Project Part 1 Urban Drainage Design

RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 2

Kerb and channel

Shoulder of a road
Project - Example
a = 75 m
b = 80 m
c = 40 m
d = 50 m
10
I
1
= 373. mm/hr

ARI = 1:5 years (minor)

RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 3
RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 4
Rational Method
where:
Q
y
peak flow rate (m
3
/s) for ARI of y years
C
y
a dimensionless runoff coefficient for ARI of y years
A is area of catchment (km
2
)
average rainfall intensity (mm/hr) for design duration of t
c
hours and
ARI of y years
tc time of concentration; the longest time taken for a water particle to travel
from a point of the catchment to the catchment outlet. This time is used to
determine the intensity of rainfall to be used for design.
F conversion factors to balance the units used; if area is in km
2
F = 0.278
(or 1/3.6);
if area is in hectares F = 0.00278 (or 1/360)

, c y
y y t
Q FC I A =
Surface runoff to Pit A
t
c
= 5 min
I = 198 mm/hr
A = 0.15 ha
C = 0.8


Flow to Pit A = 66 L/s
RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 5
s / 66.0L 1000 * 1500
) 60 60 1000 (
198
8 . 0 Q =

=

Surface runoff from the parkland
C=0.15
L = 75 m;
n
*
=0.3 (say Lawn)
Slope S = 2%





t = 22 (min)
I = 125 mm/hr








RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 6
, c y
y y t
Q FC I A =
125mm/hr I min 3 . 22 t
1 . 151
02 . 0
) 3 . 0 * 75 ( 94 . 6
tI
3 . 0
6 . 0
4 . 0
= =
= =
31.3L/s 6000
) 60 60 1000 (
125
15 . 0 Q =

=
Time (min) I (mm/hr) tI0.4
1 254.98 9.174925
2 236.03 17.79171
5 197.92 41.45385
10 162.52 76.62377
15 141.51 108.7449
30 108.34 195.4505
60 80.79 347.6077
120 59.33 614.4488
240 43.21 1082.538
Gutter diameter (parkland)

Friction factor (f) = 0.018
Channel slope 1%
Assume diameter = 225 mm


V=1.57 m/s


31.3~31.1L/s Diameter okay










Surface runoff to Pit B
t
c
= 22.3+0.8=23.1min
I = 124 mm/hr
A = 75*80m
2

C=0.15


Flow to Pit B = 30.9 L/sec
RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 7
g 2
V
D
L
f h
2
f
=
s / L 12 . 31 2 / 4 / 225 . 0 57 . 1 VA Q
2
= = = t
min 8 . 0
75 . 1
75
V
L
t = = =
30.9L/s 6000
) 60 60 1000 (
124
15 . 0 Q =

=
Pipe AB
Pipe diameter 300mm
From Moodys diagram f=0.018



V = 1.14 m/sec


Q
A
=66 L/sec

Q
AB
> Q
A


Pipe diameter is ok. D
AB
=300mm


RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 8
s / L 8 . 80 4 / 3 . 0 14 . 1 VA Q
2
AB
= = = t
Flow to Pits C & D
Pipe Diameter - CD a = 75m, c = 40m













RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 9
S 1%; Concrete Asphalt n
*
=0.01





C = 0.8 (same as for road)

Assume Pipe diameter 300mm
From Moodys diagram f=0.018

V=2.09 m/sec
m 4 . 27
2
40
4
75
L
2
~ |
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
=
244mm/hr I min 4 . 1 t
71 . 12
01 . 0
) 01 . 0 * 75 ( 94 . 6
tI
3 . 0
6 . 0
4 . 0
= =
= =
Time (min) I (mm/hr) tI0.4
1 254.98 9.174925
2 236.03 17.79171
5 197.92 41.45385
10 162.52 76.62377
15 141.51 108.7449
30 108.34 195.4505
60 80.79 347.6077
120 59.33 614.4488
240 43.21 1082.538
L/s 2 . 81 40
2
75
) 60 60 1000 (
244
8 . 0 Q
C
=

=
g 2
V
D
L
f h
2
f
=
s / L 5 . 147 4 / 3 . 0 09 . 2 VA Q
2
CD
= = = t
mm 300 D ok; diameter Pipe Q Q
CD CD C
= s
Pipes BE
Tc=23.1 min
I = 124 mm/sec


When D = 300mm Q = 80.8 L/sec
Pipe diameter is okay.

V = 1.81 m/sec









PIPE EF
t
c
=23.1+0.2 = 23.3 min from the parkland (longest time)
I= 123 mm/hr
Q
EF
=I(A
parkland
C
parkland
+A
carpark
C
carpark
+A
roadA
C
roadA
+A
roadE
C
roadE
)

Q
EF
= 195 L/sec



RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 10
72.1L/s ) 1500 8 . 0 6000 15 . 0 (
) 60 60 1000 (
124
Q = +

=
min 2 . 0
81 . 1
70
V
L
t = = =
RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 11
Pipe System Design Hydraulic Models, Pipe Size & Limitations
1. There is steady flow in each pipe or link.
2. Peak flow rates are derived from a hydrological model - Rational Model may be used
3. HGL runs along obvert of the pipe, pipe is flowing full but not under pressure
4. Depth of pipe - Depends on type of pipe, often set by defining a minimum cover for traffic
load (900 mm is common)
5. Pipe sizes are determined by a pipe friction formula; Darcy-Weisbach formula is used with a
trial diameter to find slope needed to convey flow rate already computed


Energy losses in pits: Pits generate turbulence that causes an energy loss and a drop in the
HGL


Limiting Slopes, Velocities and Diameters: to prevent excessive sediment
deposition and erosion, V
min
= 0.6 m/s and V
max
= 3 to 8 m/s are used; d
min
= 150
to 225 mm; d/s pipes should never be smaller than upstream pipes
Design of Urban Drainage System
2
2
f
f
h
f V
S
L D g
= =

RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 12

Pipe System Design Hydraulic Models, Pipe Size & Limitations

Design of Urban Drainage System
The normal method of calculation is to proceed from the upper reaches of the
system to the receiving water, if the outlet pipe is then too low or too high it
becomes necessary to backtrack up the system and carry out alterations.
RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 13
Design of Urban Drainage System
Pipe System Design Hydraulic Models, Pipe Size
& Limitations

2
2
V
g
1 Pipe A-B
2 Length L (m)
3 Q (L/s)
4 Trial Pipe Diameter
5 Pipe Velocity (m/s)
6 Velocity Head
7 U/S Surface Level
8 U/S Pit WL (mAHD)
9 Pit Loss Coefficient
10 Pit Head Loss
11 U/S Pit HGL
12 HGL Slope S
f

13 Pipe Friction Loss
14 D/S Pit HGL
15 D/S Pit Surface Level
16 D/S Pit WL Limit
Row 2: these lengths are scaled off the plan of the
area.
Row 3: the flow rates for the pipes are those from
Hydrological Design Sheet 2.
Row 4: normally smallest diameter allowed is
tried first.
Row 5: velocity is found by dividing Q, by the
pipe area.
Row 6: V
2
/2g is computed, it is used in finding
energy loss due to turbulence in the pit and
that due to pipe friction.
Row 7: U/S surface level is read off the plan (say
100m)
Row 8: U/S Pit WL is set by subtracting the
freeboard of 0.15 m from surface level (100 -
0.15); in most cases surface level is the gutter
level at the pit inlet.
2
2
V
g
RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 14
Design of Urban Drainage System
Pipe System Design Hydraulic Models, Pipe
Size & Limitations

Row 9: this is the coefficient that is multiplied by
velocity head to give head loss in the pit; it is
found from Figure 7.4.13 in RDM.
Row 10: head loss due to turbulence caused by pit,
found by multiplying velocity head (Row 6)
by Pit Loss Coefficient (Row 9).
Row 11: HGL at U/S end of the pipe, found by
subtracting head loss in the pit (Row 10)
from the U/S pit water level (Row 8).
Row 12: this slope is required to convey Q = 48l/s
in the pipe of diameter 0.300 m calculated
from a pipe friction formula; assuming
ks=0.15 mm for concrete pipe, ks/D =
0.15/300 and fully turbulent flow, the
Moody Diagram, shows f = 0.018.
m / m 01 . 0 17 . 0
300 . 0
018 . 0
g 2
V
D
f
S
2
f
= = =
RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 15
Design of Urban Drainage System
Pipe System Design Hydraulic Models,
Pipe Size & Limitations

Row 13: this gives energy loss over the
pipe length, S
f
L = 0.0150 = 0.5 m.
Row 14: this shows HGL level at D/S pit
(pit 2), it is found by subtracting
friction loss in the pipe from U/S
HGL level and thus set the slope the
pipe must have to convey water at
the velocity shown in Row 5. Row
11-Row 13
Row 15: the surface (or gutter) level at
the D/S pit, read off the plan.
Row 16: WL limit set by subtracting the
freeboard (0.15 m) from surface level.
Lower of : (14) or
(15 freeboard)

RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 16
Design of Urban Drainage System
Pipe System Design Hydraulic Models, Pipe Size
& Limitations
Row 17: sets a value for invert level for
hydraulic reasons, the pipe diameter
being subtracted from HGL at U/S pit.
Row 18: gives a value for invert level based on
required cover; pipes used here need 600
mm above pipe crown, pipe thickness is
0.03 m; Invert Level = 100 - 0.6 0.03
0.300 = 98.8 m.
Row 19: this invert level is derived by
subtracting from invert level of any U/S
pipe entering the pit, the drop across the
pit usually 30 mm, this drop is to prevent
sediment collecting in pit; as there is no
U/S pipe entering pit 1 there is no
calculation for first pipe.
Row 20: adopted level is the lowest of the
levels found for different criteria in Rows
17, 18 and Row 19.
1 Pipe A-B
4 Trial Pipe Diameter 0.300
7 U/S Surface Level 75.2
8 U/S Pit WL 75.05
11 U/S Pit HGL 75.01
14 D/S Pit HGL 74.01
15 D/S Pit Surface Level 75.0
16 D/S Pit WL Limit 74.01
17 Hyd (Row 11 Row 4) 74.7
18 Cover (Row 7 cover) 74.3
19 U/S Pipe Invert Level - drop -
20 Adopt Invert Level Lowest
Row 17, 18, 19
74.3
21 Hyd [lower of Row 14 or
Row16) Row 4]
73.7
22 Cover Row 15 - cover 74.1
23 Adopt Invert Level Lowest
Row 21, 22
73.7
24 Pipe Slope 0.012
RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 17
Design of Urban Drainage System
Pipe System Design Hydraulic Models, Pipe Size
& Limitations
Row 21: an invert level at D/S end of the pipe
based on the HGL consideration = D/S
WL limit (Row 16) pipe diameter =
99.35 0.300 = 98.4 m.
Row 22: an invert level at D/S end based on
cover requirements for pipe = surface
level at D/S end (Row 15) cover pipe
thickness pipe diameter = 99.5 - 0.6 -
0.03 0.300 = 98.4 m.
Row 23: adopted D/S invert level, the lower of
Rows 21 & 22; note this value, with drop
across the pit floor, (usually 0.030 m) that
sets one of the U/S invert levels for the
next pipe; in this case 98.42 0.03 = 98.39
m becomes Row 19 for next pipe 2-3.
Row 24: actual pipe slope used in drawing
the construction plans.


RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 18
Design of Urban Drainage System
Pipe System Design Hydraulic Models, Pipe
Size & Limitations
Inspection of the pipe friction losses will indicate
if a pipe is too small and that a larger pipe is
required.
Example: the calculation regarding pipe 10-11
shows a friction loss of 1.292 m for a 381 mm pipe;
accepting this value would lead to deeper
excavation for this and subsequent pipes than
would be required for a larger pipe; usual practice
is to install pipes that have slope similar to natural
surface slope.

Design process proceeds from U/S end to outlet;
for checking purposes the process is reversed as
illustrated in Hydraulic Checking Sheet, Table
14.16.

The above calculations lend themselves to being
implemented on a spreadsheet and students are
advised to do this once they acquire good
understanding of the process.

Column 1 6 : Basic design information
Column 7-16 : Calculation of the hydraulic grade line
position
The remaining columns : To determine pipe invert levels,
allowing for hydraulic considerations, cover and positions
of upstream pipes.
RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 19
RMIT Universityyyyy School/Department/Area 20