Engineering Material Practical

CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Index
S.No Date Experiment Remarks
01
02
0
0!
0"
0#
0$
0%
0&
10
11
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 1
CONTENTS
TESTS 5N 1RIC2S
E++.ores-en-e
6ater A7sorption
Compressi)e Stren,t'
Dimension To.eran-e

TESTS 5N AGGREGATE
Sie)e Ana.*sis on Coarse A,,re,ate
Sie)e Ana.*sis on 8ine A,,re,ate
13.kin, o+ Sand
Spe-i+i- Gra)it* o+ Stones
TESTS 5N CEMENT
8ineness o+ Cement
Norma. Consisten-* o+ Cement
Initia. Settin, Time and 8ina. Settin, Time o+ Cement
PRACTICAL NO: 01
519ECT: To Determine t'e E++.ores-en-e o+ a 13rnt C.a* 1ri-k 7*
E++.ores-en-e test.
MATERIALS:
1ri-ks and 6ater.
E;(I<MENT:
Stain.ess Stee. Dis'es/ Vernier Ca.iper and 5)en.
DISC(SSI5N:
1ri-ks are t'e ma=or re>3irement +or -onstr3-tin, a 73i.din,/ and
7een a ma=or 73i.din, materia.. 1ri-ks s'o3.d 'a)e t'e ,ood
-'ara-teristi-s and ,ood >3a.it*. 5ne o+ t'e main -'ara-teristi- o+
a ,ood 7ri-k is to -'e-k t'e e++.ores-en-e. E++.ores-en-e is d3e
to t'e presen-e o+ so.37.e sa.ts ?s3-' as s3.p'ates o+ sodi3m and
potassi3m in t'e 7ri-k. It is ,enera..* -ommon in ne@ 7ri-k @ork/
73t ma* a.so 7e +ormed on t'e +a-e o+ o.d externa. @a..s t'at
are s37=e-ted to t'e ex-essi)e dampness ?8i,3re 1A. 8or
determinin, t'e presen-e o+ t'ese sa.ts t'is test is to 7e tested in
t'e .a7orator*. 8rom t'is experiment @e s'o@ t'at a ,ood >3a.it*
7ri-k s'o3.d not s'o@ t'e @'ite sa.t* appearan-es. I+ it s'o@s an*
si,n o+ e++.ores-en-e t'en t'is is not s3ita7.e +or s3perior
-onstr3-tiona. @ork.

Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s
8i,3re 1
TB<ES 58 E88L5RESCENCE:
Ni.: 6'en t'ere is no per-epti7.e deposit o+ e++.ores-en-e.
S.i,'t: 6'en not more t'an 10C o+ t'e area o+ t'e 7ri-k is -o)ered 6it'
a t'in deposit o+ sa.t.
Moderate: 6'en t'ere is a 'ea)ier deposit t'an mentioned 3nder s.i,'t and
-o)erin, "0C o+ t'e exposed area o+ t'e 7ri-k s3r+a-e 73t
3na--ompanied 7* po@derin, or +.akin, o+ t'e s3r+a-e.
Dea)*: 6'en t'ere is 'ea)* deposit o+ sa.ts -o)erin, "0C or more o+
exposed area o+ 7ri-k s3r+a-e 73t 3na--ompanied 7* po@derin,
or +.akin, o+ t'e s3r+a-e.
So3r-e: 6'en t'ere is 'ea)* deposit o+ sa.ts a--ompanied 7* po@derin,
andEor +.akin, o+ t'e exposed s3r+a-e.
<R5CED(RE:
1. <.a-e t'e 7ri-k in to t'e o)en at t'e temperat3re 10"F110 +or 2!
'o3rs.
2. 1rin, t'e 7ri-k 7a-k to t'e room temperat3re.
. <.a-e t'e 7ri-k in 2"Fmm dept' o+ @ater in a stain.ess stee. dis'.
!. <.a-e t'e 7ri-k in t'e in-.ined position.
". Do not take o3t t'e 7ri-k ti.. t'e @'o.e @ater e)aporates +rom t'e
dis' or a7sor7ed 7* t'e 7ri-k.
#. No@ a,ain a+ter +irst e)aporation/ po3r more @ater and .et it
e)aporate.
$. 8ina..* examine t'e 7ri-k a+ter 2
nd
e)aporation.
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s !
<RECA(TI5NS:
(se o)en dried 7ri-ks.
Temperat3re o+ o)en s'o3.d 7e 10"F110CG.
Room temperat3re s'o3.d 7e 20F0C.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
SAM<LE No: 01
SH DATEEDAB 6ATER LEVEL 51SERVATI5NS
1.
2.
.
!.
".
#.
$.
%.
&.
10.
SAM<LE N5: 02
SH DATEEDAB 6ATER
LEVELS
51SERVATI5NS
1.
2.
.
!.
".
#.
$.
%.
&.
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s "
10.
RES(LT:
T'e deposit o+ e++.ores-en-e did not -o)erE-o)er more t'anIIIIIC o+ t'e
Exposed area o+ t'e 7ri-k presen-e o+ e++.ores-en-e is t'3s -.assi+ied as
IIIIIIIIIII
Re)ie@ ;3estions:
6'at is E++.ores-en-e o+ 1ri-kJ

State t'e reasons o+ o--3rrin, o+ e++.ores-en-e in 7ri-kJ

S'o3.d t'e e++.ores-en-e ,reater t'an KS.i,'tL 7e a..o@ed +or ,ood -onstr3-tion @orkJ
93sti+* *o3r ans@er.

6'* 7ri-k is p.a-ed in in-.ined position in t'e @ater tra* in t'e e++.ores-en-e
TestJ

Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s #

PRACTICAL NO. 2
57=e-t: To Determine T'e K6ater A7sorptionL <resent 1* Mass o+ 13rn C.a*
1ri-ks.
Introd3-tion:
T'ere are t@o t*pes o+ tests to determine t'e @ater a7sorption per-enta,e
7* mass +or -ommon 73rnt -.a* 7ri-ks. T'ere are:
2! 'o3rs -o.d @ater immersion test
" 'o3rs 7oi.in, @ater test
24 HOURS COLD WATER IMMERSION TESTS
Materia.s:
1ri-ks and @ater
E>3ipments:

6ei,'in, ma-'ine/ 7o@./ pie-e o+ damp or -otton -.ot' and
t'ermostati-a..* -ontro..ed o)en.
Dis-3ssion:
6ater a7sorption depends 3pon t'e porosit* o+ 7ri-k. A ,ood 7ri-k does
not a7sor7 @ater ,reater t'an oneFse)ent' o+ its @ei,'t. T'ere+ore a 7ri-k
is to 7e tested t'at eit'er it a7sor7s @ater a--ordin, to t'e standard or not/
i+ it is/ t'en t'e 7ri-k is s3ita7.e +or t'e -onstr3-tiona. p3rposes. I+ it
a7sor7s more t'an a--ordin, to t'e standard t'en 7ri-k is not s3ita7.e +or
-onstr3-tion @ork 7e-a3se in t'is -ase its stren,t' is de-reased. Den-e
t'e 7ri-k 7e-omes .ess s3ita7.e.
Dr* spe-imen is p3t in an o)en maintained at temperat3re 110M"GC. Ti..
it attain s37stantia..* -onstant mass. 6ei,'t o+ spe-imen is 61 t'en a+ter
-oo.in, it at room temperat3re t'is is immersed in -omp.ete.* in @ater +or
2! 'o3rs. Take t'e spe-imen and @ipe o3t a.. t'e tra-es o+ @ater @it' a
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s $
damp -.ot'. And t'en @ei,' t'e spe-imen. Let t'is @ei,'t 7e 62. T'e
per-enta,e is -a.-3.ated 7*:
<ro-ed3re:
1. Take a 7ri-k and p3t it in t'e o)en 3nder t'e temperat3re o+ 110M"GC
to remo)e t'e @ater present in it.
2. Lea)e t'e 7ri-k in @ater +or 2! 'o3rs.
. A+ter 2! 'o3rs take a 7ri-k o3t and @ei,' it. T'is 7ri-k is -a..ed o)enF
dried 7ri-k. And it is denoted 7*
!. <3t t'e 7ri-k in a 7o@. +i..ed @it' t'e @ater +or 2! 'o3rs.
". A+ter 2! 'o3rs take it o3t and dr* its s3r+a-e @it' t'e damp -.ot'.
T'is -ondition is -a..ed S3r+a-e Sat3rated Dr* ?S.S.DA -ondition. Note
t'e @ei,'t o+ t'e 7ri-k in S.S.D -onditions. T'is @ei,'t is -a..ed t'e
S.S.D @ei,'t and is denoted 7*
57ser)ations:
SH Samp.e N3m7er o+ t'e 1ri-k Dr* 6ei,'t S.S.D 6ei,'t <er-enta,e

5 Hours Boii!" W#$%r T%s$
T'e spe-imen is dried in o)en at temperat3re 110M"GC ti.. it attains
-onstant mass. Coo. t'e spe-imen at room temperat3re and re-ord its
@ei,'t 6. No@ immerse it into t'e tank o+ @ater in s3-' a @a* t'at @ater
-an -ir-3.ate a.. aro3nd t'e spe-imen. Stir t'e @ater o++ and on so t'at
an* air inside it is remo)ed. Deat t'e @ater at s3-' a temperat3re t'at it
starts 7oi.in, in an 'o3r. Contin3e to 7oi. it +or +i)e 'o3rs. T'en a..o@ it
to -oo. to 2$M"GC 7* t'e nat3ra. .oss o+ t'e 'eat +or 1# to 10 'o3rs. Take
t'e spe-imen o3t o+ t'e @ater .et t'e @ater drain o3t -omp.ete.* and @ipe
it @it' t'e damp -.ot'. Comp.ete t'e @ei,'in, o+ t'e spe-imen in t'ree
min3tes. T'is @ei,'t o+ t'e spe-imen is to 7e 6
T'e @ater a7sorption per-ent is ,i)en 7* t'e re.ation mentioned 7e.o@:
<re-a3tions:
Temperat3re o+ t'e o)en s'o3.d 7e in ran,e +rom 110M"GC.
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s %
Don4t 'eat t'e 7ri-k 3p to 200GC 7e-a3se +3sion ma* 7e taken p.a-e.
Re-ord t'e @ei,'t o+ t'e o)en dried 7ri-k a+ter 7rin,in, it to t'e room
temperat3re.
Make s3re t'at t'e 7ri-k is immersed in t'e @ater +or 2! 'o3rs.
Make t'e s3r+a-e o+ t'e 7ri-k -omp.ete.* dr* @it' damp -.ot'.
Res3.t:
T'e per-enta,e o+ t'e @ater o7ser)ations o+ Samp.e No: 1 is and
T'e per-enta,e o+ t'e @ater a7sorption o+ Samp.e No: 2 is
Re)ie@ ;3estions:
6'at is <orosit* o+ 7ri-ksJ

IIIIII

IIIIII
Are t'e a7o)e tested 7ri-ks s3ita7.e +or t'e ,ood -onstr3-tion @orkJ 93sti+* *o3r
ans@er.

6'* temperat3re o+ o)en is kept 7et@een 10"GC and 110GC

Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s &
PRACTICAL NO: 0&
519ECT: To Determine t'e Compressi)e Stren,t' o+ a 13rnt C.a* 1ri-k (sin,
(ni)ersa. Testin, Ma-'ine ?(TMA
E;(I<MENTS:
A (ni)ersa. Testin, Ma-'ine ?(TMA
MATERIALS:
A 13rnt C.a* 1ri-k/ Cement or Sand Mortar/ t@o p.*@ood s'eets o+ mm
t'i-kness o+ ea-'.
DISC(SSI5N:
1ri-ks o+ten 'a)e to @it'stand ,reat -ompressi)e stresses/ so its stren,t'
in -ompression is an important propert*. Compressi)e stren,t' o+ a 7ri-k
is t'e +or-e a-tin, per 3nit area. 6'en @e app.* t'e .oad/ resistan-e is
-reated and t'ese resistan-es are -a..ed stresses. T'e stress at @'i-' a
7ri-k 7reaks is its maxim3m stress t'at t'e 7ri-k -an 7ear.
<R5CED(RE:
1. 8irst immerse t'e 7ri-k into t'e @ater +or 2! 'o3rs.
2. <3t t'e 7ri-k in o)en +or 2! 'o3rs at 110NC to 11"NC.
. Meas3re t'e .en,t' and 7readt' o+ t'e 7ri-k.
!. <repare -ement or sand mortar @it' t'e ratio 1:.
". App.* t'e prepared mortar on t'e 7ri-k a.so +i.. t'e +ro, proper.*. T'e
+ro, is +i..ed so as to app.* t'e +or-e 3ni+orm.*.
#. No@ p.a-e t'e 7ri-k 7et@een t'e t@o p.*@ood s'eets. Make s3re t'at *o3
p.a-e t'e 7ri-k in s3-' a @a* t'at t'e mortar s'o3.d +a-e 3p@ards.
$. No@ keep t'e 7ri-k in a -entered position 7et@een t'e p.ates o+ ma-'ine.
%. 8ina..* exert t'e .oad as per press3re at a 3ni+orm rate ti.. t'e +ai.3re
o--3rs.
Compressi)e Stren,t' o+ a 1ri-k O Load at @'i-' it starts to 7reak
Area
51SERVATI5NS:
SAM<LE N5 : 01 SAM<LE N5: 02
Load app.*
on 1ri-ks
?NA
Area o+
1ri-k
?-mPA
Compressi)e
stren,t'
?NE-mPA
Load app.*
on 1ri-k
?NA
Area o+
1ri-k
?-mPA
Compressi)e
stren,t'
?NE-mPA
<reFCa3tions:
8i.. t'e +ro, and ot'er )oids proper.*.
App.* t'e .oad o)er t'e 7ri-k proper.*.
Mortar s'o3.d +a-e 3p@ards.
(se on.* o)en dried 7ri-k @'ose temperat3re s'o3.d 7e 7et@een 110M"NC.
Res3.t:
1. T'e -ompressi)e stren,t' o+ t'e 7ri-k named as Samp.e No: 01 is
NE-mP
2. T'e -ompressi)e stren,t' o+ t'e 7ri-k named as Samp.e No: 02 is
NE-m
Re)ie@ ;3estions:
6'at is -ompressi)e stren,t' o+ 7ri-ksJ

6'* it is important to test -ompressi)e stren,t' +or t'e 7ri-ksJ

PRACTICAL NO: 04
519ECT: To Determine T'e Dimension To.eran-e Test o+ a 13rnt C.a*
1ri-k.
E;(I<MENTS:
Meter S-a.e.
MATERIALS:
13rnt C.a* 1ri-ks.
DISC(SSI5N:
T'e dimensiona. test is -arried o3t to determine t'e pre-ision or
a--3ra-* in t'e dimensions o+ t'e 7ri-ks. T'e 7ri-ks s'o3.d 7e o+
a +air.* 3ni+orm siQe. S.i,'t )ariation is 3na)oida7.e. T'ere+ore/
an* )ariation +rom t'e pres-ri7ed dimensions o+ t'e 7ri-ks s'o3.d
7e @it'in t'e spe-i+ied .imits. T'e test in)o.)es meas3rement o+
t'e t'ree dimensions o+ 7ri-ks ?.en,t'/ @idt' and 'ei,'tA
separate.* +or a n3m7er o+ 7ri-ks .a* in a .ine a.on, t'e respe-ti)e
dimension in a.. t@ent* ?20A 7ri-ks are taken at random +rom t'e
main samp.e a.read* -o..e-ted. T'e s3r+a-es are -.eaned 7*
remo)in, sma.. pro=e-tions/ 73sters and -.a* parti-.es.
A.. t'e t@ent* 7ri-ks are no@ p.a-ed in a .ine/ in -onta-t @it'
ea-' ot'er/ on a smoot' s3r+a-e. T'eir position depends 3pon t'e
dimension @'i-' is ,oin, to 7e -o3nted +or. T'e tota. .en,t' is
t'en pre-ise.* noted. T'e 7ri-ks are p.a-ed a.on, t'e .en,t' @'en
.en,t' is to 7e determined a.on, t'eir @idt'/ @'en t'e tota. @idt'
is determined and a.on, t'e 'ei,'t @'en t'e tota. 'ei,'t is to 7e
determined.
8or 'i,' -.ass ?A C.assA 7ri-ks t'e siQe )ariation or to.eran-e
s'o3.d 7e )er* .itt.e. T'e standard t@ent* 7ri-ks o+ 1&mm siQe
@'en tested s'o3.d +3.+i.. t'e +o..o@in, re>3irements.
1ri-ks ;3a.it* Len,t' ?mmA 6idt' ?mmA Dei,'t ?mmA
S37F C.ass A #% to &2 1$ to 1%# 1$! to 1%#
S37 C.ass 1 "0 to !10 1#" to 1&" 1#" to 1%#
Samp.e Met'od:
T'e 7ri-k samp.e taken +or testin, s'o3.d 7e a representati)e
samp.e. As pres-ri7ed in t'e standard met'od random 7ri-ks
s'o3.d 7e taken +rom a @'o.e .ot o+ t'e 7ri-ks. T'is ma* 7e done
7* takin, a +e@ 7ri-ks +rom t'e top/ t'e sides and t'e inside o+
)ario3s sta-ks. Do@e)er/ i+ t'e 7ri-ks are in t'e pro-ess o+ .oadin,
or 3n.oadin,/ t'is standard represtati)e samp.e ma* 7e -o..e-ted
7* takin, a +e@ 7ri-ks +rom t'e di++erent .ots 7ein, .oaded or
3n.oaded/ at t'e e>3a. inter)a.s. T'is @i.. ens3re t'e samp.e to 7e
representati)e and t'e res3.ts o+ )ario3s tests -an 7e app.ied to t'e
@'o.e .ot o+ 7ri-ks.
<R5CED(RE:
1. Take t@ent* 7ri-ks random.* +rom t'e sta-ks
2. <.a-e t'e 7ri-ks on a smoot' s3r+a-e as s'o@n in +i,3re +or t'e
respe-ti)e dimension o+ t'e 7ri-ks.
. Meas3re t'e .en,t' @idt' and t'e 'ei,'t 7* t'e meter s-a.e.
51SERVATI5NS:
S.No Len,t' in
?-mA
6idt'
In ?-mA
Dei,'t
In ?-mA
<RECA(TI5NS:
1e+ore takin, t'e dimensions -.ean t'e s3r+a-e o+ 7ri-ks 7*
remo)in, sma.. pro=e-tions/ 7.isters and -.a* parti-.es.
T'e s3r+a-e s'o3.d 7e smoot' @'ere t'e 7ri-ks are p.a-ed.
1ri-ks s'o3.d 7e se.e-ted random.* +rom t'e sta-ks.
Re)ie@ ;3estions:
6'* random 7ri-k are se.e-ted +or samp.in,J

6'at are t'e Dimensions +or +irst C.ass 1ri-kJ

State t'e importan-e o+ t'is testJ

8i,3res +or dimensiona. test o+ 1ri-ks
Meas3re o+ t'e Len,t' o+ t'e 1ri-ks
Meas3re o+ t'e 6idt' o+ t'e 1ri-ks
Meas3rement o+ t'e Dei,'t o+ t'e 1ri-ks

Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 1!
PRACTICAL No: 05
519ECT: To Determine t'e <arti-.e siQe Distri73tion 7* Sie)e Ana.*sis Met'od
and to Determine 8ineness Mod3.3s o+ 8ine A,,re,ates.
A<<ARAT(S:
Me-'ani-a. sie)e s'aker/ 7a.an-es/ o)en/ 7o@.s and ASTM standard
sie)es.
TDE5RB:
Sie)e ana.*sis ena7.e 3s to as-ertain t'e properties o+ di++erent siQes o+
a,,re,ates .T'e res3.ts @'i-' are ,enera..* ,i)en as per-enta,e o+ tota.
a,,re,ates passin, t'ro3,' ea-' siQe o+ sie)e are -onsidered as a met'od
o+ standardiQin, o+ ,radin, o+ a,,re,ates +or most e-onomi-a. mix and
@orka7i.it* @it' minim3m >3antit* o+ -ement.
Gradin, 0one:
To des-ri7e an a,,re,ate 7* its maxim3m and minim3m siQe is not
eno3,'R it 'as to 7e ,raded +rom t'is minim3m to maxim3m .imits. T'e
maxim3m and minim3m .imits to )ario3s t*pes o+ a,,re,ates in terms o+
t'eir per-enta,e passin, are re+erred as ,radin, .imits.
8ineness mod3.3s:
T'e term 3sed as an idea a7o3t +ines or -oarseness o+ a,,re,ate/ or t'e
mean siQe o+ a,,re,ate parti-.es. 8ineness mod3.3s to 7e -a.-3.ated as:
8.M O s3m o+ -omm3tati)e Co+ a,,re,ate retained
100
<R5CED(RE:
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 1"
Dr* t'e a,,re,ate test samp.e in a -onstant @ei,'t at a temperat3re o+
110GC t'an -oo. it do@n to room. <.a-e t'e sie)es in me-'ani-a. sie)e
s'aker in as-endin, order. A,itate t'e sie)e in me-'ani-a. sie)e s'aker
+or s3++i-ient time. T'e -riteria +or sie)in, is t'at a+ter -omp.etion not
more t'an 1C o+ t'e resid3e o+ an* indi)id3a. sie)e @i.. pass t'e sie)e
d3rin, one min3te o+ @it' 'and sie)in,. 8ind t'e per-enta,e passin, and
re-ord on t'e ta7.e.
51SERVATI5N TA1LE:
S.R H Sie)e H 6t: Retained
K,mL
<er-enta,e
6t: Retained
C3m3.ati)e
<er-enta,e @t:
Retained
C3m3.ati)e
<er-enta,e 6t:
<assin,
01 !.$"mm
02 2.#mm
0 1.1%mm
0! #00Sm
0" 00Sm
0# 1"0Sm
0$ <AN
RES(LT:
8ineness o+ t'e ,i)en +ine a,,re,ates is ,i)en o3t as .
Note: 6rite Error i+ o--3rs in t'e Experiment:

Re)ie@ ;3estions:
6'at do *o3 3nderstand 7* t'e term KSie)e Ana.*sisLJ

Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 1#

De+ine +ineness mod3.3s o+ +ine a,,re,atesJ

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
PRACTICAL NO: 0'
519ECT: To Determine t'e parti-.e siQe distri73tion 7* sie)e Ana.*sis
met'od and to determine 8ineness Mod3.3s o+ -oarse
a,,re,ates.
A<<ARAT(S:
Me-'ani-a. sie)e s'aker/ 7a.an-e/ 7o@.s/ standard sie)e.
TDE5RB:
Sie)e ana.*sis ena7.es 3s to as-ertain t'e properties o+ di++erent
siQes o+ a,,re,ates. T'e res3.ts @'i-' are ,enera..* ,i)en as
per-enta,e o+ tota. a,,re,ates passin, t'ro3,' ea-' siQe o+ sie)e
are -onsidered as a met'od o+ standardiQation o+ ,radin, o+
a,,re,ates +or most e-onomi-a. mix and @orka7i.it* @it'
minim3m >3antit* o+ -ement.

GRADING 05NE:
To des-ri7e an a,,re,ate 7* its maxim3m and minim3m siQes is
not eno3,'R it 'as to 7e ,raded +rom t'is minim3m to maxim3m
.imits. T'e maxim3m and minim3m .imits to )ario3s t*pes o+
a,,re,ates in terms o+ t'eir per-enta,e passin, are re+erred as
,radin, .imits.

8INENESS M5D(L(S:
T'e term 3se as an idea a7o3t +ines or -oarseness o+ a,,re,ate/ or
t'e mean siQe o+ a,,re,ate parti-.es. 8ineness mod3.3s to 7e
-a.-3.ated as
8.MO s3m o+ -3m3.ati)e C o+ a,,re,ates retained
100
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 1$
<R5CED(RE:
Dr* t'e a,,re,ate test samp.e in a -onstant @ei,'t at a temperat3re o+
110NC t'en -oo. at do@n to room. <.a-e t'e sie)es in me-'ani-a. sie)e
s'aker in as-endin, order. A,itate t'e sie)e 7* me-'ani-a. s'aker +or
s3++i-ient time. T'e -riteria +or sie)in, is t'at a+ter -omp.etion not more
t'en 1C o+ t'e resid3e o+ an* indi)id3a. sie)e @i.. pass t'e sie)e d3rin,
one min3te o+ @it' 'and sie)in,. 8ind t'e per-enta,e passin, and re-ord
on t'e ta7.e.
51SERVATI5NS TA1LE:
S.N5 Sie)e H
6t.retained
K,mL
<er-enta,e
6t. retained
Comm3tati)e
<er-enta,e
6t. retained
Comm3tati)e
<er-enta,e
6t. passin,
01 1TL ?%.1 mmA
02 UL ?1&.1 mmA
0 TL ?12.$ mmA
0 VL ?&." mmA
0! H! ?!.$" mmA
0" <an
RES(LT:
T'e +ineness mod3.3s o+ ,i)en -oarse a,,re,ates is
N5TE:
6rite error i+ o--3rs in t'e experiment:

REVIE6 ;(ESTI5NS:
Do@ man* t*pes o+ standard sie)es are t'ereJ

Dis-3ss t'e s3ita7i.it* o+ t'e a,,re,ate tested 7* *o3 in t'e .a7orator* +or -onstr3-tiona.
p3rposeJ
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 1%

PRACTICAL NO.0(
57=e-t: To Determine Spe-i+i- Gra)it* and 6ater A7sorption o+ Coarse
A,,re,ate.
Apparat3s:
1a.an-e/ o)en/ net 73-kets/ air dried/ a tra* ti,'t -ontainer .ar,er eno3,'
to take 3p t'e samp.e/ +i.ter paper and +3nne..
<ro-ed3re:
Take a samp.e o+ -oarse a,,re,ate o+ k,. Take t'e @ater in 7o@. and t'e
@'o.e samp.e dipped into @ater +or a7o3t 2! 'o3rs. A+ter 2! 'o3rs
separate t'e -oarse a,,re,ates +rom @ater and dr* t'em @it' t'e 'e.p o+
to@e. so t'at 7* to3-'in, @it' 'ands s'o3.d not .ea)es an* mark @ater.
T'en @ei,'t t'at samp.e is 61 t'en take t'e @ei,'t o+ netted 7asket in
@ater take t'at @ei,'t t'at is p3ttin, t'e samp.e in @ater take t'at @ei,'t
t'at is 6/ no@ taken t'at materia. o3t o+ 7asket it s'o3.d 7e dried in t'e
o)en +or a7o3t 2! 'o3rs. A+ter 2! 'o3rs t'at materia. @o3.d 7e a,ain
-'e-ked @'i-' o)en dried @ei,'t 6! is. No@ a.. t'ese @ei,'t are as
+o..o@s:
57ser)ations:
S3r+a-e sat3rated dr* O 61 O ,
Netted 7asket in @ater O 62 O ,
Samp.e @it' netted 7asket in @ater O 6 O ,
5)en dried @ei,'t O 6! O ,
No@ @e 'a)e to determine t'e spe-i+i- ,ra)it*/ apparent spe-i+i- ,ra)it*
and @ater a7sorption o+ -oarse a,,re,ates. A.. t'ese re>3irements -an 7e
o7tained @it' t'e 'e.p o+ +orm3.a:
Ca.-3.ations:
Spe-i+i- ,ra)it* O 6!
61F?6F62A
Spe-i+i- ,ra)it* O
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 1&
Spe-i+i- ,ra)it* O

Apparent spe-i+i- ,ra)it* O 6!
6!F?6F62A
Apparent spe-i+i- ,ra)it* O
Apparent spe-i+i- ,ra)it* O
6ater a7sorption O 61 F 6! W 100
6!
6ater a7sorption O W 100
6ater a7sorption O C
<re-a3tions:
T'ere s'o3.d 7e no 7377.es sti-kin, to t'e s3r+a-e o+ t'e a,,re,ate.
Care s'o3.d 7e exer-ised to 'and.e t'e a,,re,ate -are+3..* to a)oid an* .oss
d3rin, trans+errin, +rom one 3nit to ot'er.
Res3.ts:
Spe-i+i- ,ra)it* o+ -oarse a,,re,ate is O
Apparent spe-i+i- ,ra)it* o+ -oarse a,,re,ate O
6ater a7sorption o+ -oarse a,,re,ate is O C
Re)ie@ ;3estions:
State t'e si,ni+i-an-e o+ t'is testJ

6'* sat3rated s3r+a-eFdr* -ondition o+ a,,re,ate is re>3ired +or t'e testJ


6'at is t'e .imit +or -oarse a,,re,ates to a7sor7 t'e @aterJ

Does t'e siQe o+ -oarse a,,re,ates a++e-t its spe-i+i- ,ra)it* and apparent
spe-i+i- ,ra)it*J 93sti+* *o3r ans@erJ

PRACTICAL NO.0)
57=e-t: To Determine t'e 73.kin, o+ Sand.
Apparat3s:
Meas3rin, -*.inder/ 7o@..
Materia.s:
Sand/ @ater e.t.-.
T'eor*:
Sand @'en @et or moist s'o@s more )o.3me t'an is dr* +orm.
T'3s/ i+ a -ertain )o.3me o+ dr* sand is made moist 7* addin,
@ater/ it @i.. s'o@s on in-rease in )o.3me. T'is is t'e +a-t t'at
@ater +orms a +i.m aro3nd ea-' sand parti-.e/ t'ere 7* -a3sin, t'e
in-rease in )o.3me. T'is p'enomenon is -a..ed K13.kin, o+
SandL.it is o+ importan-e7e-a3se -ertain +ixed proportions o+ dr*
sand are to 7e mixed +or makin, mortars o+ di++erent
spe-i+i-ations ne-essar* a..o@an-e is/ t'ere+ore/ to 7e kept +or @et
sand.
T'o3,' t'e in-rease in )o.3me +or -ertain per-enta,e o+ moist3re
)aries @it' t'e ,rade ,ain siQe o+ sand/ in ,enera.. It is +o3nd t'at
" to % per-ent moist3re -a3ses 20 to !0 per-ent )o.3me in-rease.
As t'e )o.3me o+ sand in-rease @it' in-rease in moist3re/ a sta,e
-omes @'en @it' an* +3rt'er in-rease in moist3re -ontent t'e
)o.3me s3dden.* +a..s 7a-k to its ori,ina. )o.3me in dr* +orm.
<ro-ed3re:
Take a dr* samp.e o+ +ine a,,re,ate ?sandA @'i-' is p3t in to
meas3rin, -*.inder. T'e readin, o+ dr* sand in meas3rin,
-*.inder t'an t'at samp.e o+ sand takin, in a 7o@. and adds +e@
drops o+ @ater and mixes t'em t'en t'is @et sand a,ain p3t in to
mat-'in, -*.inder and take readin, *o3 @i.. 7e o7ser)ed t'ere is
in-rease in )o.3me o+ sand. No@ @e 'a)e to determine 73.kin, C
o+ sand t'ere isR
57ser)ations and Ca.-3.ations:
Vo.3me o+ dr* sand in meas3rin, -*.inder O V1 O m.
Mixin, o+ @ater )o.3me o+ sand O
13.kin, C O 13.kin, )o.3me F Dr* )o.3me W 100
Dr* )o.3me
13.kin, C O W 100
13.kin, C O
<re-a3tions:
6ater +i..ed in t'e meas3rin, -*.inder s'o3.d 7e a7.e to s37mer,e t'e
@'o.e sand.
Sand s'o3.d 7e stirred @e.. so t'at a.. t'e )oids are expe..ed.
Experiment s'o3.d 7e per+ormed a@a* +rom s'o-ks and )i7rations.
Readin, s'o3.d 7e -are+3..* taken.
Res3.t:
13.kin, C o+ sand is O
Re)ie@ ;3estions:
6'at is t'e 73.kin, o+ sandJ

State t'e .imits o+ 73.kin, o+ sandJ

PRACTICAL NO.0*
57=e-t: To Determine t'e 8ineness o+ ordinar* <ort.and -ement ?5<CA 7*
Sie)in, t'ro3,' IS.$" E 1S.200E ASTM.200 Sie)e
Apparat3s:
IS.$" mi-rometer ?SmA E 1S.200 E ASTM. 200 Sie)e/ 6ei,'in, 7a.an-e/
Tro@e./ mixin, tra*.
Materia.s:
Samp.e o+ 5rdinar* <ort.and Cement ?5<CA
T'eor*:
Sin-e t'e '*dration start at t'e s3r+a-e o+ -ement parti-.es/ it is t'e tota.
s3r+a-e area o+ -ement t'at represents t'e materia. a)ai.a7.e +or
'*dration. T'3s t'e rate o+ '*dration depends in t'e +ineness o+ t'e
-ement parti-.es and +or rapid de)e.opment o+ stren,t' 'i,' +ineness is
ne-essar*. T'e de,ree o+ +ineness o+ -ement is a meas3re o+ t'e mean siQe
o+ ,rains o+ -ement. Stren,t' in -ement motorE-on-rete depends 3pon t'e
+ineness o+ -ement. 8iner -ement 'as >3i-ker a-tion @it' @ater and ,ain
'i,' ear.* stren,t'. Do@e)er t'e s'rinka,e and t'e -ra-kin, o+ -ement
in-reases @it' t'e +ineness +o..o@ed 7* >3i-k deterioration. T'ere+ore t'e
+ineness o+ -ement 'as to 7e 7a.an-ed @it' amo3nt o+ -oarseness at t'e
-ement.
6e -an sa* t'at +ineness is t'e )ita. propert* o+ -ement and 'as to 7e
-are+3..* -ontro..ed. In t'e past/ t'e +ra-tion o+ -ement is retained on
$"Sm ?N5.200 ASTMA ?s'o@n in +i,3reA test sie)e @as determined and
t'e maxim3m resid3e @as .imited to 10C 7* t'e @ei,'t o+ t'e 5rdinar*
<ort.and Cement ?5<CA and "C +or t'e rapid 'ardenin, <ort.and
-ement?RD<CA. A -ement satis+*in, t'ese -onditions @o3.d not -ontain
an a--ess o+ ar,3es ,rains @'i-' 7e-a3se o+ t'eir -omparati)e.* sma..
s3r+a-es per 3nit @ei,'t @o3.d p.a* on.* a sma.. ro.e in t'e pro-ess o+
'*dration and de)e.opment.
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 2!
<ro-ed3re:
1. <.a-e a--3rate.* @ei,'ed 100,ms o+ -ement ?+ree +rom .3mpsA in t'e
7o@..
2. 6as' t'e -ement @it' @ater.
. <ass t'e @ater +rom t'e desi,ned sie)e ,ent.* +or at .east 1" min3tes.
!. Gat'er -are+3..* t'e resid3a. +or -ement mixt3re in t'e stee. pan.
". <3t t'at pan in t'e o)en +or 2! 'o3rs in order to remo)e moist3re -ontent
+rom t'e -ement paste.
#. <3t t'e )a.3e o+ @ei,'tin, e>3ation ?iA so as to determine +ineness
per-enta,e.
<re-a3tions:
Sie)e s'o3.d 7e -.eaned ,ent.* @it' 7rist.e 7r3s' to a)oid dama,e
to mas'.
Sie)in, m3st 7e -arried o3t ,ent.* and -ontin3o3s.* +or 1"
min3tes.
A--3ra-* o+ t'e @ei,'in, 7a.an-e s'o3.d 7e -'e-ked 7e+ore 3se.
57ser)ations:
6ei,'t o+ -ement: ,rams
6ei,'t o+ resid3a. -ement a+ter sie)in,: ,rams
8inenessC O C
Res3.t:
T'e +ineness per-enta,e o+ t'e -ement is C o+ its a-t3a. @ei,'t.
Re)ie@ ;3estions:
Comment on t'e test res3.t 7* -omparin, it @it' t'e ,i)en standard )a.3eJ Can
t'is -ement 7e 3sed +or -onstr3-tion @orkJ

Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 2"

Do@ ,*ps3m e++e-t t'e -ement time o+ -ementJ

PRACTICAL NO.10
57=e-t: To determine t'e norma. Consisten-* o+ <ort.and -ement ?5.<.CA
7* 3sin, Vi-at4s Apparat3s ?VAA @it' <.3n,er Atta-'ment
E>3ipments:
Vi-at4s apparat3s @it' p.3n,er ?10 mm diameterA atta-'ment/
mo3.d ?Dept' O !0 mm/ 3pper Dia O 100mm/ 1ase Dia O
1"0mmA/ ,.ass p.ate/ Spat3.a/ 1o@.s and meas3rin, -*.inders.
Materia.s:
5rdinar* <ort.and Cement ?5.<.CA X 6ater.
Dis-3ssion:
In order to +ind t'e initia. X +ina. settin, time o+ -ement @e
prepare a -ement paste in @'i-' standard -onsisten-* is 3sed. It is
t'ere+ore ne-essar* to determine +or an* ,i)en -ement/ t'e @ater
-ontent o+ t'e paste @'i-' @i.. prod3-e t'e desired -onsisten-*.
T'e -onsisten-* o+ -ement is meas3red 7* V A 3sin, a p.3n,er o+
10mm diameter. A tria. paste o+ -ement X @ater mixed in
pres-ri7ed manner p.a-ed in t'e mo3.d. T'e p.3n,er is t'en
7ro3,'t into -onta-t @it' t'e top s3r+a-e o+ t'e mo3.d in s3-' a
@a* t'at it =3st to3-'es t'e top 73t does not penetrate into it. T'is
p.3n,er is t'en re.eased and is a..o@ed to penetrate into t'e
-ement paste 3nder it o@n @ei,'t. T'e penetration o+ t'e p.3n,er
depends 3pon t'e -onsisten-*. A--ordin, to its 1ritis' standard o+
meas3rin, ?!""0 part/
rd
se-tion/ 1&$%A t'e standard -onsisten-*
@i.. o--3r @'en t'e p.3n,er penetrates 3p to t'e point o+ ?"Y1A
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 2#
mm +rom t'e 7ottom o+ t'e mo3.d. In 5.<.C @ater ratio s'o3.d 7e
+rom 0.2" to 0. and norma. -onsisten-* )a.3e s'o3.d ran,e
7et@een 2#C to C.
<ro-ed3re:
1. <repare a -ement paste 7* takin, !00, o+ -ement mixed @it' di++erent @ater
-ontent.
2. Mix t'e @ater into t'e -ement 3ni+orm.* @it' t'e 'e.p o+ Spat3.a.
. No@ p3t t'e -ement paste into t'e mo3.d X s3pport it @it' t'e 'e.p o+ ,.ass p.ate
at t'e 7ottom.
!. 1* 3sin, Spat3.a .e)e. s3r+a-e o+ t'e paste/ @'i-' p.a-ed in t'e mo3.d.
". <.a-e t'e mo3.d in t'e V.A.
#. To3-' do@n t'e s3r+a-e o+ t'e -ement paste and note do@n t'e initia. readin,.
$. Re.easin, t'e p.3n,er into t'e paste and note do@n its readin,.
%. Repeat t'is @'o.e pro-ed3re 7* red3-in, t'e @ater -ement ratio o+ 0.%/ 0.#/
0.!/ 0.2/ 0.0/ 0.2%/ and 0.2#.
Ca.-3.ate t'e @ater -ontent 7* 3sin, t'e +o..o@in, +orm3.a.
6ater Content O 6EC Ratio x Cement Content
<reFCa3tions:
1. C.ean t'e ,.ass/ mo3.d X p.3n,er.
2. Note t'e readin, a+ter 1 min3te o+ re.ease o+ p.3n,er.
. Make t'e s3r+a-e o+ t'e paste para..e. to t'e mo3.d.
!. Make s3re t'at p.3n,er +a.. in t'e -ement o+ t'e paste.
". (se +res' 5.<.C X -.ean @ater.
#.
57ser)ation X Ca.-3.ation:
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 2$
S.No. 6EC Ratio 6ater
Content ?m.A
Cement Content
?,msA
I.R
?mmA
8.R
?mmA
<enetration
?mmA
I.RF8.R
Re)ie@ ;3estion:
6'at are t'e +a-tors t'at a++e-t t'e test o+ norma. Consisten-*J

6'* norma. -onsisten-* is determinedJ

State t'e importan-e o+ norma. -onsisten-*J

Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 2%
PRACTICAL NO.11
57=e-t: To determine t'e initia. and +ina. settin, time o+ -ement paste 7* )i-at4s
apparat3s @it' di++erent need.e atta-'ment.
Materia.s:
Cement/ @ater and oi..
E>3ipments:
Vi-at4s apparat3s/ initia. settin, need.e/ +ina. settin, need.e/ ,.ass p.ate/
spat3.a/ 7o@. and meas3rin, -*.i3nder.
Dis-3ssions:
6'en @ater is added to -ement a -'emi-a. rea-tion kno@n as '*dration
takes p.a-e .eadin, to t'e settin, and 'ardenin, o+ t'e -ement paste.
Settin, re+ers to t'e sti++enin, o+ t'e -ement paste. A.t'o3,' d3rin,
settin, t'e paste a->3ires some stren,t' 73t +or pra-ti-a. p3rposes it is
ne-essar* to distin,3is' KSettin,L +rom KDardenin,L. T'ese t@o terms 7*
no means represents t'e same t'in,. In +a-t/ settin, is a -'emi-a. a-tion
t'at 7e,ins to take p.a-e @'en @ater is added to t'e -ement and @'i-'
-a3ses t'e p.asti-s nat3re o+ t'e -ement to disappear s.o@.*R it 7e,ins to
represent t'e -r*sta. +ormation. T'ere are t@o terms o+ settin, time/ +irst
is initia. settin, time and se-ond is +ina. settin, time. Dardenin, is t'e
Me'ran (ni)ersit* o+ En,ineerin, and Te-'no.o,*/ S0A1 2'airp3r Mir4s 2&
pro-ess t'at starts at t'e end o+ t'e initia. setandindi-ates t'e ,ro@t' in
stren,t' o+ t'e mortar or -on-rete. (nder ,ood -3rin, -onditions t'e
stren,t' in-rease rapid.*.

Met'ods o+ meas3rin, o+ initia. settin, time:
Settin, time o+ -ement is meas3red 3sin, Vi-at4s apparat3s. 8or initia.
set/ aro3nd need.e @it' a diameter 1.1M0.0"mm s>3are in se-tion +.at
end is 3sed. T'is need.e a-tin, 3nder a pres-ri7ed @ei,'t is 3sed to
penetrate a paste o+ standard -onsisten-* p.a-ed in t'e Vi-at4s mo3.d. T'e
amo3nt o+ @ater re>3ired +or standard paste s'a.. 7e 0.%"Wp per-ent 7*
@ei,'t o+ -ement. 6'en t'e -ement paste sti++ens s3++i-ient.* +or t'e
need.e to penetrate on.* to a point "M1mm +rom t'e 7ottom/ initia. set is
said to 'a)e taken p.a-e. Initia. set is expressed as t'e time e.apsed sin-e
t'e mixin, @ater @as added to t'e -ement to t'e time @'en -ement paste
starts to set.
Met'od o+ meas3rin, o+ t'e +ina. settin, time:
8ina. settin, time is determined 7* t'e simi.ar need.e +itted @it' a meta.
atta-'ment 'o..o@ed o3t so as to .ea)e a -ir-3.ar -3ttin, ed,e "mm in
diameter and 0."mm 7e'ind t'e tip o+ t'e need.e. 8ina. set is said to 'a)e
taken p.a-e @'en t'e need.e ,ent.* .o@er to t'e s3r+a-e o+ t'e paste/
makes an impression on it 73t t'e -ir-3.ar -3ttin, ed,e +ai.s to do so. T'e
+ina. settin, time is expressed as t'e time e.apsed sin-e t'e mixin, o+
@ater @as added to t'e -ement to t'e time @'en -ement paste starts to
'arden. T'e initia. and settin, time o+ some o+ t'e -ement is ,i)en in t'e
ta7.e ,i)en 7e.o@.
8ina. settin, time O &0 Y ?1.2WI.S.TA
S. N5 T*pe o+ -ement Initia. settin, time
?min3tesA
8ina. settin, time
?'o3rsA
<ro-ed3re:
1. Take !00 ,rams o+ -ement and add @ater -ontent o7tained +or t'e +a-tor o+
norma. -onsisten-* o+ -ement.
2. <repare a -ement paste o+ norma. -onsisten-* and note do@n t'e time @'en
t'e @ater is added to t'e -ement.
. Atta-' t'e need.e o+ t'e diameter ?1.1M0.0"A mm.
!. <.a-e t'e -ement into t'e mo3.d and remo)e t'e ex-ess o+ it +rom t'e s3r+a-e
o+ t'e mo3.d @it' t'e 'e.p o+ spat3.a.
". <.a-e t'e mo3.d into t'e Vi-at4s apparat3s.
#. Lea)et'is paste +or a7o3t 1" min3tes to 7e-ome sti++.
$. 1rin, t'e need.e in -onta-t @it' t'e paste and re.ease it.
%. Note do@n t'e initia. readin,.
&. No@ atta-' t'e ot'er need.e o+ +ina. settin, and .et it penetrate into t'e
-ement paste.
10. Note do@n t'e +ina. settin, time.
11. 57ser)e t'e penetration 7* s37tra-tin, t'e +ina. readin, +rom t'e initia.
readin,.
12. Repeat t'is @'o.e pro-ed3re +or 1" min3tes t@i-e and t'en +or 10 min3tes ti..
t'e paste 7e-omes sti++.
<re-a3tions:
1. Experiments s'o3.d 7e -arried o3t +rom 2$NC to 2NC.
2. T'e apparat3s is +ree +rom )i7rations.
. Need.e +or t'e initia. set is not initia..* 7ent.
!. Need.e s'o3.d 7e +ixed )erti-a..* strai,'t into t'e mo)a7.e rod.
". Need.e and p.3n,er s'o3.d 7e kept +ree +rom ad'erin, -ement.
#. Mo)a7.e rod s'o3.d 7e oi.ed periodi-a..*.
Res3.t:
T'e initia. settin, time o+ -ement @'en tested in t'e .a7 is +o3nd to 7e
min3tes/ and t'e +ina. settin, time is 'o3rs.
Re)ie@ ;3estions:
6'at is initia. and +ina. settin, time +or -ementJ

6'* t'e initia. settin, time o+ ;3i-k settin, -ement is .ess t'an t'at o+ 5rdinar*
<ort.and Cement ?5<CA

6'at is settin, and 'ardenin, o+ -ementJ


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