Investment Bank h 923
World Investment Commission h 922
World Labor Today (publication) h 793 ; a 98
World News and Views (publication) r 24
World Order in Historical Perspective (publication) h 929
World Peace Appeal r 280, 284, 374, 387, 389, 403
World Peace Conference h 224
World Peace Congress (Paris) _ _ r 273, 282-284, 374, 386, 387, 389, 403
World Peace Council r 273, 280
World Peace Foundation h 74, 874, 876, 92
World Peace Prize r273
World Production and Consumption of Food (publication) --- h 892
World Student Association for Peace, Freedom and Culture_ r 393, 394
World Today (publication) h 929
World Tomorrow (publication) r 39
World Tourists, Inc h 273, 274 ; r 157, 356
World Trade and Employment (pamphlet) h 891
World Trade and Its Future (publication) h 928 ; r 173
World Wide Broadcasting Foundation h 919
World Youth Congress r 244, 277, 302, 405, 411-413, 415, 416
World Youth Festival r 186, 413
Wormser, Rene A a 1183,
1184, 1185, 1187, 1188, 1189, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1223
r 222 .
Worth, Alexander a 1215, 121
Wortham, N . E h 927
Woytinsky, W .S h 938
Wreden, Nicholas h 348
Wrenn, Heaton L . (see also Anderson, Wrenn, & Jenks) h 554
Wright, Archie r 404
Wright, Benjamin F h 345
Wright, Louise L h 554
Wright, Luke E h 343
Wright, Orville a 1062
Wright, Quincy h 33, 74, 889, 917, 919
Wright, Ralph h 784, 791
Wright, Wilbur a 1062
Writers and Artists Committee (American League for Peace
and Democracy) r 259, 335, 337
Writers Congress r 292, 324, 334, 365
Writing and Publishing Forum of New York Council of Arts,
Sciences and Professions r 304
WTOP, Inc . (Washington Post Co . radio station) r 11
Wu, Yuan-li a 1231
Wuorinen, John Henry a 1231
Wylie, Philip h 147
Wyzanski, Charles E h 346, 376 ; a 1021
X
Xavier University h 42 ; a 1041
Y
Yagoda, Louis a 985
Yale Executive Committee on International Relations_-- h 524
Yale Institute of International Studies h 524, 874
Yale John Dewey Society -------------------------------- a 983
Yale Law Journal a 1239
Yale Law School a 1132
Yale University_------------------------------------ h 220, 242,
353, 358, 359, 361, 417, 523, 524, 526, 527, 529, 540,
546, 553, 843, 893, 932, 937 ; a 983, 1009, 1025, 1041,
1124, 1128, 1139, 1184, 1188, 1191, 1231, 1232 ; r 28,
34, 35, 41, 42, 81, 199 .
Yale University Press h395, 524
Yanks Are Not Coming Committee r 367
Yard, Molly r 411
Yavner, Louis E a 996
Year of Stalingrad (publication) r 387
Yearbook of Philanthropy since the year 1920 a 1237
Yellow Fever (publication) a 1072, 1183
Yergan, Max a 1216
YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) h 347 ; a 1204,
1205 ; r 232, 396
YMCA Schools (New York, N . Y .) a 1209
YMCA of Washington, D . C a 1209
Yntema, T . 0 h 376
Yoshida, Premier h 572
Yotoku, Miyagi r 298
You and Your U . S . A . (pamphlet) a 1048-1049
Young a 972
Young, Donald -__- h 132, 133, 135, 136, 137 ; r 48, 49, 85, 184, 185
Young, Ernest L h 348
Young, James W h 348, 349
Young, Owen D h 357, 362
Young, Dr. Ralph A a 1025
Young Circle League of the Workmen's Circle r 409
Yourg Communist International r 415
Young Communist League a 1175 ;
r 237, 277, 296, 306, 353, 358, 370, 382, 393, 396, 401
49720-55-10
Young Europe (publication) h 92
Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) h 347
a 1204, 1205 ; r 232, 39
Young Peoples Socialist League r 187, 395, 396, 414-41
Young Republican Clubs h 784, 79
Young Socialist (publication) r 41
Young Socialist International r 41
Young Women's Christian Association r 394, 396, 41
Young Worker (publication) r 39
Young Workers League r39
Youngren, Harold T . h 37
Youngville, U . S . A. (pamphlet) r 230, 236, 336, 369, 37
Your Money's Worth (publication) h 13
Youth Committee Against War r 18
Youth Tell Their Story (publication) h 69
Y's Men's Club, YMCA (Toledo, Ohio) a 120
Yu Pin, Paul a 122
Yugoslav-American Home (New York, N . Y .) r 32
Z
Zabel, Morton D r 18
Zablodowsky, D r 16
Zell a 116
Zellerbach, James D h 350 ; a 1051, 118
Ziegner, William a 117
Zilberfarb, Johannson I h 285 ; r 15
Zimmerman, Prof . Carle C a 1184, 1194 ; r 64, 75, 7
Zimmerman, Charles a 99
Zimmern School of International Studies (Geneva, Switzer-
land) a 120
Zoll, Allen A h 321, 329, 330, 335, 38
Zook, George F h 48
Zorbaugh, Harry W h 273, 27
Zorbaugh, Harvey r41
COX COMMITTEE SUPPLEMENT
Index for Hearings Before the Select Committee To Investigate Tax-Exempt
Foundations and Comparable Organizations, House of Representatives, on
House Resolution 561, November 18 to December 30, 1952
(Prepared by Sydney S . Spivack for Russell Sage Foundation, 505 Park Avenue,
New York, N. Y .)
A Page
Abrams, Frank W 220,245,319
Abuses of tax exemption (see also Tax exemption ; Taxation)_ 304,
400, 503, 561, 565, 649
By educational institutions 662-663
By family foundations 775, 778
Extent unknown 788, r 6
Academic freedom 557
Accountability :
Attitudes toward 45, 155-156, 304, 405-406,
412, 422-423, 440, 454, 464, 768, 792, r 6, 12-13
Carnegie group 155, 340-341, 379, 572, 763
Ford Foundation 202-203,230,251-252,286
Rockefeller Foundation 501-503,557-558,760
Russell Sage Foundation 48-49,389
Sloan Foundation---- 454
Small foundations . 633, 646, 649
Summary of report on public 786-792
Accumulation of funds 37, 641, 645-646
Unreasonable 29, 33,'59, 470, 764
Adamic, Louis 360, 536-537
Adler, Mortimer 295
Africa 180,257
Agenda 328,388
Agriculture 139, 150, 496, 770, 773
In foreign countries 231-232, 240, 242, 499
Alabama, University of 301
Aldrich, Malcolm Pratt 403-409
Aldrich, Winthrop W 563
Altruism 156
American Academ of Arts and Sciences 545
American Asiatic Association 665
American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (see
also Teacher-training) 311, 312-313
American Association of Teachers' Colleges 311
American Bar Association 590,736
American Bureau for Medical Aid to China 655
135
American Cancer Society 154, 771
American Chemical Society 127
American Chinese Policy Association 651
American Civil Liberties Union 607, 692, 736
American Committee for Defense of Political Prisoners 693
American Committee for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom_ 594
American Committee for the Protection of the Foreign Born__ 732
American Committee for Yugoslav Relief 446
American Council of Education 14, 15, 171, 173
American Council of Learned Societies 14,
122, 362, 507-508, 542-547, 664, 666
American Dilemma, An, (Myrdal) 303
American Economic Association 545
American Federation of Art 170
American Federation of Teachers 614
American Foreign Policy. (See United States in World
Affairs, The .)
American Foundation for the Blind 14
American Foundations and Their Fields (Rich and Deardorff) - 86
American Foundations for Social Welfare (Harrison and An-
drews) 19
American Foundations Information Service 22, 451
American Fund for Public Service 692
American Historical Association 15, 545, 664
American Jewish Congress 447
American Jewish League Against Communism - 651
Labor Education Service 415
American Law Tns titute 777
American League for Peace and Democracy 588
American Library Association 169
American Medical Association 95
American Municipal Association 133, 146
American Peoples Fund 724
American Philological Society 15, 545
American Physical Society 200
American Political Science Association 545
American Public Health Association 88
American Relief Admi nistration 692
American Rescue Ship Mission 741-743
American-Russian Institute 359, 427, 594
American Slav Congress 446
American Student Union 594
American Veterans' Committee 415,782
American War Heroes Foundation 21
American Writers' Congress 698
American Youth Commission 173,177
Amter,Isreal 698,703
Andrews, F. Emerson 19-53, 83-85, 155, 386, 561
Anthropology 124
Appropriations . (See Grants .)
Arabian American Oil Co 579
Africa 180
Burma 509
China 508-509, 521
Far East 344
India 508
Indochina 509
Indonesia 509
Japan ; 343,508-509
Latin America 344,508
M . I. T . Research Center for International Studies 181
Near East 508
Pakistan 250
Russia 180-181,
247-249, 282-283, 303, 344-346, 373-374, 394, 507-
508, 510-514 ; r 9
Scandinavia = 771
Arkansas, University of 2268,310
Arkansas teaching experiment 41, 47, 53, 186-187, 238
Art, teaching of 169-170,361
Ashford, Bailey K 92
Association of American Colleges 163, 169
Association of American Law Schools 745
Association of American Universities 106, 163, 171, 317
Association of Land Grant Colleges and Universities 106
Association of State Universities 106
Association of the Bar of the City of New York 517, 736
Atherton, J. Ballard 426
Athletics, intercollegiate 112-113, 275-277
Atlanta University 366,730
Atomic energy 151, 488-489, 535, 593
Attorney-General's List 291, 294
Effect of citation on grants 297, 505, 518,599
Australia 334,355
B
Babb, Jervis J 776-777
Bacon, Peggy 617
Bailey, Forrest 692
Baker, I . F 426
Baldwin, Roger 692
Ballantine, Arthur A 183,569-570
Banting, Frederick 349
Barkin, Solomon 649-650
Barnard, Chester I 474, 515, 555-565
Barnes, Kathleen 428
Barnett, Robert W 541
Barrows, David P 576,658,660
Beadle, George W 539
Beals, Carlton 617, 698,700
Beard, Charles A 597
Belknap, Chauncey 537
Bell, Laird 772-773
Benjamin, Herbert 698
Berea College 245
Berkeley Mill 84
Berle, Adolph A 658-659, 696, 785
Berlin, Free University of 231, 236, 258
Bessie, Alvah C 605, 698, 702, 721
Billingsley, Sarah Jane r14
Bingham, Barry 246
Birla, G. D 426
Bisson, Thomas A 364, 540, 657, 725
Black Mountain College 414
Blackstone Mill 84
Blair, Edwin F 607
Bloor, Mother 694
"Blue chips 45, 46, 50-51, 368, 396
Boas, Franz 733
B,, )dde, Dirk 362,542
Bogolepov,Igor 673-688
Bohr, Niels 489
Bolin, Lazar 428
Bontecou, Elinor 424,516
Borton, Hugh 527
Boulanger, Nadia 617
Bowman, Isaiah 374
Boyd, Mark J 90
Brady, William G 527
Brandeis, Louis D 294
Brandeis University 588
Branscomb, Harvie 169,775-776
Branston, Louise 708,725
Brodsky, Joseph 695
Bronk, Detlev W 641
Brookings Institution 138, 149, 682
Brown, Dyke 201
Brown, James, IV 447
Brown University 163,332
Statement of Henry M . Wriston 163-193
Bryn Mawr College 344
Buck, Paul H 166
Budenz, Louis Francis 542,
715-726, 729-730, 735, 743-745, 783-785
Bulova Foundation 27,32
Bunche, Ralph J 246
Bundy, Harvey H 577, •6 00
Bureau for Intercultural Education 305
Burma 231,233,355,509
Bush, Vannevar 51, 150-161, 324, 759
Business enterprises, foundation control of 304, 765 ; r 13
Butler, Nicholas Murray 369, 569, 573, 582
Buttrick, Wallace 299, 760-761, 765
California, State of 787
California, University of 302, 364, 536
California Committee on Un-American Activities 427
California Institute of Technology 477, 539
Canada 355
Cancer research 154,455,771
CARE 53
Carlsberg Foundation 497
Carmichael, Oliver C 20
Carnegie benefactions , 83, 370
Alleged infiltration from the left 697, 699
Libraries 48,335
Number of foundations 14, 323-326
Relationships between foundations 323-325,334
Teacher pensions 335
Carnegie Corporation of New York 15,
20, 25, 108, 164, 169, 170, 303, 323-382
Testimony of Charles W . Dollard 323-369
Devereux C .Josephs 380-382
Russell Leflingwell 369-380
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 183,
306, 325, 676, 715, r 7, r 12
Testimony of John W . Davis 569-572
Joseph E .Johnson 572-600
Alfred Kohlberg 657-662
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Education 14,
24, 106, 108, 113, 150, 191, 325, 335
Carnegie Hero Fund Commission 25,325
Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh 323
Carnegie Institution of Washington 15, 123, 149-161 324
Carnegie United Kingdom Trust 497
Carr, Robert K 516
Carroll, James 91
Carroll, Thomas H 200
Carter, Edward C 526, 527, 652, 654, 657
Casey, William J 649
Ceylon 355
Chamberlain, Joseph P 527
Chambers, Whittaker 658-659,661,785-786
Chapin, W . W 660
Chapman,John 428
Chartered foundations versus charitable trusts 3
Charters, foundation 36
Chekhov Publishing Co 248,252
Chiang Kai-shek 525,652,666
Chicago Tribune 302
Chicago, University of 114, 177, 244, 275-278, 306, 308
Child welfare 437, 442, 771
China 508, 509, 521, 609
China Aid Council 548
China Medical Board 303
Chlorella, values of 334
Choate, Joseph H 573
Chrysanthemum and the Sword, The (Benedict) 594,595
Citizens' Committee to Free Earl Browder 544, 731
Civil liberties 514-517, 725, 736
Civil Rights Congress 614, 69
Classification of foundations :
According to areas of activity 41-42, 13
As to type 24-3
Clerical Workers Industrial League 69
Cleveland Foundation 2
Coffin, Henry Sloane 60
College, definition of term 16
College Entrance Examination Board 165, 33
College Retirement Equities Fund 16
Collier, John 23
Columbia University 344, 394, 508, 513, 662-663, 67
Coming of the War (Langer and Gleason) 17
Commission for the Financing of Higher Education 106
118, 166, 175-176, 179, 49
Commission on Industrial Relations 78
Committee for Cultural Freedom 53
Committee for Economic Development 27
Committee on Peace and Law Through United Nations---- 590-59
Committee to Defeat the Mundt Bill 58
Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies 59
Common Council for American Unity 36
Common Good funds 3
Commonwealth College 359, 42
Commonwealth Fund 24, 115, 134, 29
Testimony of Malcolm P . Aldrich 403-40
Communication of results (see also Reports) 405,50
Communist, The 65
Communist infiltration, alleged 664-668
677-678, 692-703, 707-712, 717-724, 762, 781, r 6-
Communist International 69
Communist Party 431, 435, 652, 699, r
Agitation Propaganda Cultural Commission 690-69
Cultural commission 71
Subcommission on foundations 717-72
"Under discipline" within, defined 72
Communist Workers Alliance 69
Community chests 3
Community trusts 29,3
Composing for the Films (Eisler) 53
Compton, Arthur H 426,60
426,
Compton, Karl T 196, 220, 45
Conant, James B 17
Congress of American Women 58
Apprehension as to results 45, 396-398, 547, 552
Constructive 192,
256, 259, 298, 380, 464, 473, 558-559, 575-576
Fairness, assurance of 2
Recommended legislation r 14-15
Report of Select Committee r 1-15
Text of enabling resolution _-- 1-2
Value in stimulating thinking 157, 367-368, 441
Connecticut College 301
Conroy,Jack 721
Contributions, charitable, reluctance to reduce level of_ 624, 627, 632
Control of foundations 177-178,
197-199, 203-204, 221-224, 311, 438, 454, 776 ; r 11
Controversial areas 50, 486-487, 552-553, 761
Cooperation between foundations 257,
417-418,451-452,471-472,499-501
Copland, Aaron 617
Corbin, Arthur L 607
Cornell Medical Center 641
Cornell University 268, 336, 507, 511, 514, 725
Corporation contributions 27, 32-33, 35, 459
Business expense versus philanthropic expenditure 3434,459
Income fluctuations, effect on 28,33
Interrelation between business and individual contribu-
tion 624,644
Corporation foundations 27-28,624-632
Future of 458-459,467-469,764
Recent growth 32,33
Cottrell, Frederick 151
Council of State Governments 133,146
Council on African Affairs 445,733
Council on Foreign Relations 179, 526, 564, 665, 669-670, 672
Correction by H . M . Wriston 781-782
Cowles,John 220
Cox, E . Eugene, Jr ii, 216, 222, 225, 260 ; r 1
Craig, Burt J 196, 214
Craig, Charles F 92
Cressy, George 428
Criticism of foundations r 5-6
Attitude toward 339-340, 346-347, 393, 397, 554
By grantee 189,347
Reasons for 559, 597
'Croly, Herbert 413
Cullen Foundation 299,304
Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace 615
Cultural Relations Between the United States and the Soviet
Union (Department of State) 549,618
Curie, Marie Sklodowska 761
Current Digest of the Soviet Press 508
Cushman, Robert 515,725
Darling, Samuel T 92
Darnall, Carl R 91
Dartington Hall Trust 537
Dartmouth College 344
Das Kapital (Marx) 333
David, Donald K 196,220
Davis, Chester C 214, 240, 244
Davis, Hallie Flanagan 537, 698
Davis, John W 183, 569-572, 590, 593, 600
Day, Edmund Ezra 511
Dean, Arthur H 527
Dean, Vera Micheles 537, 588
Declinations 397, 504, 559560
Negative value of 16,504
Demography 124
Denmark 497-498
Dennett, Raymond 525
Dennis, Eugene 721
DeVane, William C 200
Dewey, John 270, 277
Dewey, Thomas E 295
Dickey, Charles D 246
Dodds, Harold = 168
Dollard, Charles 301, 323-369, 396, 510, 762
Donor, benefits to (see also Control) 629
Douglas, James H ., Jr 246
Douglas, William 0 515
Draper, William H ., Jr 527
DuBois, W . E . B 361, 722
Duke Endowment 37, 39, 299
Dulles, John Foster 184,
563, 569-571, 576, 590, 600, 658-662, 780, 785-786
Dunn, Robert W 693
duPont Co 44-45
E
East European Fund 247
Economics (see also National Bureau of Economic Research)-- 42,
143-145, 192, 461, 551-552
Edison Institute 219,221
Education (see also Medical education ; Public health) 142, 188
Accreditation 170-171,316-318,337-338
Catholic 177,190
Defeatism in 172-173
Dependence on government 189-190
Foundation services to 107-123, 372, 769
In the South 110,306-307
Liberal 271-275
Ph . D .cult 267-270,318-320
Progressive 277-280
Public versus private institutions 168
Testing 170-171,317-318
Eisenhower, Dwight D 184,344,508
Einstein, Albert 489, 761
Eisler, Hans 288, 529-533, 701-702, 725, 744
Eliot, Charles W 267
Embree, Edwin R 46, 253, 283, 299-308,, 347
Embree, John F 548
Emerson, Thomas I 606-616, 698, 723, 783-784
Emory University 102, 114, 166, 177
Encyclopedia Britannica 273
Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences 532
England, foundations in 260, 474, 497
English Charitable Trusts Acts 5, 790-791, r 6
English medical system 151
Ensminger, Douglas 234,237
Ernst, Morris L 737
Erskine College 301
Eurich, Alvin C 266,308-321
Europe, foundations in 159-160, 377, 497, 498
Evaluation of work of foundations 135, 262, 284, 347, 471, 563
Evans, Roger F 652
Evasion of taxation . (See Taxation .)
Evergood, Philip 361
Evolution of the Philanthropic Foundation (Hollis) 8-12
Ewing, Bayard 84
Exchange of persons 543,573,579
Exemption, tax . (See Tax exemption .)
Expenditures, foundation 23, 175, 598, 625, 764
Overseas 488, 580, r 11
Experience, cumulativeness of 46,773
Experimentation (see also Venture capital)
Continuing need for 192, 257, 281-284, 376, 396
Discovery multiplies opportunities_-- 456
Risks, in education 107,115
Risks, in social sciences 376
Ezekiel, Mordecai 588
F
Fairbank, John K 362, 542, 609, 723
Falk Foundation, Maurice and Laura 134,777
Family foundations 25-26, 31, 396-397, 459-460, 763
Farm Research Bureau 693
Faust, Clarence H 246,265
Federal Bureau of Investigation 528, 661, 737
Feeney, Thomas J r14
Fellowships 48, 345, 350, 356-357, 488, 601-621, 769
Medicine 404
Public health 101
The arts 306,606
Field, Frederick Vanderbilt 365,
374, 425, 523, 657, 700, 713, 724, 783, r 7
Field, Marshall 436-452, 490, 783
Testimony of Marshall Field and Maxwell Hahn 436-452
Fight 698
Financial statements . (See Reports, content of annual .)
Findlay, Carlos 91
Flanagan, Hallie 537,698
Fletcher, C .Scott 273
Flexibility 87, 363, 415, 501
Flexner, Abraham 111,
113, 150, 299, 338-339, 348, 486, 762-763, 765
Flexner,Simon 90299,338,760
Florida, University of 463
Foerster, Friedrich 588
Food Research Institute, Stanford University 138, 149
Forand, Aime J ii
Ford, Benson 196,221
Ford, Edsel 196,214
Ford Henry 196
Ford, Henry, II 196,218-227
Ford Foundation 15, 16, 25, 41, 44,
47, 53, 134, 181, 184, 186-187, 205, 213, 299, 487, 581,
664, r 12 .
Testimony of Alvin C . Eurich 308-321
Henry Ford II 218-227
H . Rowan Gaither, Jr 195-218
Paul Hoffman 227-262
Robert M . Hutchins 262-308
Ford Hospital, Henry 219,221
Foreign operations, and tax exemption 237
Foreign Policy Association 306, 526, 537, 665, 713
Foreman, Clark 722,784-785
Form 990A and Form 1041A (see also Information returns ;
Tax exemption)
Available to the public under suitable restrictions 22
Forms unintelligible___ -- 392
Information return made available by Treasury Depart-
ment for public inspection 59-60,636-637
Lessen the danger of abuse 561
Processing of 990A forms 60, 61, 62
Fosdick, Raymond B 664,759-762
Foster, John W 573
Foster, William Z 692
Foundation, The (Keppel) 20
Foundations (see also Accountability ; Expenditures ; Funds;
Investment policies ; Personnel ; Programs ; Reports; Taxa-
tion ; and other items) :
Characteristically American 159
Classified according to type and areas of activity 24-30,
41-42,134
Control of 177-179,197-199,203-204
Defined 13, 21
English 260,474,497
European 159-160,377,497-498
Evaluation of work of 135, 262, 284, 347, 471, 563
Exemption application for 65-68
Family 25-26, 31, 396-397, 459-460, 763
Future of 456-457,465-467,563
History of 5, 8-13, 371, 561, 643, r 3
National 30-31
Need for 356, 377, 447, 467,495,r4
Role of 1 6,
282, 395-397, 440, 454-458, 473, 490-493, 572, 765, r 3
Scope size, and number of 4, 21, 25, r2
Timidity on the part of ---- 16, 299-309, 341, 347, 375-376, 765
Fowler, Cody 590
Franklin, Benjamin 12, 36
Franklin Technical Institute 12, 37
Franklin Union 12
Friends of the Soviet Union 693, 724
Frontier Films 425,434
Fulbright fellowships 404, 543, 573, 579
Fund for Adult Education 247, 264, 273
Fund for the Advancement of Education- 245, 246-247, 264, 308-321
Funds, foundation 34, 100, 392, 470, 629
Testamentary gifts to, limitation of 667
G
Gaither, H . Rowan, Jr 195-218, 244
Garfield, James A 274, 278
Garfield,John 702
Garland Fund 430, 692, 711-712
Garrett, Ray 786
Garrison, Lloyd K 736, 785
Gates, Frederick T 284, 299, 349, 566, 765
Gay, Edwin F 148,567
Gellhorn, Walter 515-517, 725, 735-746, 785
General Education Board 25, 89, 123, 166, 177, 301
Testimony of Dean Rusk 475-555
Genocide Convention 591-592
Germany 158-161, 231, 258, 509
Gifford, Walter S 563
Girard College 13
Gitlow, Benjamin 692
Glueck, Sheldon and Eleanor 777
Golden, Clinton S 285
Goodwin, Angier L ii
Gorgas, William C 91, 92, 102, 299
Gorgas Memorial Institute 86
Government, and educational institutions_ 154,181-182,189-190,468
Government, and public administration 42, 133, 146, 670-671
49-53, 87, 154, 181-182, 282, 352, 371-372, 376, 421,
447-448, 465-466, 493-496, 499, 669, 760, 778 .
Government research 43, 117, 181, 352, 376, 392, 468
Grad, Andrew W 548
Graham, Shirley 722
Granger, Lester 587
Grant Foundation 134
Grantees :
Control of 116, 119-120, 152, 157, 176, 179
Criticism of foundations by 189, 347
Followup 40, 116, 119, 178-179,
225-226, 237, 260, 350, 433-434, 450-451, 463, 590
Freedom of 40, 135, 498-499, 511-512, 770, 772, 775
Screening of 239,357-358,367,374,444
Grantmaking versus operating foundations 39, 385, 478, 580
Grants (see also Fellowships) :
Conditioned 15, 16, 47-48, 101, 116
Grantmaking procedure 118-119,
157, 176, 330-334, 438, 478, 484
How initiated 264-265,390
Officers versus board of trustees _ _ _ _ 329,478-479,481-483,647
Prestige value 16,398
Problems created by expiration of 111, 115, 175-176
Projects versus endowments 99,176-177
Relations with grant seekers 559
Small foundations 641
Subcontracting 239,253,581
Grassi, Giovanni Battista 88
Graves, Mortimer 542-546
Great Island Conference 307
Gregg, Alan 303
Griswold, A . Whitney 607
Griswold, Erwin N 777-778
Gromyko, Andrei A 681
Gropper, William 698-699
Guggenheim, Simon 601,603-604
Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, John Simon 299,
303, 306, 697-698, 712, 721, 771 ; r 8
Testimony of Henry Allen Moe 601-621
Guilford College 301
H
Hacker, Louis M 168
Hackett, Lewis W 90
Hahn, Maxwell 436-452,783
Haldane, J . B . S 533-534, 598, 648
Hale telescope 151,477
Hall, Robert B 343
Hampton-Sydney Institute 301
Han-seng, Chen 364
Hardman, J . B . S 538,703
Harkness, Edward S 403
Harkness, Mrs. Stephen V 403
Harper, William Rainey 177
Harrison, George L 607
Harrison, Shelby M 19,386
Harvard University 115, 186, 225, 268, 542, 617
Law School 777-778
Russian Research Center 303, 344, 394, 508
School of Business Administration-_
-- 133
Hatcher, Harlan 772
Havens Relief Fund 13
Haverford College 344
Hayden Foundation, Charles 304
Hays, Arthur Garfield 695
Hays, Brooks ii, 52
Heaton, Herbert 771
Heckscher, Foundation 694, 699
Hendrix College 301
Hicks, Granville 538,599
Highlander Folk School 416,432
Hill Family Foundation, Louis W . and Maud 770
Hill-Burton Bill 406
Hiss, Alger 183, 569-571, 584-585, 657-662, 780, 785-786 ; r 7
Hoerschel:mann, Edouard E 679-680,715
Hoffman, Paul G _ _ - _ 219-220, 226-227, 227-262, 358, 368, 473, 648
Holland, William L 426, 526, 527, 548
Hollis, Ernest V 3-18, 83, 149, 155
Hollingshead, Byron 175
Holmes, Horace 261
Holmes, Oliver Wendell 294,435
Home economics 463
Hoover, J . Edgar 528,737
Hoover Commission on the Reorganization of the Executive
Branch of the Government 133, 146
Hoover Relief Administration 692
Hopkins, Mark 274
Hormel Foundation-_- . 770
Hornbeck, Stanley 785
Horton, Mildred McAfee (Mrs . Douglas Horton) 246
House Resolution 561, text 1
Hsu, Y . Y 657
Hughes, Langston 605,698,721
Human relations in industry 133, 146, 768, 771
Humanities 487, 547, 565
Hutchins, Robert M 231, 244, 262-308, 314, 351, 619
I
Icor 693
Illinois 289, 308, 787-788, 791
India 231-232, 355, 508
Indochina 509
Indonesia 231,233,509
Industrial Relations, Commission on 13, 463-464, 500-501
Existing forms inadequate 85, 370-380
Processing of 60-62
Sample form 990A, 73-76
Sample form 990T,77-78
Institute for Inter-American Affairs 101, 103
Institute for Philosophical Research 295
Institute of Human Relations, Yale University_-- 282
Institute of International Education 254, 573
Institute of Pacific Relations 287, 425, 433 ; r 7
And Carnegie Corporation 360,363,365-366,374
And Carnegie Endowment 581-582
And Rockefeller Foundation 507, 519-529, 540-542, 548
Testimony of Manning Johnson 713
Alfred Kohlberg 652-657, 660, 665-666
Maurice Malkin-__. 700
Insulin 349
Intercollegiate athletics 113,275
Intercultural Publications Corp 249
Intercultural relations 437
Intermediaries between foundations and grantees . See also names
of specific organizations, e . g ., American Council of Learned
Societies ; Social Science Research Council 15, 122, 362
Charge of intellectual inbreeding 138
Middleman in the search for grants 321
Internal Security Act of 1950 59
International Assembly of Women 588
International Conciliation 574, 578, 587-588
International Education Board 476-556
International Harvester Foundation_-- 28
International Juridical Association_ 446, 613, 694, 697, 737, 744-745
International Labor Defense _ _ _ 693,698
International Mind Alcoves 594
International relations 42,306-307,578-585
International Relations, Walter Hines Page School of 362
International Relations Club 587-589
International Workers Order ._ 693
Internationalism r 11
Investment policies, foundation 58-59,353
Investments by charitable organizations in profitmaking enter-
prises 18, 28, 58, 77-78, 667
Isaacs, Harold R 664
J
Jaffe, Philip J 657, 713
Japan 343,364,508-509
Jefferson, Thomas __-_ 279, 343
Jefferson School of Social. Science 613, 731
Jerome, Victor J-- _ _ _-__ _ 702, 721, 744
Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health 90, 763
Johns Hopkins University 541
Walter Hines Page School of International Relations 362
Johnson, Alvin 530-533
Johnstone, William C 589
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee 518,613
Joliot-Curie, Frederic 535-536
Jones, Lewis Webster 310
Jones, Mark M 765-768
Jones, T . Duckett 200
Josephs, Devereux C 342,380-382
Judd, Walter 661.
Judgment of men ' 374
Juilliard Musical Foundation 300,306
Juvenile delinquency 777
K
Kandel, I . L 186
Karpovich, M . M 345
Katz, Milton 214,245
Katzner, J . Benjamin 645-646
Kazakevich, Vladimir 513
Keele, Harold M ii
Passim r 14
Kellogg Foundation, W . K 299,771
Kennan, George F 249, 252
Kennelly, Edward C r 14
Kentucky, University of 463
Kenyon College 257
Keppel, Frederick P 20, 44, 170, 301, 351, 371 .
Keynes, John Maynard (Lord Keynes) 144, 33.5
Kiger, Joseph C r 14
Kimball, Lindsley F 562
King, Carol Weiss 695, 726
King, W . L . Mackenzie 567
Kinsey, Alfred C 303
Kirk, Grayson L 665
Kluckhohn, Clyde 345
Knight, Edith M r 14
Koch, Robert 88,91
Kohlberg, Alfred -366, 524, 651-672, 781, 785-786
Kollontai, Alexandra 693
Kozelka, Richard L 771
Kresge Foundation 299
Kress Foundation, Samuel H 299
Kreymborg, Alfred 361
Kronenberg, Henry H 311
Kunitz, Joshua 513
Kuntz, Edward 695
L
Labor Herald 693
Labor research 693
LaGuardia, Fiorello 737
Lamont, Corliss 513, 594, 700, 713, 724
Lane, Clayton 527, 665
49720-55 11
Langer, William L 179
Languages, teaching of 179-180,545
Larsen, Roy E 114,121,246
Lasser, J . K 649
Latin America 508
Lattimore, Owen---- 183, 256, 287, 362, 374, 525, 540, 657, 666, 672
Laughlin,James 249
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial 476, 523, 544
Lauritsen, Charles C 200
Lawrence, Ernest 0 151
Lawson, John Howard 698,721
Lawyers' Committee on American Relations with Spain 446
Leadership training 460-461,538
League for Mutual Aid 425
League of Nations 523
League of Women Voters 579
Leffingwell, Russell C 369-380, 389, 510
Leonard Wood Memorial for the Control of Leprosy 86
Lerner, Max 413,423,588
Lesser ; Dave 698
Leverage 342,349,454-455,470,494,554
Levine, Isaac Don 785-786,658-659
Lewis, Mrs . Alexander 663
Lewis, Shura 663
Lewis, Wilmarth S 607
Liberian Foundation 299
'Libraries 168-169,335-336
Library of Congress 507
Lindeman, Eduard C 215, 285, 302, 413, 589
Lippmann, Walter 246
Liquidating funds 38,303
Lister, Joseph (Lord Lister) 88
Litvinov, Maxim 675,679
Little Royal F 83
Lockwood, William 428
Longley, Clifford B 214
Lonsdale Company 84
Louisville, University of 309
Lovestone.J 700
Lowell, Abbott Lawrence 267
Loyalty Review Board 544
Lull, George F 95
Lynchburg College 301
Lysenko, Trofim 158,534
M
Macalester College 774-775
Magdalen Society 12
Magidoff, Robert 428
Malkin, Maurice 689-704,782-783
Mann, Thomas 538
Manuscript collections, historical 109
Markle Foundation, John and Mary R 25, 299, 771
Marquis, Donald G 200
Marshall, C . B 527
Marshall Foundation, Robert 81, 378, 693, 712
Marshall Plan 571,585
Martens, Ludwig 692
Maryland 637
Marx, Karl 144, 185, 293, 333
Mason, Edward S 345
Massachusetts, Commonwealth of 788
Massachusetts House Committee on Un-American Activities__ 427
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 90, 181, 337, 460, 466
Mayo Elton 146
Mayo Foundation 771
McCarran Act 435
McCarran Subcommittee . (See U . S. Senate, Subcommittee
of Internal Security of the Judiciary Committee .)
McCloy, John J 231
McCormick Memorial Fund 299
McFarland, Russell r14
McGillen, Clarence A., Jr r14
McKay, Claude 722
McPeak, William 201
Me illiams, Carey 364,721
Measurement of success or failure . (See Evaluation .)
Medical education_ 87, 95, 111-112, 115, 150, 338-339, 486, 495, 763
Medical Education in the United States and Canada (A.
Flexner) 111, 113, 150, 299, 338-339
Medicine, full-time clinical professorship 17
Mellon, Paul 246,295
246,
Memorial Hospital, New York 455
Mendell, Clarence W 607
Mental health 133-134,146-147,439
Mexico 492
Michelsen Foundation, Christian 497
Michigan, State of 791
Michigan, University of 343,772
Middlebush, Frederick 105-123
Midwest Deposit Library 351
Milbank Memorial Fund 134, 299, 385
Millsapp College 301
Minnesota, University of 539,768-772
Mistakes, acknowledgment of 40,
87, 143, 157, 170, 220, 256, 288, 350, 366, 368-369,
371, 407, 440-442, 554, 605, 760, 763, 779 .
Mitchell, Wesley C 148
Modern Language Association 15
Moe, Henry Allen 303,601-621
Molotov, V . M 675
Moore, Harriet L 657
Morgan, Ruth 413
Morning Freiheit 699
Morrow, Dwight W 407
Mosely, Philip E 249, 252, 513
Mudd, Roger H r 14
Mueller, C . F ., Co 28
Muller, Herman J 603
Municipal Finance Officers Association 133, 146
Murphy, J . Morden 426, 527
Murphy, William J 771
Murray, Philip 433
Museum of Modern Art 531
Myers, Elkan R 640-645
Myers, William I 123-149
Myrdal, Gunnar 303, 359
N
Nason, John W 779
Nathan, Lord 791
Nathan, Otto 588
Nathan Report 791
National Bureau of Economic Research 127,
129, 130, 136, 143, 144, 148, 551-552
National Citizens' Commission for the Public Schools- 114, 121, 347
National Commission on Accreditation Procedures 316
National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners__-- 698
National Conference on Academic Freedom 733
National Council of American-Soviet Friendship__ 446, 544, 594, 724
National Council of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions_ - - _ 615, 733
National Education Association 187,310
National Emergency Council for Democratic Rights 739-741
National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis 86, 101, 771
National foundations 30-31
National Information Bureau 451
National Lawyers Guild 446, 608, 613, 695-696, 736, 744-745
National Planning Association 354,415
National Research Council 14, 93, 302
National Science Foundation 30, 117, 118, 565
National Youth Administration 173
Near East 243,508
Nehru,Jawaharlal 232, 234
New Hampshire 649, 788, 790
New Masses 365, 524, 617, 652, 692, 698
New Mexico 186
New School for Social Research 424,529-533
New York, State of 786,787-788
New York Community Trust 30
New York Foundation 304
New York Teachers' Union 614
New York University Law School 28
New Zealand 355
Nichols, Henry J 91
Nobel prizes 489, 535, 603, r &
Noguchi, Hideyo 91
Nolde, O . Frederick ---- . 577
Norman, E . Herbert 548
North, Robert C 664
North Carolina, University of 301, 344
North Carolina State College 301
North Carolina State Health Department 89
North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools-- 163, 315
Norway 497-498
Novy Mir 693
Nuffield Foundation 474,497
Nutrition Foundation 770
0
Odegard, Peter H 201, 540
Odets, Clifford 702
Office of Naval Research 546
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), Com-
mittee on Medical Research 87, 93
Office Workers Industrial League_-- -- 699
Old Dominion Foundation 246, 295
Olds, Irving S 319,607
Ontario Charitable Gifts Act of 1949 650
Open Road, The, Inc 442,738-739
Operations, foreign 355, 407-409, 488-493 ; r 11
Africa 257
Australia 334,355
Burma 233
Canada 355
Ceylon 355
India 231,355
Indonesia 233
Mexico 492
Near East 243
New Zealand 355
Pak istan 231, 233, 240, 250, 355
South Africa 355
Turkey 241
Opinion research 131-132
O'Toole, Donald L ii, 269-270, 319-320, 595-596
Oumansky, Constantin 677-678,681
P
Paepcke, Walter P 246,319
Pakistan 231, 233, 240, 250, 355
Palliative versus preventive work 31, 42-43, 442, 485, 566
Pares, Bernard 594
Pasteur, Louis 87, 88, 91, 761
Pauling, Linus 539,723
Peabody Education Fund 13, 3'/
Peabody Institute 186
Pecora, Ferdinand 695
Pennsylvania, State of 786
Pennsylvania, University of 364,542
Pensions 106,164-165,190-192,336-33
People's Institute of Applied Religion 44
Peoples of the Soviet Union, The (Lamont) 59
Perkins, James A 33
Perlman, Philip B 590-59
Perpetuities 14,36,566,568,66
discretionary 37,470,76
Perry, Ralph Barton 592-59
Personnel, foundation 38-39,121,243-245,46
Bureaucracy 30
Care in selection 572,585-58
Infiltration by leftists 666, 668, 76
Loyalty 289-29
Number of employed 389, 412, 459, 478, 59
Overseas 237-23
Qualifications of executives 326-327,56
Phelps-Stokes Fund 445,69
Philanthropic Giving (Andrews) 1
Philanthropoid 253,33
Philanthropy, motivations of . (See also Taxation ; Business
enterprises, control of) 63
Physical sciences 125, 142-143, 152, 30
Pilgrim Trust 49
Plain Talk 65
Poillon, Howard 15
Polier, Chad 69
Polier, Justine Wise 446, 69
Pound, Roscoe 762
Prentis, H . W.,Jr 319
President's Commission on Higher Education_-- 177
Preventive versus palliative work 31, 42-43, 442, 485, 566
Primus, Pearl 722
Princeton University 53
Pritchett, Henry S 165, 301, 337, 76
Pritt, D . N 69
Programs, foundation 42,195-218,256,342-346,776
Progressive Party 615
Propaganda by foundations 296, 422, r 1
Influencing legislation 591,773
Prospectus 249
Psychology 124, 130-131 145
Public accountability . (See Accountability.)
Public administration 133, 146, 771
Public Administration Clearing House 133, 14
Public Affairs Committee 364, 58
Public health 86, 95, 111-112, 115, 305, 404, 763
As weapon against communism 94
Public interest 340,379,422
Public relations 394, 464, 503512554
Puerto Rico 84
Q
Questionnaires . (See also Congressional investigation) 747-758
Page
Radicalism in educational institutions--- 187-189,238-239,320-321
Rainey, Homer P 17a
Rayon Foundation 84
Recreation 42:
Reece, B . Carroll ii ; r 14
Reed, Philip D 246,
Reed, Walter 88, 91, 102
Reed Club, John 699
Reeves, Floyd W 173.
Refugees, aid to 530,539,686-687
Refutations and rebuttals 781-786
Regan, Thomas J 413
Regional educational project 113 .
Registry trust 49, 252, 391, 561, 575, 764, 768, 791
Regulation (See also State regulation ; names of States) 18, .
45, 48-49, 156, 251-252, 340, 393, 397-399
Digest of state, of charitable corporations 786-792 .
Fear of excessive paper work 155 •
Need for 565,
Review board 49,252,421
Select Committee's recommendations r 14-15 ,
Reid, Ira D. A 726, 729-734, 785
Reiss, Bernard 721
Religion 42, 152, 337
Rentschler, Gordon S 220"
Reports, annual 49, 85, 155,.
352-353, 346, 379-380, 405, 419-420, 501, 557-558
Content of 389-391,395,..
399-400, 405-406, 454, 459, 501-504, 557-558
Distribution of__ 205, 353, 391, 395, 464, 502-503, 574, 620, r 13
Quarterly 346, 352 :
Research, basic 134,136,151-153,159,474,497
And applied research 457, 496-497, 769
Corporations reluctant to engage in 469,777
Gambling odds involved 45,
Government reluctance 376, 563 .
Increased opportunities from discoveries 456,495-496
Innovations from foundations 160^
Research agency, independent 363,366,526
Research Branch, Information and Education Division, U . S .
Army 132,145•
Research Corporation 151
Review by public authority 49, 252, 421
Rhode Island, State of 84, 649, 787, 789-790-
Rhode Island Charities Trust 84
Rice, W . G .,Jr 589 ,
Rich Associates, Raymond 86, 420
Rich Foundation 27
Risk money . (See Venture capital .)
Rivers, W . F 426
Roberts, Owen J 246
Robeson, Paul 589
Rockefeller, John D 87, 56
Rockefeller, John D ., Jr 556, 56
Rockefeller, John D . III565-568
Rockefeller, Nelson 307, 41
Rockefeller benefactions 37, 83, 89, 90, 203, 257, 29
Rockefeller Foundation 101, 103, 109, 113, 114, 134, 148
173, 179, 287, 339, 475-555, 652, 655, 656, 725 ; r 1
Testimony of Chester I . Barnard 555-56
Dean Rusk 475-55
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research 89, 299, 339, 47
Rockefeller International Health Board_ -- 89, 9
Rockefeller, Laura Spelman, Memorial 476, 523, 54
Rockefeller Sanitary Commission 87, 89, 299, 476, 48
Rockefeller Yellow Fever Commission 91, 10
Rogers, Lindsay 16
Roosevelt, Eleanor 533, 69
Roosevelt College 305, 30
Root, Elihu 369, 569, 573, 765
Ropes, E . C 42
Rorty, Malcolm 14
Rose, Milton Curtiss 411-43
Rose, Wickliffe 90, 299, 763
Rosenau, Milton J 9
Rosenberg Foundation 708,725
Rosenfeld, Moses W 623-640
Rosenwald, Julius 38, 46, 262, 303, 474
Rosenwald Fund 38, 302, 306, 712, 721
Rosinger, Lawrence K 362, 541, 725
Ross, Helen 447
Ross, Ronald 8
Row e, David N 54
Royal Institute of International Affairs 426
Royal Society 53
Rural, Beardsley 307,763-765
Runyon, Damon Memorial Fund 771
Rusk, Dean 475-555, 597, 647-648, 665
Russell, Frederick F-: 91, 9
Russell, Paul F 9
Russell Sage Foundation 19
48, 49, 53, 83, 134, 155, 299, 383, 724, 786
testimony of F . Emerson Andrews 19, 53, 83-8
Donald Young 383-403
Russia 158
180-181, 247-249, 252-253, 255, 258-259, 282-283,
303, 344-346, 373-374, 394, 427-429, 507-508, 510-
514, r 9 .
Grants to institutions in U . S . S . R 548
Relations with 664-665
Testimony of Igor Bogolepov 673-68
Russian Research Center, Harvard University____ 303, 344, 394, 508
Ryerson, Edward L 577
Sage Foundation . (See Russell Sage Foundation .) Page
Sailors' Snug Harbor 667
St . Laurent, Louis 583
Salem College 301
Salinsky,Jacob 538
Salzburg Seminar in American Studies 404,409
Sarah Lawrence College 305, 722
Sawyer, Ralph 619
Sawyer, Wilbur 93
Scandinavia 771
"Scatteration" 284, 349, 418, 441, 451-452, 485, 491, 566, 580
Schneider,Isador 721-722
School for Democracy
Schulkind, Adelaide 692
Schuman, Frederick 587
Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace 588, 617
Scientific research abroad 158-161
Scope, size, and number of foundations 4, 21, 25, r 2
Seabury, Samuel 737
Searight, Mary E r 14
Sears, Roebuck Foundation 773
Secrecy 304, 392, 399, 776, r 13
Reasons for 26, 156, 560, 646
Small foundations 558, 633-634, 639
Securities and Exchange Commission 286,304,422
Security, Loyalty, and Science (Gellhorn) 735
Security, national 556-557
United States, a target for ideological penetration 514-515
Sedgwick, William T 90
Select Committee, members of listed . (See also Congressional
investigation) ii ; report of r 1-15
Selekman, Ben M 402
Senn, Milton 439
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Kinsey) 303
Sforza, Carlo 574
Sherman Antitrust Act 472
Shore, Isaac 695
Shotwell, James T 573,593
Sigerist, Henry E 428
Siler, Joseph F 91
Simmons, ErnestJ 428
Simmons, James Stevens 85-104
Simpson, Richard M ii, 50-51,
204, 230, 250, 252, 286, 392-395, 450, 468-470, 494-
495,564-565,669
Slater Fund 13,299
Sloan, Alfred P ., Jr 319,453-475
Sloan Foundation, Alfred P., Jr 179, 299, 453-475
Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research 455,470
Slonimsky, Nicholas 513
Accumulation of funds 641
Central staff suggested 501,
Costs 625
Inefficiencies of 29, 451-452, 472, 565
Reasons for secrecy 558,633-634,639
Role of trustees 625, 634
Small Town (Hicks) 538
Smith, Adam 185, 333
Smith, Walter Bedell 550
Smith College 537
Smithsonian Institution 13
Smyth, Henry D 489
Snape, William H ., Jr r14
Snow, Edgar . 657
Social Science Research Council 14,
122, 136, 138, 148, 362, 508, 666, 771
Social sciences 43-44, 134, 375, 487, 551, 648, 768, 777
As source of strength for American way of life ---- 137, 139 ; r 9
Defined 124
Excluded from National Science Foundation 30,565
Extensively discussed 123-149
Foundations engaged in research in the 134
National register of social scientists 546
Need for foundation support 229-230,
255, 306, 343, 375-376, 437-438, 487, 759
Social welfare 42,305
'Sociology 124, 131, 132, 145
Soper, Fred L 92
South Africa 355,364
South Carolina 788
'Southern Conference Educational Fund 424,433
Southern Conference for Human Welfare_ 424, 433, 443, 587, 614, 731
Southern Negro Youth Congress 734
'Southern Regional Council 731
'Soviet Union Today, The (American-Russian Institute) 594
'Spanish Refugee Appeal 588
Sparks, Frank H 773-774
Spaulding, Francis T 201
Spelman Fund of New York 476
'Stachel,Jack 69 .5, 703, 721, 744
Stander, Lionel 702
Stanford University 114, 115, 306, 678
Stassen Harold E 295,593
State, County and Municipal Workers of America 614
State regulation (see also names of States) 400, 649, 786-792
Statistics 124
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur 589
Stern, Bernard J 359
Sternberg, George M 91
Stettinius, Edward R ., Jr 307
Stevens Institute of Technology 530
Stevenson, William E 409
Stewart, Marguerite 586
Stewart, Maxwell S 364, 586, 657, 722
Stiles, Charles Waddell 92
Stokes, Rose Pastor 692
Stone, Harlan F 739
Straight, Dorothy Whitney (Mrs . Leonard K . Elmhirst) 412
Straight, Michael Whitney 411-435, 700, 782-783
Strode, George K 90
Strong, Anna Louise 657, 702
Strong, Richard Pearson 92
Subversive Activities Control Board 59
Subversion 122, 762
Effect of foundation activities on maintenance of capital-
istic system 137, 139,
140, 151, 182-184, 287, 354, 378, 381, 400, 462, 550-
552, 559, 595, 762, 772, 773 ; r 7
Leftist tendency of foundations 235-236, 257, 286-288, 320
Problems of definition and control 123 ) 518-522
Reasons for criticism 357357,381-382
Screening, manpower required for 80,82
Sugarman, Norman A 55-82
Sumner, James B 603
Survey Graphic 364
Survey Research Center, University of Michigan 145
Swan, Thomas W 607
Swarthmore College 344, 779
Swope, Gerard 427, 527, 665
T
Taft, William Howard 573
Taggard, Genevieve 722
Tarr, Edgar 583
Taub, Ellen 695
"Tax avoidance" 629
"Tax evasion" 629
Tax exemption . (See also Abuses ; Taxation .)
For corporate contributions 27, 58, 83, 644
For foundations 17, 58-59, 60-68, 79-83 237
For individuals resulting from gifts thrugh fundatins-- 632
Forms used in filing returns 60, 61, 65-78
Manpower required for examination of returns 79
Sample application for 65-68
Prohibited transactions 58-59
Procedure for judicial interpretation 62-63
Question of, for operations in foreign fields 237
Suggestion of increased, to encourage charitable contribu-
tion 100,250-252,
286, 448-450, 470-471, 494-495, 564, 644, 669, r 13
Evasion by foundations 18, 304
Evasion by individuals 560, 629
Effect of, on future of foundations 456,465,468-469
Remission of, as source of philanthropic funds 34,
230, 392, 394, 470-471
Taylor, Eleanor K 786-792
Taylor, George E 344
Taylor, Mary L r 14
Teachers' Insurance and Annuity Association 164-165,
191, 324, 777
Teacher-training 41,108, 185, 186, 305
Carnegie Foundation 108
Emphasis on method versus content 184-187, 314-315
Ford Foundation 186,238,267,271-275,309-319
Harvard University 268
Teaching with Books (Branscomb) 169
Technical assistance 103, 231-243, 499-500, 564, 579
Technical Cooperation Administration (point 4) 241
Television, educational 267,274,280-281,296
Terman, L . M 145
Texas, University of 344
Textile Workers Union of America 649-650
Textron, Inc 83,304,650,789
Thomas, Norman 692
Tborndike, E. L 145
Thorner, Daniel 364
Thurstone, L . L 190
"Timid Billions" (Embree) 299-308
Timidity, on part of foundations 16,
299-309, 341, 347, 375-376, 765
Tobey, Charles W 83
Tobias, Channing 444, 694, 697
Toynbee, Arnold J 308
Trachtenbert, Alexander 703, 717, 725, 731, 744
Trotsky, Leon 693
Trustees 33, 36, 156, 387, 609
Characteristics 17, 302, 775
Compensation of 38, 84, 224,
254-255, 327-329, 388-389, 407, 438, 471, 481
Divesting donor of control 197-199,
203-204, 221-224, 438, 454, 776
Duties of, versus duties of business directors_ 370-373, 562-563
Frequency of meetings 327-328
Geographical concentration of 329,
387, 406-407, 438, 480-481, 576-577, r 10-11
Interlocking directorates 16, 215-216, 254, r 10
Pressure by tax authorities on appointments of 669
Qualifications 39,
202, 215, 221, 327, 387, 392-393, 454, 479-480, 778
Reliance on 285, 459, 552
Remoteness from operations 660, 664, 665
Role of, in small foundations 625,634
Selection of 223-224,327
Size of the board 214, 326, 438, 454, 479
Trusts and Foundations 497
Tulane University 344
Tulsa, University of 301
Turch, Charles J 774-775
Turkey 241
Twentieth Century Fund 14, 19, 134, 303, 385
U
United China Relief 655
United Federal Workers of America 614
United Public Workers of America 614
United Nations 525, 571, 573, 578, 585-586, 590, r 12
U. S . Army :
Medical School 90
Research Branch, Information and Education Division- 132, 145
U. S . Department of Defense 296
U. S . Department of State-- 233, 250, 409, 513, 528, 541, 549, 618
U. S . House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American
Activities 161, 294, 298, 401, 408,
505, 516, 529, 544, 583, 588, 599, 608, 734, 737, 741
Committee on Ways and Means 286
U. S . Public Health Service 87, 92, 93, 101 -
U. S. Senate, Subcommittee of Internal Security of the Judi-
ciary Committee 361, 364, 371, 401, 408, 519, 521, 583, 684
United States in World Affairs, The 670, 681
United World Federalists 596
University administration 268-269,277,512
University College 534,648
Hospital Medical School 489
Unravelling Juvenile Delinquency (Glueck and Glueck) 777
V
Vanderbilt University 114, 344, 775-776
van Kleeck, Mary 401, 703, 706-707, 724
Vassar College 537
Vatican Library 573
Vedder, Edward F 91
Venture capital 15, 16, 17, 43, 49,
84,220,229,255,342,356,454-455,583,758,770,779
Effect of publicity on 405
Evaluation of pioneering studies 135,170
Grubstaking 604
Use in medicine and public health 86, 87, 99
Vermont, University of 463
Voice of America 249
W
Wabash College 773-774
Wadsworth, Eliot 569-570
Wallenborg Foundation 497
Walsh, Frank P 13, 500
Walter Hines Page School of International Relations 362
Ware, Harold 693,694
Warren, Andrew J 93
Washington, University of 344
Watson, Cecil 771
Watson, Thomas J 595
Waymack, W . W 577
Wealth and Culture (Lindeman) 589
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith) 333
Weaver, Warren 557, 563
Webber, James B ., Jr 196, 22
Weiner, William 695
Weiss, Louis S 726
Welch, William H 299
Wellesley Summer Institute 414
Wells, Herbert George 759
Wenner-Gren Foundation 134,497
Whipple, G . H 9
White Williams Foundation 12
Whitmore, Eugene R 91
Whitney, Helen Hay, Foundation 200
Whitney, John Hay, Foundation 283
Whitney, William C., Foundation 411-435,697
Who Should Go to College (Hollingshead) 175
Wilbur, Ray Lyman 523 526
Wilkerson, Doxey A 359, 72
Williams, Aubrey 173
Williams, Claude 443
Williams, John Sharp 57
Williams College 587, 58
Willits, Joseph H 563, 652-657
Will . S F d,f d t' .
Wilson, Charles Edward 22
Wilson, Robert R 77
Wisconsin 788
Wittfogel, Olga Lang 36
Woltman, Frederick 51
Women's Action Committee for Victory and Lasting Peace--- 664
Wood, Leonard, Memorial for the Control of Leprosy 86
Woodruff Foundation 10
Workers Laboratory Theatre 69
Workers' School 613, 69
World Health Organization 10
World Peace Foundation 581
Wright, Richard 72
ris on, enry 3- 3, 317, 332, 495, 85, 781-78
Wyzanski, Charles E 220
Y
Yale University 264, 67
Institute of Human Relations 28
Law School 278,281,607
Young, Donald 383-403
Young, Owen D 173
Young Men's Christian Association 364
Yugoslavia 360, 643
Z
Zlotowski,Ignace 539