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STATISTIC SYMBOLS
All the elements between two points in a distribution
Infinity
a The y intercept for the line = a + b x .
Alpha, the significance level of a hypothesis test, the probability of a Type I error
b The slope of the line = a + b x
Beta, the probability of a Type II error
2
Chi-square. The X
2
statistic has approximately the Chi-square distribution when the proper
conditions are met
df Degrees of freedom
F The F statistic, used in ANOVA hypothesis testing
Fe The expected frequency
Fo The observed frequency
Gm Geometric mean
H
o
Null hypothesis
H
a
Alternative hypothesis
Hm Harmonic mean
m Margin of error. This is the quantity added to and subtracted from the point estimate to make a
confidence interval. Also used for the slope of a line but in statistics b is usually used for slope.
Md Median
Mo Mode
2
The mean of the population. This is the Greek letter mu, pronounced, "mew"
p
The mean of the sampling distribution of P. This is the average (mean) of the sample proportions,
taking all possible samples of a given size n.
X
The mean of the sampling distribution of X. This is the mean of the sample means, taking all
possible samples of a given size n.
N The number of elements in a population distribution
n The size of a sample, that is, how many numbers in the sample. When there is more than one
sample, the sizes are denoted n
1
, n
2
, and so on.
P The proportion of successes in a sample.
p The population proportion. The actual proportion of successes in the population.
P< Probability of a Type I error
Q
1
First quartile where 25% of the data points fall below
Q
3
Third quartile where 25% of the data points lie above
r Pearson's sample correlation coefficient
r
2
The coefficient of determination
r
s
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.
s The standard deviation of a sample.
s
2
The variance of a sample
The standard deviation of the population. This is the Greek letter sigma.
2
The variance of the population.
p
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of p. This is the standard deviation of the
sample proportions, taking all possible samples of a given size n
3
x
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of x. This is the standard deviation of the
sample means, taking all possible samples of a given size.
t The t statistic.
X A distribution, also called the distribution for the independent variable
X The mean of a sample (x-bar); the average of the data points
X The grand mean, the mean of all the observations in all the samples.
X
i
Any individual score
X
1
The first element [number] in a distribution
X
2
The second element [number] in a distribution
X
n
The last element in a distribution
The predicted y value from a regression line.
Y A distribution that is not the same as X, also called the dependent variable
z The standard score that tells how many standard deviations from the mean a score is.
Sum of all the values [numbers] of x in the distribution (sum of x)
2
Square all the values [numbers] first then add them to each other (sum of x-squared)
()
2
Add all the elements then square the summation
Y Multiple X
1
by Y
1
, X
2
by Y
2
, , X
n
by Y
n
and sum the distribution