You are on page 1of 42

4ABAHA?

AI
ACI Committee 302, Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction, ACI 302.1R
96, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1996.
Ad Hoc Committee 1986, Serviceability: A critical appraisal and research needs`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 112, no. 12, pp. 264664.
Adeli, H. 1988, Interactive Microcomputer-Aided Structural Steel Design, Prentice-
Hall, Englewood CliIIs, NJ.
Adluri, S.M.R. and M.K.S Madugula 1996, Development oI column curves Ior single
angles`, Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 31825.
Agarval, K.M. and A.P. StaIiej 1980, Calculation oI eIIective length oI stepped columns`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, 1980, no. 4, pp. 96105.
Agerskov, H. 1979, High strength bolted connection subject to prying`, Journal of
Structural Division, ASCE, vol. 102, no. ST1, pp. 161-175.
Agerskov, H. 2000, Eatigue in steel structures under random loading`, Journal of
Constructional Steel Research, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 283305.
AISC 809-97, Torsional Analvsis of Steel Members, American Institute oI Steel
Construction, Design Guide 9, Chicago, IL.
AISC 1993, Specification for Load and Resistance Factor Design of Singleangle
Members, American Institute oI Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
AISC 805-1991, Design of Low- and Medium-rise Steel Buildings, Design Guide 5,
American Institute oI Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
AISC 807-2004, Industrial Buildings. Roofs to Anchor Rods, 2nd edn, Design Guide 7,
American Institute oI Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
AISC 810-1997, Erection Bracing of Low-rise Structural Steel Frames, Design Guide
10, American Institute oI Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
AISC 814-2002, Staggered Truss Framing Svstems, Design Guide 14, American Institute
oI Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
AISC 819-2003, Fire Resistance of Structural Steel Framing, Design Guide 19,
American Institute oI Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
AISC 325-05, Manual oI Steel Construction, 13th edn, American Institute oI Steel
Construction, Chicago.
AISC-LRED 1999, Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings, American Institute oI Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
Alinia, M.M. and M. DastIan 2006, Behaviour oI thin plate shear walls regarding Irame
members`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 62, pp. 7308.
4 Design of Steel Structures
Allen, D. 1978, MerchantRankine approach to member stability`, Journal of Structural
Div., ASCE, vol. 104, no. ST12, pp. 190414.
Allen, D.E. 1972, Structural SaIety`, Division oI Building Research, National Research
Council of Canada (CBD 147), Ottawa.
Allen, D.E. 1990, Building vibration Irom human activities`, Concrete International,
vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 6673.
Allen, D.E. and T.M. Murray 1993, Design criteria Ior vibration due to walking`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 30, no. 4, pp.11729.
Allen, E. and J. Iano 2001, The Architects Studio Companion. Rules of Thumb for
Preliminarv Design, 3rd edn, John Wiley, NY, p. 416.
Allen, H.G. and P.S. Bulson 1980, Background to Buckling, McGraw-Hill, London, p.
582.
Alpsten, G.A. 1973, Variation in Mechanical and Cross-sectional Properties oI Steel`,
Swedish Institute of Steel Construction, no. 42.
Althouse, A.D., C.H. Turnquist, W. Bowditch, and K.E. Bowtich 2000, Modern Welding,
9th edn, The Good Heart-Willcox, IL, p. 779.
Ambrose, J. and D. Vergun 1995, Simplified Building Design for Wind and Earthquake
Forces, 3rd edn, Wiley-InterScience, NY, p. 368.
Aminmansour, A. 2004, Steel beam-column design: new, Iast and practical approach`,
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, ASCE, vol. 9, no. 2,
pp. 937.
Anderson, J.P., and J.H. Woodward 1972, Calculation oI eIIective lengths and eIIective
slenderness ratios oI stepped columns`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 9, no. 4,
pp. 15766.
ANSI/AISC 341-2005, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, American
Institute oI Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, p. 333.
ANSI/AISC 360-2005, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, American Institute
oI Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, www.aisc.org, 25
th
July 06.
ANSI/ASCE 10-90, Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures, ASCE, NY, 1992.
ANSI/ASCE 8-90, Specification for the Design of Cold-formed Stainless Steel Structural
Members, ASCE, NY, 1991.
Arnold, C., and R. Reitherman 1982, Building Configuration and Seismic Design, John
Wiley, p. 310.
Arthi, N., S. Arul Jayachandran, and S. Seetharaman 2002, Numerical Analysis oI
Semi-rigid Sway Erames using GaussSeidel Iterations, All India Seminar on
Modern Trends in Steel Structures, ACCE (I) and IE (I), Nagpur, Eebruary 8-9, pp.
5765.
Arul Jayachandran, S., S. Seetharaman, and I.V.K. Kishore 2004, Semi-rigid connections
in steel IramesA note Ior the designers oI structural steelwork, Steel in
Construction, INSDAG, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 5763.
Arya, A.S. and J.L. Ajmani 1989, Design of Steel Structures, 4th edn, Nem Chand and
Bros, Roorkee, Uttaranchal, India, pp. 587609.
AS 4100-1998, Australian Standards-Steel Structures, Standards Association oI
Australia, The Crescent, Homebush, NSW 2140.
ASCE Manual 1988, Guide Ior Design oI Steel Transmission Towers`, American Societv
of Civil Engineers, Second ed., no. 52.
References 4!
ASCE Task Committee 1992, Design criteria Ior composite structures in steel and
concrete: Proposed speciIication Ior structural steel beams with web openings`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 118, no. ST12, pp. 331549.
ASCE Technical Committee/SEI 1997, LRED: EIIective length and notional load
approaches Ior assessing Irame stability: Implications Ior American steel design`,
American Societv of Civil Engineers, Reston,VA, p. 442.
ASCE/SEI/SEPE 29-99, Standard Calculation Methods for Structural Fire Protection,
2003, ASCE Press, Reston, VA, p. 72.
Astaneh-Asl, A. and Q. Zhao 2002, Cyclic Test oI Steel Shear Walls`, Final Report,
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engg., University oI CaliIornia, Berkeley.
Astanesh, A. 1985, Procedure Ior design and analysis oI hanger type connections`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 22, pp. 636.
Astanesh, A., S.M. Call, and K.M. McMullin 1989, Design oI single plate shear
connections`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 2132 (also see
Discussion by R.M. Richard 1990, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 121126).
Attala, M.N., G.G. Deierlein, and W. McGuire 1994, Spread oI plasticity: Quasi-plastic
hinge approach`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 120, no. 8, pp.
245173.
Austin, W.J. 1961, Strength and design oI metal beamcolumns`, Journal of the
Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 87, no. ST4, pp. 134.
Ayrton, W.E. and J. Perry 1866, On Struts`, The Engineer, vol. 62, p. 464.
Bahia, C.S. and L.H. Martin 1981, Experiments on stressed and unstressed bolt groups
subject to torsion and shear`, Proc. Conference of Joints in Structural Steelwork,
Teeside Polytechnic, UK.
Bailey, C.G. 2006, Advances in Iire engineering design oI steel structures`, Proc.
Institution of Civil Engineers on Structures and Buildings, UK, vol. 159, issue 1,
pp. 2135.
Bakota, J.E. 1977, Mill building design procedure`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol.
14, pp. 1307.
Ballio, G. and C. Castiglioni 1995, A uniIied approach Ior the design oI steel structures
under low and high cycles Iatigue`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol.
34, pp. 75101.
Ballio, G. and E.M. Mazzolani 1983, Theorv and Design of Steel Structures, Chapman
and Hall, London, pp. 505-506 (see also p. 632).
Bangash, M.Y.H. 2000, Structural Detailing in Steel, Thomas TelIord, London, p. 240.
Bannantine, J.A., J.J. Comer, and J.L. Handrock 1990, Fundamentals of Metal Fatigue
Analvsis, Prentice-Hall, Englewood CliIIs, NJ.
Barakat, M. and W.E. Chen 1990, Practical analysis oI semi-rigid Irames`, Engineering
Journal, AISC, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 5468.
Barker, M.G., A.M. Hurst, and D.W. White 2002, Tension Iield action in hybrid steel
girders`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 39, no.1, pp. 5262.
Barsom, J.M. and S.T. RolIe 1999, Fatigue and Fracture Control in Structures.
Application of Fracture Mechanics, American Society Ior Testing Materials
(ASTM), USA.
Barth, K.E., J.G. Orbison, and R. Nukala 2002, Behaviour oI steel tension members
subjected to uniaxial loading`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 58,
pp. 110320.
4" Design of Steel Structures
Basler, K. 1961, Strength oI plate girders in shear`, Journal of the Structural Div.,
Proc. ASCE, vol. 87, no. ST7, pp. 151180.
Basler, K. 1963, Strength oI plate girders under combined bending and shear-Part II`,
Transactions, ASCE, vol. 128, pp. 72035.
Basler, K. and B. Thrlimann 1963, Strength oI plate girders in bending-Part II`,
Transactions, ASCE, vol. 128, pp. 655682.
Bathon, L., W.H. Mueller III, and L. Kempner Jr. 1993, Ultimate load capacity oI
single steel angles`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 119, no. 1, pp.
279300.
Bazant, Z.P. and D.M. Erangopal 2002, Size eIIect hidden in excessive dead load Iactor`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 8086.
Becker, R. 1995, Seismic Design of Special Concentricallv Braced Frames, Structural
Steel Education Council, Morga, CA.
Becker, R. and M. Ishler 1996, Seismic Design Practice for Eccentricallv Braced Frames,
Structural Steel Education Council, Morga, CA.
Beedle, L.S. 1958, Plastic Design of Steel Frames, John Wiley & Sons, NY.
Beer, H. and G. Schultz 1970, Theoretical basis oI the European column curves`,
Construction Metallique, no. 3, pp. 3757.
Berman, J.W. and M. Bruneau 2004, Steel plate shear walls are not plate girders`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 95106.
Bhandari, N.M., P. Krishna, K. Kumar, and A. Gupta 2004, An Explanatorv Hand book
on IS. 875 (Part 3) Wind Loads on Buildings and Structures, Dept. oI Civil Engg.,
IIT Kanpur, p. 116, http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/IITK-GSDMA/W06.pdI, 20 March
2006.
Billington, D.P. 1983, The Tower and the Bridge, The New Art oI Structural Engineering,
Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Bjorhovde, R. 1972, Deterministic and Probabilistic Approaches to the Strength of
Steel Columns, Ph D Dissertation, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA.
Bjorhovde, R. 1985, EIIect oI end restraint on column strength-practical applications`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 21, no.1, pp. 4245.
Bjorhovde, R. and L. Tall 1971, The probabilistic characteristics oI maximum column
strength`, Proc. of the International Colloquium on Column Strength, Paris, pp.
2334.
Bjorhovde, R., A. Colson, and J. Brozzetti 1990, ClassiIication system Ior beam-to-
column connections`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 116, no. 11,
pp. 305976.
Bjorhovde, R., T.V. Galambos, and M.K. Ravindra 1978, LRED criteria Ior steel beam
columns`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 104, no. ST9, pp. 137187.
Bleich, E. 1952, Buckling Strength of Metal Structures, McGraw Hill, NY.
Blodgett, O.W. 1966, Design of Welded Structures, The James P. Lincoln Arc Welding
Eoundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
Boissonnade, N., J.P. Jaspart, J.P. Muzeau, and M. Villette 2002, Improvement oI the
interaction Iormulae Ior beam-columns in Eurocode 3`, Computers and Structures,
vol. 80, pp. 237585.
Boissonnade, N., J.P. Jaspart, J.P. Muzeau, and M. Villette 2004, New interaction
Iormulae Ior beam-columns in Eurocode 3: The ErenchBelgian approach`, Journal
of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 60, pp. 42131.
References 4#
Bond, G.V.L. 1975, Fire and Steel Construction. Water Filled Hollow Columns,
Constrado, UK.
Borcherdt, R. 1994, Estimates oI site dependent response spectra Ior design
(methodology and justiIication)`, Earthquake Spectra, vol.10, no. 4, pp. 61753.
Bowles, J.E. 1980, Structural Steel Design, McGraw Hill, NY, pp. 21753.
Bowles, J.E. 1995, Foundation Analvsis and Design, 5th edn, McGraw Hill, NY.
Bozorgnia, Y. and V.V. Bertero 2004, Earthquake Engineering. From Engineering
Seismologv to Performance-based Engineering, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Elorida,
p. 1152.
BradIord, M.A. 1988, Stability oI tapered I-beams`, Journal of Constructional Steel
Research, vol. 9, pp. 195216.
BradIord, M.A. 1989, Inelastic buckling oI tapered mono-symmetric I-beams`,
Engineering Structures, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 11926.
BradIord, M.A. 1992, Lateral-distorsional buckling oI steel I-section members`, Journal
of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 23, no. 13, pp. 97116.
BradIord, M.A. and D.J. Oehlers 2000, Elemental Behaviour of Composite Steel and
Concrete Structural Elements, ButterworthsHeinemann, London, p. 280.
BradIord, M.A. and N.S. Trahair 1981, Distortional buckling oI I-beams`, Journal of
Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 107, no. ST2, pp. 35570.
BradIord, M.A. and P.E. Cuk 1988, Elastic buckling oI tapered mono-symmetric I-
beams`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 114, no. 5, pp. 977996.
BradIord, M.A. and Y.L. Pi 2006, Elexural torsional buckling oI Iixed arches under
uniIorm bending`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 62, no. 1-2, pp.
2026.
BradIord, M.A., P.E. Cuk, Gizejowski, and N.S. Trahair 1987, Inelastic lateral buckling
oI beam-columns`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 113, no. 11, pp.
225977.
BRE Digest 317-1986, Eire Resistant Steel Structures: Eree Standing Blockwork Eilled
Columns and Stanchions`, Building Research Establishment, UK.
Bridge, R.Q. and D.J. Eraser 1987, Improved G-Iactor method Ior evaluating eIIective
lengths oI columns`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 113, no. 6, pp.
134156.
British Steel 1996, The Prevention of Corrosion on Structural Steelwork, British Steel
Corporation, Swinden, UK.
Brockenbrough, R.L. and E.S. Merritt 2006, Structural Steel Designers Handbook, 4th
edn, McGraw Hill, p. 800.
Brockmann, W. and T. Neeb 2001, Stand der klebtechnik im stahlbau`, Der Stahlbau,
vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 10615.
Brown, C.B. and X. Yin 1998, Errors in structural engineering`, Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, vol. 114, no. 11, pp. 257593.
Brown, D.G. 1995, Modeling of Steel Structures for Computer Analvsis, The Steel
Construction Institute, Ascot, UK, p. 52.
Bruneau, M., C.M. Uang, and A. Whittaker 1997, Ductile Design of Steel Structures,
McGraw Hill, NY, p. 485.
BS 476-1987, Fire Tests On Building Materials And StructuresPart 8: Test Methods
And Criteria for the Fire Resistance of Elements of Building Construction; Part
4$ Design of Steel Structures
20: Methods for the Determination of the Fire Resistance of Elements of
Construction (General Principles); Part 21: Methods for the Determination of the
Fire Resistance of Load Bearing Elements of Constructions, British Standards
Institution, London, 1987.
BS 5950-1990, Structural Use of Steelwork in BuildingsPart 8: Code of Practice for
Fire Resistant Design, British Standards Institution, London, 1990.
BS 5950-2000, Structural Use of Steelwork in BuildingsPart 1: Code of Practice for
Design in Simple and Continuous ConstructionHot Rolled Section, British
Standards Institution, London, 2000, p. 213.
Buchanan, A.H. 2001, Structural Design for Fire Safetv, John Wiley, Chichester, England,
p. 421.
Buchanan, R.A. 1972, Industrial Archeologv in Britain, Penguin, London.
Burgett, L.B. 1973, Selection oI a trial column section`, Engineering Journal, AISC,
vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 549.
Burton, H.S. 1995, Proposed speciIications Ior structural steel beams with web
openings`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 121, no. 3, pp. 58997.
Bushev, V.P., et al. 1975, Fire Resistance of Buildings, Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
Butler, L.J., S. Pal, and G.L. Kulak 1972, Eccentrically loaded welded connections`,
Journal of Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 98, no. ST5, pp. 9891005.
Byers, W.G., M.J. Marley, J. Mohammadi, R.J. Nielson, and S. Sarkani 1997, Eatigue
reliability reassessment procedures: State oI the art paper, Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 2716.
ByIield, M.P. 1997, Material and geometric properties oI structural steel Ior use in
design, The Structural Engineer, vol. 75, pp. 3637.
Cabrero, J.M. and E. Bayo 2005, Development oI practical design methods Ior steel
structures with semi-rigid connections`, Engineering Structures, vol. 27, no. 8, pp.
11251302.
Caccese, V., M. Elgaaly, and R. Chen 1993, Experimental study oI thin steel plate
shear walls under cyclic load and post buckling oI steel plate shear walls under
cyclic loads`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 573
605.
CamIield, E. 1980, Tsunami Engineering, Coastal Engineering Research Center, US
Army Corps oI Engineers, Special Report (SR-6), p. 222.
Camp, C.V. and B.J. Bichon 2004, Design oI space trusses using ant colony
optimization`, Journal of Structural Engg., ASCE, vol. 130, no. 5, pp. 74151.
CAN/CSA-S16.1M01, Limit States Design of Steel Structures, Canadian Standards
Association, Rexdale (Toronto), Ontario, Canada, 2001.
Causes and Prevention oI Lamellar Tearing 1982, Civil Engineering, ASCE, vol. 52,
no. 4, pp. 74-75.
Chakraborty, G. and T.K. Bandyopadhyay 2005, Methods and Codal Provision Ior
Passive Eire Protection oI Steel Structures`, New Building Materials and
Construction World, vol. 10, No. 11, pp. 11020.
Chan, S.L. and P.P.T. Chui 2000, Non-linear Static and Cvclic Analvsis of Steel Frames
with Semi-rigid Connections, Elsevier, UK.
References 4%
Chaudhari, B. and A.K. Samanta 2003, Corrosion Protection oI Steel Structures by
Thermal Spraying`, Course on proposed revision of IS: 800, Institute Ior steel
development and growth (INSDAG), Chennai, December 19-20, pp. 14.111.
Chen, M.T. and D.E. Jolissaint Jr. 1983, Pure and warping torsion analysis oI rigid
Irames`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 109, no. 8, pp. 1999
2003.
Chen, W.E. (ed.) 1987, Joint Ilexibility in steel Irames`, Journal of Constructional
Steel Research, Special Issue, vol. 8.
Chen, W.E. (ed.) 1988, Steel beam-to-column building connections`, Journal of
Constructional Steel Research, Special Issue, vol. 10.
Chen, W.E. 1971, Eurther studies oI inelastic beam-column-problem`, Journal of the
Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 97, no. ST2, pp. 52944.
Chen, W.E. and D.E. Newlin 1973, Column web strength in beam-to-column
connections`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 99, no. ST9, pp.1978-
1984.
Chen, W.E. and E.M. Lui (eds) 2005, Handbook of Structural Engineering, 2nd edn,
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Elorida, p. 1768.
Chen, W.E. and E.M. Lui 1986, Stability design criteria Ior steel members and Irames
in the United States` and discussion by Vandepitte, Journal of Constructional Steel
Research, vol. 5 & 6, no. 1, pp. 3174, pp. 769.
Chen, W.E. and E.M. Lui 1987, Structural Stabilitv: Theorv and Implementations,
Elsevier, NY.
Chen, W.E. and E.M. Lui 1991, Stabilitv Design of Steel Frames, CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Elorida, p. 380.
Chen, W.E. and I.S. Sohal 1995, Plastic Design and Second-order Analvsis of Steel
Frames, SpringerVerlag, NY.
Chen, W.E. and K.V. Patel 1981, Static behaviour oI beam-to-column moment
connections`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 107, no. ST9, pp. 1815
39.
Chen, W.E. and N. Kishi 1989, Semi-rigid steel beam-to-column connections: Database
and modeling`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 105
19.
Chen, W.E. and S. Santathadaporn 1968, Review oI column behavior under biaxial
loading`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 94, no. ST12, pp. 29993021.
Chen, W.E. and S. Toma (eds) 1994, Advanced Analvsis of Steel Frames: Theorv,
Software and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, NY, p. 400.
Chen, W.E. and S. Zhou 1987, C
m
Iactor in load and resistance Iactor design`, Journal
of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 113, no. 8, pp. 173854.
Chen, W.E. and S.E. Kim 1997, LRFD Steel Design using Advanced Analvsis, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, NY, p. 441.
Chen, W.E. and T. Atsuta 1976, Theorv of BeamColumnsvol. I: In-plane Behavior
and Design, McGraw Hill, NY.
Chen, W.E. and T. Atsuta 1977, Theorv of BeamColumnsvol. II: Space Behavior
and Design, McGraw Hill, NY.
Chen, W.E., Y. Goto, and J.Y.R. Liew 1995, Stabilitv Design of Semi-rigid Frames,
John Wiley, NY, p. 488.
4& Design of Steel Structures
Chen, X. and A. Kareem 2004, Equivalent static wind loads on buildings: New model`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 130, no. 10, pp. 142535.
Cheng, J.J.R. 1993, Design oI steel beams with end copes, Journal of Constructional
Steel Research, vol. 25, no. 1-2, pp. 322.
Cheng, J.J.R., G.Y. Grondin, and M.C.H. Yam 2000, Design and Behaviour oI Gusset
Plate Connections, Fourth International Workshop on Connections in Steel
Structures, Roanoke, VA, USA, October 2225, pp. 307317.
CheongSiatMoy 1974, General Analysis oI laterally loaded beam-columns`, Journal
of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 100, no. ST6, pp. 126378 (also May 1974, pp.
95370).
CheongSiatMoy 1999, An improved K-Iactor Iormula`, Journal of Structural
Engineering, vol. 125, no. 2, pp. 169174.
Chern, C. and A. Ostapenko 1971, Strength oI Longitudinally StiIIened Plate Girders
under Combined Loads`, IABSE Colloquium on Design of Plate and Box Girders
for Ultimate Strength, London.
Chesson Jr, E., N.L. Eaustino, and W.H. Munse 1965, High strength bolts subject to
tension and shear`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 91, no. ST5, pp.
15580.
Chopra, A.K. 2000, Dvnamics of Structures: Theorv and Applications to Earthquake
Engineering, 2nd edn, Prentice-Hall, Englewood CliIIs, NJ, p. 844.
Christopher, J.E. and R. Bjorhovde 1999, Semi-rigid Irame design methods Ior practicing
engineers`, Engineering Journal, AISC, 1st qtr, vol. 36, pp. 1228.
Chu, K.H. and H.L. Chow 1969, EIIective column length in unsymmetrical Irames,
Publication of IABSE, pp. 2941.
City and County oI Honolulu Building Code, Department oI Planning and Permitting oI
Honolulu, Hawaii, Chapter 16 Article 11, July 2000.
Clark, J.W. and H.N. Hill 1960, Lateral buckling oI beams`, Journal of the Structural
Div., ASCE, vol. 86, no. ST7, pp. 17596.
Clarke, A.B. and S.H. Coverman 1987, Structural Steelwork Limit State Design,
Chapman and Hall, London, p. 282.
Clarke, M.J., W.E. Chen, and S. Toma (eds) 1994, Plastic-:one Analvsis of Frames
Chapter 6 of Advance Analvsis of Steel Frames: Theorv, Software and Applications,
CRC Press, Boca Raton, Elorida, pp. 259319.
Clough, R.W. and J. Penzien 1993, Dvnamics of Structures, McGraw Hill, NY.
Coates, R.C., M.G. Coutie, and E.K. Kong 1988, Structural Analvsis, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, NY, pp. 12731.
Cochrane, V.H. 1922, Rules Ior rivet hole deductions in tension members`, Engineering
News Record, vol. 89, pp. 847-48.
Colombi, P. 2006, The ponding problem on Ilat steel rooI grids`, Journal of the
Constructional Steel Research, vol. 62, no.7, pp. 64755.
Comite Euro-International du Beton 1994, Fastenings to Concrete and Masonrv
Structures, State-oI-the-art Report, Thomas TelIord, UK, p. 249.
Commentary on Highly Restrained Welded Connections 1973, Engineering Journal,
American Institute oI Steel Construction, vol. 10, no. 3, 3rd qtr, pp. 6173.
Cook, N. 2002, Wind Loading: A Practical Guide to BS 6399-2, Thomas TelIord,
London, p. 150.
References 4'
Cook, N.J. 1985, The Designers Guide to Wind Loading of Building StructuresPart
I, Butterworths, London.
Cook, R.A. 1999, Strength Design oI Anchorage to Concrete`, Portland Cement
Association, Skokie, IL, p. 86.
Cooper, P.B. 1967, Strength oI longitudinally stiIIened plate girders`, Journal of the
Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 93, no. ST2, pp. 41951.
Cooper, P.B. 1971, The Ultimate Bending Moment Ior Plate Girders`, IABSE
Colloquium on Design of Plate and Box Girders for Ultimate Strength, London.
Corrosion 1987, Metals handbook, American Society Ior Metals International, Metals
park, vol. 13, OH.
Coulbourne, W.L., E.S. Tezak, and T.P. McAllister 2002, Design guidelines Ior
community shelters Ior extreme wind events`, Journal of Architectural Engineering,
ASCE, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 6977.
CrawIord, S.E. and G.L. Kulak 1971, Eccentrically loaded bolted connections`, Journal
of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 97, no. ST3, pp. 76583.
CSIRO 1993, Firecalc, Division oI Building Construction and Engineering, CSIRO
North Ryde, NSW, Australia.
Culver, C.G. 1966, Exact solution oI biaxial bending equations`, Journal of the
Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 92, no. ST2, pp. 6383.
DaIedar, J.B., Y.M. Desai, and M.R. Shiyekar 2001, Review oI code provisions Ior
eIIective length oI Iramed columns`, The Indian Concrete Journal, vol. 75, no. 6,
pp. 4027.
Dames & Moore 1980, Design and Construction Standards Ior Residential Construction
in Tsunami-Prone Areas in Hawaii`, Prepared for the Federal Emergencv
Management Agencv, USA.
Darwin, D. 1990, Design oI Steel and Composite Beams with Web Openings (with
companion computer program WEBOPEN)AISC 802-90 Steel Design Guide
No. 2, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
Davies, J.M. 1976, Calculation oI steel diaphragm behaviour`, Journal of the Structural
Div., ASCE, vol. 102, no. ST7, pp. 141130.
Davies, J.M. and B.A. Brown 1996, Plastic Design to BS 5950, Blackwell Science,
OxIord, England.
Davies, J.M. and E.R. Bryan 1982, Manual of Stressed Skin Diaphragm Design, Granada,
NY.
Davison, B., and G.W. Owens 2004, Steel Designers Manual, 6th edn, The Steel
Construction Institute, Blackwell Publishers, Ascot, London.
Davison, J.B., P.A. Kirby, and D.A. Nethercot 1987, Rotational stiIIness characteristics
oI steel beam-to-column connections`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research,
vol. 8, pp. 1754.
Dawe, J.L. and G.L. Kulak 1974, Welded connections under combined shear and
moment`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 100, no. ST4, pp. 72741.
Day, R.W. 2006, Foundation Engineering Handbook, McGrawHill, NY/ASCE Press,
p. 930.
Dayaratnam, P. 1996, Design of Steel Structures, 2nd edn, Wheeler Publishing,
Allahabad, p. 868.
4 Design of Steel Structures
Deepti, C.E., M.G. Stewart, and D.V. Rosowsky 2002, Structural reliability oI multi-
storey buildings during construction`, Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 128,
no. 2, pp. 20513.
DeLuca, A., E.M. Mazzolani, and V. Piluso 1991, Stability oI Columns and Beam
Columns: Eurocode 3 vs. Other Codes, International Conf. on Steel and Aluminium
Structures, Singapore, May 2224, pp. 28897.
Derry, T.K. and T. Williams 1960, A Short Historv of Technologv, OxIord University
Press, OxIord, U.K.
Detailing Ior Steel Construction 2002, 2nd edn, American Institute for Steel Construction,
(AISC 326-02) Chicago, IL.
Devenport, A.G. 1960, Wind Loads on Structures, Division oI Building Research, Tech.
Paper 88, National Research Council oI Canada.
DeWolI, J.T. and D.T. Ricker 2006, Column Base Plates, 2nd edn, (AISC 801-06) Steel
Design Guide Series no. 1, AISC, Chicago, IL.
DeWolI, J.T. and E.E. Sarisley 1980, Column base plates with axial loads and moments`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 106, pp. 216784.
Dexter, R.J. and L.W. Lu 2002, The eIIects oI a severe Iire on the steel Irame oI an
oIIice building`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 16775.
Dexter, R.J. and S.A. Altstadt 2003, Strength and ductility oI tension Ilanges in girders`,
A.A. Balkema, Mahmoud, K.M. (ed.), Sweto & Zeitlinger, Lisse, The Netherlands,
pp. 6781.
Dhillon, B.S. and J.W. O`Malley III 1999, Interactive design oI semi-rigid steel Irames`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 125, no. 5, pp. 55664.
Diaphragm Design Manual 1995, Steel Deck Institute, Eox River Grove, IL.
DIN 18230-1, Baulicher Brandschut: Im Industrialbau, Teil 1 (Structural Fire Protection
In Industrial Buildings Part 1. Analvticallv Required Fire Resistance Time),
Deutsches Institute Euer Normung E.V., Berlin, 1996.
DIN 18800, Teil 2Stahlbauten. Stabilittsflle, Knicken von Stben und Stabwerben,,
Deutsches Institut Iur Normung E.V., Berlin, 1980.
Disque, R.O. 1973, Inelastic K-Iactor Ior column design`, Engineering Journal, AISC,
vol. 10, no. 2, 2nd qtr, pp. 3335.
Donnelly, J.A. 1968, Determining the cost oI welded joints`, Engineering Journal,
AISC, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 146-47.
Douty, R.T. and W. McGuire 1965, High strength bolted moment connections`, Journal
of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 91, no. ST2, pp. 10128.
Dowling, P.J., P. Knowles, and G.W. Owens 1988, Structural Steel Design, The Steel
Construction Institute, Butterworths, London, p. 399.
Downing, S.D. and D.E. Socie 1982, Simple rainIlow counting algorithms`, International
Journal of Fatigue, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 3140.
Dowrick, D. 2003, Earthquake Risk Reduction, John Wiley, Chichester, England, UK.
Dowswell, B. 2004, Lateral-torsional buckling oI wide-Ilange cantilever beams`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 41, no. 3.
Dowswell, B. and S. Barber 2005, Shear Lag in Rectangular Hollow Structural Sections
Tension Members: Comparison oI Design Equations to Test Data`, Practice
Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, ASCE, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 195
9.
References 4
Drake, R.M. and S.J. Elkin 1999, Beam-column base-plate design: LRED method`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 2938, Discussion by Doyle, J.M.,
and Eisher, J.M., vol. 42, no. 4, 2005, pp. 273-274.
Driscoll, G.C. 1976, EIIective length oI columns with semi-rigid connections`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, 4th qtr, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 10915.
Driver, R.G. and G.Y. Grondin 2001, Steel plate shear walls, now perIorming on the
main stage`, Modern Steel Construction, AISC, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 4858.
Driver, R.G., G.L. Kulak, D.J.L. Kennedy, and A.E. Elwi 1998, Cyclic test oI a Iour
storey steel plate shear wall`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 124,
no. 2, pp. 11120.
Driver, R.G., G.Y. Grondin, and G.L. Kulak 2006, UniIied block shear equation Ior
achieving consistent reliability`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol.
62, pp. 21022.
Driver, R.G., H.H. Abbas, and R. Sause 2006, Shear behavior oI corrugated web bridge
girders`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 132, no. 2, pp. 195203.
Drysdale, D. 1998, An Introduction to Fire Dvnamics, 2nd edn, John Wiley, Chichester,
UK.
Duan, L. and W.E. Chen 1988, EIIective length Iactor Ior columns in braced Irames`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 114, no. 10, pp. 235770.
Duan, L. and W.E. Chen 1989, Design interaction equation Ior steel beamcolumns`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 115, no. 5, pp. 122543.
Duan, L. and W.E. Chen 1989, EIIective length Iactor columns in unbraced Irames`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 14965.
Dubas, P. and E. Gehri (ed.) 1986, Behaviour and Design oI Steel Plated Structures`,
ECCS, Publication no. 44, ETH Hnggerberg, Zrich.
Dudley, W.C. and M. Lee 1988, Tsunami, 2nd edn, University oI Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
Duggal, S.K. 2000, Design of Steel Structures, 2nd edn, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi,
p. 821.
Durgesh, C.R., DraIt Code with Commentary on Seismic Evaluation and Strengthening
oI Existing Buildings, www.nicee.org.
Easley, J.T. 1977, Strength and stiIIness oI corrugated metal shear diaphragms`, Journal
of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 103, no. ST1, pp. 16980.
Easterling, W.S. and L.G. Giroux 1993, Shear lag eIIects in steel tension members`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, 3rd qtr, pp. 7784.
ECCS 1983, European Recommendations for the Fire Safetv of Steel Structures:
Calculation of the Fire Resistance of Load Bearing Elements and Structural
Assemblies Exposed to Standard Fire, Elsevier, Brussels (see also ECCS 1995,
Fire Design Information Sheets, no. 82).
ECCS 1998, Surface Protection, 1st edn, Technical Committee 4, no. 90 & 98, Brussels.
EI Darwish, I.A. and B.G. Johnston 1965, Torsion oI structural shapes`, Journal of the
Structural Division, vol. 91, no. ST1, pp. 20327 (Errata 1966, vol. 92, no. ST1,
pp. 471).
Elgaaly, M. 1983, Web design under compressive edge loads`, Engineering Journal,
AISC, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 15371.
Elgaaly, M. 1997, Plate and box girders`, in Handbook of Structural Engineering,
W.E. Chen (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, EL, pp. 19.119.23.
4 Design of Steel Structures
Elgaaly, M. and A. Seshadri 1997, Girders with corrugated webs under partial
compressive edge loading`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 123,
no. 6, pp. 78391.
Elgaaly, M. and H. Dagher 1997, Beams and Girders with Corrugated Webs`,
Proceedings of the SSRC Annual Technical Session, Lehigh University, Bethlehem,
PA, pp. 3753.
Elgaaly, M., A. Seshadri, and R.W. Hamilton 1997, Bending strength oI steel beams
with corrugated webs`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 123, no. 6,
pp. 77282.
Elgaaly, M., R.W. Hamilton, and A. Seshadri 1996, Shear strength oI beams with
corrugated webs`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 122, no. 4, pp.
3908.
ElliIritt, D.S., G. Wine, T. Sputo, and S. Samuel, 1991, Elexural strength oI WT sections`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 6774.
Ellingwood, B. 1989, Serviceability guidelines Ior steel structures`, Engineering
Journal, AISC, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 18.
Ellingwood, B. and A. Tullin 1984, Structural serviceability: Eloor vibration`, Journal
of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 110, no. ST2, pp. 40118 (see also Disc,
vol. 111, no. ST5, 1985, pp. 115861).
Ellingwood, B. and D. Rosowsky 1996, Combining snow and earthquake loads Ior
limit states design`, Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 122, no. 11, pp. 1364
8.
Engelhardt, M.D. and T.A. Sabol 1998, ReinIorcing oI steel moment connections with
cover plates: BeneIits and limitations`, Engineering Structures, vol. 20, no. 46, p.
510.
Engesser, E. 1889, ber die knickIestigkeit gerader stbe`, Zeitschrift des Architekten-
und Ingenieur-Jereins, Hannover, Germany, vol. 35, pp. 45562.
English, G.W. and P.E. Adams 1973, Experiments on laterally loaded steel beam
columns`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 99, no. ST7, pp. 145770.
ENV 1993-1-1, Eurocode 3: Design of Steel StructuresPart 1.1: General Rules and
Rules for Buildings, European Committee Eor Standardization, Brussels, 1992.
ENV 1993-1-2, Eurocode 3: Design of Steel StructuresPart 1.2: General Rules
Structural Fire Design, European Committee Ior Standardization, Brussels, 1995.
ENV 1993-1-4, Eurocode 3: Design of Steel StructuresPart 1.4: General Rules and
Supplementarv Rules for Stainless Steels, CEN, 1992.
Epstein, H.I. 1992, An experimental study oI block shear Iailure oI angles in tension`,
AISC Engineering Journal, vol. 29, pp. 7584.
Epstein, H.I. and B.H. Thacker 1990, The EIIect oI Bolt Stagger Ior Block Shear
Tension Eailures in Angles`, Computers and Structures, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 57176.
Epstein, H.I. and E.S. Gulia 1992, Einite Element Studies oI Bolt Stagger EIIects in
Tension Members`, Computers and Structures, vol. 48, pp. 11536.
Epstein, H.I. and M.J. McGinnis 2000, Einite Element Modeling oI Block Shear in
Structural Tees`, Computers and Structures, vol. 77, pp. 57182.
Epstein, H.I. and R. Chamarajanagar 1994, Einite Element Studies Ior Bolt Shear Tests`,
Computers and Structures, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 96774.
References 4!
Epstein, H.I., E.M. Smith, and J.D. Mitchell 1998, Analysis and Assumptions oI Cold
Eormed Purlins`, Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction,
ASCE, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 607.
Errera, S.J. and T.V.S.R. Apparao 1976, Design oI I-shaped beams with diaphragm
bracing`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 102, no. ST4 & ST9, pp. 769
81 & 16851701.
Euler, L. 1959, Sur le Eorce de Colonnes`, Memoires de lAcademie Rovale des Sciences
et Belles, Lettres, Berlin, vol. 13 (English translation by J.A. Van den Broek 1947,
American Journal of Phvsics, vol. 15, pp. 309).
Euro Inox 1994, Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel, European Stainless Steel
Development Group, Nickel Development Institute, Toronto, Canada.
European Coal and Steel Community 1982, Durabilitv of Steel Structures, Paris.
Evans, H.R. 1983, Longitudinally and Transversely ReinIorced Plate Girders`, in Plated
Structures, Stabilitv and Strength, R. Narayanan (ed.), Elsevier Applied Science
Publishers, London, pp. 138.
Evans, H.R. and K.H. Tang 1986, Longitudinal stiIIeners Ior girder webs: Their
behaviour and design`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 2, pp. 173
98.
Eaella, C., V. Piluso, and G. Rizzano 2000, Structural Steel Semi-rigid Connections.
Theorv, Design, and Software, CRC Press, Elorida.
Ean, Y.L., Y.L. Mo, and R.S. Herman 2006, Hybrid Bridge Girders: A Preliminary
Design Example, Concrete International, ACI, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 659.
Eeld, J. and K. Carper 1997, Construction Failures, 2nd edn, Wiley, NY.
EEMA-15 1981, Design Guildelines for Flood Damage Reduction, Eederal Emergency
Management Agency, www.Iema.gov/hazards/Iloods/pubs/lib1.shtm, 11 April 2006,
p. 106.
EEMA-267/SAC-95-02 and EEMA 267A/SAC-96-03 1995 & 1997, Interim Guidelines.
Evaluation, Repair, Modification and Design of Welded Steel Moment Frame
Structures, Eederal Emergency Management Agency, Sacrament, CA.
EEMA-353, Recommended Specifications and Qualitv Assurance Guidelines for Steel
Moment Frame Construction for Seismic Application, www.Iema.gov/plan/prevent/
earthquake/pdI/Iema-353.pdI, 1 June 2000.
EEMA-450 2003, NEHRP Recommended Provisions for New Buildings and Other
StructuresPart 1: Provisions, Part 2 Commentarv, Building Seismic Safetv
Council, National Institute oI Building Sciences, Washington DC,
www.bssconline.org/NEHRP2003/provisions/, 6 June 2006.
EEMA-55 2000, Coastal Construction Manual, Eederal Emergency Management
Agency, www.Iema.gov/hazards/Iloods/lib55.shtm, 15 Eebruary 2005, p. 500.
Eisher, J.M. 1981, Structural details in industrial buildings`, Engineering Journal, AISC,
vol. 18, 3rd qtr, pp. 8389 (see also Discussions 1982, 2nd qtr, pp.139-40).
Eisher, J.M. 1983, The importance oI tension chord bracing`, Engineering Journal,
AISC, vol. 20, 3rd qtr, 1983, pp.1036 (also see Discussions 1984, 2nd qtr, pp.122-
123).
Eisher, J.M. 1984, Industrial buildings: Guidelines and criteria`, Engineering Journal,
AISC, vol. 21, 3rd qtr, pp. 14953.
4" Design of Steel Structures
Eisher, J.M. 1991, Industrial buildings`, in Constructional Steel Design: An International
Guide, P.J. Dowling, J.E. Harding, and R. Bjorhovde (eds), Elsevier Applied
Science, London/NY, pp. 62744.
Eisher, J.M. and D.R. Buettner 1979, Light and Heavv Industrial Buildings, American
Institute oI Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
Eisher, J.W. 1978, Eatigue cracking in bridges Irom out-oI-plane displacements,
Canadian Journal oI Civil Engineering, vol. 5, no. 4.
Eisher, J.W. 1984, Fatigue and Fracture in Steel Bridges: Case Studies, Wiley
InterScience, NY.
Eisher, J.W. and D.R. Mertz 1985, Hundreds oI Bridges-Thousands oI Cracks`, Civil
Engineering, ASCE, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 647.
Eisher, J.W., G.L. Kulak, and Smith 1998, A Fatigue Primer for Structural Engineers,
National Steel Bridge Alliance, USA (see also www.nsbaweb.org).
Eranssen, J.M., V.K.R. Kodur, and J. Mason 2000, User Manual For SAFIR, A Computer
Program for Analvsis of Structures at Elevated Temperature Conditions, Report
Spec/2000-03, University oI Liege, Belgium.
Ericke, W. 2003, Fatigue of Materials and Structures. Seminar Organi:ed bv Laboratorv
for Mechanics of Materials, Technical University oI Harburg, Germany (see also
http://www.Tu-Harburg.De/SkI/Eatiguecourse).
Erye, M.J. and G.A. Morris 1975, Analysis oI Ilexibly connected steel Irames`, Canadian
Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 28091.
Euchs, W., R. Eligehausen, and J.E. Breen 1995, Concrete capacity design (CCD)
approach Ior Iastening to concrete`, ACI Structural Journal, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 73
94.
Eujii, T. 1971, A Comparison Between Theoretical Values and Experimental Results
Ior the Ultimate Shear Strength oI Plate Girders`, IABSE Colloquium on Design of
Plate and Box girders for Ultimate Strength, London.
Eukumoto, Y. and T.V. Galambos 1966, Inelastic lateral-torsional buckling oI beam
columns`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 92, no. ST2, pp. 4161.
Eukumoto, Y., D.A. Nethercot, and T.V. Galambos 1983, Experimental Data Ior the
Buckling oI Steel Structures: NDSS Stability oI Metal Structures`, Proceedings,
Third International Colloquium, SSRC, Toronto, Canada, pp. 60930.
Eukumoto, Y., Y. Itoh, and M. Kubo 1980, Strength variation oI laterally unsupported
beams`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 106, no. ST1, pp. 16582.
Galambos, T.V. (ed.) 1998, Guide to Stabilitv Criteria for Metal Structures, 5th edn,
John Wiley, NY, p. 911.
Galambos, T.V. 1968, Structural Members and Frames, Prentice-Hall, NY.
Galambos, T.V. 1981, Load and resistance Iactor design`, Engineering Journal, AISC,
3rd qtr, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 7482.
Galambos, T.V. and B. Ellingwood 1986, Serviceability limit states: DeIlection`, Journal
of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 112, no. 1 & 3, pp. 6784.
Galambos, T.V. and M.K. Ravindra 1978, Properties oI steel Ior use in load and
resistance Iactor design, Journal of Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 104, no. ST9.
Galambos, T.V. and R.L. Ketter 1961, Columns under Combined Bending and Thrust`,
Transactions, ASCE, vol. 126, Part I, pp. 125.
References 4#
Galambos, T.V., E.J. Lin, and B.G. Johnston 1996, Basic Steel Design with LRFD,
Prentice-Hall, NJ.
Galambos, T.V., Hajjar, J.E., Earls, C.J. and Gross, J.L., Required properties oI High-
PerIormance Steel, www.Iire.nist.gov/bIrlpubs/, May 1997, p. 98.
Galvery Jr, W.L. and E.M. Marlow 2001, Welding Essentials: Questions and Answers,
Expanded edn, Industrial Press, NY, p. 480.
Ganapathy Chettiar, C. 1975, Permissible Stresses in Axial Compression in IS: 800-
1962', ISI Bulletin, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 2415.
Ganapathy, C. 1972, An Investigation on the Strength and Behaviour oI Latticed Steel
Structures', Ph D thesis, IIT, Madras.
Ganapathy, C., and N. Subramanian 1977, A Computer Program Ior the Buckling
Analysis oI Space Erames`, Computer Societv of India, Annual Convention, Pune,
India.
Garas E., K.S. Virdi, R. Mathews, and J.L. Clarke 2000, Abnormal Loading on Structures,
Spon Press, London, p. 384.
Gardner, L. and D.A. Nethercot 2004, Structural Stainless Steel Design: A New
Approach`, The Structural Engineer, vol. 82, no. 21, pp. 218.
Gardner, L. and D.A. Nethercot 2005, Designers Guide to EN 1993-1-1Eurocode 3:
Design of Steel Structures. General Rules and Rules for Buildings, Thomas TelIord,
Steel Construction Institute, London.
Gaylord, E.H., C.N. Gaylord, and J.E. Stallmeyer 1992, Design of Steel Structures, 3rd
edn, McGraw Hill International, NY, p. 792, pp. 11582, pp. 36772, & pp. 410
54.
Gaylord, E.H., C.N. Gaylord, and J.E. Stallmeyer 1996, Structural Engineering
Handbook, 4th edn, McGraw Hill, NY, p. 1248.
Gere, J.M. and W. Weaver 1969, Analvsis of Framed Structures, Van Nostrand, NY.
Gerstle, K.H. and M.H. Ackroyd 1990, Behaviour and design oI Ilexibility-connected
building Irames`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 229.
Ghosh, A. 2004, Modern approach oI design oI welded components subjected to Iatigue
loading`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 130, no. 5, pp. 81220.
Ghosn, A.A. and R.R. Sinno 1996, Load capacity oI nested, laterally braced, cold-
Iormed steel Z-section beams`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol.
122, no. 8, pp. 96871 (see also vol. 128, no. 11, 2002, pp. 14238).
Giddings, T.W. 1978, Eire Resistant Construction in SHSToday and Tomorrow`,
Building Specifications, pp. 6572.
Gilvery, K.R. and R.J. Dexter 1997, Evaluation of Alternative Methods of Fire Rating
Structural Elements, National Institute oI Standards and Technology, NIST-GCR-
97-718, Gaithersburg, USA.
Gioncu, V. and E.M. Mazzolani 2002, Ductilitv of Seismic Resistant Steel Structures,
Span Press, London and NY, p. 687.
Goda, Y. 2000, Random Seas and Design of Maritime Structures, World ScientiIic
Publishing Co., Singapore, p. 443.
Gordon, J.E. 1978, Structures (or Whv Things Dont Fall Down), Penguin Books, NY.
Goto, Y. and W.E. Chen 1987, Second-order elastic analysis Ior Irame design`, Journal
of Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 113, no. 7, pp. 150119.
Gourd, L.M. 1980, Principles of Welding Technologv, Edward Arnold, London.
4$ Design of Steel Structures
Goyet, V.V., Er. Erey, and Ch. Massonnet 1981, Ultimate Load oI Trusses Buckling in
their Plane', IABSE Proceedings, P-47/81, November, pp. 14164.
Graham, J.D., A.N. Sherbourne, R.N. Khabbaz, and C.D. Jensen 1959, Welded Interior
Beam-to-Column Connections, American Institute oI Steel Constructions, NY.
Greiner, R. and J. Lindner 2006, Interaction Iormulae Ior members subjected to bending
and axial compression in Eurocode 3: The method 2 approach`, Journal of
Constructional Steel Research, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 757-70.
Gross, J.M., J.G. Orbison, and R.D. Ziemian 1995, Block shear tests in high-strength
steel angles`, AISC Engineering Journal, 3rd qtr, pp. 11722.
Grundy, P., I.R. Thomas, and I.D. Bennetts 1980, Beam-to-column moment
connections`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 106, no. ST1, pp. 31330
(see also Disc. by N. Krishnamurthy 1980, pp. 2573-2574).
Gupta, A.K. 1984, Buckling oI coped steel beams`, Journal of the Structural
Engineering, ASCE, vol. 110, no. 9, pp. 197787 (see also Disc. by J.J. Cheng and
Y.A. Yura 1986, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 20104).
Gupta, T.N. (ed.) 1998, Building Materials in India: 50 vearsA Commemorative
Jolume, Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi, p.
560.
Gurney, T.R. 1976, Fatigue Design Rules for Welded Steel Joints, The Welding Institute,
Cambridge, UK.
Gurney, T.R. 1979, Fatigue of Welded Structures, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press,
England.
Haaijer, G. and B. Thrlimann 1960, On Inelastic Buckling in Steel`, Transactions of
ASCE, vol. 125, pp. 30844.
Habenicht, G. 1997, Kleben-Grundlagen, Technologie, Anwendungen, 3rd edn, Springer-
Verlag, Berlin.
Hancock, G.J., J.P. Papangelis, and M.J. Clarke 1995, Plane Rigid Frame Structural
Analvsis (PRFSA) User Manual, Centre Ior Advanced Structural Engineering,
University oI Sydney, Australia (www.civil.usyd.edu.au/case/prIsa.php).
Handbook in Structural Steel Detailing, Institute oI Steel Development and Growth,
Kolkata, Publication no. INS / PUB 018, 1998.
Harrison, H.B. 1990, Structural Analvsis and DesignParts 1 and 2, 2nd edn, Pergamon
Press, OxIord.
Hartshorn (ed.) 1986, Structural Adhesives. Chemistrv and Technologv, Plenum Publ.
Corp, NY.
Hasan, R., N. Kishi, W.E. Chen, and M. Komuro 1997, Evaluation oI extended end-
plate connections`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 123, no. 12, pp.
15951602.
Haseltine, B.A. 1975, Comparison oI energy requirements Ior buildings materials and
structures`, The Structural Engineer, vol. 153, no. 9, pp. 35765.
HatIield, E.J. 1992, Design chart Ior vibration oI oIIice and residential Iloors`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 29, no. 4, 4th qtr, pp. 1414.
He, W. 1996, Stepped-Section Steel Angle`, in Advances in Steel Structures, ICASS
96, Hong Kong, Proceedings Published by Penguin Press.
Helwig, T.A and K.H. Erank 1999, StiIIness requirements Ior diaphragm bracing oI
beams, Journal oI the Structural Engineering, vol. 125, No. 11, pp. 1249 56.
References 4%
Herzog, M. 1974, Ultimate strength oI plate girders Irom tests`, Journal of the Structural
Div., ASCE, vol. 100, no. ST5, pp. 84964.
Herzog, M.A.M. 1991, UniIied design approach to steel beamcolumns`, Journal of
Constructional Steel Research, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 291303.
Hicks, J. 2000, Welded Joint Design, 3rd edn, Industrial Press, NY, p. 141.
Hill, H.N. 1954, Lateral buckling oI channels and Z-beams`, Transactions, ASCE, vol.
119, pp. 82941.
Hglund, T. 1973, Design oI thin plate I-girders in shear and bending with special
reIerence to web buckling`, Bulletin No. 94, Div. Building Statics and Structural
Engineering, Royal Inst. oI Tech., Stockholm, p. 43.
Hollow Structural Section Connections Manual, AISC, Chicago, 1997.
Holmes, J.D. 2001, Wind Loading of Structures, Spon Press, London and NY, p. 356.
Holmes, M. and L.H. Martin 1983, Analvsis and Design of Structural Connections,
Ellies Horwood Ltd., Chichester, West Sussex, England.
Horne, M.R. 1951, The Plastic Theory oI Bending oI Mild Steel Beams with Particular
ReIerence to the EIIect oI Shear Eorces`, Proc. Roval Societv, vol. 207 (A), no.
216.
Horne, M.R. 1964, SaIe Loads on I-section Columns in Structures Designed by Plastic
Theory`, Paper no. 6794, Proc. of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 29, pp.
13750.
Horne, M.R. 1975, An Approximate Method Ior Calculating the Elastic Critical Loads
oI Multi-storey plane Irames`, The Structural Engineer, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 2428.
Horne, M.R. 1979, Plastic Theorv of Structures, Pergamon Press Ltd., OxIord.
Horne, M.R. and L.J. Morris 1981, Plastic Design of Low-rise Frames, Granada, London.
Hoshino, K. 2001, Market Development Ior Stainless Steel`, Steel Todav and Tomorrow,
no. 155, pp. 58.
Hotchkiss, J.G. 1966, Torsion oI rolled steel sections in building structures`, Engineering
Journal, AISC, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1945.
http://www.civil.canterbury.ac.nz/Iire/Ieresrchreps.html, December 2005.
http://www.Iirepro.co.nz/datasheets/, November 2006.
http://www.structural-engineering.Isnet.co.uk/ (lists a number oI Iree structural soItware
packages).
IRC 6-2000, Standard SpeciIications and Code oI Practice Ior Road Bridges: Section
II`, Loads and Stresses, The Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, 2000.
IS: 1024-1999, Code of Practice for Use of Welding in Bridges and Structures Subfected
to Dvnamic Loading, 2nd rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1149-1982, High Tensile Steel Rivet Bars for Structural Purposes, 3rd rev., Bureau
oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 11587-1986, Specification for Structural Weather Resistant Steel, Bureau oI Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1161-1998, Specification for Steel Tube for Structural Purposes, 4th edn, Bureau oI
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1261-1959, Code of Practice for Seam Welding in Mild Steel, Bureau oI Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1278-1972, Specification for Filler Rods and Wires for Gas Welding, 2nd rev., Bureau
oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
4& Design of Steel Structures
IS: 1323-1982, Code of Practice for Oxv-acetvlene Welding for Structural Work in
Mild Steels, 2nd rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1363-2002, Part 1-3, Hexagon Head Bolts, Screws and Nuts of Product grade C,
4th rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1364-2002, Part 1-5, Hexagon Head Bolts, Screws and Nuts of Product Grades A
and B, 4th rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1367-1992 (Parts 118), Technical Supplv Conditions for Threaded Steel Fasteners,
Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1395-1982, Low and Medium Allov Steel Covered Electrodes for Manual Metal Arc
Welding, 3rd rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1477-2000, Code of Practice for Painting of Ferrous Metals in BuildingsPart 1:
Pre-treatment, Part 2: Painting, 2nd rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 158147-1976, Code of Practice for Use of Aluminium Allovs in Structures, Bureau
oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1641-1988, Code of Practice for Fire Safetv of Buildings (General): General
Principles of Fire Grading and Classification, 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
IS: 1642-1989, Code of Practice for Fire Safetv of Buildings (General): Details of
Construction, 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1643-1988, Code of Practice for Fire Safetv of Buildings (General): Exposure
Ha:ard, 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1644-1988, Code of Practice for Fire Safetv of Buildings (General): Exit
Requirements and Personal Ha:ard, 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
IS: 1852-1985, Rolling and Cutting Tolerances for Hot Rolled Steel Products, 4th rev.,
Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1893-2002, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of StructuresPart 1: General
Provisions and Buildings, 5th rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 1929-1982, Specification for Hot Forged Steel Rivets for Hot Closing (1236 mm
diameter), 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 2062-2006, Hot rolled low, medium and high tensile structural steel, 6th rev., Bureau
oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 2155-1982, Specification for Cold Forged Solid Steel Rivets for Hot Closing (616
mm diameter), 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 3640-1982, Specification for Hexagon Fit Bolts, 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
IS: 3757-1985, Specification for High Strength Structural Bolts, 2nd rev., Bureau oI
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 4000-1992, Code of Practice for High Strength Bolts in Steel Structures, 1st rev.,
Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 4759-1996, Hot-dip Zinc Coatings on Structural Steel and other Allied Products,
3rd rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 4991-1968, Criteria for Blast Resistant Design of Structures for Explosions Above
Ground, Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 4923-1997, Standard Specification for Hollow Steel Sections for Structural Use,
2nd edn, Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
References 4'
IS: 5369-1975, General Requirements for Plain Washers and Lock Washers, 1st rev.,
Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 5370-1969, Specification for Plain Washers with Outside Diameter-3 Inside
Diameter, Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 5372-1975, Taper Washer for Channels (ISMC), 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
IS: 5374-1975, Taper Washers for I-beams (ISMB), 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
IS: 6419-1996, Welding Rods and Bare Electrodes for Gas Shielded Arc Welding of
Structural Steel, 1st rev, Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 6533-1989, Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Steel ChimnevsPart
1: Mechanical Aspects, Part 2: Structural Aspects, 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 6603-2001, Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Flats, Bureau oI Indian
Standards, 1st rev., New Delhi, 1972.
IS: 6610-1972, Specifications for Heavv Washers for Steel Structures, Bureau oI Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 6623-2004, Specifications for High Strength Structural Nuts, 1st rev., Bureau oI
Indian Standards, 1st rev., New Delhi.
IS: 6639-2005, Specifications for hexagonal bolts for steel structures, Bureau oI Indian
Standards, 1st rev., New Delhi.
IS: 6649-1985, Specification for Hardened and Tempered Washers for High Strength
Structural Bolts and Nuts, 1st rev, Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 7280-1974, Specifications for Bare Wire Electrodes for Submerged Arc Welding of
Structural Steels, Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 800-2007, Indian Standard Code for General Construction in Steel, 3rd rev., Indian
Standards Institution, New Delhi, 2007.
IS: 801-1975, Code of Practice for Cold-formed Light Gauge Steel Structural Members
in General Building Construction, 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 802 (Part 1, Sec. 1)-1995, Use of Structural Steel in Overhead Transmission Line
Towers-Code of PracticePart 1: Material, Loads and Permissible Stresses, Sec.
1. Materials and Loads and Sec. 2. Permissible Stresses, (1992), 3rd rev., Bureau
oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 806-1968, Code of Practice for Use of Steel Tubes in General Building Construction,
1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 807-2006, Code of Practice for Design, Erection and Testing (Structural portion)
of Cranes and Hoists, Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 814-2004, Covered Electrodes for Manual Metal Arc Welding of Carbon and Carbon
Manganese Steel, 6th rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 816-1969, Code of Practice for Use of Metal Arc Welding for General Construction
in Mild Steel, 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 819-1957, Code of Practice for Resistance Spot Welding for Light Assemblies in
Mild Steel, Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 8500-1991, Structural SteelMicro Alloved (medium and high strength qualities):
Specifications, 1st rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
4 Design of Steel Structures
IS: 875-1987, Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than earthquake) for Buildings
and Structures (Parts 15), 2nd rev., Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 9172-1979, Recommended Design Practice for Corrosion Protection of Steel
Structures, Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 9178-1979, Criteria for Design of Steel Bins for Storage of Bulk MaterialsPart 1:
General Requirements and Assessment of Loads, Part 2: Design Storage Criteria,
Bureau oI Indian Standards, New Delhi.
Iwankiw, N.R. 1987, Design Ior eccentric and inclined loads on bolt and weld groups`,
AISC Engineering Journal, vol. 24, 4th qtr.
Iwankiw, N.R. 1997, Ultimate strength considerations Ior seismic design oI the reduced
beam section (internal plastic hinge)`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 34, no. 1,
pp. 316.
Iwankiw, N.R. and C.J. Carter 1996, The Dogbone: A New Idea to Chew On`, Modern
Steel Construction, AISC, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1823.
Jain, S.K. 1995, A proposed draIt oI IS: 1893 provisions on seismic design oI
buildingsPart II: Commentary and examples`, Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 7390.
Jain, S.K. 2004, Explanatorv Examples on Indian Seismic Code IS. 1893 (Part 1),
www.nicee.org/IITK-GSDMA/EQ21.pdI, 30 December 2004.
Jain, S.K. and C.V.R. Murty 2004, Proposed Draft Provisions and Commentarv on
Indian Code IS. 1893 (Part 1), www.nicee.org/IITK-GSDMA/EQ05.pdI, 30
December 2004.
Jamshidi, M., S. Eallaha, A. Azizinamini, K. Price, and M. Cress 1997, Application oI
High PerIormance Steel in Steel Bridge Construction` Proceeedings of Building to
Last Structures Congress, vol. 1, ASCE, NY.
JeIIus, L. 2002, Welding. Principles and Applications, 5th edn, Thomson Delmar
Learning, p. 944.
Jiang, X.M., H. Chen, and J.Y.R. Liew 2002, Spread oI plasticity analysis oI three
dimensional steel Irames`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 58, pp.
193212.
Johnson, B.G. (ed.) 1960, Guide to Design Criteria Ior Metal Compression Members`,
Column Research Council and John Wilev & Sons, NY.
Johnson, R.P. 1994, Composite Structures in Steel and Concrete: Beams, Columns,
Erames and Applications in Buildings`, vol. 1, Blackwell Scientific Publications,
London, 1994.
Johnston, B.G. (ed.) 1976, Guide to Stabilitv Design Criteria for Metal Structures, 3rd
edn, John Wiley, NY.
Johnston, B.G. 1982, Design oI W-shapes Ior combined bending and torsion`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 6585.
Joint Committee oI Welding Research Council and the American Society oI Civil
Engineers 1971, Commentarv on Plastic Design in Steel, 2nd edn, ASCE Manual
and Reports on Practice, no. 41, NY.
Jones, D.R.H. 1998, Failure Analvsis. Case Studies, Elsevier Science, p. 444.
Jones, S.W., P.A. Kirby, and D.A. Nethercot 1981 Modeling oI Semi-rigid Connection
Behaviour and its InIluence on Steel Column Behaviour`, Joints in Structural Steel
Work, J.H. Howlett, W.M. Jenkins, and R. Stainby (eds), Pentech Press, pp. 5.73
5.78.
References 4
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 128, no. 4, 2002, Special issue on Steel
Moment Erames aIter Northridge, pp. 413555.
Julicher, A.J. 1981, Welding Iundamentals Ior structural engineers`, Civil Engineering,
ASCE, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 60-61.
Kalyanaraman, V., T. Pekoz, and G. Winter 1977, UnstiIIened compression elements`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 103, no. ST9, pp. 183348.
Kaminetzky, D. 1991, Design and Construction Failures. Lessons from Forensic
Investigations, McGraw Hill, NY.
Kanchanalai, T. 1977, The Design and Behaviour of Beam-columns in Unbraced Steel
Frames, AISI Project no. 189, Report no. 2, Civil Engineering/Structures Research
Lab., University oI Texas, Austin, p. 300.
Kato, B., W.E. Chen, and M. Nakao 1988, EIIects oI joint-panel shear deIormation on
Irames`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 10, pp. 269320.
Kavanagh, T. 1975, Some aesthetic considerations in steel design`, Journal of the
Structural Division, ASCE, vol. 101, no. 11, pp. 225775.
Kavanagh, T.C. 1962, EIIective length oI Iramed columns`, Transactions, ASCE, vol.
127, Part II, pp. 81101.
Keating, P.B. 1994, Eocussing on Iatigue`, Civil Engineering, ASCE, vol. 64, no. 11,
pp. 547.
Kennedy, D.J.L., A. Picard, and D. Beaulieu 1990, New Canadian provisions Ior the
design oI steel beam-columns`, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 17,
pp. 87393.
Kennedy, D.J.L., A. Picard, and D. Beaulieu 1993, Limit states design oI beam-columns:
The Canadian approach and some comparisons`, Journal of Constructional Steel
Research, vol. 25, no. 1-2, pp. 14164.
Kerdal, D. and D.A. Nethercot 1984, Eailure modes oI castellated beams`, Journal of
Constructional Steel Research, vol. 4, pp. 295315.
Kerensky, O.A., A.R. Elint, and W.C. Brown 1956, The Basis Ior Design oI Beams and
Plate Girders in the Revised British Standard 153`, Proceedings of the Institution
of Civil Engineers (London), vol. 5, no. Part III, pp. 396461.
Ketter, R.L. 1961, Eurther studies oI the strength oI beamcolumns`, Journal of the
Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 87, no. ST6, pp. 13552.
Kevin, L.R., M. Clark, and A.W. Knott 2000, Eailure analysis case inIormation
disseminator`, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE, vol. 16,
no. 3, pp. 12731.
Khalil, S.H. and C.H. Ho 1979, Black bolts under combined tension and shear`, The
Structural Engineer, vol. 57B, pp. 6976.
Khanna, A.S. 1999, Corrosion resistant steel: Is it money`s worth?`, Construction World,
vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 368.
Kim, Y. and W.E. Chen 1998, Practical analysis Ior partially restrained Irame design`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 124, no. 7, pp. 73649.
Kindmann, R. and R. Muszkiewicz 2004, Biegedrillknickmomente und eigenIormen
von biegetrgern unter bercksichtigung der drehbettung`, Stahlbau, vol. 73, no. 2,
pp. 98106.
King, C.M. 2005, Design oI Steel Portal Irames Ior Europe`, Steel Construction Institute,
Ascot, London.
4 Design of Steel Structures
Kirby, B.R. 1986, Recent developments in structural Iire engineering design`, Fire
Safetv Journal, vol. 11, pp. 14179.
Kirby, B.R., and R.R. Preston 1988, High temperature properties oI hot-rolled structural
steels Ior use in Iire engineering design studies`, Fire Safetv Journal, vol. 13, pp.
2737.
Kirby, P.A. and D.A. Nethercot 1979, Design for Structural Stabilitv, Granada Publishing,
London.
Kishi, N., and W.E. Chen 1990, Moment-rotation relation oI semi-rigid connections
with angles`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 116, no. 7, pp. 1813
34.
Kishi, N., R. Hasan, W.E. Chen, and Y. Goto 1997, Study oI Eurocode 3 Steel Connection
ClassiIication`, Engineering Structures, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 7729.
Kishi, N., W.E. Chen, and Y. Goto 1997, EIIective length Iactor oI columns in semi-
rigid and unbraced Irames`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 123,
no. 3, pp. 31320.
Kishi, N., W.E. Chen, Y. Goto, and K.G. Matsuoka 1994, Analysis Program Ior the
Design oI Elexibly Jointed Erames`, Computers and Structures, vol. 49, no. 4, pp.
70513.
Kishi, N., W.E. Chen, Y. Goto, and K.G. Matsuoka 1995, Design aid oI semi-rigid
Irame design`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 90107.
Kitipornchai, S. and H.W. Lee 1986, Inelastic buckling oI single angle, tee and double
angle struts`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, London, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.
320 (see also vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 21936).
Kitipornchai, S. and N.S. Trahair 1980, Buckling properties oI mono-symmetric I-
beams`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 106, no. ST5, pp. 94157.
Kitipornchai, S., C.M. Wang, and N.S. Trahair 1986, Buckling oI mono-symmetric I-
beams under moment gradient`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 112,
no. 4, pp. 78199.
Kitipornchai, S., P.E. Dux, and N.J. Richter 1984, Buckling and bracing oI cantilevers`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 110, no. 9, pp. 225062.
Kloiber, L. 2001, Connections Ior Hollow Structural Sections`, Structure, SEI/ASCE,
pp. 4043.
Klppel, K. and E. Winkelmann 1962, Experimentalle und theoretische untersuchungen
ber die traglast von zweiachsig aermittig gedrckten Stahlstben`, Stahlbau,
vol. 31, pp. 3347, 7887, & 10919.
Knowles, P.1987, Design of Structural Steelwork, 2nd edn, Surrey University Press,
GuildIord, UK.
Knowles, P.R. 1985, Design of Castellated Beams, Steel Construction Institute, Ascot,
UK.
Komatsu, S. 1971, Ultimate Strength oI StiIIened Plate Girders subjected to Shear,
IABSE Colloquium, Design of Plate and Box Girders for Ultimate Strength, London.
Kosteski, N. and J.A. Packer 2003, Longitudinal plate and through plate-to-hollow
structural section welded connections`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE,
vol. 129, no. 4, pp. 47886.
Krawinkler, H. 1978, Shear in beam-column joints in seismic design oI steel Irames`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 8291.
References 4!
Krawinkler, H. and S. Mohasseb 1987, EIIect oI panel zone deIormation on seismic
response`, in Special Issue on Joint Elexibility in Steel Erames`, W.E. Chen (ed.),
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 8, pp. 23350.
Krishna, P. and R. Gupta 1992, Studies on structures using wind tunnel`, The Indian
Concrete Journal, vol. 66, no. 11.
Krishna, P., K. Kumar, N.M. Bhandari, and A.K. Ahuja 1987, Review oI Indian Wind
Code`, IS. 875 (Part 3)-1987, www.nicee.org/IITK-GSDMA/W01.pdI.
Krishnamurthy, N. 1978, A Iresh look at bolted end-plate behaviour and design`,
Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 15, no. 2, 2nd qtr, pp. 3949 (see also Discussions,
1979, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 5464).
Krishnamurthy, N., H.T. Huang, P.K. JeIIerey, and L.K. Avery 1979, Analytical M-G
curves Ior end-plate connections`, Journal of Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 105, no.
ST1, pp. 13345.
Kuhn, G. and H.R. Lundgren 1977, An Appraisal oI the EIIective Length Alignment
Charts`, International Colloquium on Stabilitv of Structures under Static and
Dvnamic Loads, Washington DC, ASCE, pp. 21242.
Kulak, G.L. and E.Y. Wu 1997, Shear lag in bolted angle tension members`, ASCE,
Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 123, no. 9, pp. 114452.
Kulak, G.L. and G.Y. Grondin 2000, Block Shear Eailure in Steel Members: A Review
oI Design Practice`, Fourth International Workshop on Connections in Steel
Structures, October 2225, Roanoke, VA, pp. 32939.
Kulak, G.L. and G.Y. Grondin 2002, Limit States Design in Structural Steel, 7th edn,
Canadian Institute oI Steel Construction, Toronto, Ontario.
Kulak, G.L., J.W. Eisher, and J.H.A. Struik 1987, Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted
and Riveted Joints, 2nd edn, John Wiley, NY, p. 309.
Kulak, G.L., L. Kennedy, R.G. Driver, and M. Medhekar 2001, Steel plate shear walls:
An overview`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 5062.
Kulicki, J.M. 2000, The Shape oI Things to Come`, Civil Engineering, ASCE, vol. 70,
no. 2, pp. 40-41.
Kumar, K., N.M. Bhandari, and P. Krishna 2004, Wind Loads on Buildings and
Structures: Proposed DraIt and Commentary`, IS. 875 (Part 3), www.nicee.org/
IITK-GSDMA/W02. pdI, p. 104.
Kumar, P. 2005, Structural Eire SaIety`, New Building Materials and Construction
World, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 90102.
Kumar, S. 2002, Live loads in residential buildingsPart I: The results oI the survey`,
Indian Concrete Journal, vol. 76, no. 3, pp 157-163.
Kumar, S. 2002, Live loads in residential buildingsPart II: LiIe time maximum loads`,
Indian Concrete Journal, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 244-250
Kumar, S. and C.V.S. Kameswara Rao 1994, Live loads in residential buildings in
urban and rural areas`, The Indian Concrete Journal, vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 541-548.
Kumar, S. and C.V.S.K. Rao 1997, Eire loads in oIIice buildings`, Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 3658.
LaBoube, R.A. 1992, Estimating upliIt capacity oI light steel rooI system`, Journal of
Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 84852.
Lamont, S., B. Lane, A. Usmani, and D. Drysdale 2003, Assessment oI the Iire resistance
test with respect to beams in real structures`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 40,
no. 2, pp. 6375.
4" Design of Steel Structures
Lathan, D.J., B.R. Kirby, and G. Thomson 1987, The temperatures attained by
unprotected steelwork in experimental natural Iires`, Fire Safetv Journal, vol. 12,
pp. 13952.
Law, M. 1983, 'A Basis Ior the Design oI Eire Protection Ior Building Structures`, The
Structural Engineer, vol. 61a, no. 1, pp. 2533.
Lawson, R.M. 1985, Fire Resistance of Ribbed Concrete Floors, Report 107,
Construction Industry Research and InIormation Association, UK.
Lawson, R.M. 1989, Design of Composite Beams and Slabs with Steel Decking, The
Steel Construction Institute, p. 55.
Lawson, R.M. and G.M. Newman 1990, Fire Resistant Design of Steel StructuresA
Handbook To BS 5950. Part 8, The Steel Construction Institute, Publication no.
80.
Lawson, R.M. et al. 1999, Slim-floor and slimdeck construction: European
developments`, The Structural Engineer, vol. 77, no. 8, pp. 2250.
Lay, M.G. and T.V. Galambos 1966, Bracing requirements Ior inelastic steel beams`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 92, no. ST2, pp. 20728.
Lee, S.C., C.H. Yoo, and D.Y. Yoon 2003, New design rules Ior intermediate transverse
stiIIeners attached on web panels`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol.
129, no. 12, pp. 160714 (Errata, 2004, vol. 130, pp. 693).
LeMessurier, W.J. 1972, A practical method oI second order analysisPart 2: Rigid
Irames`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 14, no. 2, 2nd qtr, pp. 4967.
Lescouarc`h, Y. and A. Colson 1992, Column Bases`, in Constructional Steel Design.
An International Guide, P.J. Dowling, J.E. Harding, and R. Bjorhovde (eds), Elsevier
Applied Science, London, pp. 37996.
Lesik, D.E. and D.J.L. Kennedy 1990, Ultimate strength oI Iillet welded connections
loaded in plane`, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 17, pp. 5567.
Levy, M. and M. Selvadori 1992, Whv Buildings Fall Down. How Structures Fail,
W.W. Norton, NY.
Lewis, K.R. 2000, Fire Design of Steel Members, Eire Engineering Research Report
2000/07, University oI Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ.
Li, J.J. and G.Q. Li 2002, Large scale testing oI steel portal Irames comprising tapered
beams and columns`, Advances in Structural Engineering, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 259
69.
Liew, J.Y.R., D.W. White, and W.E. Chen 1991, Beam-column design in steel
Irameworks: Insights on current methods and trends`, Journal of Constructional
Steel Research, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 259308.
Liew, J.Y.R., D.W. White, and W.E. Chen 1994, Notional load plastic hinge method Ior
Irame design`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 120, no. 5, pp. 1434
54.
Liew, T.Y.R., D.W. White, and W.E. Chen 1993, Second-order reIined plastic hinge
analysis Ior Irame design, Parts I and II`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE,
vol. 119, no. 11, pp. 31963216 & 321737.
Lindner, J. 1972, MindeststeiIigkeiten Ir den kippsicherheitsnachweis beim
traglastverIahren`, Der Bauingenieur, vol. 47, H. 7, pp. 23840.
Lindner, J. 1978, Nherungen Iur die Europischen Knickspannungskurven`, Die
Bautechnik, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 3447.
References 4#
Lindner, J. 1980, Biegedrillknicken in Theorie, Versuch und Praxis, Berischte am
Eorschung und Entwicklun`, Deutscher Ausschuss Ir Stahlbau (DASt), Stahlbau
Jerlag, Kln, pp. 719.
Lindner, J. 1988, GrenzschubtragIhigheit von I trgern mit trapaezIrmig proIilierten
stegen`, Der Stahlbau, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 37780.
Lindner, J. 1995, InIluence oI constructional detailing on the lateral torsional buckling
capacity oI beam columns`, in Structural Stabilitv and Design, A.A. Balkema,
Rotterdam, pp. 616.
Lindner, J. 1997, Design oI steel beams and beam columns`, Engineering Structures,
vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 37884.
Lindner, J. 2003, Design oI beams and beam columns`, Progress in Structural
Engineering and Materials, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 3847.
Lindner, J. and B. Huang 1995, Beulwerte Ir trapezIrmig proIilierte Bleche under
Schubbeanspruchung`, Der Stahlbau, vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 3704.
Lindner, J. and N. Subramanian 1982, Allowable stress provisions oI IS: 800-1962`,
Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India), vol. 62, pt CI4, pp. 2468.
Lindner, J. and R. Gietzelt 1980, Biegedrillknicken Erluterungen, Versuche,
Beispiele`, DASt, 10/1980, Stahlbau Jerlag, Kln.
Lindner, J. and R. Gietzelt 1985, Zweiachsige Biegung and LngskraIt-ein ergnzter
Bemessungsvorschlag`, Stahlbau, vol. 54, pp. 26571.
Lindner, J. and T. Glitsch 2004, VereinIachter Nachweis Ir I und U Trger-
beansprucht durch dopplete biegung und torsion`, Stahlbau, vol. 73, no. 9, pp.
70415.
Lindner, J., J. Scheer, and H. Schmidt 1994, Stahlbauten, Erluterungen :u DIN 18800,
Teil 1 bis Teil 4`, 2nd edn, Beuth und Ernst & Sohn, Berlin.
Livesley, R.K. 1975, Matrix Methods of Structural Analvsis, 2nd edn, Pergamon Press,
UK.
Livesley, R.K. and D.B. Chandler 1956, Stabilitv Functions for Structural Frameworks,
Manchester University Press, Manchester, UK.
Llewellyn, D.T. and R.C. Hudd 1998, Steels. Metallurgv and Application, 3rd edn,
ButterworthsHeineman, p. 400.
Loov. R. and N. Parthasarathi 2004, Study oI shear provisions Ior stiIIened plate girders`,
Canadian Journal of Civil Engg., vol. 31, pp. 1607.
Lu, L.W., H. Kamalvand 1968, Ultimate strength oI laterally loaded columns`, Journal
of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 94, no. ST6, pp. 150524.
Lu, W. and P. Maekelaeinen 2003, Advanced Steel Structures (1. Structural Eire Design,
2. Eatigue Design)`, Laboratorv of Steel Structures, Publication no. TKK TER
29, Helsinki University oI Technology, Einland, p. 116.
Lui, E.M. 1992, A novel approach to K-Iactor determination`, Engineering Journal,
AISC, vol. 29, no. 3, 3rd qtr, pp. 1509.
Lui, E.M. and W.E. Chen 1986, Erame analysis with panel zone deIormation`,
International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 15991627.
Lwin, M.M. 2002, High Performance Steel -Designers Guide, 2nd edn, Department oI
Transportation, San Erancisco, USA, http://www.steel.org/inIrastructure/bridges/
high-perIormance/hps-designersguide/intro.htm), 30 November 2004.
Lynn, B.A. and Stathopoulos 1995, Wind induced Iatigue on low metal buildings`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 82639.
4$ Design of Steel Structures
MacGinley, T.J. 1997, Steel Structures. Practical Design Studies, 2nd edn, E&EN Spon,
London.
MacGinley, T.J. and P.T.C. Ang 1992, Structural Steelwork. Design to Limit State Theorv,
ButterworthsHeinemann, OxIord, UK.
Machacek, J. and M. Tuma 2006, Eatigue liIe oI girders with undulating web`, Journal
of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 62, pp. 16877.
MacLeod, I.A. 1990, Analvtical Modeling of Structural Svstems. An Entirelv New
Approach with Emphasis on Behaviour of Building Structures, Ellis Horwood,
NY, p. 222.
Maddox, S.J. 2005, Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures, 3rd edn, Abington Publishing,
Cambridge, England.
Madhu Mohan, V., P. Devadas Manoharan, and A.R. Santhakumar 2002, Towards a
Consistent Design Criteria Ior the TransIorming Indian Structural Steel Design
Methodology`, All India Seminar on Modern Trends in Steel Structures, Eebruary
8-9, Nagpur, pp. 92101.
Madsen, H.O., S. Krenk, and N.C. Lind 1986, Methods of Structural Safetv, Prentice-
Hall, Englewood CliIIs, NJ.
Madugula, M.K.S. and S. Mohan 1988, Angles in eccentric tension`, Journal of
Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 114, no. 10, pp. 238796.
Madugula, M.K.S., and J.B. Kennedy 1985, Single and Compound Angle Members.
Structural Analvsis and Design, Elsevier Applied Science, London, England.
Mahadevan, K., B.N. Sridhara, and V. Kalyanaraman 1995, Buckling strength oI core
loaded sleeved column systems in water tank staging`, International Conference
on Stabilitv of Structures, ICSS 95, Coimbatore, India, pp. 44151.
Mahendran, M. and C. Moor 1999, Three-dimensional modeling oI steel portal Irame
buildings`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 125, no. 8, pp. 8708.
Manuel, T.J. and G.L. Kulak 2000, Strength oI joints that combine bolts and welds`,
Journal of Structural Engg., ASCE, vol. 126, no. 3, pp. 27987.
Maquoi, R. 1992, Plate Girders` in Constructional Steel. DesignAn International
Guide, P.J. Dowling, J.E. Harding, and R. Bjorhovde (eds), Elsevier Applied
Science, London, pp. 13373.
Maquoi, R. and J. Rondal 1978, Mise en equation des nouvelles courbes europeennes
de Ilambement`, Construction Metallique, Paris, no. 1.
Maquoi, R. and M. Skaloud 2000, Stability oI plates and plated structures: General
report`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 55, no. 13, pp. 4568.
Marino, E.J. 1966, Ponding oI two-way rooI systems`, Engineering Journal, AISC,
vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 93100.
Marshall, P.W. 1991, Design of Welded Tubular Connections. Basis and Use of AWS
Code Provisions, Elsevier, p. 412.
Marshall, W.T. and H.M. Nelson 1990, Structures, Longman, Essex, UK, pp. 79106.
Martin, L.H. and J.A. Purkiss 1992, Structural Design of Steel Work to BS 5950, Edward
Arnold, A division oI Hodder and Stoughton, London, p. 468.
Massonet, C. 1959, Stability considerations in the design oI steel columns`, Journal of
Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 85, pp. 75111.
Massonnet, Ch. 1976, Eorty Years oI Research on BeamColumns in Steel`, SM
Archives, North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, vol. 1, pp. 27157.
References 4%
Massonnet, Ch. and R. Maquoi 1978, Recent Progress in the Eield oI Structural Stability
oI Steel Structures, IABSE Surveys S-5/78`, IABSE Periodica, pp. 140.
Mathews, M.S. and P.S. Rao 1979, Corrugated Ferrocement Sheets, ACI SP-61,
American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI.
Mathews, M.S., M.S. Venugopal, and N. Subramanian 1977, Planning and Design oI
Houses in Disaster Areas`, International Conference on Disaster Area Housing,
Turkey.
Mathur, N.C. 2000, Stainless Steel in Architecture, Building and Construction`, Steel
in Construction 2000, Joint Plant Committee, Govt. oI India, pp.17993.
Matsushima, I. 1997, Corrosion Protection oI Steel Bridge`, Steel Todav & Tomorrow,
no. 139, pp. 9-10.
Mazzolani (ed.) 2000, Moment Resistant Connections of Steel Frames in Seismic Areas.
Design and Reliabilitv, E & EN Spon, London, p. 644.
Mazzolani, E.M. and V. Piluso 1996, Theorv and Design of Seismic Resistant Steel
Frames, E & EN Spon, p. 544.
McCormac, J.C. and J.K. Nelson 2002, Structural Steel Design. LRFD Method, 3rd
edn, Prentice-Hall, Englewood CliIIs, NJ, p. 736.
McGuire, W. 1968, Steel Structures, Prentice-Hall, Englewood CliIIs, NJ, p. 31028.
McGuire, W., R.H. Gallagher, and R.D. Ziemian 2000, Matrix Structural Analvsis, 2nd
edn, John Wiley, NY, p. 460.
Mehta, K.C. and J. Delahay 2003, Guide to the Use of the Wind Load Provisions of
ASCE 7-02, ASCE Press, Reston, VA.
Melinek, S.J. 1989, Prediction oI the Iire resistance oI insulated steel`, Fire Safetv
Journal, vol. 14, pp. 12734.
Melinek, S.J. and P.H. Thomas 1987, Heat Ilow to insulated steel`, Fire Safetv Journal,
vol. 12, pp. 18.
Minor, J.E. 1982, Tornado technology and proIessional practice`, Journal of Structural
Div., ASCE, vol. 108, no. 11, pp. 241122.
Mohammadi, J. (ed.) 2004, NDT Methods Applied to Fatigue Reliabilitv Assessment of
Structures, ASCE/SEI, Reston, VA, p. 159.
Morris, L.J. 1981, A commentary on portal Irame design`, The Structural Engineer,
vol. 59A, no. 19, pp. 394402.
Morris, L.J. and D.R. Plum 1996, Structural Steelwork Design to BS 5950, 2nd edn,
Addison Wesley Longman, Essex, UK.
Morris, W.A., R.E.H. Read, and G.M.E. Cooke 1988, Guidelines for the Construction
of Fire Resisting Structural Elements, Building Research Establishment, UK.
Mullett, D.L. 1991, Slim-Floor Construction, The Steel Construction Institute, UK, p.
100.
Munse, W.H. 1956, Research on bolted connections, Transactions, ASCE, vol. 121,
pp. 125566.
Munse, W.H. and E. Chesson Jr. 1963, Riveted and bolted joints: Net section design`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 89, no. ST2, pp. 10726.
Murray, T.M. 1990, Extended End-plate Moment Connections, Steel Design Guide
Series 4, American Institute oI Steel Construction, Chicago.
Murray, T.M. 1991, Building Eloor Vibrations`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 28,
no. 3, 3rd qtr, pp. 10209 (Errata, vol. 28, no. 4, 4th qtr, p. 176).
4& Design of Steel Structures
Murray, T.M., D.E. Allen, and E.E. Ungar 1997, Floor Jibrations due to Human Activitv,
Steel Design Guide no. 11, American Institute oI Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
Murthy, A.R.C., G.S. Palani, and N.R. Iyer 2004, State oI-the-art review on Iatigue
crack growth analysis under variable amplitude loading`, Journal of the Institution
of Engineers (India), Civil Engg. Div., vol. 85, pp. 11829.
Murty, C.V.R. 2004, IITK-BMTPC Earthquake Tips, www.nicee.org/EQTips/.php, 20
March 2006.
Naeim, E. and J.M. Kelly 1999, Design of Seismic Isolated Structures. From Theorv
to Practice, John Wiley, NY, p. 304.
Nagoya T. 1998, Stainless Steel as Exterior Construction Material`, Steel Todav &
Tomorrow, no. 141, p. 58.
Narayanan, R,et.al, Plate girders I and II, Chapters 15,16 and 28, Teaching resources
for structural steel design, INSDAG, Kolkata, 2000.
Narayanan, R. (ed.) 1982, Axiallv Compressed Structures. Stabilitv and Strength, Elsevier
Applied Science Publishers, Essex, England.
Narayanan, R. (ed.) 1983, Beams and Beam Columns. Stabilitv and Strength, Applied
Science Publishers, Barking, Essex, England.
Narayanan, R. (ed.) 1983, Plated Structures. Stabilitv and Strength, Elsevier Applied
Science Publishers, London.
Narayanan, R. and N.G.V Avanessian 1985, Design oI slender webs having rectangular
holes`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 77787.
Narayanan, R. and T.M. Roberts (eds) 1990, Structures Subfected to Repeated Loading.
Stabilitv and Strength, Spon Press, UK, p. 291.
Narayanan, R., P. Usha, and S.S. Rao 2003, Design oI hot-rolled steel I-beams subjected
to torsion and bending`, Paper circulated at IS. 800 review committee meeting, IIT
Madras.
Narayanan, S. and M.S. Mathews 2003, Behaviour oI rooIing sheet system under static
upliIt loads`, Journal of Institution of Engineers (India), Civil Engg. Div., vol. 84,
pp. 21622.
Nash, P. and R.A. Young 1978, Sprinklers in High Rise Buildings, BRE Current Paper,
CP 29/78, Building Research Establishment, WatIord, UK.
National Building Code of India Part IJ, Fire Protection, Indian Standards Institution,
New Delhi, 2005, www.iitk.ac.In/nicee/iitk-Gsdma/E03.pdI, 20 March 2006.
NAVEAC 1982, Foundations and Earth Structures, Design Manual 7.2, Naval Eacilities
Engineering Command, Dept. oI Navy, Alexandria, Virginia, USA.
Nazir, C.P. 2003, Prestressed steel arch bridge`, Journal of the Institution of Engineers
(India), Civil Engg. Div., vol. 84, pp. 726.
Neal, B.G. 1977, The Plastic Methods of Structural Analvsis, 3rd edn, Chapman &
Hall, London, p. 358.
Neis, V.V. 1985, New constitutive law Ior equal leg Iillet welds`, Journal of the Structural
Engineering, ASCE, vol. 111, no. 8, pp. 174759.
Nethercot, D.A. 1973a, Lateral Buckling oI Tapered Beams`, Publications, IABSE,
vol. 33, part-II, pp. 17392.
Nethercot, D.A. 1973b, The EIIective Lengths oI Cantilevers as Governed by Lateral
Buckling`, The Structural Engineer, vol. 51, pp. 1618.
Nethercot, D.A. 1974, ImperIections and the Design oI Steel Beams`, Proc., Institution
of Civil Engineers, vol. 57, pp. 291306.
References 4'
Nethercot, D.A. 1983, Elastic lateral buckling oI beams`, in Beams and Beam Columns.
Stabilitv and Strength, R. Narayanan (ed.), Applied Science Publishers, Essex,
England.
Nethercot, D.A. 1992, Beams`, in Constructional Steel Design. An International Guide,
P.J. Dowling, J.E. Harding, and R. Bjorhovde (eds), Elsevier Applied Science,
London/NY, pp. 4565.
Nethercot, D.A. 2001, Limit States Design of Structural Steelwork, 3rd edn, Spon Press,
London, p. 270.
Nethercot, D.A. and D. Kerdal 1982, Lateral Torsional Buckling oI Castellated Beams`,
The Structural Engineer, vol. 60B, no. 3, pp. 5361.
Nethercot, D.A. and K.C. Rockey 1972, A uniIied approach to the elastic lateral buckling
oI beams`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 96107.
Nethercot, D.A. and N.S. Trahair 1975, Design oI diaphragm-braced I-beams`, Journal
of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 101, no. ST10, pp. 204561.
Nethercot, D.A. and N.S. Trahair 1976, Lateral Buckling Approximations Ior Elastic
Beams`, The Structural Engineer, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 197204.
Nethercot, D.A., P.R. Salter, and A.S. Malik 1989, Design of Members Subfected to
Torsion and Bending, The Steel Construction Institute, Ascot, England.
Newman, A. 2004, Metal Building Svstems. Design and Specifications, 2nd edn,
McGraw Hill, NY, p. 576.
Newman, G.M. 1990, Fire and Steel Construction. The Behaviour of Steel Portal Frames
with different Boundarv Conditions; 2nd edn, The Steel Construction Institute,
Publication no. 87, Ascot, England.
Newmark, N.M. and E. Rosenbleuth 1971, Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering,
Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
NZS 3404-1997, Steel Structures Standard, Parts 1 and 2, Standards New Zealand,
Wellington, 1997.
O`Corner, M.A. and D.M. Martin 1998, Behaviour oI a Multi-storey Steel Eramed
Building Subjected to Eire Attack`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol.
46, no. 13.
O`Rourke, M. and C. Downey 2001, RainonSnow Surcharge Ior RooI Design`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 749.
O`Rourke, M. and M. Auren 1997, Snow Loads on Gable RooIs`, Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, vol. 123, no. 12, pp. 164551.
O`Rourke, M. and P.D. Wrenn 2004, Snow loads. A Guide to the Use and Understanding
of Snow Load Provision of ASCE 7-02, ASCE Press, Reston, VA, p. 128.
Oehlers, D.J. and M.A. BradIord 1995, Composite Steel and Concrete Structural
Members, Fundamental Behaviour, Pergamon Press, Elmsord, NY.
Ojalvo, M. and R.S. Chambers 1977, EIIect oI warping restraints on I-beam buckling`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 103, no. ST12, pp. 235160.
Orbison, J.G. and R.D. Ziemian 1995, Assessment oI American block shear load capacity
predictions`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 35, pp. 32338.
Owens, G.W. and B.D. Cheal 1989, Structural Steelwork Connections, Butterworths,
London, p. 330.
Owens, G.W., P.J. Driver, and G.J. Kriege 1981, Punched holes in structural steel-
work`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 1, no. 3.
4! Design of Steel Structures
Packer, J.A. and J.E. Henderson 1997, Hollow Structural Section Connections and
Trusses. A Design Guide, 2nd edn, Canadian Institute oI Steel Construction, Toronto,
Canada, p. 464.
Paik, J.K. and A.K. Thayamballi 2003, Ultimate Limit State Design of Steel Plated
Structures, John Wiley, England, p. 544.
Pandia Raj, R. and V. Kalyanaraman 2005, GA based optimal design oI steel truss
bridge`, 6
th
World Congress of Structural and Multi-disciplinarv Optimi:ation,
Rio de Janeiro, 30 May3 June, Brazil.
Pannel, J.P.M. 1964, An Illustrated Historv of Civil Engineering, Thames and Hudson,
London, UK.
Papangelis, J.P. and N.S. Trahair 1987, Elexural torsional buckling oI arches`, Journal
of Structural Engg., ASCE, vol. 113, no. ST7, pp. 143343.
ParIitt, J. Jr. and W.E. Chen 1976, Tests oI welded steel beam-to-column connections`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 102, no. ST1, pp. 189202.
Pasternak, H., A. Schwarzlos, and N. Schimmack 2004, The application oI adhesives
to connect steel members`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 60, pp.
64958.
Paul, D.K. 2006, IIT Roorkee, private communication.
Paulay, T. and M.J.N. Priestley 1992, Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and
Masonrv Buildings, John Wiley, NY, p. 744.
Paz, M. 1991, Structural Dvnamics. Theorv and Computations, 3rd edn, Van Nostrand
Reinhold, NY.
Petersen, Ch. 1980, Statik und Stabilitt der Baukonstruktionen, Eriedr. Vieweg & Sohn,
Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, Germany, p. 960.
Petersen, Ch. 1990, Stahlbau-Grundlagen der Berechnung und baulichen Ausbuildung
von Stahlbauten, 2nd edn, Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig, p. 1413.
Petterson, O. 1973, Principles of Fire Engineering Design and Fire Safetv of Tall
Buildings, Lund Institute oI Technology Bulletin 31, Lund Sweden.
Petterson, O., S.E. Magnusson, and J. Thor 1976, Fire Engineering Design of Steel
Structures, Swedish Institute OI Steel Construction, Stockholm, Sweden, Publication
no. 50.
Pi, Y.L. and N.S. Trahair 1994, Inelastic bending and torsion oI steel I-beam`, Journal
of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 33973417.
Pi, Y.L. and N.S. Trahair 1994, Nonlinear inelastic analysis oI steel beam-columns
Part I: Theory`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 120, no. 7, pp.
204161 (see also Part II: Applications, pp. 206285).
Pi, Y.L. and N.S. Trahair 1995, Inelastic torsion oI steel I-beams`, Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, vol. 121, no. 4, pp. 60920.
Pillai, U. 1981, An assessment oI CSA Standard equation Ior beam-column design`,
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 8.
Pimple, P.K., A.C. Anturkar, and G.N. Ronghe 2002, Structural Steel Corrosion and its
Prevention`, All India Seminar on Modern Trends in Steel Structures, Nagpur,
Eebruary 8-9, pp.12937.
Porter, D.M., K.C. Rockey, and H.R. Evans 1975, The Collapse oI Plate Girders Loaded
in Shear`, The Structural Engineer, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 31325.
References 4!
Proe, D.J., I.D. Bennets, and I.R. Thomas 1968a, Simulation oI the Eire Testing oI
Structural Steel Elements by Calculation-Mechanical Response`, Steel Construction,
vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 218.
Proe, D.J., I.D. Bennets, and I.R. Thomas 1986b, Simulation oI the Eire Testing oI
Structural Steel Elements by Calculation-Overall Behaviour`, Steel Construction,
vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1932.
Purkiss, J.A. 1996, Fire Safetv Engineering Design of Structures, Butterworth
Heinemann, OxIord, England, p. 342.
Radaj, D. 1990, Design and Analvsis of Fatigue Resistant Welded Structures, Abington
Publishing, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., in association with the Welding Institute
Cambridge, England.
Radhakrishnan, R. and N. Subramanian 1978, Dynamic Analysis oI Multi-storey Erames
(A comparison oI various methods)`, Bulletin, Indian Societv of Earthquake
Technologv, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 3949.
Radhakrishnan, R., N. Subramanian, and C.R. Amalnarayanan 1979, Dynamic Analysis
oI OIIshore Structures`, Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 213
8.
Ragupathi, M. 1995, Design of Steel Structures, Tata-McGraw Hill, New Delhi, p. 727.
Rains, N.A. 1976, A New Era oI Eire Protective Coatings Ior Steel`, Civil Engineering,
ASCE, pp. 803.
Rajeev, S. and C.S. Krishnamoorthy 1997, Generic algorithms-based methodology Ior
design optimization oI trusses`, Journal of Structural Engg., ASCE, vol. 123, no.
3, pp. 3508.
Ramachandra Murthy, D.S. et al. 1994, Corrosion Iatigue oI stiIIened oIIshore steel
tubular joints`, Journal Of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 120, no. 7, pp.1991
2010.
Ramachandra Murthy, D.S. 1998, Eatigue Resistant Design oI Steel Structures`, Advance
Course on Design of Steel Structures, The Structural Engineering Research Centre,
Chennai, India.
Ramachandra Murthy, D.S. and S. Seetharaman (ed.) 1997, Advance Course on Fatigue
Resistant Design of Components and Structures, SERC, Madras, December 17
19.
Ramasamy, J.V. and S. Rajasekaran 1996, ArtiIicial Neural Network and Generic
Algorithm Ior the Design Optimization oI Industrial RooIsA Comparison`,
Computers and Structures, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 74755.
Ramsden, J.D. 1993, Tsunamis. Forces on a Jertical Wall Caused bv Long Waves,
Bores, and Surges on a Drv Bed, Report no. KH-R-54, W.M. Keck Laboratory,
CaliIornia Institute oI Technology, Pasadena, CaliIornia, p. 251.
Ranganathan, R. 1990, Reliabilitv Analvsis and Design of Structures, Tata-McGraw
Hill, New Delhi.
Rangwala, S.C., K.S. Rangwala, and P.S. Rangwala 1997, Engineering Materials, 22nd
edn, Charotar Publishing House, Anand.
Rasmussen, K. Jr. 2001, Full Range Stress-Strain Curves for Stainless Steel Allovs,
Research Report no. R811, Department oI Civil Engineering, The University oI
Sydney, p. 45.
Ravindra, M.K. and T.V. Galambos 1978, Load and resistant Iactor design Ior steel`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 104, no. ST9, pp. 133754.
4! Design of Steel Structures
Redwood, R. and S.H. Cho 1993, Design oI steel and composite beams with web
openings`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 25, pp. 2341.
Reese, L.C., W.M. Isenhower, and S.T. Wang 2005, Analvsis and Design of Shallow
and Deep Foundations, John Wiley, NY, p. 608.
Regan and Salter 1984, Tests on welded-angle tension members`, The Structural
Engineer, vol. 62B, no. 2, pp. 2530.
Rentschler, G.P., W.E. Chen, and G.C. Driscoll 1982, Beam-to-column web connection
details`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 108, no. ST2, pp. 303409.
Richard, R.M., J.D. Kriegh, and D.E. Hormby 1982, Design oI single plate Iraming
connections with A307 bolts`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 209
13.
Richard, R.M., P.E. Gillett, J.D. Kriegh, and A. Lewis 1980, The analysis and design
oI single plate Iraming connections`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 17, no. 2,
pp. 3851.
Ricker, D.T. 1982, Tips Ior avoiding crane runway problems`, Engineering Journal,
AISC, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 181205.
Ricker, D.T. 1989, Cambering steel beams`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 26, no.
4, pp. 13642.
Ricker, D.T. 1989, Some practical aspects oI column base selection`, Engineering
Journal, AISC, vol. 26, no. 3, 3rd qtr, 1989, pp. 819.
Righiniotis, T.D., E.R. Lancaster, and R.E. Hobbs 2000, Eracture strength oI a moment
resisting welded connection under combined loadingPart I: Eormulation`, Journal
of Constructional Steel Research, vol .56, pp. 1730 (see also Part II, Results,
2000, vol. 56, pp. 3145).
Roark, J.R. and W.C. Young 1975, Formulae for Stress and Strain, 5th edn, McGraw
Hill, NY.
Roberts, R. and A.W. Pense 1980, Basics in Eailure Analysis oI Large Structures`,
Civil Engineering, ASCE, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 6062.
Roberts, T.M. 1981, Slender Plate Girders Subjected to Edge Loading`, Proceedings,
Institution of Civil Engineers, Part 2, vol. 71, pp. 80519.
Roberts, T.M. and A.C.B. Newark 1997, Strength oI webs subjected to compressive
edge loading`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 176
83.
Robertson, A. 1925, The Strength oI Struts`, ICE Selected Engineering Paper 28.
Rockey, K.C. and M. Skaloud 1971, The Ultimate Load Behaviour oI Plate Girders
Loaded in Shear`, IABSE Colloquium, Design of Plate and Box Girders for Ultimate
Strength, vol. II, London, pp. 119.
Rockey, K.C., G. Valtinat, and K.H. Tang 1981, The Design oI Transverse StiIIeners
on Webs Loaded in ShearAn Ultimate Load Approach`, Proceedings Institution
of Civil Engineers, Part 2, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 106999.
Rockey, K.C., H.R. Evans, and D.M. Porter 1978, A Design Method Ior Predicting
Collapse Behaviour oI Plate Girders`, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers, vol. 65, pp. 85112.
Roeder, C.W. and R.H. Dailey 1989, The results oI experiments on seated beam
connections`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 26, no. 3, 3rd qtr, pp. 9095.
Roik, K. and R. Bergmann 1992, Composite columns` in Constructional Steel Design,
P.J. Dowling et al. (eds), Elsevier Science Publishing, NY, pp. 44370.
References 4!!
Roik, K., J. Carl, and J. Lindner 1972, Biege Torsions Probleme Gerader Dnnwandiger
Stbe, Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin.
Rondal, J. and R. Maquoi 1979, Single equation Ior SSRC column-strength curves`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 105, no. ST1, pp. 24750.
RouIaiel, M.S.L. and E.E. Monasa 1989, Microcomputer-aided analysis and design oI
steel Irames`, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, ASCE, vol. 3, no. 2, pp.
12742.
Roytman, M.Ya. 1975, Principles of Fire Safetv Standards for Building Construction,
Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, p. 429.
Ruddy, J. 1983, Economics oI low-rise steel Iramed structures`, Engineering Journal,
AISC, vol. 20, 3rd qtr, pp.10718.
Ruddy, J.L. 1986, Ponding oI concrete deck Iloors`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol.
23, no. 3, pp. 10715.
Ruiz, S.E. and A.S. Trujillo 1997, Design live loads Ior classrooms in United States
and Mexico`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 123, no. 12, pp. 1652
7.
Ruiz, S.E. and J.A. Soriano 1997, Design live loads Ior oIIice buildings in Mexico and
USA`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 123, no. 6, pp. 81622.
RumpI, J.L. and J.W. Eisher 1963, Calibration oI A325 bolts`, Journal of the Structural
Div., ASCE, vol. 89, no. ST6, pp. 21534.
Sakimoto, T. and S. Komatsu 1983, Ultimate strength oI arches with bracing systems`,
Journal of Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 61327.
Sakimoto, T. and T. Sakata 1982, Ultimate strength oI arches with bracing systems`,
Journal of Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 108, no. ST5, pp. 106476.
Sakimoto, T. and T. Sakata 1990, The out-oI-plane buckling strength oI through-type
arch bridges`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 16, pp. 30718.
Salem Steel Users Guide, Steel Authority oI India, Salem Steel Plant, Salem, India,
1998, p. 48.
Salmon, C.G. and J.E. Johnson 1996, Steel Structures, Design and Behavior, 4th edn,
Harper Collins, NY, 1996, p. 1024.
Salmon, C.G., D.R. Buettner, and T.C. O`Sheridan 1964, Laboratory investigation oI
unstiIIened triangular bracket plates`, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE,
vol. 90, no. ST4, pp. 25778.
Salvadori, M.G. 1955, Lateral Buckling oI I Beams`, Transactions of the American
Societv of Civil Engineers, vol. 120, pp. 116577.
Salvadori, M.G. 1956, Lateral Buckling oI Eccentrically Loaded I-columns`,
Transactions, ASCE, vol. 121, pp. 116378.
Samanta, A.K. 2003, Cathodic Protection oI Steel Structures`, in Course on Proposed
Revision of IS. 800, Institute Ior Steel Development and Growth (INSDAG),
Chennai, December 19-20, pp. 15.115.9.
Samanta, A.K. 2003b, SurIace Protection oI Steel Structures Irom Corrosion`, in Course
on Proposed Revision of IS. 800, Institute Ior Steel Development and Growth
(INSDAG), Chennai, December 19-20, pp. 13.113.9.
Sarma, B.S. and N. Lakshmanan 1990, Evaluation oI channel and tube purlins under
biaxial loading`, Journal of Institution of Engineers, India, Civil Engg. Div., vol.
70, pp. 1539.
4!" Design of Steel Structures
Sause, R., H.H. Abbas, R.G. Driver, K. Anami, and J.W. Eisher 2006, Eatigue liIe oI
girders with trapezoidal corrugated webs`, Journal of Structural Engineering,
ASCE, vol. 132, no. 7, pp. 10708.
Scawthorn, C., I. Eidinger, and A. SehiII (ed.) 2005, Fire Following Earthquake, TCLEE
Monograph 26, American Society oI Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, p. 352.
Schechter, M.M., E. Schechter, and E. Simiu 1995, Developmental computer-based
version oI ASCE 7-95 Standard Provision Ior Wind Loads`, NIST Tech. Note 1415,
National Institute oI Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
Schilling, C.G. 1968, Design oI hybrid steel beams`, Report oI the Subcommittee 1 on
Beams and Girders, Joint ASCE-AASHO Committee on Elexural Members, Journal
of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 94, no. ST6, pp. 13971426.
Schilling, C.G. 1974, Optimum proportions Ior I-shaped beams`, Journal of the
Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 100, no. ST12, pp. 23852401.
Schittich, C. 2001, In Detail. Building Skins, Concepts, Lavers, Materials, Birkhouser,
Switzerland, p. 120.
Schodek, D.L. 2001, Structures, 4th edn, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, p.
581.
SEAOC 1980, Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentarv, Structural
Engineers Association oI CaliIornia.
Seetharaman, S., N. Pandian, and A. Jayachandran 2003, Advanced Analysis Techniques
Ior Steel EramesAn Overview`, Proceeding of the Structural Engg. Convention,
IIT Kharagpur, pp. 8594.
Segui, W.T. 1999, LRFD Steel Design, 2nd edn, PWS Publishing, NY.
SEI/ASCE 24-98, Flood Resistant Design and Construction, Structural Engineering
Institute/American Society oI Civil Engineering, Reston, VA, 2000, p. 72.
SEI/ASCE 37-02, Design Loads on Structures during Construction, Structural
Engineering Institute/American Society oI Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2002.
SEI/ASCE 7-05, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, American
Society oI Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2006, p. 376.
Seilie, I.E. and J.D. Hooper 2005, Steel plate shear walls: Practical design and
construction`, Modern Steel Construction, AISC, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 3742.
Serna, M.A., A. Lopez, I. Puente, and D.J. Yong 2006, Equivalent uniIorm moment
Iactors Ior lateral torsional buckling oI steel members`, Journal of the Constructional
Steel Research, vol. 62, no. 6, pp.56680.
SIintesco, D. 1970, Experimental Basis oI the European Column Curves`, Construction
Metallique, no. 3, p. 5.
Shanley, E.R. 1946, The column paradox`, Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, vol.
13, no. 12, p. 678.
Shanley, E.R. 1947, Inelastic column theory`, Journal of the Aeronautical Science,
vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 2614.
Shanmugam, N.E. and C.M. Wang 2006, Analvsis and Design of Plated Structures
Jol. 1. Stabilitv, CRC Press, UK, p. 498.
Shanmugam, N.E., J.Y.R Liew, and S.L. Lee 1993, Ultimate strength design oI biaxially
loaded steel box beam-columns`, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, vol.
26, no. 2&3, pp. 99123.
Sharp, M.L. and J.W. Clark 1971, Thin aluminum, shear webs`, Journal of the Structural
Div., ASCE, vol. 97, no. ST4, pp. 102138.
References 4!#
SHS Design Manual for Concrete Filled Columns. Part 2. Fire Resistant Design, British
Steel, UK, 1996.
Simiu, E. and R.H Scanlan 1996, Wind Effects on Structures. Fundamentals and
Applications to Design, 3rd edn, Wiley InterScience, NY, p. 704.
Sivakumaran, K.S. 1988, Seismic Response oI Multi-storey Steel Building with Elexible
Connections`, Engineering Structures, vol. 10, pp. 23948.
Skinner, R.I., W.H. Robinson, and G.H. McVerry 1993, An Introduction to Seismic
Isolation, John Wiley, NY, p. 376.
Smith, B.S. and A. Coull 1991, Tall Building Structures. Analvsis and Design, Wiley
Inter Science Publication, NY.
Socie, E. and G.B. Marquis 2000, Multiaxial Fatigue, Society oI Automotive Engineers
(SAE) Inc., Warrendale, PA.
Soong, T.T. and G.E. Dargush 1997, Passive Energv Dissipation Svstems in Structural
Engineering, John Wiley, NY, p. 368.
Sputo, T. 1993, History oI steel beam-column design`, Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 54757.
Sree Ramachandra Murthy, D., D. Bhanu Prasad, K.V. Ramesh, and D.L. Narasimha
Rao 2004, Economical Aspects in the Design oI Steel Trusses`, Civil Engineering
and Construction Review, vol. 17, no.1, pp. 3038.
Sreevidya, S. and N. Subramanian 2003, Aesthetic appraisal oI antenna towers`, Journal
of Architectural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1038.
Sridhara, B.N. 1991, Design oI Optimum Weight Compression Members`, International
Conference on Steel and Aluminium Structures, Singapore, pp. 298307.
Srinivasa Rao, P. and G.S. Krishnamurthy 1993, Imposed loads on Iloors oI oIIice
buildings: Results oI load survey`, Indian Concrete Journal, vol. 67, no. 11, pp.
53844.
Standard Specifications for Open Web Steel Joists. K-Series, 41st edn, Steel Joist
Institute, Myrtle Beach, SC, 2002.
Steel Construction Guide book. Building Construction and Civil Engineering, The Kozai
Club, Japan, 1983.
Steel Todav and Tomorrow, News oI Japanese steel, No.43-46, Sept 82, Dec 82, Mar.,
83 and June 83, No.107, Oct-Dec 1989.
Steinhardt, O. and W. Schrter 1971, Post Critical Behaviour oI Aluminium Plate Girders
with Transverse StiIIeners`, IABSE Colloquium, Design of Plate and Box girders
for Ultimate Strength, London.
Structural Fire Design. Off-Site Applied Thin Film Intumescent Coatings, Report no.
433, Steel Construction Institute, UK, 1996.
Struik, J.H.A., A.O. Oyeledun, and J.W. Eisher, 1973, Bolt tension control with a direct
tension indicator`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 10, no. 1, 1st qtr, pp. 15.
Subramanian, N. (ed.) 1983, First National Seminar on Computers and Civil
Engineering, November 26, Organized by Computer Design Consultants, Madras.
Subramanian, N. (ed.) 1991, National Seminar on Computers in Civil Engineering,
Organized by the Association oI Consulting Civil Engineers, Chennai.
Subramanian, N. 1974, Plastic Design oI Minimum Weight Erames by Moment
Distribution`, M. Sc. Thesis, University oI Madras, p. 164.
Subramanian, N. 1974, SaIety in Engineering Structures`, Fourth National Conference
on Industrial Safetv, College oI Engineering, Guindy, Chennai.
4!$ Design of Steel Structures
Subramanian, N. 1982, Lateral Torsional Buckling Problem of Cold-formed Members
with Section Deformation, Report No. VR 2039, Technical University oI Berlin,
Germany, p. 74.
Subramanian, N. 1983, Recent Progress in the Eield oI Lateral Instability oI Steel
Beams`, The Bridge and Structural Engineer, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1747 (see also
no. 2, pp. 113).
Subramanian, N. 1984, Why Buildings Collapse?`, Science Reporter, vol. 24, no. 5 &
6, pp. 2328.
Subramanian, N. 1984, Jersuche an geschraubten Flanchverbindungen in L-Form,
Unpublished report, Lehrstuhl Iuer Stahlbau, Der Universitaet Bundeswehr, Munich,
Germany.
Subramanian, N. 1986, P-Frame-User Manual for Plane Frame, Computer Design
Consultants, Chennai, India.
Subramanian, N. 1987, Aesthetics oI Non-habitat Structures`, The Bridge and Structural
Engineer, Journal oI ING/IABSE, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 75100.
Subramanian, N. 1989, Diagnosis oI the Causes oI Eailures`, The Bridge and Structural
Engineer, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 2442.
Subramanian, N. 1990, Wind Loads on Industrial Buildings`, Civil Engineering and
Construction Review, vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 4450.
Subramanian, N. 1991, Wind Load oI Steel Microwave Towers: A Comparison oI
Codes`, Engineering Design, vol. XX, No. 182, pp. 1822.
Subramanian, N. 1992, Composite Eloors Speed up Construction`, Civil Engineering
and Construction Review, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 18.
Subramanian, N. 1992, Design oI Antenna Towers`, The Bridge and Structural Engineer,
vol. XXII, no. 2, pp. 1532.
Subramanian, N. 1992, New Steel Beams Increase EIIiciency and Reduce Costs`, Civil
Engineering and Construction Review, vol. 5, no. 7, p. 29.
Subramanian, N. 1994, How to Build Earthquake ProoI Structures`, Civil Engineering
and Construction Review, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 3941.
Subramanian, N. 1995, Computer Analysis and Design oI Tall Structures`, Civil
Engineering and Construction Review, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 426.
Subramanian, N. 1995, Distorsional Buckling oI Lipped Channel Beams`, International
Conference on Stabilitv of Structures, June 79, PSG College oI Tech., Coimbatore.
Subramanian, N. 1998, Rehabilitation oI Steel Structures: Some Case Studies`, Advance
course on Design of Steel Skeletal Structures, December 1618, SERC, Chennai.
Subramanian, N. 1999, Improper detailing results in delayed commissioning`, Journal
of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 2933.
Subramanian, N. 1999, Principles of Space Structures, 2nd edn, Wheeler Publishing,
Allahabad, p. 666.
Subramanian, N. 2000, Corrosion Protection oI Steel Structures`, The Master Builder,
vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 636 (see also no. 2, pp. 147).
Subramanian, N. 2000, Recent developments in the design oI anchor bolts`, The Indian
Concrete Journal, vol. 74, no. 7, pp. 40714.
Subramanian, N. 2000, Restoration oI Cold Storage Eactory Building`, Journal of
Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1559.
References 4!%
Subramanian, N. 2002, Collapse oI WTC: Its impact on skyscraper construction`, The
Indian Concrete Journal, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 1659.
Subramanian, N. 2007, Space Structures. Principles and Practice, Multi-Science
Publishing Co. Ltd., Essex, UK.
Subramanian, N. and C. Ganapathy 1980, Computer Analysis oI Space Erames with
OIIset Members`, Computers and Structures, vol. 11, pp. 297303.
Subramanian, N. and C. Petersen 1987, Behaviour oI HSEG Bolts in Chimney Joints`,
Third International Conference on Steel Structures, Singapore.
Subramanian, N. and C.C. Sampath 2002, India`s Eirst Stainless Steel Space Erame
RooI`, Fifth International Conference on Space Structures, University oI Surrey,
England.
Subramanian, N. and M.R. Pranesh 1982, Eixed Pile Supported Steel OIIshore
PlatIormsOverview`, Journal of Institution of Engineers (India), vol. 63, pt CI3,
pp. 1518.
Subramanian, N. and M.S. Venugopal 1976, Partial Iailures oI some industrial sheds-
A case study`, The Indian Concrete Journal, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 143-4 & p. 159.
Subramanian, N. and M.S. Venugopal 1984, Eire SaIety oI Multi-Storied Buildings`,
National Svmposium On Building Services, March 1-2, Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi.
Subramanian, N. and M.S. Venugopal 1998, Rehabilitation oI a Eire Damaged Eactory
Building`, New Building Materials and Construction World, vol. 3, no. IX, pp. 15-
23.
Subramanian, N. and R.A. Cook 2002, Installation, behaviour and design oI bonded
anchors`, The Indian Concrete Journal, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 4756.
Subramanian, N. and R.A. Cook 2004, Behaviour oI grouted anchors`, The Indian
Concrete Journal, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 1421.
Subramanian, N. and S. Mangalam 1997, Distress to green houses due to improper
execution`, Civil Engineering and Construction Review, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 458.
Subramanian, N. and S. Mangalam 1998, Restoration oI a Iactory building`, Journal of
the Institution of Engineers (India), vol. 79, pp. 147.
Subramanian, N. and V. Vasanthi 1991, Design oI Anchor Bolts in Concrete`, The
Bridge and Structural Engineer, vol. XXI, no. 3, pp. 4773.
Suresh, S. 1998, Fatigue of Materials, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
UK.
Swannel 1981, Rational design oI Iillet weld groups`, Journal of the Structural Div.,
ASCE, vol. 107, no. ST5, pp. 789802.
Swiatek, D. and E. Whitbeck 2004, Anchor Rods`, Modern Steel Construction, vol.
44, no. 12, pp. 313.
Szewczak, R.M., E.A. Smith, and J.T. DeWolI 1983, Beams with torsional stiIIeners`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 109, no. ST7, pp. 163547.
Takeuchi, T. 1964, Investigation oI the Load Carrying Capacity oI Plate Girders`, M.S.
Thesis, University oI Kyoto, Japan.
Tall, L. 1974, Structural Steel Design, Ronald Press, NY.
Tamboli, A.R. 1999, Handbook of Structural Steel Connection Design and Details,
McGraw Hill, NY, p. 570.
4!& Design of Steel Structures
Taranath, B.S. 1988, Structural Analvsis and Design of Tall Buildings, Intl. edn, McGraw
Hill, NY.
Taranath, B.S. 1998, Steel, Concrete and Composite Design of Tall Buildings, 2nd edn,
McGraw Hill, NY, p. 998.
Task Committee on Longitudinally StiIIened Plate Girders oI the ASCE AASHTO
Committee on Elexural Members oI the Committee on Metals oI the Structural
Div. 1978, Theory and design oI longitudinally stiIIened plate girders`, Journal of
the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 104, no. ST4, pp. 697716.
Tebedge, N. and W.E. Chen 1974, Design criteria Ior H-columns under biaxial loading`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 100, no. ST3, pp. 57998.
Temple, M.E. and S.S.S. Sakla 1994, Balanced and unbalanced welds Ior angle
compression members, Canadian Journal of Civil Engg., vol. 21, pp. 396403.
Thambiratnam, D.P. and P. Paramasivam 1986, Base plates under axial loads and
moments`, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 112, no. 5, pp. 1166
81.
Thandavamoorthy, T.S. 2005, Analvsis of Structures. Strength and Behaviour, OxIord
University Press, New Delhi, p. 860.
The European Steel Design Education Programme (ESDEP), Lectures http://
www.kuleuven.be/bwk/materials/teaching/master/toc.htm, Katholieke Universiteit,
Department oI Building Materials and Building Technology, Nederlands, 15 April
2006.
The Fire Resistance of Shelf Angle Floor Beams To BS. 5950 Part 8, Steel Construction
Institute, Ascot, UK, 1993.
The Fire Resistance Of Web Infilled Steel Columns, Steel Construction Institute, Ascot,
UK, 1992.
Theling, K.E. 1984, Steel and its Heat Treatment, Butterworths, London, UK.
Thornton, C.H. 1973, Quality control in design and supervision can eliminate lamellar
tearing`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 10, no. 4, 4th qtr, pp. 1126.
Thornton, W.A. 1985, Prying action: A general treatment`, Engineering Journal, AISC,
vol. 22, 2nd qtr, pp. 6775.
Thornton, W.A. 1992, Strength and serviceability oI hanger connections`, Engineering
Journal, AISC, vol. 29, 4th qtr, pp. 1459.
Thornton, W.A. 1995, Connections-Art, Science and InIormation into the quest Ior
economy and saIety`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 32, no. 4, 4th qtr, pp. 132
44.
Timoshenko, S.P. 1953, Historv of the Strength of Materials, McGraw Hill, NY.
Timoshenko, S.P. and J.M. Gere 1961, Theorv of Elastic Stabilitv, 2nd edn, McGraw
Hill, NY.
Timoshenko, S.P. and J.N. Goodier 1970, Theorv of Elasticitv, 3rd edn, McGraw Hill,
NY.
Timoshenko, S.P. and S.W. Krieger 1968, Theorv of Plates and Shells, 2nd edn, McGraw
Hill, NY.
Trahair, N.S. 1993, Flexural-torsional Buckling of Structures, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
EL.
Trahair, N.S. 2001, Moment Capacities of Steel Angle Sections, Research Report no.
R809, Dept. oI Civil Engineering, The University oI Sydney, http://
www.civil.usyd.edu.au/, 29 November 2006.
References 4!'
Trahair, N.S. and S.L. Chan 2003, Out-oI-plane advanced analysis oI steel structures`,
Engineering Structures, vol. 25, pp. 162737.
Trahair, N.S. and Y.L. Pi 1996, SimpliIied Torsion Design oI Compact I-beams`, Steel
Construction, AISC, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 219.
Trahair, N.S., M.A. BradIord, and D.A. Nethercot 2001, The Behaviour and Design of
Steel Structures to BS 5950, 3rd edn, Spon Press, London and NY, p. 448.
Troitsky, M.S. 1990, Prestressed Steel Bridges. Theorv and Design, Von Nostrand
Reinhold Co., NY.
Twilt, L. et al. 1994, Design Guide for Structural Hollow Section Columns Exposed to
Fire, CIDECT, Paris.
Twilt, L., P. Van De Leur, L.G. Cajot, J.B. Schleich, D. Joyeux, and J. Kruppa 1996,
Input Data Ior the Natural Eire Design oI Building Structures`, IABSE Report.
Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, Background and Application oI Eurocode
1, Switzerland.
Uang, C.W., S.W. Wattar, and K.M. Leet 1990, Proposed revision oI the equivalent
axial load method Ior LRED steel and composite beam-column design`, Engineering
Journal, AISC, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1507.
Unnikrishna Pillai, S. and P. Menon 2003, Reinforced Concrete Design, 2nd edn, Tata-
McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Usha 2003, Analytical Study oI Nonlinear Behaviour oI Steel Angle Tension Members`,
M.S. Thesis, IIT Madras.
Usha and V. Kalyanaraman 2002, Strength oI Steel Tension Members`, Proc. All India
Seminar on Modern Trends in Steel Structures, Nagpur, Eebruary 8-9, pp. 219.
Vacharajittiphan, P. and N.S. Trahair 1974, Warping and distortion at I-section joints`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 100, no. ST3, pp. 54764.
Valitnat, G. 1982, Tragsicherheitsnachweise Ir spezielle trgerIormen-vollwandtrger
mit schlanken stegen und vertikalsteiIen, Stahlbau Handbuch Ir Studium und
Praxis`, Band 1, Stahlbau-Jerlags GMBH, Kln, pp. 53142.
Varghese, P.C. and C. Ganapathy Chettiar 1974, Lateral stability oI open web structures`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 100, no. ST11, pp. 222333.
Vayas, I., A. Ciutina and A. Spiliopoulos 1999, Low cycle Iatigue gesttzter erdbeben-
nachweis von rahmen aus stahl`, Bauingenieur, vol. 74, pp. 44857.
Vayas, I., A. Sophocleous, and E. Dinu 2003, Eatigue analysis oI moment resisting
steel Irames`, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 63554.
Veljkovic, M. and B. Johansson 2004, Design oI hybrid steel girders`, Journal of
Constructional Steel Research, vol. 60, pp. 53547.
Venugopal, M.S. and N. Subramanian 1977, DiIIerential Movements in Soils`, Seminar
on Problems of Building Foundations, Eebruary 20, Chennai.
Vickery, P.J. and P.E. Skerlj 2005, Hurricane gust Iactors revisited`, Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, vol. 131, no. 5, pp. 82532.
Viest, I.M., J.P. Cotaco, R.W. Eurlong, L.G. GriIIis, R.T. Leon, and L.A. Wyllie 1996,
Composite Construction. Design for Buildings, ASCE, McGraw Hill, NY.
Villettee, M., N. Boissonnade, J.P. Muzeau, J.P. Jaspart 2000, Development of
Comprehensive Formula for the Design of Beam-columns, Internal report, Baudin
ChateauneuI, LERMES-CUST, University oI Liege, Netherlands.
Vinnakota, S. 1977, Inelastic stability oI laterally unsupported beams`, Computers and
Structures, vol. 7, no. 3.
4" Design of Steel Structures
Vinnakota, S. 2006, Steel Structures. Behavior and LRFD, McGraw Hill, NY, pp. 593
688.
Vinnakota, S. and P. Aysto 1974, Inelastic spatial stability oI restrained beam- columns`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 100, no. ST11, pp. 223554.
Vinnakota, S. and Y. Aoshima 1974, Spatial Behaviour oI Rotationally and Directionally
Restrained Beam-columns`, Publications of IABSE, vol. 34-II, pp. 16994.
Vogel, U. 1985, Calibrating Irames`, Der Stahlbau, vol. 10, pp. 17.
Vogel, U. and J. Lindner 1980, Kommentar zu DIN: 18800, Teil 2 (Gelbdruck),
StabilitatsIalle im Stahlbau, Knicken von Staben und Stabwerken`, DASt. H.11,
Stahlbau Verlag, Kln.
Von Karman, T. 1908, Die knickIestigkeit gerader Stbe`, Phvsicalische :eitschrift,
vol. 9, pp. 136.
Von Wingerde, A.M., J.A. Packer, and J. Wardenier 1995, Criteria Ior the Iatigue
assessment oI hollow structural section connections`, Journal of Steel Research,
vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 71115.
Wainman, D.E. and B.R. Kirby 1988, Compendium of UK Standard Fire Test Data,
Unprotected Steel-1, British Steel Corporation, Swinden, UK.
Walpole, R.E. and R.H. Myers 1978, Probabilitv and Statistics for Engineers and
Scientists, MacMillan, NY.
Walton, C. 1984, Cases oI Structural Damage Attributed to Snow on RooIs in the UK`,
Building Research Establishment, Note N 57/90, WatIord, England.
Wang, C.K. 1973, Computer Methods in Advanced Structural Analvsis, Intext
Educational Publishers, NY.
Wang, C.M. and S. Kitipornchai 1986, Buckling capacities oI mono-symmetric I beams`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 112, no. 11, pp. 237391.
Wang, M.B. 2005, Universal design charts Ior insulation oI steel members in Iire`,
Journal Of Constructional Steel Research, vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 144756.
Wang, M.B. and N. Patterson 1996, Unit load Iactor method Ior limiting temperature
analysis oI steel Irames with elastic buckling Iailure mode`, Fire Safetv Journal,
vol. 27, pp. 11322.
Warner, J. 2004, Practical Handbook of Grouting. Soil, Rock and Structures, John
Wiley, NY, p. 720.
Weaver, W.M. 1979, Crane Handbook. Design, Data and Engineering Information
used in the Manufacture and Application of Overhead and Gantrv Cranes, 4th
edn, Whiting Corporation, Harvey, IL.
Wen, Y.K. and G.L. Yeo 2001, Design live loads Ior passenger cars parking garages`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 2809.
West, M.A., J.M. Eisher, and L.A. GriIIis 2003, Serviceabilitv Design considerations
for Steel Buildings, Steel Design Guide no. 3, 2nd edn, American Institute oI Steel
Construction, Chicago, IL.
Whalen, T.M., S. Gopal, and D.M. Abraham 2004, Cost-beneIit Model Ior the
Construction oI Tornado Shelters`, Journal of Construction Engineering and
Management, ASCE, vol. 130, no. 6, pp. 7729.
White, D.W. and J.E. Hajjar 1987, Application oI second-order elastic analysis in LRED:
research to practice`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 13348.
References 4"
White, D.W. and M.J. Clarke 1997, Design oI beam-columns in steel IramesPart I:
Philosophies and procedures and Part II: Comparison oI standards`, Journal of
Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 123, no. 12, pp. 155664, pp. 156575.
White, D.W. and W.E. Chen 1990, Second-order Inelastic Analysis Ior Erame Design`,
V. Kalyanaraman (ed.), Proc. of the National Svmposium on Advances on Steel
Structures, Eebruary 79, IIT Madras, Tata-McGraw Hill.
Whitmore, R.E. 1952, Experimental Investigation of Stresses in Gusset Plates, Bulletin
No. 16, Engineering Experiment Station, University oI Tennessee, USA.
Wiegel, R.L. 1964, Oceanographical Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood CliIIs,
NJ, p. 532.
Williams, A. 2004, Seismic Design of Building and Bridges, 3rd edn, Engineering Press,
CaliIornia.
Winter, G. 1947, Strength oI Thin Steel Compression Elanges`, Transactions of ASCE,
vol. 112, p. 527.
Winter, G. 1960, Lateral Bracing oI Columns and Beams`, Transactions of ASCE, vol.
125, pt 1, pp. 80925.
Witteveen, J., J.W.B. Stark, E.S.K. Bijlaard, and P. Zoetemeijer 1982, Welded and
bolted beam-to-column connections`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol.
108, no. ST2, pp. 43355.
Wolmuth, B. and J. Surtess 2004, Crowd Related Eailures oI Bridges`, Civil Engineering
Proceedings of ICE, vol. 156, Issue 3, pp. 11623.
Wood, R.H. 1974, EIIective Lengths oI Columns in Multistory Erames`, The Structural
Engineer, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 23544 (see also no. 8, pp. 295302 and no. 9, pp.
3416).
Wood. R.H. 1973, Rigid-jointed Multi-storey Steel Erame Design: A State oI the Art
Report`, Building Research Establishment, Current Paper CP 25/73, WatIord,
England.
Woolcock, S.T. and S. Kitipornchai 1987, Design oI single angle web struts in trusses`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 113, no. 9, pp. 21027.
www.Corrosion-doctors.org , 15 Dec 2004.
www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/construction/manuals/trenching and shoring/Ch3soil.pdI
www.engineersedge.com/welddesignmenu.shtml (provides welded joint design
equations and calculations).
www.euro-inox.org, 6 July 2006.
www.Iatiguecalculator.com, May 2006.
www.ushamartin.com
Xu, Y.L. 1995, Eatigue perIormance oI screw-Iastened light-gauge steel rooI sheets`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 121, no. 3, pp. 38998 (see also
Discussions 1996, vol. 122, no. 12, pp. 147583).
Yang, Y.B. and S.R. Quo 1994, Theorv and Analvsis of Nonlinear Framed Structures,
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Yang, Y.B. and W. McGuire 1986, StiIIness matrix Ior geometric nonlinear analysis`,
Journal of Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 112, no. 4.
Yeh, H., I. Robertson, and J. Preuss 2005, Development of Design Guidelines that
serve as Tsunami Jertical Evacuation sites, Report 2005-4, Washington State
Department oI Natural Resources, Division oI Geology and Earth Resources.
4" Design of Steel Structures
Young, T. 1807, A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophv and Mechanical Arts, J.
Johnson, London, England.
Young, W.C. and R. Budynas 2001, Roarks Formulas for Stress and Strain, 7th edn,
McGraw-Hill ProIessional, NY, p. 832.
Yu, C.H. and N.E. Shanmugam 1986, Stability oI Erames with Semi-rigid Joints`,
Computers and Structures, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 63948.
Yu, C.K. and L. Tall 1971, SigniIicance and application oI stub column test results`,
Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 97, no. ST7, pp. 184161.
Yu, Q.S., S. Noel, and C.M. Uang 1997, Experimental and Analvtical Studies on Seismic
Rehabilitation of Pre-Northridge Steel Moment Connections: RBS and Haunch
Approaches, Structural Engg. Div., Report no. SSRP-97/08, University oI CaliIornia,
San Diego.
Yu, W.W. 2000, Cold Formed Steel Design, 3rd edn, Inter Science, N.Y., p. 848.
Yura, J. 2001, Eundamental oI beam bracing`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol. 38, no.
1, pp. 1126.
Yura, J.A. 1971, The eIIective length oI columns in unbraced Irames`, Engineering
Journal, AISC, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 3742 (see also Discussions 1972, vol. 9, no. 1,
pp. 40-41, 46, & pp. 167-8).
Yura, J.A. 1998, Elements for Teaching Load and Resistance Factor Design, University
oI Texas at Austin, Texas, pp. 5571.
Yura, J.A., P.C. Birkemoe, and J.M. Ricles 1982, Beam web shear connections: An
Experimental study`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 108, no. ST2, pp.
31125.
Yura, J.A., T.V. Galambos, and M.K. Ravindra 1978, The bending resistance oI steel
beams`, Journal of the Structural Div., ASCE, vol. 104, no. ST9, pp. 135570.
Zahn, C.J. 1987, Plate girder design using LRED`, Engineering Journal, AISC, vol.
24, no. 1, pp. 1120.
Zhao, X.L. et al. 2001, Design Guide for Circular and Rectangular Hollow Section
Welded Joints under Fatigue Loading, CIDECT and Verlag TV Rheiland GMBH,
Kln, Germany, p. 121.
Zhou, Y., T. Kijewski, and A. Kareem 2002, Along wind load eIIects on tall buildings:
Comparative study oI major international codes and standards`, Journal of Structural
Engineering, ASCE, vol. 128, no. 6, pp. 78896.
Zicherman, J. 2003, Eire perIormance oI Ioam-plastic building insulation`, Journal of
Architectural Engineering, ASCE, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 97101.
Ziemian, R.D., W. McGuire, and G.G. Deierlein 1992, Limit states steel design using
second-order inelastic analysis: Planar Irame studies, and 3-D high rise Irame study`,
Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 118, no. 8, pp. 253267.
Zirakian, T. and H. Showkati 2006, Distortional buckling oI castellated beams`, Journal
of the Constructional Steel Research, vol. 62, no. 8.
Zum Brandverhalten Von Gesamtkonstruktionen Des Stahl-Und Stahlverbundbaus
Teil 1- 4`, Der Stahlbau, vol. 62, JanuaryApril 1983.

You might also like