Dr.

Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

1
Lecture 3a: Heat Transfer Modeling

Topics:

1. Introduction

2. Heat convection

3. Heat conduction

4. Heat transfer model

5. COMSOL model

6. Mass and heat coupled transfer

Literature:

- Lecture notes

- Heat Transfer Module (or Chemical Engineering Module).
Model Library. COMSOL Multiphysics Manual/Help
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

2
Physical Phenomenon

Heat is energy stored as movement of micro- or macroscopic particles.

Heat transfer in three possible forms:

In the media

- Thermal convection

- Thermal conduction

without media

- Radiation from surface:
Emissivity/Absorptivity

- Electromagnetic radiation with waves

The emissivity of a material is the ability of its surface to emit energy by radiation
(at high temperature).
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

3
Heat Transfer Modeling

The heat transfer systems are very similar to the mass transfer systems.

Compare:
- Mass convection Heat convection
- Mass diffusion Heat conduction (diffusion)
- Mass source (specific) Heat source (specific)
- Mass transfer Heat transfer

Since we are not so much interested in the physical phenomenon as in
mathematical modeling we derive the heat transfer model using the same
finite element method as was applied to the mass transfer model in the
previous lecture.
We apply a simplified derivation of the heat transfer model next.
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

4
MODEL DERIVATION: Heat Convection
Ax
V = Ax
3
test volume, m
3


A = Ax
2
area, m
2

T(t,x-Ax) Q T(t,x) =? T(t,x) Q
T temperature, K


Q volumetric flow rate (m
3
/s); can be thought as a heat pumping rate

The pumping rate is assumed to be constant Q(t) = Q in our simplified notations.

The heat can be thought as a temperature, if the meaning of units is not great
concern, otherwise we must apply heat itself:
1 =

Heat = Const ant x Temper at ur e

Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

5
Finite Element Approach

In the steady-state, the following relationship for heat flux is apparent

( , ) ( , ) QT t x QT t x x = A


However, since accumulation in the test volume do occur, the temperature
change in a dynamic system takes place

( , ) ( , )
T
V QT t x x QT t x
t
c
= A
c


By diving with V = Ax, we develop a new presentation for the same relationship

( , ) ( , ) Q T t x x T t x T
x t A
A c
=
A c


Here the 1
st
ratio is a flow velocity: and the 2
nd
ratio has a limit that
is equal to the derivative.
Q
u
A
=
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

6
Finite Element Approach

Definition of the derivative

0
lim
( , ) ( , )
x
T T t x x T t x
x
x
A
=
A
A
c
c



By combining these two ratios we obtain the model for the temperature

T T
u
t x
c c
=
c c


This model has strange unit (K/s). For sound physical units of heat transfer
(J /sm
3
) the former equation should be multiplied with a constant with proper
units


Heat = Constant x Temperature
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

7
Convection Model for Heat Transfer

To define this constant (units) we need the following physical quantities:

density, kg/m
3


C
p
heat capacity: specific thermodynamic constant, J /kgK, (J = N m)

C
p
T heat (dennsity) per unit volume (J /m
3
)

The temperature model multiplied by constant C
p
gives the heat convection
model with the proper units

p p
T T
C C u
t x

c c
=
c c
J /sm
3
= W/m
3
(W = J /s)

The same principles as shown for one dimension can be applied for
multidimensional models as well.
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

8
Heat Convection in 3D space

The 3D model is similar to the 1D model

p p p p
T T T T
C C u C v C w
t x y z

c c c c
=
c c c c


u, v, w flow velocities in the direction of x-axis, y-axis and z-axis


We saw in the previous lecture that models like this can be written compactly as

p p
T
C C T
t

c
= V
c
u


u velocity vector.
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

9
General Heat Convection Model

Generally, the heat capacity depends on concentration C
p
= C
p
(c(x, y, z))
(or other space dependent parameters).

In this case, the correct model should be derived based on heat (this
different approach is not presented here) and if we do so the heat capacity
appears under nabla operator (like in the mass transfer model)

( )
p p
T
C T C
t

c
= V
c
u


This is a correct physical model for heat convection in 3D model.

Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

10
Heat Flux Ax

V = Ax
3
test volume, m
3


A = Ax
2
area, m
2

q(t,x-Ax) T(t,x) =? q(t,x)
T temperature, K

q heat flux, J /(m
2
s) = W / m
2


The heat flux may be thought as a fictive pumping rate Q (m
3
/s) per area (m
2
)
multiplied with heat.

Heat Heat
p p
Q
q C T u C T
A
= =

heat flux, J /m
2
s = W/m
2


If we substitute with heat flux q in the former temperature model we
reach to the heat flux model in the next slide.
p
C u
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

11
Heat Flux Model

The right side of the convection model can be substituted

( , ) ( , )
p p
T t x x T t x T
C C
t x
u
A c
=
c A


with q and if do so the same relationship in terms of heat flux yields:

( , ) ( , )
p
q t x x q t x T
C
x t

A c
=
A c


Taking limit, we reach to the heat flux model:


J /sm
3
= W/m
3


p
q T
C
t x

c c
=
c c
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

12
T =273 K 273 T = 473 K
Conductivity Model

Conductivity means heat flux (flow) caused by a temperature gradient (difference)

T
q
x
c
=
c


In general, the magnitude of the flux depends on the media.

T
q k
x
c
=
c


k thermal conductivity coefficient, W/mK = J /msK (W = J /s)

Replacing flux in the former heat flux model, we obtain the conductivity model

p
T T
C
t x x
k
c c c
=
c c c


if k is a constant, then we obtain simpler model:
2
2
p
T T
C k
t
x

c c
=
c
c
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

13
Heat Conductivity in 3D space

3D model is similar

2 2 2
1 2 3
2 2 2
p
T T T T
C k k k
t
x y z

c c c c
= + +
c
c c c


Using Laplacian we rewrite the model compactly as


2
p
T
C k T
t

c
= V
c


Notice:
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
T T T
T
x y z
c c c
+ + = V
c c c

Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

14
General Heat Conductivity Model

Generally, the conductivity coefficient depends on concentration k = k(c(x,y,z))
and therefore on location. In this case the general formula should be applied.

1 2 3
p
T T T T
C k k k
t x x y y z z

c c c c c c c
= + +
c c c c c c c


Using divergence we rewrite the general conductivity model as

( )
p
T
C k T
t

c
= V V
c



The divergence applied:

1 2 3 1 2 3
, ,
T T T T T T
k k k k k k
x x y y z z x y z
(
(
(

c c c c c c c c c
+ + = V =
c c c c c c c c c

( )
k T V V
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

15
Heat Source

- Chemical reaction produced heat

- Heat transferred from one body to other through a cooling/heating jacket

- Heat transferred from surface: Emissivity/Absorptivity

- Electromagnetic radiation

Thermal radiation is possible at high temperature. The radiation power is a
nonlinear function of 4
th
order

W AT o =
4


o
Stefan-Boltzmann constant: 6x10
-8
, A area of radiating body, m
2


Hear source: Radiation from hot surface to ambient

( )
rad amb
Q C T T =
4 4


C
rad
radiation coefficient
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

16
Heat = Conductive + Convective + Source
change change change
Non-conservative Heat Transfer Model




( ) ( ) p p
T
C k T C T Q
t

c
= V V V +
c
u


Q heat source (reaction heat, jacket-cooling, radiation or other), J /m
3
s

The 1
st
COMSOL model is similar to our model but includes a scaling factor

( ) ( ) p p
T
C k T C T Q
t
o
c
+ V V = V +
c
u


o time scaling factor (o = 1 no scaling)

This is non-conservative heat transfer model for incompressible fluid.

We do not consider conservative model that is for compressible fluid.
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

17
Heat Transfer other Models

The 2
nd
COMSOL model is with the external temperature radiation sources

( ) ( )
( )
4 4

( )
( )
rad amb
ex p t
Coolin
Radiation in the media or
witho
g jac
ut media EM
ket
media
T
C k T Q C T T h T
t
T
c
+ V V = + +
c

h heat transfer coefficient,

T
ext
external temperature, K

T
amb
ambient temperature, K

C
rad
radiation coefficient, i.e. ability of the material to radiate to a non-reflecting
surface

Good-to-know: Peclet number =
Convective heat transfer (rate)
Conduction heat transfer (rate)
Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

18
Boundary Condition: COMSOL Model

Boundary conditions are configured by selecting appropriately between
several possibilities (the boundary equation is less important in our use)

BOUNDARY
CONDITION NAME
COMMENT SYMBOL UNIT
Temperature Input (output) temperature
T
0

K
Heat flux Input (output) heat flux
q
0

W/m
Insulation
The boundary is considered as a
symmetry axis (similar process on
both sides of boundary).

Convective flux
Outflow

The initial condition must also be set, e.g. a constant field: T(0,x,y,z) = T
0

Dr. Robert Tenno, Control Engineering Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology

19
Mass and Heat Coupled Transfer

Evidently:
- Reaction rate depends on the temperature: R = R(T)
- Diffusion rate depends on the temperature: D = D(T)
- Heat capacity depends on the concentration: C
p
= C
p
(c)
- Thermal conductivity depends on the concentration: k = k(c)

The coupled system below is a description of all these processes

( )
( ) ( )
c
c D c R T T
t
c
= V +V V +
c
u


( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
p p
T
C k c c c c C T Q
t

c
= V V V +
c
u


It is still a linear system and COMSOL can solve this coupled problem easily!