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COMPHRAHENSIV VIVA
TRR ENGINEERING COLLEGE RAVEE0408@GMAIL.COM









ANALOG
COMMUNICATIONS











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COMPHRAHENSIV VIVA
TRR ENGINEERING COLLEGE RAVEE0408@GMAIL.COM
1. What is the need for modulation?
Ans. Mainly to decrease the antenna size
to increase the bandwidth of the signal
to multiplex the signals
to reduce the interference made when we transmit the signals with nearly same
frequency in the audio frequency range (20-20k)kHz.
to favour the complexity of the transmission system

2. What is Costas Loop?
Ans. A Costas loop is a phase-locked loop used for carrier phase recovery from suppressed-
carrier modulation signals, such as from double-sideband suppressed carrier signals. The primary
application of Costas loops is in wireless receivers. Its advantage over the PLL-based detectors is
that at small deviations the Costas loop error voltage is sin(2(
i

f
)) vs sin(
i

f
). This translates
to double the sensitivity and also makes the Costas loop uniquely suited for tracking Doppler-
shifted carriers esp. in OFDM and GPS.

3. What is SSB?
Ans. Single-sideband modulation (SSB) is a refinement of amplitude modulation that more
efficiently uses electrical power and bandwidth. It is closely related to vestigial sideband
modulation (VSB)
Amplitude modulation produces a modulated output signal that has twice the bandwidth of the
original baseband signal. Single-sideband modulation avoids this bandwidth doubling, and the
power wasted on a carrier, at the cost of somewhat increased device complexity.
4. What is FM?
Ans. Frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its
instantaneous frequency. This is in contrast with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude
of the carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant. In analog applications, the
difference between the instantaneous and the base frequency of the carrier is directly
proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal amplitude. Digital data can be sent by
shifting the carrier's frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-
shift keying.
FM is widely used for broadcasting of music and speech, and in two-way radio systems

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COMPHRAHENSIV VIVA
TRR ENGINEERING COLLEGE RAVEE0408@GMAIL.COM
5. Noise in Analog communication?
Ans. Analog systems are less tolerant to noise, make good use of bandwidth, and are easy to
manipulate mathematically. However, analog signals require hardware receivers and transmitters
that are designed to perfectly fit the particular transmission. If you are working on a new system,
and you decide to change your analog signal, you need to completely change your transmitters
and receivers.

6. What is a Radio transmitter?
Ans. Radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio
waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to
the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In
addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many
electronic devices that communicate by radio.
7. What is a Radio receiver?
Ans. A radio receiver is an electronic circuit that receives its input from an antenna, uses
electronic filters to separate a wanted radio signal from all other signals picked up by this
antenna, amplifies it to a level suitable for further processing, and finally converts through
demodulation and decoding the signal into a form usable for the consumer, such as sound,
pictures, digital data, measurement values, navigational positions, etc
8. What is TDM?
Ans. Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of putting multiple data streams in a single
signal by separating the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration. Each
individual data stream is reassembled at the receiving end based on the timing.
The circuit that combines signals at the source (transmitting) end of a communications link is
known as a multiplexer. It accepts the input from each individual end user, breaks each signal
into segments, and assigns the segments to the composite signal in a rotating, repeating
sequence.





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