EUROPE

Setting the Boundaries

North of Mediterranean Sea
From Atlantic Ocean to
Region defined by
History
Cultural Diversity
European Union
Small Region
Densely Settled
Environment Terrain
Landform Regions
Alpine
Lowlands
Uplands
Highlands
Formed by
Plate Movement
African
Eurasian
Glaciation
Eurasian Plate
African Plate
Environment Terrain
Ice Age
10,000-20,000
yrs. ago
Continental
Glacier
Covered North
Scoured to
Bedrock in N
Poor Soils
Moraines to S
Soils for
Agriculture
Environment Terrain
Southern Alpine Mtns
Pyrenees
Alps
Appenines
Carpathians
Balkans
Dinaric Alps
Environment Terrain
North European
Lowland
Dense Pop.
Agriculture
Environment Terrain
Central Uplands
between
Lowlands
Alps
Resources
Coal
Iron
Environment Terrain
Western Highlands
W France
W UK
Wales
Scotland
Norway
Glaciated
Fjords
Terrain Norway
Barren Mountains Long, narrow
inlets to the sea
U-shaped Valleys
Carved by Glaciers
Fjords
Cruise Ship
Tourism
Environment Seas
Irregular Coastline
Access to
Seas
Atlantic
North
Baltic
Mediterranean
Adriatic
Black
Environment Rivers
Rhine
Oriented West
North Sea
Trade route
Danube
Oriented East
Black Sea
Interior
Europe vs. North America
Smaller
Size
More
Northerly
Location
Environment Climate
Moderate Climate due to
North Atlantic Current
Warm
Mildest on West Coast
Coldest Winters?
Inland
Northward
Environment Climate
Environment Climate
Humid Continental Cold Climate
North
Forests
Marine West Coast
Dairy
Mediterranean
Citrus
Grapes
Olives
Environmental Modification
Netherlands
Low Country
AKA Holland
of Land ~
Sea Level
Dam Cities
Amsterdam
Rotterdam
Rhine
Seaport
Reclaimed Land
Dike built in shallow water of North Sea
Water pumped out
Drained Land = Polder Land
Mostly for
Agriculture
Grasses for
Dairy Cattle
Cheese
Flowers
Modified Environment
Population
1. Germany 80 mln
2. France 65 mln
3. U.K. 60 mln
4. Italy 60 mln
5. Spain 45 mln
Big Cities
10+ Million
London, UK
Paris, France
4+ Million
Madrid, Spain
Barcelona, Spain
Berlin, Germany
Population
70% Urban
Higher
99% Belgium
80% UK
Lower
49% Albania
46% Bosnia-
Herzegovina
Population
No Growth
Except for
Immigration
Aging Population
Few Children
Fertility Rate
(Family Size)
= 1.6
Population Fertility
Fertility (Average # Children for each Women)
Replacement = 2.1
World = 2.5
USA = 2.0
Europe = 1.6
Replacement Rate
only exceeded
2.5 Kosovo
2.0 Ireland & France
1.4 Italy, Poland
& Germany
Population Life Expectancy
Life Expectancy = 76 years
Highest
80 years W, N, and S Europe
Lowest
74 years Eastern Europe
Low Fertility Rate + High Life Expectancy
= Aging Population with few Children
Population Migration
Former Colonies to
France from
Algeria & Morocco
United Kingdom from
India & Caribbean
Guest Workers to
Germany from
Turkey
Population Migration
Recent Migration
Eastern Europe to
Western Europe (MDCs)
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Languages I ndo-European
Romance
from Latin
(200 mln)
French
Italian
Spanish
Catalan
Portuguese
Romanian
Germanic
(200 mln)
German
Dutch
English
Scandinavian
Danish
Swedish
Norwegian
Icelandic
Languages I ndo-European
Languages Belgium
Split between
Flemish (Dutch)
Germanic
Walloon (French)
Romance
Split between
Romance
French
Italian
Romansh
Germanic
German 65%
Languages Switzerland
Slavic (120 mln)
Polish
Czech
Slovak
Bulgarian
Yugoslavia
(South Slavs)
Languages I ndo-European
Greek (10 mln)
Albanian (5 mln)
Baltic
Lithuanian
Latvian
Languages I ndo-European
Uralic (20 mln)
Hungarian
Finnish & Estonian
Celtic (1 mln)
Scots Gaelic
Irish Gaelic
Welsh
Breton (France)
Languages Other
Religion
Christian
Rom. Catholic
S & E Europe
Eastern Orthodox
E Europe
Protestant
Lutheran
No. Europe
Anglican
UK
Religion
Islam
Albania
Ghettos in
many cities
J ewish Pale
Secularism
No. Europe
Czech Rep.
Slavic Languages
Roman Alphabet
(Roman Catholic)
Polish, Czech & Slovak
Cyrillic Alphabet
(Eastern Orthodox)
Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian
Greek Similar to Cyrillic
Language & Religion
Geopolitical History
20
th
Century
Two World Wars
1914-1918
1939-1945
Map redrawn
several times
Large Empires to
Many countries
Nations & Countries
1914 Large
Empires
Austro-Hungarian
German
Russian
Ottoman (Turkey)
No Sovereignty for
Nations within
Empires
Nations & Countries
Nations & Countries
1919 New
Countries
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
3 Baltic Republics
(from Russia)
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
Nations & Countries
Nations & Countries
1945 Boundaries
Germany smaller
& split (E & W)
Poland moved West
U.S.S.R. occupied
East Poland
3 Baltic Republics
Iron Curtain 1989
Cold War between
USA & USSR
Nations & Countries
Nations & Countries
More by 2008
Former U.S.S.R.
3 Baltic Republics
Belarus
Ukraine
Moldova
Slovakia
Former Yugoslavia
6-7 Countries
Former Yugoslavia
WW 1
Created
in 1920
Land of
South
Slavs
Split in
1990s
Former Yugoslavia
4 Languages
Croatian, Serbian,
Macedonian, Slovenian
2 Alphabets
Roman Slovenian, Croatian
Cyrillic Serbian, Macedonian
3 Religions
Roman Catholic Slovenia, Croatia
Orthodox Serbia, Macedonia
Muslim Bosnia, Kosovo
Former Yugoslavia
Bosnia &
Herzegovina
Ethnicity
48% Bosniak
37% Serb
14% Croatian
Religion
Muslim
Orthodox
Catholic
Ethnic
Cleansing
Serbia
& Kosovo
Ethnicity
76% Serb
20% Albanian
Ethnic
Cleansing
Kosovo
Cold War& After
Iron Curtain
Western
Democracies
NATO
Soviet-sphere
Communists
Warsaw Pact
East European
Buffer Zone
Economic Development
Income (GNI) per person = $26,000 average
World range
$47,000 U.S.A.
$ 2,000 Sub-Saharan Africa
Highest
$59,000 Norway
$46,000 Switzerland
$30,000s W, N & S Europe
Lowest
$15,000 E Europe
$8,000 Albania & Bosnia
Industrial Revolution
Began in England
Machines & Energy
replaced handicrafts
Mass Production
1
st
for Textiles
Steel-making
located near...
Coal (Energy)
Iron ore
Industrial Revolution
Spread in 1800s to
Belgium-France
Germany
Italy (Hydropower)
Prior to WW 1
90% of World
manufactures
Created a Higher
Standard of Living
Economy Today
Newer industry
Near cities
Now Post-
Industrial
Economy
Services
Economic Integration
European Union
1957 Economic
Common Market
No Tariffs
1991 Political
European Union
Laws &
Courts
2002 Monetary
Euro replaced
Economic Integration
European Union
27 Countries
12 since 2004
Most formerly
Communist
Non-EU
Norway & Iceland
Switzerland
Most of Yugoslavia
Albania
British Isles
Republic of Ireland
United Kingdom
Great Britain
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Great Britain Terrain
Highlands
Most of UK
Low Mountains
Up to 4,400
Lowlands
SE England
Agriculture
Great Britain Agriculture
Mainly in SE England
Farmers 2% of UK labor force
Cant feed UK
Imports 60%
of its food
UKs Largest City
On Thames River
Founded 2000 years ago
Best place to cross river
Bridge...
England London
England London
10+ mln Capital
Relative Location...
Close to mainland
Trading Center
England Industrial Cities
Manchester
Cotton Textiles
Liverpool
Seaport
Birmingham
Steel
Cars
England Industrial Cities
Near Resources
Coal
Iron
ore
England Economy
UK # 1 in Industry 1750-1900
1
st
to Industrialize
Abundant Coal
Transportation (RR)
Colonization
20th Century
New competition
Loss of Colonies
Depletion of Coal
North Sea Oil
Scotlands Capital
Scottish Parliament
Some Autonomy
Scotland Edinburgh
Religious Division
55% Protestant
Loyal to UK
45% Catholic
Want one Ireland
Belfast
Segregated city
Murals mark
territory
Northern Ireland
Belfast Murals Protestant
Belfast Murals Protestant
Belfast Murals Catholic
France
Mountains
Alps
Pyrenees
Coastlines
Mediterranean
Bay of Biscay
English
Channel
Chunnel
France Paris
Founded on an island in the Seine River
Great farmland
France Paris
Capital & Largest City
France Terrain
Paris Basin
Ile de
France
European
Plain
Massif Central
Rivers
(Trade Routes)
Seine (N)
Rhone (S)
France Agriculture
#1 Food
producer
in Europe
Wheat
Dairy Cattle
Grapes
Champagne
France Industrial Cities
Paris
Lyon Rhone
Marseille Seaport
Lille Steel
France Tourism
#1 most visited
Country in World
Different
attractions
Riviera
Cannes
France Tourism
French Alps
Mont Blanc
16,000
France Tourism
Loire River
Famous for
Chauteaux
(Castles)
Churches
Cathedral of Notre Dame
Museums
Louvre
France Paris Tourism
Monuments
Eiffel Tower
Germany
Country Unified
1871
Industrialized quickly
Center of WW 1 & 2
1945-1990
East/West Division
Reunited 1990
Capital at Berlin
Germany Berlin
Within East
Germany
Divided into
E & W
Wall
1960-89
Split old
center
Historical
Core in East
Germany Berlin Wall
Brandenburg
Gate in East
Wall in front
Wall fell in 1989
But some
remains as a
reminder
Germany Berlin
Reunited
Berlin
New Center...
Potsdamer
Platz
Old Center
Historical
Restoration
Germany Berlin
Cultural Diversity
J ews exterminated
1866 Synagogue
Restored 1995
Now Muslims
from Turkey
Germany Economy
# 1 in Europe
Population
I ndustry
Rhine River
The Ruhr
#1 Coalfield
Germany North
North German Plain
Elbe River
Hamburg
#2 City
Seaport
Hinterland
Germany South
Bavaria
German Alps
Munich
# 3 City
BMW cars
Beer
Oktoberfest
Germany South
Germany Bavaria
German Alps
Italy
Peninsula
Alps
Po River Basin
Apennine Mtns
Islands
Sicily
Sardinia
Italy North
Po River Basin
Agriculture
Industry
Milan
Fashion
Turin
Fiat
Genoa
Seaport
Venice
Ferrari, Maserati,
Alfa Romeo, Lancia
Canals of Venice
Tourism
Islands of Venice
Italy Florence
Art Center
Michelangelo
Sculpture
David
Italy Rome
Capital
Italy Naples
Mt. Vesuvius
Still active
Destroyed 79 AD
Spain
Iberian Peninsula
Bounded by
Pyrenees
Ocean
Plateau
Some
Mtns
2 Countries
Portugal
Spain
Spain Climate
Mediterranean Climate
Rainy Winter
Dry Summer
Mediterranean
Crops
Citrus
Grapes
Olives
Spain Cities
Madrid Capital
Geographic Center
Castilian (Spanish)
Barcelona
Seaport
Economic
Center
Speak
Catalan
Spain Nationalities
Romance Languages
Catalan
NE Spain (Barcelona)
Galicia
NW Spain
Similar to Portuguese
Basque (Unrelated)
North Pyrenees
Separatist