THE TEACHERS PHILOSOPHICAL HERITAGE

Reported by: Maricar D. Soriano

Five Philosophies of Education:
1. Essentialism - fundamental, necessary or required
-William Bagley
Why to teach?
To acquire basic knowledge, skills and values
Transmission of the traditional moral values and intellectual knowledge that
students need to become model citizens.
What to teach?
Fundamental Rs: reading, riting, rithmetic, right conduct.
Traditional citizens: mathematics, natural science, history, foreign language and
literature.
How to teach?
Subject-centered
Memorization, rely to prescribed textbooks, drill method and other methods that
enables mastery of the subject.

2. Progressivism - receptive to fresh ideas and concepts
-John Dewey
Why to teach?
To develop learners into becoming enlightened and intelligent citizens of a
democratic society.
To live life fully NOW
Education is life , not a preparation for life - Dewey
What to teach?
Respond to students needs and that relates to students personal lives and
experiences.
Skills to cope with changes
Natural and social science
How to teach?
Experiential method
Problem-solving method
Hands-on-minds-on
Thought-provoking games and puzzles

3. Perennialism Robert Hulchins
Why to teach?
To develop the students rational and moral powers.
According to Aristotle, if we neglect the students reasoning skills, we deprive them
of the ability to use their higher faculties to control their passions and appetites.
What to teach?
All human beings possess the same essential nature.
Heavy on humanities and general education
Less emphasis on vocational and technical education
Great Books of ancient and medieval as well as modern times
How to teach?
Centered around teachers
Apply whatever creative techniques and methods which are believed to be most
conducive to disciplining the students minds.
Students engaged in Socratic dialogues

4. Existentialism Jean Paul Sartre
Why to teach?
Help students understand and appreciate themselves as unique individuals who
accept complete responsibility for their thoughts, feelings and actions.
Help students define their own essence
Demands the education of the whole person, not just the mind.
What to teach?
Wide variety of options from which to choose
Humanities are given tremendous emphasis
Encourages individual creativity and imagination more than copying and imitating
established models.
How to teach?
Learning is self-paced, self-directed
Employ values clarification strategy

5. Behaviorism John Watson
Why to teach?
Concerned with the modification and shaping of students behavior by providing for
a favorable environment, since they believe that they are a product of their
environment.
What to teach?
Teach the students to respond favorably to various stimuli in the environment.
How to teach?
Ought to arrange environmental conditions so that students can make the responses
to stimuli.
Ought to make the stimuli clear and interesting to capture and hold the learners
attention.
Ought to provide appropriate incentives to reinforce positive responses and weaken
or eliminate negative ones.


TEACHING AS VOCATION, MISSION AND PROFESSION

Reported by: Bryan Fijer

TEACHING AS VOCATION

The word vocation comes from the Latin word vocare which means to call. If there is a call,
there must be a caller and someone who is called. For Christians, the caller is God Himself. For
Muslims, the caller is Allah. This is the vertical dimension of teaching.
It was God who called you here for you to teach, just as God called Abraham, Moses, and
Mary, of the bible. These biblical figures did not also understand the events surrounding their call. But
in their great faith, they answered YES. Mary said: Behold the handmaid of the Lord. Be it done to
me according to your word.
For those who do not believe in a Supreme Being, the atheists, there is the horizontal
dimension of teaching. It is like man calling another man.

TEACHING AS MISSION

Mission comes from the Latin word misio which means to send. The Websters New
Collegiate Dictionary defines mission as task assigned. You are called to be a teacher and you are
sent into the world to accomplish a mission.
Teaching as your mission means the task entrusted to you. Once a teacher, forever a student.
You are expected to contribute to the betterment of this world in your own unique way. To teach is to
influence every child entrusted in your care to become better and happier. To teach is to help the child
become more human.

TEACHING AS PROFESSION

The elements of a profession:
The term professional is one of the most exalted in the English Language, denoting as it does,
long and arduous years of preparation, a striving for excellence, a dedication to the public interest, and
commitment to moral and ethical values.
If you take teaching as your profession, you must be willing to go through a period of
preparation and a continuing professional development. You must strive for excellence, commit
yourself to moral, and ethical and religious values and dedicate yourself to public service.











THE FOUNDATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF MORALITY

Reported by: May M. Arroyo

What is Morality?
(Panizo, 1964) As defined by one textbook author, morality refers to the quality of human act by
which we call them right or wrong, good or evil. Your human action is RIGHT when it conforms
with the norm, rule, or law of morality, Otherwise, it is WRONG.

Meaning of foundational moral principle

Principle is from the Latin word princeps, which means a beginning or a source.
something is based, founded, originated, initiated.
A FOUNDATIONAL MORAL PRINCIPLE is, therefore, the universal norm upon which other
principle on the rightness and or wrongness of an action are based.

Where is this Foundational moral principle?
- It is contained in the natural law
- Many moralists and authors and philosophers may have referred to the FOUNDATIONAL
MORAL PRINCIPLE in different terms but it may be acceptable to all (believers and non-
believers) to refer to it as NATURAL LAW

What is Natural Law?
- The law written in the hearts of man (Romans 2:15)
- It is mans share in the Eternal Law of God
- It is the light of natural reason, whereby we discern what is good and what is evil an
imprint on us of the Divine light (St. Thomas Aquinas)
- It is the law that says Do good and avoid evil
- This is the fundamental or foundational moral principle

Code of Ethics of Professional Teachers
Teachers are duly licensed professionals who possesses dignity and reputation with high moral values as well as
technical and professional competence. In the practice of their profession, they strictly adhere to, observe, and practice this
set of ethical and moral principles, standard and values.


4 ways of describing good moral character
1. Being fully human - you have realized substantially your potential as a human person.
2. Being a loving person- you are caring in an unselfish and mature manner with yourself, other
people and God.
3. Being a virtuous person- you have acquired good habits and attitudes and you practice them
consistently in your daily life.
4. Being a morally mature person you have reached a level of development emotionally, socially,
mentally, spiritually appropriate to your developmental stage.

Teachers as Role models (Teaching character and moral virtues)

Integrity
Teachers model integrity by choosing to do the right thing even when no one is looking.
Honesty
Teachers display honesty by telling the truth and acting in an honorable way.
Trust
An honest person can be trusted. Trust is the belief in others that develops whenever people
fulfill their promises and commitments.
Responsibility
Responsible teachers are those who are accountable for their actions and fulfill their duties.
Responsible teachers are always well prepared for each class and provide constructive
feedback to students.
Fairness
Fairness is closely linked with trust as students quickly learn whether or not teachers
discriminate against them or treat them disparately. Fairness requires that all students have the
same opportunity to meet the standards.
Respect
Real respect requires that teachers care for those students toward whom they might not have a
positive feeling. Teachers who model respect will always appreciate each individual students,
even when the behavior of some may be less than worthy of this respect.

TEACHER PHILOSOPHY AND VALUES FORMATION

Reported by: Keith Anne Closa
Philosophy
comes from the ancient greek words (philosophia) which literally means love of wisdom
The study of basic ideas about knowledge.
Philosophy is everything that we do. Dealings with parents and other.
How you learn things apply and apply them in your life.
The teachers attitude in life reflects their philosophy. A teacher must develop a strong philosophy
in education to become an effective facilitator of learning.
Values
Attitude and personality of one person.
Character and personality that we can adopt to the people around us.
Our values affect our decisions, goals and behavior

The Role Of School in Values Formation
School must offer relevant experience and curriculum to their learners that they would able to
face the challenges and realties of life.
Teacher Desirable Teacher values inform teaching
Teacher values for effective teaching include the personal and professional values. The teacher
values is important because its inform professional ethics and relationships. Teacher qualities values is
desirable in establishing teacher- student relationship.

-Approachable -humility
-Charming - understanding
-Kind - patience
-Possessing a strong sense of humor.
-Caring and respect
-Realness

BASIC SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Reported by: Analyn V. Javien

Social Institution
A social institution may be defined as an organizational system which functions to satisfy basic
social needs by providing an ordered framework linking the individual to the larger culture.

GENERAL FUCTIONS OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
1. Institution Satisfy the Basic Needs of Society.
2. Institution Define Dominant Social Values.
3. Institutions Support Other Institutions.
4. Institutions Provide Roles for Individuals.

THE BASIC INSTITUTIONS & THEIR SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
FAMILY
o A socially defined set of relationships between at least two people related by birth,
marriage, adoption, or, in some definitions, long-standing ties of intimacy.
THE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY
1. The control and regulation of sexual behavior.
2. To provide for new members of society (children).
3. To provide for the economic and emotional maintenance of individuals.
4. To provide for primary socialization of children.

RELIGION o A unified system of beliefs and practices pertaining to the supernatural and to
norms about the right way to live that is shared by a group of believers. Sociologists treat
religion as a social rather than supernatural phenomenon.

THE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONOF RELIGION
1. Providing solutions for unexplained natural, phenomena.
2. Supplying a means for controlling the natural world.
3. Religion tends to support the normative structure of the society.
4. Furnishing a psychological diversion from unwanted life situations.
5. Sustaining the existing class structure.
6. Religion serves as an instrument of socialization.
7. Religion may both promote and retard social change.
8. Religion may both reduce and encourage conflict in groups.


GOVERNMENT & LAW
o Institutions that pertain to the governance of a society, its formal distribution of authority,
its use of force, and its relationships to other societies and political units. The state, an
important political institution in modern societies, is the apparatus of governance over a
particular territory.



THE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF GOVERMENT & LAW
1. The Institutionalization of norms (Laws).
2. The enforcement of laws.
3. The adjudication of conflict (Court).
4. Provide for the welfare of members of society.
5. Protection of Society from external threat.

EDUCATION o A formal process in which knowledge, skills, and values are systematically
transmitted from one individual or group to another.

THE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
1. Transmitting culture.
2. Preparation for occupational roles
3. Evaluating and selecting competent individuals.
4. Transmitting functional skills for functioning in society.
ECONOMY & WORK
o Sociologists understand the economy as the set of arrangements by which a society
produces, distributes, and consumes goods, services, and other resources.

SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF ECONOMY
1. Provide methods for the production of goods and services.
2. Provide methods for the distribution of goods and services.
3. Enable societys members to consume goods and services which are produced.