Agnostos Theos

Anonnil and FoIavil UnInovn Oods and NaneIess AIlavs al lIe Aveopagos
AulIov|s) ALBEBT HENBICHS

Souvce IIIinois CIassicaI Sludies, VoI. 19 |1994), pp. 27-58
FuIIisIed I Univevsil oJ IIIinois Fvess
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4
Anonnil
and
FoIavil
UnInovn Oods and NaneIess AIlavs
al lIe
Aveopagos
ALBEBT HENBICHS
In lIe couvse oJ lIe
pasl lvenl-Jive eavs,
Iis ovn
scIoIavI
incIinalions
and lIe cIance discovevies oJ nev lexls Iave induced MivosIav MavcovicI
line and
again
lo vevisil lIe
slud
oJ Medilevvanean
veIigions.
On nove
lIan one
occasion,
Ie Ias cvossed lIe Iine lIal
sepavales and,
in sone
vas,
IinIs
pagan
IeIieJ vilI
CIvislianil.1 NeavI
a decade
ago,
Ie
pvoduced
a
nev edilion oJ lIe EIencIos allviIuled lo lIe scIisnalic Bonan
IisIop
HippoIlos. AIlIougI
a vecIIess
pIagiavisl IinseIJ,
HippoIlos
allacIed
CIvislian Ievelics and Onoslic seclavians aIiIe and accused lIen oJ
pIagiavizing
OveeI
pIiIosopIevs
and OveeI
veIigious vvilings.2
In BooI
6,
HippoIlos
ciles a
nslevious FlIagovean
diclun IJ
ou go
aIvoad Jvon
ouv
nalive
Iand,
do nol IooI IacI. OlIevvise lIe
Evines,
lIe inslvunenls
oJ
Juslice,
viII
puvsue ou.3
TIe voIe
assigned
Ieve lo lIe
Evines,
lIal oJ
AiIll: e7UKol`poi, unnislaIaII
vecaIIs a
Jvagnenl
oJ HevaIIeilos
Iong
Inovn Jvon
FIulavcI, aIlIougI
a nove
conpIele
and aulIenlic vevsion oJ il
is nov
pvesevved
in lIe Bevveni
papvus.4
TIis Iallev lexl associales lIe
Evines,
as veII as lIe
Eunenides,
vilI lIe souIs oJ lIe deceased.5
Bul,
in
Iis
connenlav
on lIe
saing
ascviIed lo
FlIagovas, HippoIlos depavls
1
Fov a coIIeclion oJ JiJleen veIaled
papevs,
see M.
MavcovicI,
Sludies in Ovaeco-Bonan
BeIigions
and
Onoslicisn,
Sludies in OveeI and Bonan
BeIigion
4
|Leiden 1988).
He
connenls in lIe
pveJace
EacI
slud
concenlvales on a
veIigious Ie-lexl, lving
lo
inlevpvel
il,
lo discovev ils
souvces,
and lo assess ils vaIue. In lIis
papev,
I Iave lvied lo oIsevve lIis
pvincipIe.
2
M. MavcovicI
|ed.), HippoIlus. BeJulalio
onniun
Iaevesiun,
FalvisliscIe Texle und
Sludien 25
|BevIin
and Nev YovI
1986)
120 J.
3
Hipp. BeJ.
6. 26. 1 eI
xl): iSuiq
eav
&Jlo8vlliv[i:, jiv) Hliaxpecpou'
ei 8e
jivi, 'Epivvueq
AiIll: ETliKoupoi
al
iiEle7euaovlai, iSivjv
Ka7nv xo
alojia, 'Epivvuai:
8e xa
ilaOvi.
As
MavcovicI
noles,
lIe cIosesl
pavaIIeI
is IanIi. Fvolv. 21
|pp.
107.14 J. and 114.29-15.1
KsleIIi)
&7io8vl|j.a`v vpi: oiKEiai: |iil oliaxpecpov

'Epivueq ap |IexEpxovxai.
4
HevaIIeilos Jv. 94 BieIs-Kvanz
=
52
MavcovicI,
on lIe
palI
oJ lIe sun
H7ioc: ap oiix
l)7lEp|3Tlaelai jlexpa-
ei 8e
jiJl, 'Epivuei: juv A|Il): aliicoupoi eIjeupviaouaiv.
TIe Bevveni
papvus
oJJevs a
supeviov
vevsion oJ lIis
Jvagnenl, naIing
il a conlinuous lexl vilI Jv. 3 BieIs
Kvanz
=
57 MavcovicI. CJ. K.
TsanlsanogIou
and O. M.
FavassogIou,
HevacIilus in lIe
Bevveni
Fapvus,
in
Covpus
dei
papivi JiIosoJici gveci
e Ialini HI
|FIovence 1988)
125-33.
5
On lIis associalion,
see
IeIov,
al nole 144.
28 IIIinois CIassicaI Sludies 19
|1994)
nol
onI
Jvon HevaIIeilos Iul aIso Jvon lIe nainslvean oJ OveeI lvadilion
vIen Ie
aIIegovizes
lIe nalive Iand as lIe
Iod |acoa)
and lIe
Evines
as
lIe
passions |ndOvi).6
NolIing
couId Ie JuvlIev Jvon lIe OveeI
undevslanding
oJ lIe
Evines.
As ve sIaII
see, Evines |Angv Ones)
and Eunenides
|KindI Ones)
ave lIe lvo nanes Jov lIe
poIav
idenlilies oJ lIe sane
gvoup
oJ
povevJuI
divinilies vIo dveII IenealI lIe eavlI.7 TIese nanes
expvess
lIese
goddesses' opposile, el nuluaII veinJovcing, aspecls-one sinislev,
lIe
olIev
Ienign.
In lIe
pvevaiIing
OveeI
viev,
lIe suIlevvanean vovId vas nol
onI
lIe connon deslinalion Jov aII
depavled souIs, vegavdIess
oJ lIeiv novaI
conducl on
eavlI,
Iul vas aIso lIe veaIn oJ
povevJuI
cIlIonian deilies vIo
veve invoIed
I
a
vaviel
oJ
vegionaI
nanes and vIo Iad lIe duaI
povev
lo
IIess and lo cuvse lIe
Iiving.
OlIev Jovns oJ OveeI
veIigion vecognized
an
aJlevIiJe lIal
assigned sepavale
deslinalions lo lIe
Iod
and lo lIe
souI,
ov
diJJevenl Jales lo lIe
pious
and lo lIe vicIed.8
None oJ lIe
pagan
IeIieJs
covvesponds
lo lIe
IeII,
ov lo lIe
deviI,
enIvaced
I
CIvislian IeIieJ. Bevived Jvon JevisI and Ivanian
lvadilion,
lIe CIvislian undevvovId is a
pIace
oJ
punisInenl,
inIaIiled
I
sinnevs and
vuIed
I
lIe Fvince oJ BavIness-lIe enIodinenl oJ eviI.
Apavl
Jvon lIeiv
nuluaI associalion vilI lIe
deplIs
oJ lIe
eavlI,
lIe OveeI
Evines
and lIe
CIvislian deviI sIave
nolIing
in connon.9 And since lIe
Evines uIlinaleI
sevve lIe cause oJ
juslice, despile
lIeiv nelIods
lIe
nusl Ie vieved as
essenliaII
diJJevenl
Jvon,
even
novaII supeviov lo,
lIe CIvislian deviI. Bul
lIe ancienls
appeav
lo Iave JeIl lIal lIe
Evines' nenacing aspecls, cIieJI
lIeiv
gvuesone appeavance
and lIeiv
povev
lo do
Iavn,
vendeved lIe
goddesses vivluaII
unnenlionaIIe undev cevlain civcunslances. TIis
Ieing
lIe
case,
lIe
Evines
vouId Ie Iesl addvessed
I eupIenisns
inlended lo
appease
lIeiv coIIeclive
appelile
Jov lIe davI side oJ
juslice-vevenge.
Connencing
vilI Sl. FauI's
Aveopagos speecI,
and
pvoceeding
Jvon
AlIenian aIlavs dedicaled lo unInovn
gods
and Jvon lIe naneIess
6
As Jav as I can
see,
lIis
novaIizing inlevpvelalion
oJ lIe
Evines,
vIicI lveals lIen as
Iunan
passions |aIove,
nole
3),
is
unpavaIIeIed
eIsevIeve. TIe
FIalonizing
conlexl in vIicI il
appeavs suggesls
lIal
HippoIlos
JoIIoved a niddIe-FIalonic ov
Onoslicizing
souvce. UnIiIe
HippoIlos,
IanIIicIos in Iis
inlevpvelalion
oJ lIe sane
FlIagovean snIoI |see
nole
3)
aIIegovizes
lIe
Evines
nol as
passions,
Iul as lIe
cIange
oJ nind
|jiexdvoia)
associaled vilI
lIe souI's
pvogvession
Jvon lIe naleviaI vovId lo lIe
nelapIsicaI
veaIn.
7
H.
LIod-Jones, Evines,
Sennai
TIeai, Eunenides,
in E. M. CvaiI
|ed.),
OvIs lo
AlIens
Essas
on CIassicaI
SuIjecls
Fvesenled lo Siv KennelI Bovev
|OxJovd 1990) 203-11:
A.
HenvicIs, NanenIosigIeil
und
EupIenisnus
Zuv AnIivaIenz dev cIlIoniscIen MacIle
in alIiscIen
Bvana,
in H. HoJnann and A. Havdev
|eds.), Fvagnenla
dvanalica
Beilvage
zuv
Inlevpvelalion
dev
gviecIiscIen TvagiIevJvagnenle
und iIvev
WivIungsgescIicIle |Oollingen
1991)
161-201.
8
W.
BuvIevl,
OveeI
BeIigion
AvcIaic and CIassicaI
|OxJovd 1985) 190-99, 289,
and 293
95: B.
Lallinove, TIenes in OveeI and Lalin
EpilapIs |UvIana 1942) 21-59, esp.
31 J.
9
A. B.
NocI, Essas
on
BeIigion
and lIe Ancienl WovId
|OxJovd 1972:
covv. ed.
1986)
II
601 TIe OveeIs Iave no
calegov
oJ divinilies
genevaII vecognized
as
essenliaII naIignanl,
no veaI BeviI ov deviIs sucI as AIvinan cane lo Ie. CJ. J.
KvoII,
Ooll und HoIIe Bev
MlIos
von
BescensusIanpJe |Leipzig
and BevIin
1932:
vepv.
Bavnsladl
1963).
AIIevl HenvicIs 29
goddesses
as a
designalion
Jov lIe AlIenian Sennai
TIeai,
I
pvopose
lo
expIove
sone oJ lIe
appavalus-Iinguislic,
viluaI,
and
concepluaI-lIvougI
vIicI lIe OveeIs lvied lo addvess and lo
nanage
lIe
anxiel
associaled vilI
lIe divinilies oJ lIe undevvovId and vilI lIe
povevJuI pvesence
oJ lIe dead.
I.
Anonnil
UnInovn
Oods,
NaneIess
AIlavs,
and NaneIess Ooddesses
Man pIaces
in lIe Medilevvanean vovId vilnessed
excIanges
oJ
opinion
ov
encounlevs oJ one sovl ov anolIev Ielveen lIe Jivsl nissionavies oJ lIe nev
CIvislian
veIigion
and lIe eslaIIisIed
vepvesenlalives
oJ lIe lvadilionaI
pagan
cuIls. Bul no
singIe pIace
vouId Iave Ieen as Janous as
AlIens,
lIe
cuIluvaI
capilaI
oJ lIe
OveeI-speaIing vovId:
no
neeling
oJ lIe ninds
vouId Iave Ieen so
signiJicanl
as FauI's
aIIeged allenpl
lo convevl lIe
AlIenians, cuIninaling
in lIe ceIeIvaled
speecI
ascviIed lo Iin in Acls
|17.
22-31).10 SupposedI
deIiveved in lIe niddIe oJ lIe Aveios
Fagos,
lIe
speecI
vas casl in a Ivonze
pIaque
evecled al lIe sile in 1938.11 WIiIe ve
need nol douIl lIe
Iislovicil
oJ FauI's AlIenian
visil,
vIicI can Ie
lenlaliveI
daled lo lIe
spving
ov sunnev oJ 50
B.C.E.,
lIe
speecI
as ve
Iave il vas
conposed I
lIe aulIov oJ Acls-LuIe-vIo Iad no vecouvse
lo FauI's acluaI vovds.12 LuIe's accounl
accuvaleI capluves
sone oJ lIe
cuIluvaI Jealuves oJ Bonan AlIens-lIe
cil
is descviIed as
Ieing
JuII oJ
idoIs
|IcoaeiScolax:)
and
Jvequenled I pIiIosopIevs13-Iul
il aIso cveales
cevlain
anIiguilies,
vIicI Iave
given
vise lo
conpIex queslions concevning
lIe Iocalion as veII as lIe civcunslances oJ FauI's
speecI.
In
pavlicuIav,
vIal does LuIe nean vIen Ie
sas
lIal lIe
Epicuvean
and Sloic
pIiIosopIevs
looI IoId oJ Iin
[FauI]
and Ied Iin lo lIe Aveios
Fagos
10
In lIe couvse oJ lIis
cenluv,
Nev Teslanenl scIoIavs and cIassicisls Iave vied vilI eacI
olIev lo eIucidale lIe
civcunslances, genve,
and
lIeoIog
oJ FauI's
speecI. Apavl
Jvon Eduavd
Novden's
AgnosIos
TIeos
|IeIov,
nole
21),
I Jound lIe
JoIIoving
discussions
pavlicuIavI
useJuI Jov lIe
puvposes
oJ lIis
papev
O.
WeinveicI,
Be dis
ignolis
oIsevvaliones
seIeclae,
AvcIiv
Juv BeIigionsvissenscIaJl
18
|1915) 1-52, esp.
27-33 =
AusgevaIIle ScIviJlen
I
|Anslevdan 1969) 250-97,
esp.
275-80:
M.
BiIeIius,
FauIus auJ den
Aveopag |1939)
and
FauIus in AlIen
|1939),
in
AuJsaIze
zuv
AposleIgescIicIle,
4lI ed.
|Oollingen 1961)
29-70
and 71-75
|Eng. lvans.,
Sludies in lIe Acls
oJ
lIe
AposlIes [Nev
YovI
1956]):
and E.
HaencIen,
Bie
AposleIgescIicIle,
6lI ed.
|Oollingen 1968)
453-68
|Eng. lvans..
TIe Acls
oJ
lIe
AposlIes [FIiIadeIpIia 1971]).
11
On lIe
Aveopagos
as a
pagan
and CIvislian cuIl
sile,
see E.
VandeipooI,
TIe
AposlIe
FauI in
AlIens, AvcIaeoIog
3
|1950)
34-37. Fov nove delaiIed sludies oJ ils
lopogvapI,
see
IeIov,
nole 58.
12
CJ. H.
Koslev, EinJiiIvung
in das Neue Teslanenl in BaInen dev
BeIigionsgescIicIle
und
KuIluvgescIicIle
dev IeIIenisliscIen und voniscIen ZeiI
|BevIin
and Nev YovI
1980)
543
=
H.
Koeslev,
Inlvoduclion lo lIe Nev Teslanenl II
Hislov
and Lilevaluve oJ
EavI CIvislianil
|FIiIadeIpIia 1982)
109. M.
BiIeIius,
Bie Beden dev
AposleIgescIicIle
und die anliIe
OescIicIlsscIveiIung |1949),
in
AuJsaIze |aIove,
nole
10)
120-62 Ias sIovn lIal lIe
speecIes
in Acls veJIecl
Iilevav
valIev lIan IislovicaI inlenlions. On Acls as a vovI oJ
Jiclion,
a IislovicaI noveI
designed
lo enlevlain as veII as
inslvucl,
see B. I.
Fevvo, FvoJil
vilI
BeIigIl
TIe
Lilevav
Oenve
oJ
lIe Acls
oJ
lIe
AposlIes |FIiIadeIpIia 1987),
vIo cIavaclevizes
lIe
Aveopagos speecI
as LuIe's Iesl vIelovicaI eJJovl
|45).
13
CJ. B. E.
WcIevIe,
Sl. FauI al
AlIens,
JTS 19
|1968)
619 J.
|1994)
|Acls
17.
19)?14
Boes Ie
inpI
lIal FauI vas IauIed IeJove lIe
Aveopagos
CounciI lo deJend Iis nev
leacIing |Acls
17. 19
Iccivli SiSaxn), pevIaps
in lIe couvse oJ a JovnaI lviaI?15 And iJ
so,
did lIe CounciI neel on lIe
IiIIside oJ lIe Aveios
Fagos
on lIis occasion
ov,
as
genevalions
oJ
connenlalovs Iave
suggesled
on
exlveneI
sIendev
evidence,
in lIe Sloa
BasiIeios?16 Ov does LuIe use lIe levn Aveios
Fagos
in an
excIusiveI
IocaI sense-Iul nol vilIoul an avaveness oJ ils
veIigious
connolalions-lo
conjuve
an
augusl selling
Jov FauI's
nissionav speecI?17 HappiI
ve avoid
lIese
pvoIIens
Ieve. Nov sIaII ve
pondev
lIe
unovlIodox,
HeIIenizing
nessage
allviIuled lo FauI-lIal oJ
Iunanil's
naluvaI
InovIedge oJ,
and
IinsIip vilI, Ood-vIicI Ias no
pavaIIeI
in lIe FauIine
covpus
and vIicI
cones
peviIousI
cIose lo
negIecling
lIe CIvislian doclvine oJ saIvalion.18
TIe lvo delaiIs lIal ave veIevanl lo ouv
pvesenl puvposes
ave Iess
conlvovevsiaI,
concevning,
as
lIe
do,
lIe IocaIe oJ lIe
speecI
as veII as ils
innediale
poinl
oJ
depavluve,
vIicI LuIe
vepovls
as JoIIovs
Slanding
in lIe niddIe oJ lIe Aveios
Fagos,
FauI said Men oJ
AlIens,
I
can see lIal
ou
ave
vev veIigious
in
evev va.
Fov as I vas
louving
lIe
cil
and
visiling ouv pIaces
oJ
vovsIip,
I Jound aIso an aIlav vilI lIis
inscviplion
'To lIe unInovn
god.'
TIal vIicI
ou vovsIip
vilIoul
Inoving,
lIis I
pvocIain
lo
ou.19
14
NocI
|aIove,
nole
9)
II 831 J. and T. B.
Bavnes, An
AposlIe
on
TviaI,
JTS 20
|1969)
407-19,
al
414,
anong olIevs,
insisled lIal
i7iilail36|iivoi suggesls
sone Jovn oJ coevcion and
lIal LuIe's FauI does nol
voIunlaviI go lo,
ov
IeJove, lIe
Aveopagos.
Conlva H.
ConzeInann,
TIe Addvess oJ FauI on lIe
Aveopagus,
in L. E. KecI and J. L.
Mavln |eds.).
Sludies in
LuIe-Acls
|NasIviIIe
and Nev YovI
1966:
vepv. FIiIadeIpIia 1980) 217-30,
al 219. TIe vevI
can descviIe eilIev IosliIe ov
JviendI loucI,
in Acls as veII as eIsevIeve
|cJ.
HaencIen
[aIove,
nole
10]
ad
Ioc.).
15
A nunIev oJ CIvislian
ApoIogisls
and CIuvcI FalIevs Jvon Juslin
Mavlv
lo
Augusline
cane lo lIe concIusion lIal FauI vas lvied IeJove lIe
Aveopagos
CounciI Iecause cevlain
AlIenian
pIiIosopIevs
Iad accused Iin oJ
inlvoducing
nev
gods |Acls
17.
18),
a
lIeov
suppovled I
Bavnes
|pvevious nole).
On lIe
aulIovil
lIe
Aveopagos
Iad in
veIigious nallevs,
see B. W.
WaIIace, TIe
Aveopagos CounciI,
lo 307 B.C.
|BaIlinove
and London
1989)
106-12
and 204
J., vilI 272 n. 88 on Acls 17. 16-21.
16
On lIis
conlvovevs,
see BiIeIius
|aIove,
nole
10) 62-64,
vIo
enpIasizes vigIlI
lIal lIe
LuIan navvalive
inpIies
a
cIange
oJ
scenev
Jvon lIe
agova |Acls
17.
17)
lo lIe Aveios
Fagos
|17. 19).
CJ. C. J.
Henev, FauI al
AlIens,
Nev Teslanenl Sludies 20
|1974)
341-50
|FauI
nade Iis deJence lo a couvl
neeling
in ov IeJove a coIonnade oJ lIe
Agova, 349)
vevsus
Bavnes
|aIove,
nole
14)
407-11
|FauI
vas laIen IeJove lIe
Aveopagus,
i.e. IeJove lIe counciI
silling
on lIe
IiII, 410).
I Iave no douIl lIal LuIe is
veJevving
lo lIe HiII oJ
Aves,
and
pvoIaII
aIso lo lIe CounciI oJ lIe
Aveopagos convening
on lIal
IlII:
Iul I do nol IeIieve lIal
FauI slood lviaI Jov
inpiel
IeJove lIe
Aveopagos.
17
BiIeIius
|aIove,
nole
10) 73: ConzeInann
|aIove,
nole
14)
219 J.
18
CJ. BiIeIius
|aIove, nole
10) 30, 45-58,
and 73
J.:
M.
FoIIenz,
FauIus und die
Sloa,
ZNTW 42
|1949) 69-104,
al 96 J.
=
FauIus und die Sloa
|Bavnsladl
1964)
37
J.:
B.
Oavlnev,
TIe
Aveopagus SpeecI
and NaluvaI BeveIalion
|UppsaIa 1955): ConzeInann
|aIove,
nole
14)
220-25: B.
Wvva,
UIev die
Begegnung
des IiIIiscIen OIauIens nil den
gviecIiscIen
Oeisl, ZeilscIviJl Juv TIeoIogie
und KivcIe 88
|1991) 29-67, esp.
51-53.
19
Acls 17. 22-23
avaBeii:
8e
JIaulax:
ev
neaan
xou
'Apeio-o JIaou epvl

avSps: 'A0l]
vaioi,
Kava ilavva
6)9 SeiaiSoujioveaTepoui: \inac, OecopS. Siepx6|iivo: ap
KaI
avaOecopcov
AIIevl HenvicIs 31
TIe unInovn
god
oJ lIe
AlIenians,
vIo
epilonizes
lIeiv
piel
and
vIose aIlav
inspives
FauI's
nessage,
is
IavdI
Iess venole
loda
lIan Ie vas
in
anliquil.20
He veceived cIose
scvulin
in
1913,
vIen lIe Oevnan
cIassicisl Eduavd Novden naned one oJ Iis Iesl-Inovn IooIs aJlev
Iin,
Agnoslos
TIeos.21 Novden's IooI is
nainI
concevned vilI Jovns oJ
veIigious
discouvse in
pagan,
JevisI,
and CIvislian lvadilions-a
pevspeclive
lIal
pvoved
seninaI in lIe
deveIopnenl
oJ Nev Teslanenl Jovn cvilicisn.
TIe idea oJ a OveeI
god
vIose nane vas unInovn and vIose lvue naluve
vas
Ieond
lIe veacI oJ Iunan
conpveIension posed
a considevaIIe
cIaIIenge
lo lIe
cuviosil
oJ scIoIavs
duving
lIe
eavI
decades oJ lIis
cenluv,
vIen lIe
ovigins
oJ Onoslicisn and lIe
vev concepl
oJ
vcooig,
ov
secvel
veIigious InovIedge,
veceived nove allenlion lIan evev IeJove. Oiven
lIis inleIIecluaI cIinale,
il is nol
suvpvising
lIal Novden vouId devole a
vIoIe
cIaplev
oJ Iis IooI lo lIe
enigna
oJ lIe unInovn
god
and Iis aIlav
and lo lIe
concepl
oJ
Inoving god |lvcooKEiv
0eov
andvoxiu: 0eou).
Novden concIudes lIal lIe dedicalion lo lIe unInovn
god |in
lIe
singuIav)
veveaIs lIe Iand oJ a nonolIeislic
vedaclov, pevIaps
LuIe
IinseIJ,
and lIal
lIe
oviginaI pagan
aIlav, pvovided
il
veaII
exisled,
nusl Iave Ieen dedicaled
lo
|lIe)
unInovn
gods |avcIoxoK: OeoTq).22
As Novden
poinled
oul,
lIe acluaI exislence oJ sucI
aIlavs,
eacI
dedicaled lo a
pIuvaIil
oJ unInovn
gods,
is conJivned
I Fausanias,
lIe
ancienl lvaveIev and
expevl
on OveeI sancluavies.23
Touving
Oveece avound
lIe niddIe oJ lIe second
cenluv
C.E.,
Fausanias sav an aIlav oJ unInovn
gods
nexl lo lIe
gveal
aIlav oJ
OInpian
Zeus in
OInpia |5.
14. 8
Jlpo:
avzcIi 5e eoTiv
dvvoxcov
0ev
Fcoo*:).
Fausanias is
veJevving
xa
aeJJaanaxa i`ncov cupov
icai
[ia)|j.ov
ev an
inl iJ panlo- avaxjTCOi
0eiì. o ovv
avooxivxec, eiiaeFne,
loulo
ea KaxaeKKai ujuv.
20
Avaxxvoc:
neans lIal
sonelIing
is unInovn ov unInovaIIe. Even
OInpian gods
veve
Iavd lo
vecognize |//.
20.
131,
0 d. 7.
201,
16.
161),
vIicI
expIains vI
lIe cIovus oJ
SopIoIIes'
Aias asIs
ApoIIo
lo cone as a
god eas
lo
vecognize |704 ex`vloaxo$.
CJ. B. L.
Fox, Fagans
and CIvislians
|Nev
YovI
1987)
102-67 on divine
epipIan, gods
in
disguise,
and lIe Iazavds oJ
seeing
lIe
gods.
TIe
idenlil
oJ lIe so-caIIed
avoxvcoi
0eoi vas Jav Jvon
uniJovn. F. W. van dev Hovsl,
TIe UnInovn Ood
|Acls 1723),
in B. van den
BvoeI,
T.
Baavda,
and J. MansJeId
|eds.), KnovIedge oJ
Ood in lIe Ovaeco-Bonan
WovId,
EFBO 112
|Leiden
and Nev YovI
1988)
19-42 discusses lIvee
calegovies
oJ unInovn
gods Joveign
gods
vIose nanes ave unInovn:
unidenliJied
gods
vIo
nigIl
olIevvise Ie
ignoved:
and
cIlIonian
gods |IeIov,
nole
150).
Tvo oJ lIese
calegovies ovevIap
vilI lIe
anonnous gods.
Foveign gods
vIo IacIed
pvopev
nanes oJlen vanIed as naneIess
|see
E.
BicIevnan,
Anonnous
Oods,
in Sludies in JevisI and CIvislian
Hislov
III
[Leiden 1986] 270-81).
Accovding
lo SlvaIo 3. 4.
16,
Jov
inslance,
an
avovu|io: xic: 9eo:
vas
vovsIiped I
CeIliIevian
lviIes
|H. Usenev,
Oollevnanen VevsucI einev LeIve von dev
veIigidsen BegviJJsIiIdung [Bonn
1896] 277:
van dev Hovsl 41 n.
97).
CIlIonian
povevs,
loo,
couId Ie descviIed as
anonnous |IeIov,
seclion
IV).
21
E. Novden, Agnoslos
TIeos
UnlevsucIungen
zuv
FovnengescIicIle veIigidsev
Bede
|Leipzig
and BevIin
1913: vepv.
Bavnsladl
1956).
TIe JuIIesl lvealnenl since Novden is
I
van
dev Hovsl
|pvevious nole).
22
Novden
|pvevious
nole) 31-124, esp.
55-58 and
121-24:
cJ. BiIeIius
|aIove,
nole
10)
39-41.
23
Novden
|aIove,
nole
21)
55 J.
|1994)
unanIiguousI
lo a
singIe
aIlav dedicaled lo a nunIev oJ unInovn
gods.
In
Iis
descviplion
oJ
FIaIevon,
one oJ sevevaI IavIovs lIal
pvovided
AlIens
vilI access lo lIe
sea,
Ie nenlions aIlavs oJ so-caIIed unInovn
gods,
oJ
Ievoes,
oJ lIe cIiIdven oJ
TIeseus,
and oJ FIaIevos
|1.1.4 |icooi
8e OeJiv
xe
ovoaiolievcov dvcoalcov
lea!
Tjpcolov
lea! ilaiSlov xcov
Qvioecoq
Kai
JàA.Tlpou).24
TIeve can Ie IillIe douIl lIal Fausanias sav Jouv diJJevenl
aIlavs al
FIaIevon,
one oJ vIicI Iad Ieen dedicaled lo lIe unInovn
gods.25
Janes O. Fvazev
suveI exaggevales
lIe
anIiguil
oJ lIe OveeI vIen Ie
connenls Il is
inpossiIIe
Jvon Fausanias's
expvession
lo delevnine
vIelIev lIeve vas one aIlav ov sevevaI aIlavs oJ UnInovn Oods al
FIaIevun:
and, supposing
lIeve veve
sevevaI,
ve cannol leII vIelIev eacI aIlav vas
dedicaled lo lIe UnInovn Ood
|in
lIe
singuIav)
ov lo UnInovn Oods
|in
lIe
pIuvaI).26
UnaIIe lo
escape
lIe
speII
oJ Acls 17. 23 and oJ lIe
singIe
aIlav
dedicaled lo lIe unInovn
god |lo
vIicI Ie
veJevs),
Fvazev vas
pvepaved
lo ascviIe lIis
unIiIeI vovsIip
oJ a
singIe
unInovn
god
lo lIe AlIenian
conlenpovavies
oJ Fausanias.27
An
inconspicuous piece
oJ
inJovnalion,
ovevIooIed
I
Fvazev as veII as
I Novden,
conJivns lIal a
pIuvaIil
oJ unInovn
gods
vas indeed
vovsIiped
al FIaIevon.
Accovding
lo an
enlv
in lIe Iexicon oJ
HescIios
|ca.
6lI
cenluv C.E.),
a
gvoup
oJ
Avgive
Ievoes lvied lo Iand al FIaIevon
upon
lIeiv veluvn Jvon lIe
Tvojan
Wav. TIe Ievoes veve IiIIed
I
lIe
AlIenians
and,
once Iuvied in Allic
soiI,
veceived cuIlic Ionovs as
unInovn
gods |avJiIel: 0eoi).28 AIlIougI
lIe
enlv
in
HescIios
is
IeaviI
aIIvevialed and IveaIs oJJ in
nid-senlence,
il is lIe
onI
vevsion oJ
24
On
FIaIevos, TIeseus,
and lIe olIev Ievoes
vovsIiped
al
FIaIevon,
see E.
Keans,
TIe Hevoes
oJ Allica,
BICS
SuppI.
57
|London 1989) 38-41,
vIo does nol discuss lIe
unInovn
gods.
25
C.
BoIevl,
Hevnes 20
|1885)
356 veduced lIe nunIev oJ lIese aIlavs lo lIvee-one
dedicaled lo lIe unInovn
gods,
anolIev lo lIe Ievoes and
oulIs
vIo
acconpanied
TIeseus
|BoIevl
vead xai
vipoxiiv
icai nai&ov llov
||icla) 0liaeox:,
vIicI Ie looI as a
singIe pIvase),
and lIe lIivd lo
FIaIevos,
lIe IocaI
eponn.
Bul as U.
Kvon,
Bie zeIn aIliscIen
FIIenIevoen
OescIicIIe, MlIos,
KuIl und
BavsleIIungen, MBAI|A)
BeiIeJl 5
|BevIin 1976)
145 n. 666 and
Keans
|pvevious nole)
40
poinl oul,
lIe lexl oJ Fausanias is covvecl as il slands.
26
J. O.
Fvazev,
Fausanias's
Bescviplion oJ
Oveece
|London 1898)
II 33. WeinveicI
|aIove,
nole
10)
28
=
276
vepIied
lIal lIe
pvopev designalion
Jov aIlavs dedicaled lo lIe unInovn
god
|in
lIe
singuIav)
vouId Iave Ieen
|JconoI dvcocvlou
0eoi`.
27
TIe
avgunenls
lIal Iave Ieen adduced in Javov oJ an AlIenian aIlav dedicaled lo an
unInovn
god-in
lIe
singuIav-ave unconvincing. |1) Fs.-Lucian, FIiIopaIvis
veJevs lvice lo
lIe unInovn
|god)
in AlIens
|9 vi)
lov
ovvoxsxov
lov ev
'A0vlvau:,
29 lov ev
'A0Jlvaic:
avcoaxov ccpcupovxcc:
icai
npoaieuvviaavxec.
LiIe LuIe's
avcoaToq 0eo:, Iovevev,
lIis
unInovn
god, loo,
is a
Iilevav
conslvucl and does nol
quaIiJ
as evidence oJ acluaI cuIL
|2)
TIe JevisI
god
vas
anonnous |cJ.
BicIeinan
[aIove,
nole
20] 279
J.)
as veII as
avoxjvo
|Jos. Ap.
2.
167).
TIeveJove lIe aIlav in
queslion na
Iave Ieen a
pvivale
aIlav dedicaled
I
a
Judaizing genliIe
lo lIe JevisI
god,
a
possiIiIil
discussed
I
van dev Hovsl
|aIove,
nole
20)
35-38. Il is
exlveneI unIiIeI, Iovevev,
lIal lIe FauI oJ Acls vouId Iave ascviIed
vovsIip
oJ
lIe JevisI
god
lo lIe AlIenians.
M
HescI.
a 682 Lalle
ajvancq
Qeoi- olo`
7leaQai paoi loix: lieva
lov
lvji:
'IWou il7ovv
làA.vlpoi npoaax'ivxal:
Kai
dvavpcOcvxaq
vnd
Avinocpnvxoq, llvpvivai |Iacuna).
TIe
Iongev
vevsions
pvesevved
in lIe Allicisl Iexica oJ FoIIux and Fausanias
|IeIov,
noles 30 and
32)
suggesl
lIal
HescIios' enlv, loo,
devives Jvon an Allicisl souvce.
AIIevl HenvicIs 33
lIis
nlI
lIal vecovds lIe JuII cuIl nane oJ lIe
Avgive Ievoes,
viz.
clvSneq
0io|,
vIo nusl Ie lIe sane as lIe 0eoi
aYvcooxoi
allesled alFIaIevon
I
Fausanias in lIe
passage
discussed eavIiev.29
TIe Allicisl
IexicogvapIev
FoIIux
|2nd cenluv C.E.)
oJJevs a nove
conpIele
vevsion oJ lIe sane
nlI
and connecls il
aelioIogicaII
vilI lIe
Joundalion oJ lIe AlIenian Ionicide couvl al lIe FaIIadion.30 In lIe Allicisl
lvadilion
vepvesenled I
FoIIux,
lIe FaIIadion
nlI allenpls
lo
expIain
lvo
seeningI
unveIaled inslilulions al once-lIe cuIl oJ lIe unInovn
gods
al
FIaIevon and lIe
juvisdiclion
oJ lIe FaIIadion
couvl,
vIicI lvealed cases oJ
uninlenlionaI Ionicide and oJ AlIenian cilizens
IiIIing
non-AlIenians.31
TIis louv de Jovce is
acconpIisIed
vilI lIe
IeIp
oJ a ledious
vovdpIa
on
nol
Inoving
and unInovn. As FoIIux Ias
il,
lIe
Avgives
veve IiIIed
I
lIe IocaIs in
ignovance |avcuai
8e ino lcov
eapicov dvaipeOevxaq)
and
|lIeiv covpses)
veve casl oul
|unIuvied).
AJlev lIe inlevvenlion oJ lIe
BeIpIic ovacIe, lIe
veve Iuvied and
given
lIe nane 'UnInovn Ones'
|avaneq npoa-qopevQ-qaav). CIoseI
veIaled vevsions can Ie Jound in
lvo nonunenls oJ
Bzanline
evudilion,
lIe Suda and lIe Honevic
connenlav
oJ EuslalIios.32 AII lIvee vevsions
vepvoduce
inJovnalion lIal
devives
uIlinaleI
Jvon lIe
AllIidogvapIev
FIanodenos
|4lI cenluv
B.C.E.).33
Il is diJJicuIl lo leII vIelIev FIanodenos vas nove concevned
vilI lIe
ovigins
oJ lIe FaIIadion couvl ov vilI lIe nane oJ lIe
avSneq
0eo|
al FIaIevon.
AppavenlI
Ie
expIained
IolI. IJ
so,
a cuIl oJ unInovn
gods-in
lIe
pIuvaI-pvesunaII
vilI an aIlav dedicaled lo
lIen,
exisled
al FIaIevon as
eavI
as lIe 4lI
cenluv
B.C.E.
In Iis discussion oJ lIe FaIIadion
nlI,
Novden
|aIove,
nole
21)
55 n. 1 JaiIed lo considev
HescIios.
Nol
veaIizing
lIal
HescIios
veJevs lo lIe dead
Avgives
as
av5ne$ 0eoi,
Novden
concIudcd lIal
lIe
veve
vovsIiped
as unInovn Ievoes valIev lIan unInovn
gods
and
vejecled
lIis enlive lvadilion as ivveIevanl lo lIe AlIenian cuIl oJ lIe
avoxvloi
0eoi.
30
FoIIux 8. 118 J. On lIe FaIIadion
couvl,
see B. M. MacBoveII,
AlIenian Honicide Lav
in lIe
Age oJ
lIe Ovalovs
|MancIeslev 1963)
58-69 and F. J.
BIodes,
A
Connenlav
on lIe
AvisloleIian AlIenaion FoIileia
|OxJovd 1981) 642-44,
vIo discuss ils Junclion Iul nol ils
nlIicaI ovigins.
31
CJ. O. Jessen, Avoxjxoi 0eoi,
in BE
SuppI.
I
|1903) 28-30,
al 29.
32
Suda e 2505 AdIev
=
Eusl. Od. 1. 321
JJ., p.
1419.53 JJ. SlaIIIaun. TIe lvo vevsions ave
vivluaII
idenlicaI and sIave a connon
souvce,
lIe Iosl Allicisl Iexicon oJ Fausanias
|2nd
cenluv C.E.),
vIon EuslalIios idenliJies
I
nane
|Fausanias
Jv. 53 in H.
EvIse,
UnlevsucIungen
zu den allizisliscIen LexiIa,
AII.
BevIin,
FIiI.-Iisl. KI. 1949.2
[BevIin 1950]
179).
Fausanias in luvn used FIanodenos
|nexl nole).
In lIe vevsions oJ Suda and
EuslalIios,
lIe a il ion
concevning
lIe unInovn
gods
is aIIvevialed
Ieond vecognilion
TIe
Avgives
veve IiIIed
I
lIe
AlIenians,
vIo JaiIed lo
vecognize
lIen
|)no 'A0viva|o`v &Yvoa\`lievoi
avvlipi0Tlaav).
Even
lIougI
lIe
avunll:
0coi ave nol
expIicilI
nenlioned,
lIe use oJ
ocvoo-unevoi suggesls slvongI
lIal
lIe
aIso occuvved in FIanodenos' vevsion.
33
FIanodenos' AllIis is Iosl. His vevsion oJ lIe FaIIadion
nlI
can Ie
pavliaII
veconslvucled Jvon EuslalIios and lIe Suda
|pvevious nole),
lIe
onI
souvce lIal ciles
FIanodenos
I
nane
|FOvHisl
325 F
16).
F.
JacoI,
Bie
Fvagnenle
dev
gviecIiscIen
HisloviIev niI
|SuppIenenl)
A
Connenlav
on lIe Ancienl Hislovians oJ AlIens
|Nos.
323a
334).
VoIune I Texl
|Leiden 1954)
79-81 connenls on FIanodenos F 16 in conneclion vilI
KIeidenos' vevsion oJ lIe sane
nlI |FOvHisl
323 F
20).
|1994)
A
Fevganene inscviplion,
discoveved in
1909,
conJivns lIal lIe
vovsIip
oJ unInovn
gods-again
in lIe
pIuvaI-vas especiaII popuIav
in lIe 2nd
cenluv
C.E.,
even
lIougI
il
appeavs
nucI oIdev in
ovigin.
One oJ
nunevous aIlavs Jound in lIe
pvecincl
oJ Benelev al
Fevganon
and
daling
Jvon lIe second IaIJ oJ lIe 2nd
cenluv
C.E. Ieavs a
Jvagnenlav
dedicalion
lIal Ias Ieen
convincingI
vesloved lo vead lo lIe unInovn
gods |0eoi:
dv[|ooTon:]).34
As in lIe case oJ Fausanias'
dvcooTcov
0eJi`v
Fcolio:
al
OInpia,
lIis is a cIeav veJevence lo a
singIe
aIlav dedicaled lo a
pIuvaIil
oJ
unInovn
gods
in one oJ lIe
najov
cuIl cenlevs oJ lIe
OveeI-speaIing
vovId.
In lIe Ialev 2nd
cenluv C.E., specuIalion
on lIe
inconpveIensiIiIil
and
ineJJaIiIil
oJ lIe divine vas
gvoving
and veneved eJJovls veve
Ieing
nade
lo veacI and
pIacale
aII
gods |7ldv-le: 0eoi), especiaII
lIose divinilies
vIo IacIed convenlionaI nanes.35
Move
gevnane
lo lIe
genve
oJ Acls lIan Fausanias ov lIe
inscviplion
Jvon
Fevganon,
and
equaII
eIusive as evidence Jov acluaI
aIlavs,
is an
episode
in FIiIoslvalos' JiclionaI
LiJe
oJ
ApoIIonios
oJ
Tana,
lIe ilinevanl
NeoplIagovean sage
and cIavisnalic
Jiguve
vIose lvaveIs Ied Iin lo
Mesopolania
and India
duving
lIe
veigns
oJ Nevo and lIe FIavian
enpevovs.
WIiIe on a visil lo lIe conJines oJ
ElIiopia
and
Egpl ApoIIonios
venavIs
upon
lIe
appvopvialeness
oJ
speaIing
veII oJ aII lIe
gods |nepI
vcdvxcov
0eJi`v i\`
\lnv)
and
pvaises
AlIens in
pavlicuIav
as a
pIace
vIeve aIlavs ave
evecled in Ionov even oJ unInovn divinilies
|ou
lea!
dvaxueov Saijiovcov
F|0|ioI iSpvTai).36
FIiIoslvalos lIus
agvees
vilI Fausanias lIal one ov
sevevaI aIlavs dedicaled lo unInovn
gods-el again
in lIe
pIuvaI-acluaII
exisled al AlIens. Bul unIiIe
Fausanias,
vIo descviIes lIe AlIens oJ Iis
ovn
line,
FIiIoslvalos
inpIies,
as does
LuIe,
lIal aIlavs oJ lIis
lpe aIvead
34
SIovlI
aJlev ils
eveclion, Iovevev,
lIe aIlav vas vededicaled lo lIe vinds
pevsoniJied
|Avenoi).
See H.
Hepding, MBA1|A)
35
|1910) 454-57,
no.
39:
WeinveicI
|aIove,
nole
10)
29-33
=
277-80,
vIo deJended
Hepding's suppIenenl
vilI
conpeIIing
avgunenls againsl
lIe
sIeplicisn
oJ Novden
|aIove,
nole
21)
56 n.
1:
E.
OIIenulz,
Bie KuIle und
HeiIigIiinev
dev
Ooilev in
Fevganon |WiivzIuvg 1940:
vepv.
Bavnsladl
1968)
219 and
280:
M. F.
NiIsson,
OescIicIIe dev
gviecIiscIen BeIigion.
Zveilev Band Bie IeIIenisliscIe und voniscIe
Zeil,
2nd
ed.
|MunicI 1961) 355: F. B. Advados
|ed.),
Biccionavio
gviego-espanoI
I
|Madvid 1980) 30,
s.v.
avoJcTToc 1.1:
van dev Hovsl
|aIove,
nole
20)
25 J.
35
CJ. Usenev
|aIove,
nole
20)
344
J.: Novden
|aIove,
nole
21) 56-83:
O.
WeinveicI,
veviev
oJ
Novden, Agnoslos TIeos,
in BeulscIe
Lilevaluvzeilung
34
|1913) 2949-64,
al 2958-60
=
Ausgev.
ScIv. I
|aIove,
nole
10) 221-36,
al
230-32:
OIIenulz
|pvevious nole)
219 and 280
84: NiIsson
|pvevious nole)
337
J., 357,
and 574
J.: C.
HaIicIl,
AIlevliinev von
Fevganon
VEI.3 Bie InscIviJlen des
AsIIepieions |BevIin 1969)
12
J.:
van dev Hovsl
|aIove,
nole
20)
27
|vilI
addilionaI
IiIIiogv.).
36
FIiIoslv. VA 6. 3. FIiIoslvalos' veJevence lo a
pIuvaIil
oJ
aIlavs, F 04101,
oJ unInovn
gods
Ias Ieen
vejecled
as a vIelovicaI
exaggevalion |WeinveicI [aIove,
nole
10]
28 J.
=
276),
Iul
uIlinaleI
lIeve is no
va
oJ
leIIing
vIelIev lvo ov nove sucI aIlavs evev exisled in AlIens
sinuIlaneousI |aIove,
noles
25-26). TevluIIian, loo,
veJevs lo
|an)
AlIenian
aIlav|s)
inscviIed
lo lIe unInovn
gods |Ad
nal. 2. 9. 4 nan el AlIenis ava esl
inscvipla ignolis deis\
cJ. Adv.
Mavc. 1. 9. 2 invenio
pIane ignolis
deis avas
pvosliluIas,
sed Allica idoIoIaIvia
esl).
Il is
nolevovlI
lIal TevluIIian
speaIs
oJ a
pIuvaIil
oJ unInovn
gods |ignoli dei),
Iul il is
inpossiIIe
lo leII vIelIev Ie is
neveI oJJeving
a
poIlIeislic veinlevpvelalion
oJ Acls 17. 23 ov
vIelIev Ie Iad access lo
independenl
inJovnalion IiIe Fausanias and FIiIoslvalos.
AIIevl HenvicIs 35
exisled in lIe
cil
oJ AlIens ov in lIe vuvaI denes oJ
Allica,
ov
IolI,
avound
50 C.E.37
A
gvoup
oJ
siniIavI
eIusive aIlavs in AlIens ave lIe so-caIIed
naneIess aIlavs
|dvcovuoi pcooi).
LiIe lIe aIlavs oJ unInovn
gods,
lIe
anonnous
aIlavs did nol suvvive and ave Inovn lo us
I Iilevav
alleslalion
aIone. TIe
slov
oJ lIeiv Joundalion is vecovded
I Biogenes
Laevlios in
conneclion vilI
Epinenides,
a
Iegendav
seev Jvon Cvele vIose
expevlise
vas viluaI
puviJicalion.38
TIis
slov
laIes
pIace
in lIe sane Iocalion as
FauI's
speecI, naneI
lIe
Aveopagos.
WIen AlIens vas visiled
I
a
pIague, Epinenides
is said lo Iave
pul
an end lo il
I puviJing
lIe
cil
in
lIe
JoIIoving va.
He luvned a nunIev oJ
sIeep
Ioose on lIe
Aveopagos
and
gave
ovdevs lIal lIese
sIeep
Ie JoIIoved. WIevevev
an
one oJ lIen
Iappened
lo Iie
dovn,
lIal aninaI vas lo Ie sacviJiced lo lIe
appvopviale
god |Oljeiv
Tcoi
7ipooJlKovTi 0icoi).
TIe viluaI
vened
vas successJuI and
lIe
pIague
vas dviven oJJ.
WIence,
adds
Biogenes, ou na
Jind lo lIis
da
naneIess aIlavs
|pcooI dvcovulioi) lIvougIoul
lIe denes oJ lIe
AlIenians,
a nenoviaI oJ lIe
expialion
vIicI vas lIen
acconpIisIed.39
TIe
pIvasing, especiaII
lIe
Ievovd
vIence,
sIovs lIal lIe
slov
vas
aelioIogicaI, designed
lo
expIain
lIe exislence oJ
anonnous
aIlavs nol
onI
al lIe
Aveopagos
Iul even nove so in vavious
pavls
oJ AlIens ov
Allica.40
UnJovlunaleI,
none oJ lIese aIlavs Ias cone lo
IigIl
so Jav,
nov
ave
lIe
veJevved lo
I an
aulIov olIev lIan
Biogenes,
vIose souvce
venains unInovn.
Novden
insisled, vigIlI,
lIal lIe AlIenian aIlavs Jov lIe unInovn
gods
nusl Ie diJJevenlialed Jvon lIe
anonnous
aIlavs.41 He aIso assuned lIal
lIe Iallev veve levned naneIess Iecause
lIe
did nol Iave lIe nane oJ
an deil
inscviIed on lIen. Bul vIal vouId Iave Ieen lIe
poinl
oJ
dvaving
allenlion lo lIe Jacl lIal lIese aIlavs IacIed
inscviplions?
As a
37
Novden
|aIove,
nole
21)
41-55
specuIaled
lIal FIiIoslvalos and lIe aulIov oJ Acls
depended
Jov lIeiv AlIenian
aIlav|s)
lo lIe unInovn
god|s)
on an idenlicaI
souvce,
viz. an
aulIenlic
vepovl
oJ
ApoIIonios'
visil lo AlIens and oJ lIe sevnon Ie
gave
lIeve-vIicI,
accovding
lo
Novden,
vas siniIav lo
FauI's-concevning
lIe
vovsIip
oJ unInovn
gods.
Novden's
IpolIelicaI
souvce is loo
good
lo Ie lvue
|cJ.
HaencIen
[aIove,
nole
10]
461 n.
5),
Iul il iIIuslvales lIe
pvoIIens
ve encounlev vIen lIe
appavalus
oJ acluaI cuIl is
lvansposed
inlo
lIe vovId oJ Jiclion.
38
B.L. 1. 110
=
Epinenides
3 A 1 BieIs-Kvanz
= FOvHisl 457 T 1. On
Epinenides,
see E.
B. Bodds,
TIe OveeIs and lIe IvvalionaI
|BevIeIe
and Los
AngeIes 1951) 141-46:
F.
JacoI,
Bie
Fvagnenle
dev
gviecIiscIen
HisIoviIev IIII Konnenlav zu Nv. 297-607 |Texl) |Leiden
1955) 308-15:
W.
BuvIevl,
Lav and Science in Ancienl
FlIagoveanisn |CanIvidge,
MA
1972) 150-52:
BIodes
|aIove,
nole
30)
81-84.
39
B.L. 1. 110 o0iv eli Kai vuv eoliv
eupeIv
vala
lovq 5Jno\)$
xiv
'A0vivaiov |Jcojioui:
vivlovvijiou, -ojionvTina vli:
lole
YevoJievvi ci7daeax:.
TIe lvansIalion is
I
Fvazev
|aIove,
nole
26)
II34.
40
On lIe
snlax
oJ
aelioIog
and ils
Jealuves, incIuding
lIe
aelioIogicaI
use oJ o0ev and
|eli)
Kai
vuv,
see H.
FeIIiccia,
HSCF 92
|1989)
71-101.
41
Novden
|aIove,
nole
21)
57 n. 1. Novden
inpIicilI vejecls
lIe viev oJ Fvazev
|aIove,
nole
26)
II 33 J. and J.
Havvison, FvoIegonena
lo lIe
Slud oJ
OveeI
BeIigion,
3vd ed.
|CanIvidge 1922) 241,
vIo
vegavded
lIe lvo
calegovies
oJ aIlavs as idenlicaI,
even
lIougI lIe
ave allesled Jov diJJevenl
peviods
and dedicaled lo diJJevenl
gvoups
oJ divinilies.
|1994)
genevaI vuIe,
OveeI aIlavs veve dedicaled lo lIe
vovsIip
oJ one ov nove
pavlicuIav
deilies vIose
idenlil,
ov
idenlilies,
vouId Iave Ieen Inovn lo
vovsIipevs vegavdIess
oJ vIelIev lIe aIlav Iove
an inscviplion.
FuvlIevnove,
uninscviIed aIlavs veve
connonI
Jound
lIvougIoul
lIe
OveeI vovId.42 Il seens
inJinileI
nove
IiIeI, lIeveJove,
lIal lIese
naneIess aIlavs vouId Iave Ieen
expIicilI
dedicaled lo naneIess
divinilies,
naIe ov JenaIe
|0eoi
ov OeaI
avcovunxn),
vIose dislinclive
epilIel-avavunoi-vas
lvansJevved lo lIeiv aIlavs.43
TIese
anonnous aIlavs,
naned aJlev
anonnous divinilies,
veve
I
no neans lIe
onI
aIlavs in cIassicaI AlIens vIose oJJiciaI
designalion
vecaIIed a cIavaclevislic
Jealuve,
iJ nol an
epilIel,
oJ lIe deilies lo vIon
lIe
veve dedicaled. A siniIav nonencIaluve
appIied
lo aIlavs dedicaled lo
gods
ov
goddesses
vIo veceived soIev ov vineIess IiIalions
|vvupdA-ia,
sc.
iepa).
In Allica
aIone,
vineIess
|aoivoi) gods
incIuded Zeus
Hpalos,
HeIios, SeIene, Eos,
Mnenosne,
lIe
Muses,
lIe
NnpIs,
and lIe
Eunenides.44
WovsIiped
in AlIens undev lIe cuIl nane oJ Sennai TIeai
|Beveved Ooddesses),45
lIeiv aIlavs veve
oJJiciaII
Inovn as soIev
42
CJ. C. O.
Yavis,
OveeI AIlavs
Ovigins
and
TpoIog |Sl.
Louis
1949).
43
E.
BoIde, FscIe
SeeIencuII und
UnslevIIicIIeilsgIauIe
dev
OviecIen,
2nd ed.
|FveiIuvg
i.B.,
Leipzig,
and
TuIingen 1898:
vepv.
Bavnsladl
1961)
I 174 n. 1
=
FscIe
TIe CuIl
oJ
SouIs and
BeIieJ
in
InnovlaIil anong
lIe OveeIs
|London 1925:
vepv.
Nev YovI
1972)
148 n.
62:
O.
Kevn,
Bie
BeIigion
dev OviecIen. Evslev Band Von den
AnJangen
Iis Hesiod
|BevIin
1926)
125
J.: HenvicIs
|aIove,
nole
7)
176 J.
44
CJ. A.
HenvicIs,
TIe
'SoIviel'
oJ
Oedipus SopIocIes
OC 100
Misundevslood,
HSCF
87
|1983) 87-100,
esp. 95-99,
and TIe Eunenides and WineIess LiIalions in lIe Bevveni
Fapvus,
in Alli deI 7VII
Congvesso
InlevnazionaIe di
FapivoIogia |NapIes 1984)
II
255-68,
esp.
259 J. On
vvjcpa7ia
in
genevaI,
see F.
SlengeI, OpJevIvaucIe
dev OviecIen
|Leipzig 1910)
180-86 and Bie
gviecIiscIen KuIlusaIlevlunev,
3vd ed.
|MunicI 1920)
104
J.:
L.
ZieIen,
Nv)|làA.ia,in/?E 7VI
|1935) 2481-89:
F.
OvaJ, MiIcI, Honig
und Wein. Zun Vevslandnis
dev LiIalion in
gviecIiscIen BiluaI,
in Fevennilas Sludi in onove di
AngeIo
BveIicI
|Bone
1980)
209-21 and
esp.
NovdioniscIe KuIle
BeIigionsgescIicIlIicIe
und
epigvapIiscIe
UnlevsucIungen
zu den KuIlen von
CIios,
EvlIvai,
KIazonenai und
FIoIaia,
BiIIiolIeca
HeIvelica Bonana 21
|Bone 1985) 26-29:
M. H.
Janeson, B. B.
Jovdan,
and B. B.
KolansI,
A Lex Sacva
Jvon SeIinous, OveeI, Bonan,
and
Bzanline MonogvapIs
11
|BuvIan 1993)
70
73,
108 J. CJ.
IeIov,
al noles 71 and 81.
45
Allic
pvose
aulIovs and
inscviplions invaviaII
veJev lo lIen as Sennai
TIeai,
nevev as
Sennai,
a
poinl
nade
enpIalicaII |iJ
Jov
queslionaIIe veasons) I
Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41)
239
J.: cJ. A. H.
Sonnevslein,
AescIIus.
Eunenides
|CanIvidge 1989)
10 n. 36 and
284,
on
Eun. 1041 J. TIe nosl vecenl Jind is an AlIenian vooJ liIe
slanped
vilI lIe
pIvase pvopevl
oJ lIe Sennai TIeai
|IeIov,
al nole
108).
In
lvaged,
lIe
pvedicalive adjeclive ae|ivo:
is
occasionaII
used as a veiIed veJevence lo lIe
goddesses
and lIeiv cuIl
|AiscI.
Eun.
383,
Euv.
EI. 1272 and Ov. 410
[IeIov,
nole
120], SopI.
OK
41, 100).
Sennai aIone is
neveI
nodevn
sIovlIand lIal oIscuves lIe
expIicil divinil
oJ lIe Beveved Ooddesses
|as
in B.
SeaJovd,
Becipvocil
and BiluaI Honev and
Tvaged
in lIe
BeveIoping Cil-Slale [OxJovd 1994]
94
J.,
vIo vendevs Sennai as SoIenn JenaIes and lveals lIen as
snonnous
vilI lIe Fuvies
[see IeIov,
noles
48, 50,
and
119]).
So Jav I Iave nol cone acvoss lIe
sinpIe designalion
Sennai,
as
opposed
lo lIe usuaI Sennai
TIeai,
in
an
OveeI aulIov. A. L.
Bvovn,
Eunenides in OveeI
Tvaged, CQ
34
|1984) 260-81,
al 262 n. 16 ciles
Biog.
Laevl. 1. 112 lo
suppovl
Iis cIain lIal lIe
eIIipse
oJ lIe noun does occuv in
OveeI:
acluaII Biogenes
Laevlios
speaIs
oJ lIe AlIenian
iepov
xSv
Eejivcov
0eIv.
AIIevl HenvicIs 37
aIlavs
|vvl|pd?aoi plooi),
and veve lIus naned Jov lIe viluaI
anonaI
lIal
cIavaclevized lIese deilies and lIeiv cuIl.46
TIe
designalion anonnous
aIlavs can lIus Ie undevslood on lIe
anaIog
oJ soIev aIlavs. WIeveas lIe Iallev veve dedicaled lo
gods
vIo
veve vineIess Iecause lIe use oJ vine vas
pvoIiIiled
in lIeiv
vovsIip,
lIe Jovnev veve naned aJlev
gods
vIo veve
anonnous
Iecause lIeiv
nanes veve consideved
unspeaIaIIe
and ensIvouded
I
viluaI laIoo.47 As
Jav as ve
Inov, onI
one
gvoup
oJ
gods
in AlIens vas caIIed
anonnous,
naneI
lIe divine consovliun oJ lIe
Evines/Sennai
TIeai on lIe
Aveopagos,
vIo
appeav
as naneIess
goddesses |SeaI avcovviioi)
in lvo
pIas I Euvipides.
In lIe
IpIigeneia anong
lIe Tauvians,
pvoIaII
pevJovned
in 414 ov 413
B.C.E.,
Ovesles vecaIIs lIe
nalvicide,
Iis
puvsuil I
lIe
Evines,
and Iis evenluaI lviaI and
acquillaI
IeJove lIe AlIenian
Ionicide couvl on lIe
Aveopagos.
As Ie veIales
lIen,
lIese
pvoceedings
covvespond inlevlexluaII
lo lIe lviaI scene in
AiscIIos'
Eunenides,
in
vIicI lIe
Evines
acl as Ovesles'
opponenls
vIiIe
ApoIIo
and AlIena cone
lo Iis deJense.
BescviIing
lIe
evenls,
lIe
Euvipidean
Ovesles veJevs lo lIe
Evines
oJ Iis evslvIiIe
Aveopagos
lviaI as
anonnous goddesses |IT
944
Silcviv 7lapaoxev xaiic, dvcovujion: BeaTq).48
A
papvus Jvagnenl
oJ
Euvipides' MeIanippe Caplive
conlains a
calaIog
oJ cuIls in vIicI vonen
pIaed pvoninenl
voIes. BeJevence is nade lo lIe ovacIes oJ
BeIpIi
and
Bodona-IolI oJ vIicI
enpIoed inspived
vonen as
noulIpieces
oJ
divine viII-and lo lIe
IoI
viles
pevJovned
Jov lIe Moivai and lIe
naneIess
goddesses |a
8'
eig
xe
Moipaq xaq
x'
avcov\)[io-o: 0ea:
/
Iepa
Te7eIxou)49 AIlIougI Euvipides
does nol
idenliJ
lIen
expIicilI,
lIese
goddesses
cannol Ie lIe sane as lIe
Evines.
WIiIe lIe naneIess
goddesses
Iad viluaIs
pevJovned
in lIeiv Ionov
|Iepa Ie7evcai),
lIe
Evines
ave
anong
lIe Jev divinilies vIo veceived no
46
Nv)q`d7ioi Fcolioi
ave allesled in
HescI.
v 545 Lalle and in IO II2 4962.27-32
|AlIens,
4lI
cenluv B.C.E.)
=
L.
ZieIen, Leges
Ovaecovun sacvae e liluIis coIIeclae. Favs II
Leges
Ovaeciae el insuIavun
|Leipzig 1906)
70 JJ.,
no. 18
= L. SoIoIovsIi,
Lois sacvees des ciles
gvecques |Favis 1969)
50 JJ.,
no 21. ZieIen 76 looI
vlipd7ioi xpeli: JIonoi
in IO II2 4962
JiguvaliveI
as
veJevving
lo lIvee vineIess IiIalions valIev lIan lo vineIess aIlavs: SlengeI
|aIove,
nole
44)
KuIlusaIlevIunev 104 n. 7 and
OpJevIvaucIe
181 JoIIoved suil. BolI scIoIavs
ovevIooIed lIe
expIanalion
in
HescIios,
vIicI is
unanIiguous
aIlavs on vIicI no vine
IiIalions ave
pouved ||icoioi lip'
ov
oivo?
o\`
onevSeval).
CJ. HenvicIs
|aIove,
nole
44)
SoIviel
91 J. and Eunenides 258 n. 11.
47
CJ. E.
BoIde,
KIeine
ScIviJlen |TuIingen
and
Leipzig 1901)
II 243
J.:
HenvicIs
|aIove,
nole
7) 163, 176-78: IJod-Jones |aIove,
nole
7) 207,209.
TIe
anonnil
oJ lIe cIlIonian
divinilies is,
oJ couvse,
a
caulionav
conslvucl. Since
dovnvigIl
avoidance oJ lIeiv nanes vas
inpvaclicaIIe, eupIenislic
nanes oJlen sevved as suIslilules Jov
appeIIalions
lIal addvessed
lIeiv davI side.
48
Al IT
941,963,
and
970, lIe
ave caIIed
Evines.
CJ. HenvicIs
|aIove,
nole
7)
169-79. In
lIe
Ovesles, Euvipides
veJevs lo lIe
Evines
as Eunenides and Sennai TIeai:
see
IeIov,
al
nole 120.
49
F. BevIin inv.
9772,
coI. 4.8
J.,
ediled
I
W. ScIuIavl and U. von WiIanovilz
MoeIIendovJJ,
BevIinev KIassiIevlexle V.2
|BevIin 1907)
125 J. and B. L.
Fage,
SeIecl
Fapvi
III
Lilevav Fapvi |London
and
CanIvidge,
MA
1942)
112
J.,
no. 13.
|1994)
cuIl
anvIeve
in Oveece.50 TIe cuIl oJ Benelev
Evins
in Avcadia and lIal
oJ lIe
Evines
oJ Laios and
Oidipous
al
Spavla
and on TIeva ave
cIeavI
speciaI
cases in vIicI lIe
Evines piggIacI
on
ovdinav vecipienls
oJ
divine cuIl ov Ievo cuIl.51 WIen
expevls
oJ lIe caIiIev oJ Evvin BoIde and
CavI
BoIevl,
ov oJ lIe
lIovougIness
oJ Evnsl
Wiisl,
vepvesenl
lIe
Evines
as
vecipienls
oJ
cuIl,
sucI scIoIavs ave in Jacl
veJevving
lo lIe vavious IocaI cuIls
oJ lIe Eunenides and Sennai TIeai.52
AIlIougI
lIese nanes veJev lo
opposile aspecls
oJ lIe sane
gvoup
oJ
divinilies,
lIese
goddesses
veve
vovsIiped soIeI
in lIeiv
posilive aspecl
and nol in lIeiv
negalive
one.
Euvipides' anonnous
cuIl-nales oJ lIe Moivai nusl Iave Ieen lIe
Sennai
TIeai/Eunenides,
vIo veve associaled vilI lIe cuIl oJ lIe Moivai
and vIo addvess lIen as sislevs
I
lIe sane
nolIev-NigIl-in
lIe
Eunenides,53
B suIsuning
IolI lIe
negalive |Evines)
and lIe
posilive
|Eunenides)
as veII as lIe
nlIicaI
and lIe cuIlic avlicuIalions oJ lIe
Sennai TIeai undev lIe
singIe
vaIue-neulvaI
appeIIalion
oJ
anonnous
goddesses, Euvipides expIoiled
lIe Jacl lIal
lIe
IacIed a
pvopev
nane. Al
lIe sane
line,
Ie aIso
paved
lIe
va
Jov a nove dvaslic innovalion. As ve
sIaII
see,
Euvipides
vas lIe Jivsl
lvagedian
vIo
JuII
assiniIaled lIe
Evines
vilI lIe Eunenides and used lIe lvo
nane-epilIels inlevcIangeaII.54
TIe lvo
Euvipidean passages pvovide
a
possiIIe
IinI Ielveen lIe
Sennai TIeai oJ lIe
Aveopagos,
Ieve addvessed as naneIess
goddesses,
on lIe one Iand and lIe naneIess aIlavs
aIIegedI
Jounded
I Epinenides
on lIe olIev Iand. Il can
IavdI
Ie Jovluilous lIal lIe sane
Biogenes
Laevlios vIo connecls
Epinenides
vilI lIe
slov
oJ lIe naneIess aIlavs-
50
TIe
inpovlanl poinl-vIicI
is loo oJlen
ignoved-lIal
lIe
Evines qua Evines,
and as
dislincl Jvon lIe Eunenides/Sennai TIeai,
veve divinilies vilIoul cuII Ias Ieen nade
I
O.
Ovuppe,
OviecIiscIe
MIIoIogie
und
BeIigionsgescIicIIe |MunicI 1906)
II
763:
Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41)
238
J.: U. von
WiIanovilz-MoeIIendovJJ,
Bev OIauIe dev HeIIenen
|BevIin
1931-32)
I
404-06:
L.
BoIevl,
MaIediclions Junevaives
gvecques,
CBAI
|1978)
241-89
=
Opeva
ninova seIecla V
|Anslevdan 1989) 697-745,
al 247 J. = 703
J.:
J. B.
MiIaIson,
Honov
TI
Oods
FopuIav BeIigion
in OveeI
Tvaged |CIapeI
HiII and London
1991)
13 J. and 214-
17:
and Sonnevslein
|aIove,
nole
45) 10,
vIo adds Il is a vasle oJ eJJovl and vesouvces lo
oJJev
pvaev
and sacviJice lo
Ieings
vIo ave
I
lIeiv naluve
inpIacaIIe.
51
On Benelev
Evins |Faus.
8. 25.
4-11),
see E.
Wiisl, Evins,
in BE
SuppI.
VIH
|1956)
82-166,
al 94-101. On lIe
Evines
oJ Laios and
Oidipous |Hevod.
4. 149.
2),
see C.
BoIevl,
Oidipus
OescIicIle eines
poeliscIen SloJJs
in
gviecIiscIen
AIlevlun
|BevIin 1915)
I
12-14:
L.
Ednunds,
TIe CuIls and lIe
Legend
oJ
Oedipus,
HSCF 85
|1981) 221-38,
al 225 J.
52
BoIde
|aIove,
nole
47)
II
243:
C.
BoIevl,
OviecIiscIe
MIIoIogie.
Evslev Band
TIeogonie
und
Oollev,
4lI ed.
|BevIin 1894) 836-38:
Wiisl
|pvevious nole)
128-36.
53
CJ. WiIanovilz
|aIove,
nole
50)
I
406:
H.
Felevsnann,
Bie Moiven in
AiscIIos'
Euneniden
956-967,
IV.S' 13
|1979) 37-51:
HenvicIs
|aIove,
nole
7)
174 J. A
joinl
cuIl oJ lIe
Moivai and
Eunenides,
inpIied I
Eun. 961 J. and lIe
Euvipides Jvagnenl |aIove,
nole
49),
is
allesled Jov
SiIon I
Faus. 2. 11.4
|quoled IeIov,
al nole
69).
Fov lIe veIaled associalion oJ
Evines
and
Moivai,
see 11. 19.
87:
M. L. Wesl on Hes. TI. 217:
Epinenides
3 B 19 BieIs
Kvanz: AiscI. TI. 975 JJ. =
986
JJ.,
Fvon.
516:
Bodds
|aIove,
nole
38)
7 J. TIe lvo
gvoups
ave
conJIaled in scIoI. vel. AiscI.
Ag.
70
[TIe pIvase
'unIuvnl
oJJevings'
veJevs
lo]
lIe sacviJices
Jov lIe Moivai and
Evines,
vIicI veve aIso caIIed 'soIev
oJJevings' |vliqxx7ia:
cJ. noles 44 and
46).
WIeveas lIe Moivai and lIe Sennai TIeai/Eunenides veve
vecipienls
oJ
cuIl,
lIe
Evines
veve
nol,
as I
avgue
aIove.
BeIov,
al nole 120.
AIIevl HenvicIs 39
vIicI Ias ils
Ieginnings
on lIe
Aveopagos-aIso
naIes Iin lIe
Iegendav
Jounding
JalIev oJ lIe
sancluav
oJ lIe Sennai TIeai
|lo iepov
-cvv
oejivcov
Becov)
in lIe sane Iocalion.55 Yel il venains uncIeav vIelIev lIe Sennai
TIeai ov NaneIess Ooddesses oJ lIe
Aveopagos
evev Iad
an
aIlavs lIal
veve caIIed naneIess.56 In
an evenl,
lIeiv ovn viluaI naneIessness
cannol Ie douIled.
EquaII Ieond
douIl is lIe Jacl lIal lIeiv aIlavs
occupied
a
pvoninenl pIace
on lIeiv cuIl sile al lIe
Aveopagos.
Il is lo lIese
lvo Jealuves oJ lIeiv
vovsIip,
lIeiv cuIl Iocalion al lIe
Aveopagos
and lIeiv
nonencIaluve,
lIal ve sIaII nov luvn.
II.
Aveopagos
and Sennai TIeai
WIal ve caII OveeI
veIigion
vas a
congIonevale
oJ counlIess
vegionaI
cuIls,
eacI oJ vIicI Iove lIe unnislaIaIIe navIs oJ ils
pIsicaI
and cuIluvaI
envivonnenl. TIe AlIenian
pvecincl
oJ lIe Sennai TIeai-lIeiv
undevgvound
aIode57-vas Iocaled neav a cIeJl in lIe vocIs on lIe
novlIeasl side oJ lIe
Aveopagos,
lovavds lIe
depvession
lIal
sepavales
lIal
IiII Jvon lIe
AIvopoIis.58
To Iellev undevsland lIe lvadilions
suvvounding
lIis sacved
sile,
ve
veI
on Fausanias lo
guide
us once
again.
In Iis IvieJ
descviplion
oJ lIe
Aveopagos,
Ie veJevs lo lvo
aelioIogicaI nlIs
lIal
expIain
lIe nane oJ lIe
IocaIil
and ils voIe in AlIenian
sociel.59
TIe Aveios
Fagos,
ov HiII oJ
Aves,
Ieavs lIe nane oJ lIe deJendanl in
lIe Jivsl nuvdev lviaI vecovded in AlIenian
nlIoIog.
In lIe dislanl
nlIicaI pasl,
HaIivvIolIios,
lIe son oJ
Foseidon,
Iad
vaped
Aves'
daugIlev
AIIippe.
Aves IiIIed lIe
oJJendev,
vas accused
I Foseidon,
and lIen vas
lvied on a IiII in AlIens IeJove lIe lveIve
gods.
Bie
god
vas
acquilled
and
lIe IiII
acquived
Iis nane. Fausanias
|1.
28.
5) adds,
suveI
vilI
AiscIIos'
Eunenides in
nind,
lIal al sone Ialev line Ovesles vas lvied in lIe sane
Iocalion Jov lIe nuvdev oJ Iis ovn nolIev.60
55
B.L. 1. 112
=
LoIon oJ
Avgos
Jv. 16
|W. Cvonevl,
Be LoIone
Avgivo,
in 7AFITEE
FviedvicI Leo
[BevIin 1911] 123-45,
al
138).
56
Accovding
lo Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41) 241,
sucI an aIlav
[one
oJ lIe naneIess
aIlavs]
na
Iave Iecone associaled vilI lIe
Sennae,
vIo IiIe
nan
olIev undevvovId
Ieings
veve
NaneIess Ones. Ken
|aIove,
nole
43)
125 J. vesevves
judgnenl.
57
Sonnevslein
|aIove,
nole
45) 244,
on AiscI. Eun. 805
eSpou:
le Klxi
KeuBJuova.
TIe
Sennai TIeai vanIed as 0eoi
ivioaioi |Faus.
1. 28.
6, quoled IeIov,
al nole
65),
and IiIevise
lIe
pvopev
veaIn oJ lIe
Evines
vas
undevgvound |vnd aiav,
//. 19.
259,
vilI lIe nole oJ M.
E.
Edvavds,
TIe IIiad'. A
Connenlav
V
[CanIvidge 1991]
265
J.).
58
On lIe
lopogvapI
oJ lIe
Aveopagos
and lIe Iocalion oJ lIe
pvecincl
oJ lIe Sennai
TIeai,
see Fvazev
|aIove,
nole
26) II365,
on Faus. 1. 28. 6
|quoled IeIov,
al nole
65):
BoIevl
|aIove,
nole
51)138-43,
vilI
Jig.
12: VandevpooI |aIove,
nole
11):
WaIIace
|aIove,
nole
15)
215-18.
55
Faus. 1. 21. 4
|lIe nlI
oJ Aves and HaIivvIolIios and lIe lviaI oJ
Aves)
and 1. 28. 5
|expIanalion
oJ lIe nane
Aveopagos:
cvoss-veJevence lo lIe eavIiev discussion oJ lIe lviaI oJ
Aves:
lIe Ionicide lviaI oJ Aves as a
pvecedenl
Jov lIal oJ
Ovesles).
60
TIe aIove
sunnav
oJ lIis
nlI
is Iased on Fausanias
|pvevious
nole)
and
ApoIIod.
BiII.
3. 14. 2. AddilionaI souvces incIude Euv. EI. 1258-72 and IT
940-46,
HeIIaniIos FOvHisl 4 F
38 and 169
=
323a F 1 and
22,
and FIiIocIovos 328 F 3.
Euvipides,
HeIIaniIos,
and Fausanias
veJev lo lIe lviaI oJ Aves as a
pvecedenl
Jov lIe lviaI oJ
Ovesles,
and so do BenoslIenes
|23. 66:
|1994)
HislovicaII,
lIe
Aveopagos
vas lIe seal oJ lIe so-caIIed CounciI oJ lIe
Aveopagos,
vIicI Iad Ieen eslaIIisIed in lIe avcIaic
peviod
lo decide cases
oJ deIiIevale Ionicide. LiIe ils
nlIicaI
anceslov in
AiscIIos' pIa,
lIe
veaI
Aveopagos
couvl couId nol
conpIeleI escape
lIe davI sIadov casl
I
lIe
Evines.61
TIe
judges
convened on lIe lIvee inlevIunav
das
al lIe end
oJ eacI
nonlI, das
consideved
inpuve
and
unIucI |dnocpp&8e:),
and
appavenlI
sacved lo lIe
Evines/Sennai
TIeai.62 IJ Lucian is
vigIl,
lIe
neelings
looI
pIace, appvopvialeI,
al
nigIl.63
As a Ionicide
couvl,
lIe
Aveopagos
Iad
nlIicaI
conneclions vilI lIe
Evines
and cuIlic
conneclions vilI lIe Sennai TIeai. Sone oJ lIese associalions ave
dvanalized in
AiscIIos'
Eunenides.
TIe
pIa
veenacls Ovesles'
JIigIl
Jvon lIe
Evines,
Iis lviaI and
acquillaI
IeJove lIe
Aveopagos couvl,
and lIe Joundalion oJ lIe AlIenian
cuIl oJ lIe Sennai TIeai. As
Iong
as Ovesles is on
slage,
lIe dvead
goddesses appeav
in lIeiv nosl
JvigIlJuI aspecl,
as
Evines |1-777).
AJlev
Ovesles
exils,
lIe
poIavil
oJ lIe
Evines/Eunenides
is
pIaed
oul in lIe
aIlevnalion oJ lIe cuvses and
IIessings lIe pvonounce |778-1020).
TIe
cuvses oJ lIe
Evines
ave nove
povevJuI
vevsions oJ lIe
inpvecalions
caIIed
dovn
upon
lIenseIves
I
IolI
pavlies
in Ionicide cases lvied
I
lIe
Aveopagos.64
TIeiv
IIessings na
nol
covvespond
lo
an
Inovn
slep
in lIe
pvoceedings
oJ lIe
Aveopagos couvl,
Iul
I expvessing
lIe
Iope
lIal
AlIenians nol IiII one anolIev in
vecipvocaI
IIoodsIed
|976-87)
lIe
IIessings
oJ lIe
Evines-luvned-Eunenides
do addvess lIe concevns oJ lIal
couvl. Il is in lIese
IIessings,
and in lIe
cIosing
scene vIicI
JoIIovs,
lIal
lIe IenevoIenl side oJ lIe dvead
goddesses JinaII pvevaiIs.
As Fausanias luvns Jvon lIe
Aveopagos pvopev
lo lIe cuIl sile oJ lIe
Sennai
TIeai,
IiIe nosl sludenls oJ OveeI cuIl
Ie, loo,
sIovs nove inlevesl
in lIe
goddesses'
IenevoIenl
aspecl
lIan in lIe levviIIe one
lIe equaII
enIod
And neav is a
sancluav
oJ lIe
goddesses
vIon lIe AlIenians caII
Senuiai,
Iul Hesiod in lIe
TIeogon
caIIs
Evines |lc7lioiov
8e
iepov
Oecov eaxiv
aq
Ka7ouaiv
'A0vlvcuoi Ie|j.vdi:, 'HaioSoi:
8e
'Epivxx:
ev
eooviai).
see
IeIov,
nole
121)
and BeinavcIos 1. 87. On lIe lvo
nlIicaI
lviaIs and lIeiv
aelioIogicaI
Junclion as Joundalion
nlIs
Jov lIe Ionicide couvl on lIe
Aveopagos,
see WaIIace
|aIove,
nole
15)
9 J.
61
Fov conneclions Ielveen lIe
Aveopagos
couvl and lIe
Evines/Sennai TIeai,
see BoIde
|aIove,
nole
43)
I 268 J.
|Eng.
lvans. 178
J.),
vIose
pveoccupalion
vilI lIe
vengeJuI
souIs oJ
nuvdev
viclins, Iovevev, davIens lIe
picluve
even nove lIan lIe evidence vavvanls.
62
WaIIace
|aIove,
nole
15)
122 J. and 257 J. nn. 105-06. On lIe
neelings
oJ lIe
Aveopagos
as a Ionicide couvl on lIe Iasl lIvee
das
oJ eacI
nonlI,
see J. B.
MiIaIson,
TIe Sacved and
CiviI CaIendav
oJ
lIe AlIenian Yeav
|Fvincelon 1975)
22 J. and lIe
vesponse I
W. K.
FvilcIell,
TIe OveeI Slale al Wav. Favl HI
BeIigion |BevIeIe
and Los
AngeIes 1979) 209-29,
esp. 210,
216,
and
224:
cJ. B.
FavIev,
Miasna FoIIulion and
FuviJicalion
in
EavI
OveeI
BeIigion
|OxJovd 1983)
158 J.
63
Lucian,
Bon. 18 and Hevn. 64. WaIIace
|aIove,
nole
15)
122 douIls lIal lIe
Aveopagos
evev nel al
nigIl.
64
BeIov,
al nole 88.
AIIevl HenvicIs 41
AiscIIos
vas lIe Jivsl lo
vepvesenl
lIen vilI snaIes in lIeiv
Iaiv,
Iul in
lIeiv
inages
lIeve is
nolIing JvigIlJuI,
nov in lIe olIev
inages
oJ lIe
undevvovId
gods |OecIv
xcov
vKoaiav)
lIal ave sel
up.
TIeve is a FIoulon
aIso and a Hevnes and an
inage
oJ Oe. And lIeve lIose vIo Iave Ieen
acquilled
in a suil IeJove lIe
Aveopagos
sacviJice
|0\òi)Oi).
And olIevs
Iesides sacviJice
|0-uo-uoi),
IolI
Joveignevs
and
cilizens,
and vilIin lIe
encIosuve lIeve is lIe lonI oJ
Oidipous.65
Fausanias is lIe
onI
ancienl aulIov vIo connenls on lIe AlIenian
pvecincl
oJ lIe Sennai TIeai. BvieJ
lIougI
il
is,
Iis
vepovl
loucIes
upon
nan inpovlanl aspecls
oJ lIeiv
vovsIip,
sucI as lIeiv
nanes,
lIeiv
iconogvapI,
lIe sacviJices
lIe
veceive,
and lIe cIose conneclion Ielveen
lIe cuIl oJ lIe Sennai TIeai and lIe Ionicide cases lvied IeJove lIe
Aveopagos
couvl.
AIlIougI
lIe lonI oJ
Oidipous
is
pIaced
vilIin lIe
pvecincl
oJ lIe Sennai TIeai
onI I
Fausanias and in lIe Jivsl
cenluv
C.E.
I
VaIevius Maxinus
|5.
3.
3),
ils silualion lIeve
poinls
lo a cIose
IinsIip
Ielveen lIe vvalIJuI
Oidipous,
vIo cuvses Iis
sons,
and lIe
angv
Evines,
vIo ave associaled vilI oalIs and cuvses.66
FuvlIevnove,
lIe
lonI's Iocalion
IigIIigIls
a nove
genevaI aJJinil
Ielveen lIe
poIav
naluve
oJ lIe
Evines/Eunenides
and lIe duaI
povev
lo IIess and lo cuvse invesled
in lIe cuIlic Ievoes. Il viII Ie
IeIpJuI
lo discuss sone oJ lIese nallevs
IeJove ve exanine lIe
concepluaI
IinI Ielveen lIe Sennai TIeai and lIe
Evines,
vIicI Iies al lIe Ieavl oJ lIe nodevn discussion oJ lIis cIuslev oJ
lvadilions.
Fausanias does nol connenl on lIe exacl naluve oJ lIe sacviJices Jov lIe
Sennai TIeai,
Iul in anolIev
passage
Ie
quoles
lIe
JoIIoving
Jouv
Iexanelevs Jvon an ovacIe
puvpovledI given I
lIe Bodonian Zeus lo lIe
AlIenians
Bevave oJ lIe HiII oJ Aves and lIe
aIlavs,
vicI in
incense, / oJ lIe
Eunenides
||Wlj.oi'`:
le
0uco8ei: EvixeviScov),
vIeve il is Jaled lIal lIe
LaIedainonians Iecone
ouv suppIianls
/
vIen Iavd
pvessed I
lIe
speav.
Bo nol
sIa
lIen vilI sleeI /
nov lveal lIe
suppIianls vvongJuII
Jov
suppIianls
ave
IoI
and sacved.67
65
Faus. 1. 28. 6
J.,
lvans. Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41)
241
|adapled).
66
On lIe
conpeling
lonIs oJ
Oidipous-lvo
in
AlIens,
on lIe
Aveopagos
and al
KoIonos,
and olIevs in Eleonos and TIeIes-see BoIevl
|aIove,
nole
51)
I 1-47 and Ednunds
|aIove,
nole
51)
222-25. TIe
aJJinil
Ielveen
Oidipous
and lIe
Evines/Eunenides
is
pavlicuIavI
cIose in
SopIoIIes' Oidipous
al
KoIonos:
see Ednunds 227-29: HenvicIs, SoIviel |aIove,
nole
44) 93-95, 100:
esp.
M. W.
BIundeII, HeIping
Fviends and
Havning
Enenies A
Slud
in
SopIocIes
and OveeI ElIics
|CanIvidge 1989)
253-59 and
SopIocIes' Oedipus
al
CoIonus,
TvansIaled vilI
Inlvoduclion,
Noles and
Inlevpvelive Essa |NevIuvpovl 1990)
92.
67
Faus. 7. 25. 1. CJ. H. W.
FavIe,
TIe OvacIes
oJ
Zeus
Bodona, OInpia,
Annon
|OxJovd
and
CanIvidge,
MA
1967) 131,
vIo
allenpls
lo eIucidale lIe
IacIgvound
oJ lIis
Jovgev
|132-34).
TIe ovacIe caIIs lIese
goddesses I
lIeiv FanIeIIenic
nane, Eunenides,
vIeveas
Fausanias idenliJies lIen nove
speciJicaII
as lIe AlIenian Sennai TIeai oJ lIe
Aveopagos |7.
25.2).
|1994)
Accovding
lo Fausanias lIe ovacIe veJevs lo lIe
nlIicaI pasl-vIen
Kodvos lIe son oJ MeIanlIos vas
Iing
oJ lIe AlIenians-and lo lIe aIlavs
oJ lIe so-caIIed Sennai
TIeai,
Iocaled Ielveen lIe
AIvopoIis
and lIe
Aveopagos,
as a
pIace
oJ
asIun
Jov
suppIianls,
a Junclion JaniIiav Jvon
olIev souvces and sIaved
I nan
olIev OveeI sancluavies.58 Il conJivns lIe
exislence oJ aIlavs al lIe cuIl
sile,
and lIus Iends a neasuve oJ
suppovl
lo ouv
suggeslion
lIal lIe naneIess aIlavs vouId Iave Ieen dedicaled lo lIe
Sennai TIeai. WIal is
nove,
lIe ovacIe caIIs lIe Sennai TIeai oJ lIe
Aveopagos
nol
I
lIeiv oJJiciaI nane Iul
I
an aIlevnale
nane,
Eunenides
ov lIe
KindI
Ones. Undev lIis
nane,
lIe Beveved Ooddesses veve
vovsIiped
in olIev
pavls
oJ
Oveece,
especiaII
in lIe
vicinil
oJ
SiIon
in
lIe novlIeaslevn
FeIoponnese,
as ve Ieavn Jvon Fausanias
IJ
ou
cvoss lIe
Asopos
vivev lo
ouv
IeJl lIeve is a
gvove
oJ IoInoaI and a
sIvine oJ lIe
goddesses
caIIed VenevaIIe Ones
|Sennai) I
lIe
AlIenians,
Iul
KindI
Ones
|Eunenides) I
lIe
SiIonians.
EacI
eav lIe
IoId a
one-da
JeslivaI Jov
lIen,
sIaugIleving pvegnanl eves,
and
naIing
viluaI
use oJ a nixluve oJ niII and
Ione,
and oJ JIovevs inslead oJ vvealIs
|ne7.iKpax|ol
5e
a7lov8Jji
Ioci avOeaiv avxi
OTepdvcov xpJIoOai
vopAouaiv). TIe
naIe
oJJevings
in nucI lIe sane
va
on lIe aIlav oJ
lIe Fales
|Moivai),
vIicI is in lIe sane
gvove
in lIe
open
aiv.69
No olIev lexl
pvovides
sucI delaiIed inJovnalion on lIe cuIl oJ lIese
goddesses,
vIo veve
inlevcIangeaII,
and
IocaII,
caIIed Sennai TIeai ov
Eunenides. TIe
pvegnanl aninaIs,70
lIe vineIess
IiIalions,71
lIe aIsence oJ
vvealIs,72 and lIe
oJJevings
oJ JIovevs73 aII navI lIe sacviJice lo lIe
68
CJ. M.
BIccI,
Sludien zun Kvanz Iei den
OviecIen,
BOVV 38
|BevIin
and Nev YovI
1982)
368-70 and WaIIace
|aIove,
nole
15)
230 n.
25,
vIo veJevs lo TIuI. 1. 126.
11,
Av.
KnigIls
1311
J.,
TIesn.
224,
and FIul. SoIon 12. In
genevaI
see J.
OouId, HiIeleia,
JUS 93
|1973)
74-103 and FavIev
|aIove,
nole
62)
180-86.
69
Faus. 2.
11.4,
lvans. F.
Levi,
Fausanias. Ouide lo
Oveece,
vev. ed.
|HavnondsvovlI 1979)
I 156
|adapled).
70
CJ.
SlengeI, OpJevIvaucIe |aIove,
nole
44)
26 J.:
M. F.
NiIsson,
OescIicIle dev
gviecIiscIen BeIigion.
Evslev Band Bie
BeIigion
OviecIenIands Iis auJ die
gviecIiscIe
WeIlIevvscIaJl, 3vd ed.
|MunicI 1967)
151
J.: OvaJ, NovdioniscIe KuIle
|aIove,
nole
44)
27
n. 61.
71
Me7iKpaxa-a
nixluve oJ
Ione
and niII ov
Ione
and valev-vas lIe nosl connon
vineIess IiIalion
|OvaJ, MiIcI, Honig
und Wein
[aIove,
nole
44] 212).
CJ. Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41)
92 J.: SlengeI |aIove,
nole
44)
KuIlusaIlevlunev
100, 104 and
OpJevIvaucIe 180-86:
ZieIen
|aIove,
nole
44)
2483
J.: OvaJ, NovdioniscIe KuIle
|aIove,
nole
44)
27 n.
60: Janeson,
Jovdan,
and
KolansI |aIove,
nole
44)
14 J. and 72
|nev
sacviJiciaI Iex sacva Jvon
SeIinous,
ca.
450
B.C.E.,
coI. A 13 J.
|icAiKpclTu \Mio7a|[Bv, pevJovning
a IiIalion oJ
Ione nixluve,
and
A 15
ne7iKpaxa
ev
Kaivaii: 7lolvipiSe[a]i, Ione
nixluve in nev
cups).
On vineIess
IiIalions in
genevaI,
see
aIove,
nole 44.
72
Favlicipanls
in aninaI sacviJice vouId
novnaII
veav
vvealIs:
vvealIIess sacviJicevs veve
lIe
exceplion.
CJ. BIecI
|aIove,
nole
68) 361-64: OvaJ
|aIove,
nole
44) MiIcI, Honig
und
Wein 218 n. 51 and NovdioniscIe KuIle 28 n. 62.
73
On lIe use oJ
JIovevs-especiaII
navcissus-in vavious IocaI cuIls oJ lIe
Eunenides,
see
BIecI
|aIove,
nole
68) 254, 296,
and 318 J. A. 3a.
AIIevl HenvicIs 43
Eunenides as anonaIous.74 Al lIe sane line,
lIese anonaIies ave
consislenl vilI vIal is
convenlionaII
Inovn as lIe cIlIonian
lpe
oJ
viluaI. CIlIonian cuIl vas
viluaII
navIed and
sIavpI
diJJevenlialed Jvon
lIe unnavIed cuIl oJ lIe
OInpian gods,
even
lIougI
sone
OInpians-
IiIe
Benelev, Hevnes,
and
Bionsos-veve
aIso
vecipienls
oJ cIlIonian
viles in cevlain cuIls vIeve lIeiv conneclions vilI lIe undevvovId and lIe
veaIn oJ lIe dead veve
enpIasized.75
TIe cuIl oJ lIe AlIenian Sennai TIeai vas nol
vev
diJJevenl Jvon lIal
oJ lIeiv
SiIonian counlevpavls.
In addilion lo vineIess
IiIalions, especiaII
oJ
niII, oJJevings
lo lIe Sennai TIeai oJ lIe
Aveopagos
incIuded
Ione
caIes.76 SiniIav sacviJiciaI caIes veve
lpicaII
oJJeved in
vegionaI
cuIls oJ
lIe Eunenides,
and oJ olIev cIlIonian divinilies as veII.77
SigniJicanlI,
lIe AlIenian Eunenides veve
vovsIiped
in
conpIele
siIence
|Tjcvuxia
ov
eixpvijiia)-anolIev
navI oJ lIeiv anonaIous viluaI slalus.78 In
cIavge
oJ lIe
poIis
cuIl oJ lIe Sennai TIeai vas lIe AlIenian
genos
oJ lIe
HescIidai,
suilaII
naned aJlev lIe
eponnous
cuIl Ievo
HescIos,
TIe SiIenl
One,
lo vIon a sacved van
|Kplcx: iepo:)
vas oJJeved as a
pveIininav
sacviJice
pviov
lo lIe oJJiciaI sacviJice lo lIe Sennai
TIeai,
and vIose nane
eupIenislicaII epilonizes
lIe siIence
paid
lo lIese
goddesses
in lIeiv
74
OvaJ
|aIove,
nole
44) MiIcI, Honig
und Wein 218 and NovdioniscIe KuIle 27 J. Ias
enpIasized
lIe navIed naluve oJ lIe
SiIonian
viluaI,
as
opposed
lo lIe unnavIed
vovsIip
oJ
lIe
OInpian gods. Accovding
lo
OvaJ,
vineIess IiIalions
acconpanied navginaI
viluaIs
veIaling
lo
dealI, nagic,
and
puviJicalion
Jvon IIoodsIed:
sucI anonaIies Iad nove lo do vilI
lIe innev
Iogic
oJ lIe viluaI lIan vilI lIe cIlIonian slalus oJ lIe divinilies. Bul divinilies did
nallev nove lo lIe OveeIs lIan lo noden Iislovians oJ OveeI
veIigion.
In lIe
SiIonian
cuIl oJ
lIe Eunenides as veII as in
nan
olIev cases discussed
I OvaJ,
lIe OveeIs did nol
sepavale
lIe
vecipienls
oJ lIe IiIalions Jvon lIe viluaI
pvocess.
75
On lIis dislinclion,
see BuvIevl
|aIove,
nole
8)
199-208 and S.
ScuIIion, OInpian
and
CIlIonian,
CIAnI 13
|1994)
75-119.
76
FenaIe nenIevs oJ lIe
HescIidai |IeIov,
nole
79), appoinled
lo sevve as
pvieslesses
oJ
lIe Sennai TIeai,
pouv
vineIess IiIalions ovev
Ione
caIes
|KaIIin.
Jv. 681
FJeiJJev):
lIe
Sennai TIeai veceive sacviJiciaI caIes and niII
pouved
Jvon
cIa pilcIevs |scIoI.
AiscIin. 1.
188): epIeIes
Jvon
dislinguisIed
JaniIies
|lIe HescIidai?) pvepave
caIes
|jieviala)
Jov lIe
Sennai TIeai
|FIiIo,
FvoI.
140): lvipIe
IiIalions oJ valev and
Ione
ave
pouved
Jov lIe
Eunenides oJ KoIonos
|SopI.
OK
481).
On lIe viluaI delaiIs,
see BoIde
|aIove,
nole
47)
II
243: SlengeI,
KuIlusaIlevliinev |aIove,
nole
44)
125
J.:
Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41) 239-53:
L.
BeuInev,
AlliscIe Fesle
|BevIin 1932) 214:
HenvicIs
|aIove,
nole
44) SoIviel
88-93 and
Eunenides 259 nn.
14-15: OvaJ,
NovdioniscIe KuIle
|aIove,
nole
44)
218.
77
Accovding
lo lIe Bevveni
papvus,
sacviJiciaI caIes
|nonava)
veve oJJeved lo lIe
Eunenides
|IeIov,
al nole
142).
CJ.
SlengeI |aIove,
nole
44)
KuIIusaIIevliinev 100 and
OpJevIvaucIe
181:
HenvicIs
|aIove,
nole
44) SoIviel
92
J.,
96 and Eunenides 258-61:
Janeson, Jovdan,
and
KolansI |aIove,
nole
44)
14 J. and 69. On sacviJiciaI caIes in
genevaI,
consuIl lIe
IiIIiogvapI
in
HenvicIs,
Eunenides 260 n. 20 as veII as J.-M.
Benlzev,
Le
noliJ
du
Ianquel
coucIe dans Ie
pvocIe-ovienl
el Ie nonde
gvec
du VII' au IV siecIe avanl
J.-C.,
BEFAB 246
|Bone 1982)
519-24.
78
BiluaI siIence oIsevved in lIe cuIl oJ lIe AlIenian Sennai TIeai: scIoI.
SopI.
OK 489 de
Mavco
jiexa ap vicvuxiai:
la
iepa Spaxn,
and 8ia
ap i\`pvl luav |JoIIoved I
a
Iacuna)
=
FoIenon oJ Bion, Againsl
EvaloslIenes Jv. 49 FveIIev:
SopI.
OK 125 JJ.
|132 ev`pJlnou),
156
JJ.,
489 J. CJ.
OvaJ, MiIcI, Honig
und Wein
|aIove,
nole
44) 218: HenvicIs
|aIove,
nole
7)
168
70,
on AiscI. CI. 96 JJ. and
SopI.
OK 129.
|1994)
cuIl.79 TIe sane siIence lIal cIavaclevized lIe dvead
goddesses
and lIeiv
vovsIipevs
aIso suvvounded lIeiv
polenliaI
viclins. In AlIens and
eIsevIeve,
suspecled
nuvdevevs veve
enjoined
Jvon
speaIing,
and no one
vas aIIoved lo laII lo lIen.80
TIal lIe Sennai
TIeai,
IiIe olIev cIlIonian
divinilies,
veve indeed
vecipienls
oJ vineIess IiIalions and IoIocausl sacviJices is
suilaII
conJivned
I
anolIev inIaIilanl oJ lIe nelIev
veaIn,
lIe
gIosl
oJ
KIlainneslva
in lIe Eunenides. TIe
sIaugIleved
nolIev oJ Ovesles
appeavs
on
slage
and
uvges
lIe
Evines
lo vaIe
up
Jvon lIeiv
sIeep
and lo
luvn
againsl
Ovesles,
vIo Ias laIen
veJuge
al lIe aIlav oJ lIe
BeIpIic
ApoIIo.
SIe veninds lIe
Evines
oJ Iev
pasl vovsIip
oJ lIen and Iends
Jovce lo Iev
poinl I delaiIing
lIe viles sIe once
pevJovned
vIiIe sIe vas
sliII
anong
lIe
Iiving
FuII
nan
an
oJJeving
oJ nine Iave
ou Iapped up:
IiIalions vilIoul
vine,
soIev
appeasenenls,
and soIenn Jeasls
I nigIl upon
lIe IeavlI lIal Ioused lIe Jive
I
Iuvned, al an Iouv nol sIaved
I an
oJ lIe
gods.81
TIe cuIlic vecovd conlvadicls
KIlainneslva's
cIain. UnIiIe lIe Eunenides
and Sennai
TIeai,
vIo veve
pvoninenl
in cuIl Iul Iad no
nlIs,
lIe
Evines
veve
nlIicaI Jiguves
vIo veceived no cuIlic Ionovs.82
Anlicipaling
lIe
lvansposilion
oJ lIe vvalIJuI
spivils
oJ
vengeance
inlo
IindI Jiguves
oJ cuIl in lIe second IaIJ oJ lIe
pIa, AiscIIos
ascviIes lIe
AlIenian viles oJ lIe Sennai TIeai lo lIe
Evines.83
Fav Jvon
oJJeving
evidence Jov a cuIl oJ lIe
Evines,
lIis
passage pvovides
lIe eavIiesl exlanl
descviplion
oJ lIe AlIenian cuIl oJ lIe Sennai. Ils
Ianguage
conJivns lIal
lIe cuIlic anIience vas
enliveI cIlIonian, cIavaclevized
I
nocluvnaI viles
consisling
oJ vineIess IiIalions and IoIocausl sacviJices vendeved ovev
IeavlI-IiIe aIlavs oJ lIe cIlIonian
lpe |Eun.
108 in'
eoxdpai Tlupcx:
and
806
eadpai.).84
79
CJ. Usenev
|aIove,
nole
20)
265
J.:
BoIevl
|aIove,
nole
51)
I 42
J.:
Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41)
247
J.: Keavns
|aIove,
nole
24)
167 J. TIe IuII oJ ouv inJovnalion on
HescIos/
HescIidai/HescIides
devives Jvon lIe scIoIiasl on
SopI.
OK 489
|pvevious nole),
vIo
quoles
KaIIin. Jv. 681 FJeiJJev and
ApoIIodovos
oJ
AlIens,
FOvHisI 244 F 101.
80
AiscI. Eun.
448:
scIoI. vel. Eun. 276
=
Euv. Jv. 1008
N2:
Euv. IT 951 J. and Ov.
75:
cJ.
HF 1219. CJ. FavIev
|aIove,
nole
62) 350, 371,
and 390
J.: Janeson, Jovdan,
and
KolansI
|aIove,
nole
44) 43,
on coI. B 6 J.
7lolaopeia0a`.
81
Eun. 106-09
n
no77a
jiev 8J)
xlov
eli|ov e7eiale,
/
xo`j
T'
aoivov, vvnpa7ia
|IEiWnaxa, / lcai
vuKxiaeuva
Seinv' en'
eoxcipai jvopoi:
/ eOuov, oipav ov8evo$ Kolvvlv
0eov
|lvans.
H.
LIod-Jones, AescIIus.
TIe Ovesleia
[BevIeIe
and Los
AngeIes 1993] 216).
82
AIove,
nole 50.
83
Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41) 239: Sonnevslein
|aIove,
nole
45)
11.
84
AIlavs Jov lIe Sennai TIeai/Eunenides ave veJevved lo as
pv|ioi I TIuIdides |1.
126.
11)
and Fausanias
|1.
31.
4),
as veII as in lIe ovacIe
quoled
aIove
|al
nole
67). AIlIougI
aIlavs
pvopevI
oJ
OInpian lpe
couId Ie used Jov cIlIonic deilies
|Yavis [aIove,
nole
42]
94),
il is
equaII possiIIe
lIal lIe unnavIed levn
Fco|io:
vas
occasionaII
used Jov escIava-IiIe
aIlavs.
AIIevl HenvicIs 45
TIe
Evines'
Honevic,
and
posl-Honevic,
voIe as ninislevs oJ
vengeance conpvised
lvo Junclions lIal ave
diveclI
veIevanl lo lIe
pvoceedings
oJ lIe
Aveopagos
couvl lo
punisI
Ionicides
|especiaII
Iin
nuvdevevs)
and lo acl as divine
guavanlovs
oJ soIenn oalIs and cuvses.85
B
lIe 4lI
cenluv
B.C.E.,
IeIieJ in
pevsoniJied
cuvses as
agenls
oJ Ionicide
viclins-a
possiIIe
souvce oJ lIis
pavlicuIav aspecl
oJ lIe
Evines-Iad
IavgeI disappeaved
Jvon lIe
veIigion
as
pvacliced, aIlIougI
il
enjoed
a
Iong
IiJe in
nlI, especiaII
in
lvaged.86
Bul IeIieJ in lIe
eJJicac
oJ oalIs
and cuvses conlinued lo Ie
slvong.
In lIe nosl sevious
oalIs,
lIe sveavev
caIIed ullev deslvuclion
upon
IinseIJ and Iis
cIiIdven,
sIouId Ie vioIale Iis
ovn oalI.87 BolI lIe soIenn
gvavil
oJ sucI oalIs and lIe dive
consequences
oJ
IveaIing
lIen ave iIIuslvaled
I
lIe eIaIovale oalI JovnuIa
pavapIvased I
BenoslIenes in a
speecI
deIiveved in 352 B.C.E.
On lIe
Aveopagos,
vIeve lIe Iav aIIovs and ovdevs lviaIs Jov Ionicide lo
Ie
IeId,
Jivsl lIe nan vIo accuses soneone oJ sucI a deed viII sveav an
oalI
invoIing
deslvuclion
|eJ:|o7exa)
on IinseIJ and Iis
JaniI
and Iis
Iouse,
and no
ovdinav
oalI
eilIev,
Iul one vIicI no one sveavs on
an
olIev
suIjecl, slanding
ovev lIe cul
pieces
oJ a
Ioav,
a van and a IuII
|axai:
eilI xajv
xoIcov nvlpau
IeaI
Kpiov
xa\
xaopou),
vIicI Iave Ieen
sIaugIleved I
lIe
vigIl pevsons
and on lIe
pvopev das,
so lIal
evev
veIigious vequivenenl
Ias Ieen JuIJiIIed IolI as
vegavds
lIe line and as
vegavds
lIe execulanls.88
BenoslIenes,
vIo Iad cIose lies lo lIe
Aveopagos
and lIe cuIl oJ lIe
Sennai
TIeai,
does nol
sa
vIicI divinilies vilnessed lIis
oalI,
vIicI vas
laIen
I
IolI
pavlies
al lIe
Ieginning
oJ eacI nuvdev lviaI IeJove lIe
Aveopagos.89
Il is Iavd lo
inagine,
Iovevev,
lIal lIis
exlvaovdinav
oalI
couId Iave Ieen unveIaled lo lIe
Evines/Sennai
TIeai,
vIo ave nenlioned
I
BenoslIenes in lIe sane
conlexl,
aIIeil undev a nove
auspicious
85
BoIde
|aIove,
nole
47)
II 229-44:
Wiisl
|aIove,
nole
51) 112-17: LIod-Jones |aIove,
nole
7)
204
J.:
FavIev
|aIove,
nole
62)
107-10 and 196 J.:
Sonnevslein
|aIove,
nole
45) 7-10:
cJ. SeaJovd
|aIove,
nole
45)
95-98.
86
J. B.
MiIaIson,
AlIenian
FopuIav BeIigion |CIapeI
HiII and London
1983)
50-52 and
128 n. 7.
87
CJ. MiIaIson
|pvevious nole) 31-38:
FaiIev
|aIove,
nole
62) 126,186
J.
88
Ben. 23. 67
J.,
lvans. MacBoveII
|aIove,
nole
30)
91. CJ. BuvIevl
|aIove,
nole
8)
250
54:
MacBoveII 90-100. On oalI sacviJices
invoIving
a lviad oJ naIe aninaIs
|lpixxu
ov
lpilloia)
and on lIe cul
pieces |lopia,
lIe leslicIes oJ lIe
viclins),
see
SlengeI |aIove,
nole
44)
KuIlusaIlevliinev
119,
136
J.,
153 J. and
OpJevIvaucIe 78-85,
195
J.:
BuvIevl 251-53. Fov
a
vepvesenlalion
oJ a sacviJiciaI
pvocession incIuding
a
IuII, Ioav,
and van on a Iand
cup,
ca.
560
B.C.E.,
in a
pvivale
coIIeclion in
London,
see E.
Sinon,
FeslivaIs
oJ
Allica An AvcIaeoIo
gicaI Connenlav |Madison 1983) 63,
vilI
pis.
16.2 and
17.2,
and Bie Oollev dev
OviecIen,
3vd ed.
|Bavnsladl 1985) 193,
vilI
pi.
176.
89
BenoslIenes
vepovls |21. 115)
lIal in 347/6 Ie vas cIosen Jvon
anong
aII lIe
AlIenians as one oJ lIvee
Iievopoioi
Jov lIe Sennai TIeai. TIese
pavlicuIav Iievopoioi
veve
appoinled
eilIev
I
lIe
Aveopagos
CounciI
|WaIIace [aIove,
nole
15] 109)
ov lIe EIIIesia
|B.
M. MacBoveII,
BenoslIenes.
Againsl
Meidias
[OxJovd 1990]
338 ad
Ioc.).
On lIe nunevous
Ioavds oJ
Iievopoioi
in
AlIens,
see
SlengeI,
KuIlusaIlevliinev
|aIove,
nole
44)
48
J.:
BIodes
|aIove,
nole
30) 605-10:
B. S. J. OavIand,
ABSA 79
|1984)
117 J.
|1994)
nane-lIal oJ
Eunenides,
lIe
KindI
Ones.90 TIis
eupIenisn suggesls,
Iul does nol
pvove,
lIal lIe divinilies vIo vilnessed lIis oalI incIuded lIe
Sennai TIeai valIev lIan lIe
Evines.91
We Inov oJ al Ieasl one oalI
svovn
I
lIe Sennai TIeai and adninisleved
I
lIe
Aveopagos.
BeinavcIos inJovns us lIal vIen BenoslIenes lesliJied IeJove lIe
Aveopagos
CounciI in lIe
HavpaIos
aJJaiv
|324 B.C.E.)-vIicI
concevned
covvuplion,
nol nuvdev-Ie svove an oalI
I
lIe Sennai TIeai and lIe
olIev
gods I
vIon il is lIe cuslon lo sveav lIeve
|1. 47).92
We ave IeJl
vondeving
vIo lIose olIev
gods nigIl
Iave
Ieen,
and vIelIev lIe
Sennai TIeai oJ lIis oalI veve IeId lo Ie idenlicaI vilI lIe
Evines.
III.
FoIavil Evines
and Eunenides
WIelIev associaled vilI cuvses ov soIenn
oalIs,
lIe
Evines pvesided
ovev
nallevs oJ IiJe and dealI and enIodied a
dislinclI pvinilive concepl
oJ
juslice
oIdev lIan
an IegaI pvoceduve
ov couvl oJ Iav and Iased on lIe
pvincipIe
oJ aIsoIule velaIialion vioIence Jov
vioIence,
IIood Jov
IIood,
a
IiJe Jov a IiJe. In lIeiv avcIaic voIe as inslvunenls oJ
vengeance
and
punisInenl,
lIe
Evines
veve consideved
JvigIlJuI
and aIoninaIIe
I
lIe
OveeIs.
NevevlIeIess,
as
povlvaed
in Iilevaluve and
avl,
lIe
ave
uIiquilous
in OveeI
nlI.
In veaI
IiJe, Iovevev,
lIe
Evines
vouId Iave Ieen invoIed
on vave occasions and Jov sinislev
puvposes,
nol
onI
in cuvses Iul aIso in
Iinding speIIs
and olIev
nagicaI
lexls as veII as in
inscviplions designed
lo
pvolecl
lonIs and IuviaI
pIaces
Jvon
polenliaI
vioIalovs.93 In aII lIese
cases,
lIe
Evines occup
an anIivaIenl
posilion
in lIe
lviIigIl
zone vIeve lIe
davI vovId oJ lIe dead encvoacIes
upon
lIe sociaI ovdev oJ lIe
Iiving.
As
vecipienls
oJ cIlIonian
cuIl,
lIe Sennai
TIeai/Eunenides nusl Ie
dislinguisIed
Jvon lIe
Evines,
vIo Iad no cuIl.94 Yel aII lIvee enlilies
sIave cIavaclevislics
associaling
lIen vilI lIe cIlIonian vovId and
poinling
lo lIeiv connon
ovigin
in lIe OveeI
conceplion
oJ lIe dead. TIeiv
geneaIogies
ave
slviIingI
siniIav.95 Hesiod's
Evines
ave
daugIlevs
oJ
EavlI
|Oe),
vIo veceived lIe
IIood dvops
oJ Ouvanos aJlev Ie vas
caslvaled
I
Kvonos
|TI. 183-85). TIus,
lIe
Evines
ave
engendeved I
lIe
sane sovl oJ Iindved IIoodsIed lIal vouId Iecone lIeiv
najov
90
Jusl IeJove Ie
quoles
lIe
oalI, BenoslIenes invoIes lIe lviaIs oJ Aves and Ovesles as
nlIicaI pvecedenls
and veJevs lo Ovesles' divine
pvoseculovs eupIenislicaII
as Hunenides
valIev lIan
Evines |Ben.
23.
66:
cJ.
IeIov,
nole
121).
91
So MiIaIson
|aIove,
nole
50)
215
J.,
vIeveas BoIde
|aIove,
nole
43)
I 268
|Eng.
lvans.
178)
and
LIod
Jones
|aIove,
nole
7)
208 vavev Ielveen lIe lvo nanes.
92
Fvazev
|aIove,
nole
26)
II 365 veJevs lo lIe divinilies vIo vilnessed lIis oalI as
Fuvies,
lIeveI oIscuving
lIe diJJevence Ielveen lIe
nlIicaI Evines
and lIe cuIlic Sennai TIeai.
93
T. B.
MilJovd,
TIe
Inscviplions oJ Kouvion, Menoivs oJ lIe Anevican
FIiIosopIicaI
Sociel
83
|FIiIadeIpIia 1971) 411, Index
6|a)
s.v.
'EpiviSei::
BoIevl
|aIove,
nole
50)
248
=
704,
esp.
nn. 42-43.
94
AIove,
nole 50.
95
Wiisl
|aIove,
nole
51)
84 J.
AIIevl HenvicIs 47
pveoccupalion
in lIe couvse oJ lIe avcIaic
peviod
and vouId deJine lIeiv
Junclion in
lvaged.
In
AiscIIos,
lIe
Evines
ave-IiIe Hesiod's Keves-
daugIlevs
oJ
NigIl |Nx):
al lIe end oJ lIe
pIa lIe
veluvn lo lIeiv davI
Iiding pIaces
IenealI lIe
eavlI,
lo Ie
vovsIiped
as Sennai TIeai.96 In lIe
Oidipous
al
KoIonos,
SopIoIIes expands upon
lIe
AiscIIean
assiniIalion
oJ
nlI |Evines)
and cuIl
|Sennai TIeai/Eunenides) I expIoving
lIe
associalions Ielveen
Oidipous
as a cuIl Ievo and lIe IocaI cuIl oJ lIe
Sennai TIeai in lIe
poel's
nalive dene oJ
KoIonos,
vIeve lIe
goddesses
ave Inovn as
daugIlevs
oJ EavlI and BavIness
|OK 40:
cJ.
106).
In lIe
signiJicanl Ianguage
oJ
nlI, EavlI, NigIl,
and BavIness ave
Iononns veJevving
lo lIe cIlIonian
gods'
lvadilionaI
IaIilal,
vIicI is lIe
sane in
nlI
as in cuIl. Al lIe end oJ lIe
Eunenides,
aJlev lIe
Evines
Iave
agveed
lo laIe
up
vesidence in AlIens as
pvoleclive
deilies oJ lIe
cil,
AlIena sends lIen oJJ lo lIeiv suIlevvanean
dveIIing,
vIicI viII Ie Iocaled
in lIe Ieavl oJ AlIens Jvon nov on. TIis conlviIules a dovnvavd exlension
lo lIe
loveving
nonunenls oJ
OInpian
cuIl on lIe
neavI AIvopoIis
Oo,
and as lIis soIenn sacviJice is
done,
naIe
speed
IenealI lIe
eavlI,
and
Ieep
Jav
ava
vIal is
IaneJuI,
Iul send vIal
Ivings advanlage,
lIal lIe
cil na lviunpI.
And I viII escovl
ou I
lIe
IigIl
oJ
IIazing
lovcIes,
lo
ouv pIace
IeIov,
IenealI lIe eavlI.97
WilI lIeiv
punilive
voIe in
aIeance,
lIe dvead
goddesses
ave nov
pevceived
as Sennai TIeai valIev lIan
Evines.
As
lIe
ave
Ieing
escovled in soIenn
pvocession
lo lIeiv nev
Ione,
AlIena dvavs allenlion lo lIe sacviJices-
lIis vevevenl
sIaugIlev
oJ aninaIs
|Eun.
1006
oipaicov
l&vS' -0710
aevJiv)-lIal
ave
aIvead laIing pIace
in lIeiv Ionov.98 Al lIe exacl
nonenl vIen lIe
Evines
ave
lvansposed
inlo Beveved Ooddesses and
Jiguves
oJ
cuIl,
lIe
palvon goddess
oJ AlIens
poinledI
cIavaclevizes lIe Jivsl
sacviJices
pevJovned
Jov lIen as
ocpaia oeliva,
lIus
aIIuding
lo lIe
dislinclive
epilIel
lIal conslilules lIe oJJiciaI cuIl nane oJ lIe Sennai
TIeai. In lIe
pvocessionaI song
vilI vIicI lIe
pIa ends,
lIe JuII nane oJ
lIe
goddesses JinaII enevges BigIl-ninded
and veII
disposed
lovavd
ouv
Iand,
cone lIis
va,
Sennai TIeai.99 Il Ias oJlen Ieen
suggesled
lIal
lIe
Evines
veve
JovnaII
venaned Eunenides in lIe Iacuna oJ AlIena's
96
AiscI. Eun. 321
J., 416,745,791
J. = 821
J.,
844
=
878,1032
JJ.
97
Eun. 1005-09 and 1022
J.,
lvans.
LIod-Jones |aIove,
nole
81)
269 J.
98
TIe levn
alpiiia
veJevs lo
sIaugIleved
aninaIs and lo viclins in
pvocess
oJ
Ieing
sacviJiced
|F.
E.
EaslevIing, Tvaged
and
BiluaI,
Melis 3
[1988] 87-109,
al 99 n.
29).
99
Eun. 1040 J. V7aoi 8e Kai
oiOvKppova: ai
/
Seup' ue, aejivai
0iou`. J. A.
Havlung's
suppIenenl,
vIicI vesloves nelvicaI
vesponsion I inlvoducing
lIe oJJiciaI AlIenian cuIl nane
oJ lIe
Evines/Eunenides,
Ias Ieen
accepled I LIod-Jones |aIove,
nole
7)
208
J.,
Sonnevslein
|aIove,
nole
45),
and M. L.
Wesl, AescIIus. Tvagoediae |Slullgavl 1990)
397.
|1994)
cIosing speecI.100 Hovevev,
despile
lIe
pIa's lilIe,
il is nove
IiIeI
lIal
AlIena Iesloved lIeiv oJJiciaI cuIl lilIe on
lIen,
naneI
Sennai TIeai.101
And iJ lIe
pIa's
lilIe
goes
IacI lo
AiscIIos,
as il indeed
na,
lIe
poel
cIose Eunenides nol
onI
lo indicale lIe
neaning
oJ lIe vIoIe concIusion
oJ lIe
lviIog,
lIe veconciIialion oJ lIe
Evines102-AlIena
veJevs lo lIe
Sennai TIeai
poignanlI
as
Ieing
Iind
|992 evcppove:
cJ. 1030 and
1034)-Iul
even nove so lo Ionov lIe
Avgive
aIIiance
|289-91, 673,
and
754-77) I adopling
lIe
Avgive
cuIl lilIe oJ lIese
goddesses, naneI
Eunenides.103
TIe nanes oJ lIe
Evines, Eunenides,
and Sennai TIeai ave
uIlinaleI
nove
veveaIing
lIan lIeiv
geneaIogies. SopIoIIes
naIes lIe
inpovlanl
poinl
lIal lIe nanes oJ lIe
daugIlevs
oJ EavlI and BavIness
vav
Jvon
pIace
lo
pIace.
WIen
Oidipous inquives
Iov
lIe
ave caIIed al
KoIonos,
a
dene oJ Allica Iocaled
jusl
oulside lIe
cil,
Ie
gels
lIe
JoIIoving vepI
Jvon
a IocaI inJovnanl
Oidipous B
vIal soIenn
nane,
vIen I Ieav
il,
sIouId I
pva
lo lIen?
Slvangev FeopIe
Ieve vouId caII lIen lIe
aII-seeing
Eunenides.
Bul eIsevIeve olIev nanes ave consideved Jine.104
BegionaI
diJJevenlialion vas lIe IaIInavI oJ OveeI
veIigion,
and diJJevenl
IocaI nanes and
epilIels
Jov lIe sane divinilies ave consislenl vilI lIe
genevaI
lvend. TIe sane
goddesses
vIo veve
vovsIiped
as Sennai TIeai in
AlIens and Allica veve Inovn as Eunenides in lIe vesl oJ lIe OveeI
vovId.105 TIe diJJevenl
vegionaI
nanes
na expIain vI
lIe conic
poel
FIiIenon insisled on lIe diJJevence Ielveen lIe Eunenides and Sennai
TIeai.106 IJ
Oidipous'
inJovnanl is lo Ie
lvusled,
al KoIonos lIe
goddesses
veve caIIed Eunenides. Bul
despile
Iis
dispIa
oJ
ignovance, Oidipous
seens lo Ie al Ieasl as veII inJovned as Iis IocaI
souvce, as Ie veJevs lo lIe
divinilies' veveved
nane,
oe|ivov ovojia |OK 41).
TIe
vev
occuvvence oJ
lIis dislinclive
epilIel
in lIis conlexl
suggesls lIal,
IiIe
AiscIIos
in lIe
Eunenides, SopIoIIes, loo, is
aIIuding
lo lIe Sennai TIeai oJ lIe
100
So lIe
IpolIesis
oJ
Eun.,
HavpoIvalion p.
140.13
BindovJ,
and nosl
vecenlI
Wesl
|pvevious nole) 396, on Eun. 1028. A. L. Bvovn
|aIove,
nole
45)
267-75
vejecls
lIe conIined
leslinon
oJ lIe
IpolIesis
and
HavpoIvalion
and
avgues againsl
lIe
aIIeged
nane
cIange.
101
Sonnevslein
|aIove,
nole
45) 12,
as veII as
281,
on Eun.
1027:
cJ. C. W.
MacIeod,
CoIIecled
Essas |OxJovd 1983)41.
102
MacIeod
|pvevious nole).
103
On lIe
Avgive
sIvine oJ lIe
Eunenides,
see
IeIov,
nole 122. UnIiIe A. L. Bvovn
|aIove,
nole
45)
and Sonnevslein
|aIove,
nole
45)
11
J.,
I do nol IeIieve lIal lIe covveIalion oJ
Evines
and Eunenides
|as opposed
lo Sennai
TIeai)
vas an invenlion oJ
Euvipides.
SopI.
OK
41-43,
lvans.
BIundeII, Oedipus
al CoIonus
|aIove,
nole
66)
21.
105
Apavl
Jvon lIeiv
poIis
cuIl neav lIe
Aveopagos,
lIe Sennai TIeai veve aIso
vovsIiped
in
lIe Allic denes oJ
FIIa |Faus. 1.31.4)
and KoIonos
|IeIov,
al noles
108-09).
CuIls oJ lIe
Eunenides exisled on lIe OveeI
nainIand,
lIe
FeIoponnese,
and
SiciI,
and in
pIaces
as dislanl
as
Cvene:
see Bvovn
|aIove,
nole
45)
260 J. Jov veJevences.
FIiIenon Jv. 180 KasseI-Auslin.
AIIevl HenvicIs 49
Aveopagos,
vIose JuII nane occuvs
JiJl
Iines Ialev in
Oidipous' pvaev
lo
lIen
|89-90
OecIv
/
aenvcov e'8pav).
AInosl a
cenluv ago,
Jane Havvison concIuded Jvon lIis scene lIal lIe
goddesses
oJ KoIonos Iove indeed lIe cuIl lide
Eunenides,
in dislinclion
Jvon lIeiv sislev
goddesses
al lIe
Aveopagos,
vIo veve caIIed Sennai
TIeai. WIal nade Havvison so conJidenl vas lIe
aulIovil
oJ
SopIoIIes
We Iave lIe
expvess
slalenenl oJ
SopIocIes,
vIo,
as a
pviesl
IinseIJ and a
consevvalive,
vas nol
IiIeI
lo
lanpev
vilI viluaI lilIes.107
SopIoIIes na
Iave IeId a ninov
pvieslIood,
Iul as a
pIavvigIl
Ie vas
anlIing
Iul
consevvalive in nallevs oJ
veIigion.
In Iis exlanl
pIas
Ie is nove
unconvenlionaI lIan
Euvipides
in
naIing
JuII dvanalic use nol
onI
oJ
veIigious
inslilulions and
viluaIs,
Iul aIso oJ divine nanes and lilIes. TIis is
pavlicuIavI
lvue oJ lIe nane
Eunenides,
vIose vool
neaning,
TIe
KindI
Ones,
is nade
expIicil
in a Ialev scene oJ lIe sane
pIa |OK
486
E-ul:ivi8aq euevcov).
UnIiIe
Havvison,
ve can no
Iongev
Ie cevlain lIal
SopIoIIes pul
lIe oJJiciaI cuIl nane oJ lIe
goddesses
al KoIonos in lIe
noulI oJ lIe IocaI inJovnanl vIen Ie
vepovled
lIeiv nane as Eunenides. A
nev
piece
oJ
epigvapIicaI
evidence Ias
cIanged
lIe
picluve.
In lIe dene oJ
KoIonos excavalovs Jound a levvacolla vooJ liIe
slanped
vilI lIe vovds
ZEMNBN
0ES2N,
pvopevl
oJ lIe Sennai TIeai.108 TIe
discovev
conJivns lIal Jav Jvon
Ieing SopIoIIes' invenlion,
as sone Iave
suggesled,
lIe Sennai TIeai veve indeed
vovsIiped
al KoIonos and lIal lIeiv cuIl sile
incIuded a
pevnanenl
slvucluve, pevIaps
a
lenpIe.109
TIe liIe JuvlIev veveaIs
lIal lIe divinilies oJ lIe dene cuIl nusl Iave Ieen
oJJiciaII
Inovn
I
lIe
sane nane as lIe Sennai TIeai oJ lIe
Aveopagos. UnoJJiciaII lIe
veve
pevIaps
aIso Inovn as Eunenides.
B juxlaposing
lvo diJJevenl nanes Jov
lIe sane
divinilies,
Sennai TIeai and Eunenides-one
oJJiciaII adopled
I
lIe
poIis
and
uniqueI
AlIenian:
lIe olIev
unoJJiciaI, denolic,
and al lIe
sane line
FanIeIIenic-SopIoIIes
Ias Iis caIe and eals il loo. WIiIe
pIaing
vilI diJJevenl divine
nanes,
SopIoIIes
aIso
pIas
on lIe diJJevence
Ielveen
counlv
and
cil,
Ielveen dene cuIl and
poIis
cuIl.
UIlinaleI,
lIis IvieJ scene in vIicI divine nanes ave
expIoved-unique
in exlanl
lvaged-Ieaves
lIe IocaI nonencIaluve oJ lIe Sennai
TIeai/
Eunenides
deIiIevaleI anIiguous.
One
nigIl sa
lIal lIe
pIuvaIil
oJ lIeiv
epilIels,
107
Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41)
253 J.
108
H. W.
CaIIing, AvcIaeoIogicaI Bepovls Jov
1988-1989
|1989) 13:
SEO 38
|1988 [1991]),
no. 265. CJ. A.
Lavdinois,
OveeI
MlIs
Jov AlIenian BiluaIs
BeIigion
and FoIilics in
AescIIus'
Eunenides and
SopIocIes' Oedipus CoIoneus,
OBBS 33
|1992) 313-27,
nn. 13
and 44.
109
CalIing |pvevious nole)
assunes lIal lIe liIe nusl cone Jvon lIe sIvine al
Hippios
KoIonos
and,
on lIe Iasis oJ Faus. 1. 30.
4,
lIal lIe
sancluav
vas
pvoIaII deslvoed
in lIe
CIvenonidean Wav
|265-261 BC).
TIe
discovev
vaises nev
queslions
aIoul lIe Iocalion
and naluve oJ lIe cuIl sile oJ lIe Sennai TIeai.
SopIoIIes' poelic descviplion
oJ lIeiv sacved
gvove-an
aIalon
accovding
lo OK 39 and 126
|cJ.
FavIev
[aIove,
nole
62] 167)-naIes
no
veJevence lo
an
nan-nade slvucluve:
nov does B.
Bivge,
TIe Ovove oJ lIe Eunenides
BeJuge
and Hevo SIvine in
Oedipus
al CoIonus CJ 80
|1984)
11-17.
|1994)
conIined vilI lIe aIsence oJ a lvue
lIeonn, onI nagniJies
lIeiv uIlinale
anonnil
as naneIess
goddesses |avcIvujiol Beal). EnpIasis
on lIe
IacI oJ divine nanes
|dvcovuiia)
as veII as on lIeiv aIundance
|no7v
nvujua)
can Ie seen as
opposile
Iul
conpIenenlav allenpls
lo avlicuIale
lIe
ineJJaIiIil
oJ lIe divine.110
In lIe sane
diaIogue SopIoIIes
descviIes lIe Eunenides oJ KoIonos as
dvead
goddesses |39-40 ElipoFoi
/
Oeou),
a
descviplion
lIal vouId aIso Jil
lIe
Evines,
vIo
na
veII Iave Ieen in lIe IacI oJ Iis nind. In lvo eavIiev
pIas,
Aias and
EIeIlva,
Ie inlvoduces lIe
Evines
as lIe
veveved/avesone
Evines |aejiva! 'Eplvuei:),
lIus
assiniIaling
lIe
Evines
lo lIe Sennai
TIeai vIiIe
veninding
us oJ lIe
punilive aspecl
and Ialenl
poIavil
oJ lIe
Iallev.111 TIis
poIavil
is veJIecled in lIe divevse lvansIalions oJ lIe cuIl
nane Sennai
TIeai,
vIicI
vange
Jvon VenevaIIe
Ooddesses,112
Beveved
Ooddesses,113
Augusl Ooddesses,114
and SoIenn Ooddesses115 lo
Avesone
Ooddesses,116
AvJuI
Ooddesses,117
and Bvead Ood
desses.118
Bul
SopIoIIes
nevev
JuII
idenliJies lIe
Evines
vilI eilIev lIe Sennai
TIeai ov lIe Eunenides. NeilIev does
AiscIIos,
vIose
Evines
ave
eIaIovaleI lvansposed
inlo
Eunenides,
a
pvocess
lIal
pvesevves
lIeiv Iasic
poIavil
and luvns il lo dvanalic
advanlage.
Even
lIougI
lIe lilIe
Eunenides idenliJies lIe
Evines I
lIe
onI
nane lIal
auspiciousI
enpIasizes
lIeiv IenevoIenl side vilI
cevlainl, lIe
ave nevev caIIed
Eunenides in lIe couvse oJ lIe
pIa
and ave veJevved lo
onI
once as Sennai
TIeai,
and lIis
onI
in lIe
cIosing
scene.119 Il vas
Euvipides,
lIal nolovious
110
On lIis
poinl,
see O.
Badev,
Ooll nennen Von Oollevnanen zu
gollIicIen Nanen,
ZeilscIviJl Juv TIeoIogie
und KivcIe 86
|1989) 306-54, esp.
339 J. Badev
quoles, anong
olIev
lexls,
AscI. 20 Iunc vevo innoninen veI
polius
onninoninen
|Covp.
Hevn. II 321.5 J. NocI-
Feslugieve),
a
descviplion
oJ lIe FalIev and Lovd oJ aII. In a siniIav
vein,
an ovacIe oJ lIe
CIavian
ApoIIo
Jvon lIe Iale 2nd ov lIe 3vd
cenluv
C.E. descviIes lIe
IigIesl god
as
adnilling
oJ no
nane,
vilI
nan nanes, ouvo|ia xl`plov, no7ulovuoq |L. BoIevl,
Un
ovacIe
gvavi
a
Oinoanda, CBAI
[1971] 597-619
=
Op.
nin. seI. V
[aIove,
nole
50] 617-39,
al
611 J.
=
631
J.).
111
SopI.
Aias 837 and EI. 112. TIe
Evines
oJ lIe Eunenides
cevlainI
velain lIeiv
punilive
povev
even as Sennai TIeai
)Eun.
932-37 and 954 J.: cJ.
LIod-Jones [aIove,
nole
7] 208).
nFvazev
|aIove,
nole
26)
II 364
J.:
Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41) 239:
H. W.
SnlI,
AescIIean Tvaged |BevIeIe 1924)
230.
113
Uod-Jones |aIove,
nole
7) 204: cJ. S.
OoIdIiII, AescIIus.
TIe Ovesleia
|CanIvidge
1992)
79 lIe Beveved Ones
|Sennai).
114
BIundeII, HeIping
Fviends
|aIove,
nole
66) 256:
A. J.
FodIecIi, AescIIus.
Eunenides
|Wavninslev 1989)
5.
usMacBoveII
|aIove,
nole
89) 157:
S.
HovnIIovev,
A
Connenlav
on
TIucdides
I
|OxJovd 1991)209.
116
Lavdinois
|aIove,
nole
108) 316:
SeaJovd
|aIove,
nole
45)
133.
117
J. O.
Buvll,
Minov AIlic Ovalovs II
|CanIvidge,
MA and London
1954)
219 and
237,
in
Iis lvansIalion oJ BeinavcIos 1. 64 and 87
|conlvasl 207, IoI goddesses,
Jov lIe Sennai
TIeai al Bein. 1.
47).
118
A. H.
Sonnevslein,
TIe Conedies
oJ AvislopIanes.
VoIune 2
KnigIls |Wavninslev
AIove,
nole 99.
AIIevl HenvicIs 51
nonconJovnisl
anong
lIe Allic
lvagedians,
vIo Iad lIe
daving
lo
anaIganale
lIe
sepavale nlIicaI
and cuIlic idenlilies oJ lIe lvo
gvoups.
In
Iis Ovesles
|408 B.C.E.),
Ie veJevs lo lIe
Evines
oJ lIe Ovesles
nlI
vepealedI
as Eunenides and
equales
lIen vilI lIe Sennai TIeai.120 Fov
veasons lIal
appeav
lo Ie dvanalic valIev lIan
veIigious,
and lIal anounl lo a
dvaslic
veinlevpvelalion
oJ
AiscIIos, Euvipides
lIus cIose lo oIIilevale lIe
lvadilionaI dislinclion Ielveen lvo anlilIelicaI
aspecls
oJ cIlIonian
povev,
one deslvuclive and lIe olIev
Ienign.
BenoslIenes and
EupIovion
JoIIoved
suil,
and so did successive
genevalions
oJ Bonan
poels
Jvon LuciIius lo
Ovid,
vIo caIIed lIe
nlIicaI
Fuvies
I
lIeiv viluaI
anlonn,
Eunenides.121
TIe
Evines
ave
again eupIenislicaII
caIIed Eunenides on a
Jvagnenl
oJ
an inscviIed
ApuIian
vase
|4lI cenluv B.C.E.).122
In eacI oJ lIeiv vavious
naniJeslalions-nlIicaI
ov
cuIlic,
IocaI ov
JunclionaI,
Allic ov FanIeIIenic-lIe
Evines/Sennai
TIeai/Eunenides
Ieav
a dislincl and
sepavale
nane. TIeiv nonencIaluve Ias cvealed a
good
deaI
oJ
unnecessav
conJusion
anong
nodevn scIoIavs. TIe vasl
najovil
oJ
lIen Ias
aIvas
idenliJied lIe
Evines
and lIe
Eunenides,
used lIe lvo
nanes
inlevcIangeaII,
and
IavgeI ignoved
lIe Sennai TIeai.123 TIese
scIoIavs Iave sevevaI
dislinguisIed
OveeI and Lalin
poels
on lIeiv
side,
as
Ias Ieen nenlioned.
Bul,
oJ couvse, poels
veve Jvee lo laIe IiIevlies lIal
na
nevev Iave occuvved lo lIe ancienl
vovsIipevs
oJ lIe Eunenides ov lIe
120
Euv. Ov. 37
J., 321, 836,
and 1650
|Evines),
408-10
|aeJivai ap:
see
aIove,
nole
45):
cJ. HenvicIs
|aIove,
nole
7)
171-74. BenoslIenes, loo,
veJevs lo lIe
Evines
oJ lIe Ovesles
nlI
as Eunenides
|aIove,
nole
90),
vIiIe BeinavcIos 1. 87
equales
lIen vilI lIe Sennai
TIeai. Even iJ
Euvipides
in 408 B.C.E. vas lIe Jivsl vvilev lo use lIe nanes oJ lIe
Evines
and
Eunenides
inlevcIangeaII,
il does nol al aII JoIIov lIal Ie vas aIso lIe Jivsl lo
idenliJ
lIe
lvo as
opposile aspecls
oJ lIe sane sel oJ cIlIonian divinilies,
as Ias Ieen
avgued I
A. L.
Bvovn
|aIove,
nole
45).
121
Ben. 23. 66
|vIo conpaves
lIe nuvdev lviaI oJ Aves on lIe
Aveopagos
vilI lIe Iavsuil
Ielveen lIe Eunenides and Ovesles in lIe sane Iocalion
[aIove,
noles 60 and
90]):
EupIovion
Jv. 94 FoveII:
LuciI. Jv. 176:
Cal. 64.
193: Vevg.
O. 1. 278
|cJ.
B.
TIonas, VivgiI.
Oeovgics [CanIvidge 1988]
I 115 ad Ioc. Ie Ias civiIized lIe
Evines, giving
lIen lIeiv cuIl
nane, Eunenides),
4.
483,
Aen.
e.g.
4.
469,
6. 250: Hovace,
C. 2. 13. 36: Ovid,
Mel.
e.g.
6.
430
J.,
8.
482:
as veII as in lIe Eunenides oJ Ennius and Vavvo. CJ. Bvovn
|aIove,
nole
45)
267.
122
C. AeIIen,
A Ia vecIevcIe de I'ovdve
cosnique |ZuvicI 1994)
I 64
J.,
II 202
J.,
no.
6:
H.
Savian, Evins,
in L1MC BI.I
|1986) 828,
no. 12,
and 839. TIe
iconogvapI
oJ lIe
Evines
and Eunenides is
equaII eupIenislic. Conpaved
lo lIeiv
levviJing appeavance
in
AiscIIos
|Eun.
48
JJ.),
lIe
Evines
oJ OveeI avl ave
veIaliveI Ienign
cvealuves
equipped
vilI snaIes
and/ov vings |Savian
BI.I
825-43,
IB.2
595-606).
On nove lIan IaIJ a dozen sleIae dedicaled
lo lIe Eunenides
|Ev`|iev)civ)
and Jound in lIeiv
sancluav
neav
Tivns
in lIe
AvgoIid,
lIe
Eunenides ave
vepvesenled
as
digniJied
Iadies
IoIding
snaIes and
poppies
|Savian
III.I
839,
n.2 605
J.).
CJ.
Savian,
BeJIexions suv
I'iconogvapIie
des
Evines
dans Ie niIieu
gvec,
ilaIiole
el
elvusque,
in
IconogvapIie
eI idenIiles
vegionaIes,
BCH
SuppI.
14
|Favis 1986)
25-35.
123
Tvo
leIIing
exanpIes
oJ lIe noden
lendenc
lo assiniIale lIe
Evines
and lIe
Eunenides/Sennai TIeai MacBoveII
|aIove,
nole
89) 338,
on Ben. 21.
115, expIains
Sennai TIeai as a nane used al AlIens Jov lIe
Evines
ov Eunenides,
lIe
avengevs
oJ
Ionicide
|a
voIe
Joveign
lo lIe
Eunenides):
J.-F. Venanl in Vevnanl and F.
VidaI-Naquel,
MlI
and
Tvaged
in Ancienl Oveece,
vev. ed.
|Nev
YovI
1990)
420
inpIies
lIal Faus. 1. 28. 6
|quoled
aIove,
al nole
65)
veJevs lo lIe
sancluav
oJ lIe
Augusl Evines,
Sennai
Evines,
on
lIe
Aveopagus,
even
lIougI
Fausanias
painslaIingI
diJJevenliales Ielveen lIe lvo nanes.
|1994)
Seniiai TIeai.
TIus,
il is diJJicuIl lo
dislinguisI
vIen lIe
poels
ave
conslvucling
lIeiv ovn
veIigious
vovId and vIen
lIe
ave
nivvoving
lIe
convenlions oJ acluaI cuIl. To
guavd againsl
lIese
pilJaIIs,
sone sludenls oJ
OveeI
veIigion
Iave
gone
oul oJ lIeiv
va
lo
Ieep
lIe lIvee
gvoups
sepavale.124
SucI a
vigovous appvoacI na
veconnend ilseIJ Jvon a
puveI
nelIodoIogicaI poinl
oJ
viev,
Iul in lIe end il Ieads lo
gvave
dislovlion and
does nove Iavn lIan
good. B exaggevaling
lIeiv undeniaIIe
diJJevences,
lIe
concepluaI
IinI lIal connecls lIe lIvee
gvoups
is oIscuved. TIal
concepluaI
IinI viII
occup
us nov.
OveeI
gods
devive lIeiv dislincl idenlilies lo a
Iavge
exlenl Jvon lIeiv
nanes and
epilIels.
In addilion lo individuaI
gods,
lIe OveeIs
vecognized
nunevous divine
socielies,
vIose nenIevs IacIed
pevsonaI
Jealuves and
Iove coIIeclive nanes.125 SucI
gvoups
couId Ie eilIev naIe ov
JenaIe,
Iul
lIeiv
nenIevsIip
nevev
conpvised
IolI sexes al lIe sane line.
ExanpIes
oJ JenaIe
gvoups
lIal cone
veadiI
lo nind incIude lIe
Moivai, CIaviles,
Oovgons, Havpies, Muses, Hovai,
EiIeilIiai,
and
NnpIs.
IndividuaI
nenIevs oJ nosl oJ lIese
gvoups
can Ie veJevved lo in lIe
singuIav-Moiva,
Oovgo, Muse, EiIeilIia,
ov
NnpI-Iul
lIe Jacl venains lIal eacI
individuaI
aIvas
sIaves lIe nane and cIavaclevislics oJ lIe vIoIe
gvoup.
TIe nane oJ lIe
Evines JuII
conJovns lo lIis
genevaI pallevn.
Il, loo,
can
Ie used
coIIecliveI
as veII as
individuaII.126
In Jacl lIe
singIe Evins,
allesled on sone Lineav B laIIels Jvon
Knossos,
pvedales
lIe coIIeclive
Evines
oJ lIe eavIiesl
epic
lvadilion.127 In lIe
Ovesleia,
lIe
singuIav
and lIe
pIuvaI-Evins
and
Evines-ave inlevcIangeaIIe.128
TIe Sennai TIeai and
lIe
Eunenides, Iovevev,
ave
diJJevenl: lIe
nevev Iose lIeiv coIIeclive
idenlil
and ave novIeve veJevved lo in lIe
singuIav.129
TIe IacI oJ
individualion vilIin eacI
gvoup
is nol
necessaviI
a navI oJ
Ioav
124
TIe nosl
pvoninenl vepvesenlalive
oJ lIe
|opiovTei:
venains Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41)
223-56,
vIo lveals lIe
Evines, Eunenides,
and Sennai TIeai in
sepavale cIaplevs.
To Iev
cvedil,
sIe does
vecognize
lIe
poIavil
oJ
Evines
vevsus Eunenides/Sennai TIeai
|214,
252
J.)
and
acInovIedges
lIe Eunenides and Sennai TIeai as IolI Iindved
Jiguves |240)
and
pveciseI
idenlicaI
|253).
TIe nosl
vigovous sepavalisl
is A. L. Bvovn
|aIove,
nole
45),
vIo advocales lIe
conpIele sepavalion
oJ lIe
Evines
Jvon lIe Eunenides/Sennai TIeai and
oJ lIe Eunenides Jvon lIe Sennai TIeai. Bvovn's
appvoacI
Ias Ieen
cIaIIenged I LIod
Jones
|aIove,
nole
7) esp.
203
J., 208
J.,
211 as veII as HenvicIs
|aIove,
nole
7)
167 n. 13 and
176 n. 30.
125
BuvIevl
|aIove,
nole
8)
173 J.
126
BoIde
|aIove,
nole
47)
II 240
J.:
Ovuppe |aIove,
nole
50)
II 763 n. 10.
127
O.
Neunann,
WovlIiIdung
und
ElnoIogie
von
'Epivuq,
Bie
SpvacIe
32
|1986)
43
51, esp.
42
J.:
A.
HeuIecI,
epivijc:
in dev avcIaiscIen
EpiI,
OIolla 64
|1986) 143-65, esp.
144
J.,
162
J.:
B.
Sansone,
TIe SuvvivaI oJ lIe
Bvonze-Age Benon,
ICS 13
|1988) 1-17,
esp.
11 JJ.
128
Wiisl
|aIove,
nole
51) 122: Sonnevslein
|aIove,
nole
45)
on Eun. 950.
129
LiIe lIe
Evines,
lIe
Eunenides/Sennai TIeai ave
oJlen,
iJ nol
excIusiveI, vepvesenled
as a lviad in avl and Iilevaluve. CJ. BoIevl
|aIove,
nole
52)
837 n.
1: Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41)
242 J. and
286-92: Wiisl
|aIove,
nole
51)
122
J.:
T. HadzisleIiou
Fvice,
BouIIe and
MuIlipIe
Bepvesenlalions
in OveeI Avl and
BeIigious TIougIl,
JHS 91
|1971) 48-69, esp.
57
J.:
S.
ScIeinIevg,
TIe Bee Maidens oJ lIe Honevic
Hnn
Io Hevnes HSCF 83
|1979) 1-28,
esp.
2-7 on JenaIe
lviads: Savian, Evins |aIove,
nole
122)
HI. 1
839,
IH.2 605 J.
AIIevl HenvicIs 53
anliquil,
as Jane Havvison
nigIl
Iave
avgued,130
Iul
na
valIev
signiJ
slvenglI
in nunIevs. TIe divinilies
logelIev na
Ie undevslood as an
expvession
oJ coIIeclive divine IenevoIence-a nove
povevJuI
JenaIe
vevsion oJ lIe naIe anceslvaI
Tvilopaloves-and
as a
counlevpoinl
lo lIe
nunevous coIIeclive naniJeslalions oJ divine vvalI sucI as lIe
pevsoniJied
Avai, BIaIai,
Evines,
Keves, Maniai, Foinai,
and FvaxidiIai.131
Move
veveaIing
lIan lIe occasionaI JIuclualion Ielveen
singuIav
and
pIuvaI
is lIe JundanenlaI senanlic diJJevence lIal divides lIe nanes on ouv
Iisl inlo lvo dislincl
calegovies.
Mosl oJ lIe nanes ave connon nouns ov
descviplive adjeclives
vIicI ave
enpIoed
as
pvopev
nanes lo descviIe lIe
Iasic Junclion ov sone exlevnaI
pvopevl
oJ eacI
god.
TIe lvo cases lIal
JaiI nosl
conspicuousI
lo Jil lIis
descviplion
ave lIe lvo
vev designalions
ve ave
discussing, naneI
Sennai TIeai and Eunenides. Nevev
acIieving
lIe slalus oJ lvue
pvopev
nanes,
lIe
venained
lvanspavenl
cuIl nanes lIal
appeaIed eupIenislicaII
lo lIe anIivaIenl
povev
oJ lIese divinilies
I
addvessing
lIen as Beveved Ooddesses and
KindI
Ones.132 Once
pvopevI pIacaled,
lIe divinilies vouId Iive
up
lo lIe
pvonise
oJ lIeiv lilIes
and exIiIil a
IindI disposilion
connensuvale vilI lIe ave and venevalion
lIe
veceived Jvon lIeiv
vovsIipevs.
SucI
expeclalions
veve
slvong
and
enduving.
Had il Ieen
olIevvise,
lIe cuIl oJ lIe AlIenian Sennai TIeai vouId nol Iave Iasled as
Iong
as il
did,
Jvon lIe avcIaic
peviod
lo lIe line oJ Fausanias in lIe second
cenluv
C.E. Bul lIe Jeav oJ lIe davIev side oJ lIese
povevs pevsisled
loo,
and so
did lIe
Evines,
vIo ave nenlioned nove
JvequenlI
in
poelv
lIan in
pvose.
A cuvse laIIel Jvon HeIIenislic AlIens invoIes cIlIonian HeIale,
anolIev
dvead
goddess, aIong
vilI lIe
Evines,
vIose nane and
epilIel
Iave
poelic
vesonance-vilI lIe
naddening Evines |'Epivvaiv IiiOicovaiq).133
TIe
nosl
conspicuous quaIil
oJ lIe
AiscIIean Evines,
lIeiv
spileJuI angev,
sliII cIavaclevized lIeiv nanesaIes in lIe Bonan
peviod.
Fausanias connecls
lIe nane
Evins
vilI lIe Avcadian diaIecl vovd
epivueiv,
lo vIicI Ie
assigns
lIe
neaning
lo Ie
angv |lo xpiioQou).134 AIlIougI
lIe
Avcadian
gIoss
is
neveI
a denoninalive vevI devived Jvon lIe nane
Evines-lo
IeIave IiIe lIe
Evines-lIis
conJivns lIal al lIe line oJ
Fausanias
angev
vas sliII consideved lIeiv
aIiding
lvail.135
130
CJ. Havvison
|aIove,
nole
41) 239-43,
esp.
240 Il is oIvious Jvon lIe
pIa
oJ lIe
Eunenides lIal lIe
vovsIip
oJ lIe Sennae al AlIens vas oJ
Ioav anliquil.
131
On IavnJuI
gvoups
oJ JenaIe
divinilies,
see Wiisl
|aIove,
nole
51)
86-91. On lIe
Tvilopaloves,
see
Janeson, Jovdan,
and
KolansI |aIove,
nole
44)
107-14.
Bvovn
|aIove,
nole
45)
262
vigIlI enpIasizes
lIe inlvinsic naneIessness oJ lIe Sennai
TIeai
|lIis IavdI
counls as a nane al
aII)
vIiIe
dening avIilvaviI
lIal lIe
designalion
Eunenides avose as a
eupIenisn
ov
'anlipIvasis'
Jov sone olIev nane
|sucI
as
Evines).
133
B.
WiinscI, Appendix
conlinens
deJixionun
IoIeIias in Allica
vegione vepevlas |BevIin
1897
= IO
n.3) 193,
no. 108I,
Iine 2
|3vd/2nd cenluv B.C.E.):
O.
KaiIeI, Epigvannala
gvaeca
ex
IapidiIus
conIecla
|BevIin 1878) 511,
no. 1136.
134
Faus. 8. 25. 6. CJ.
Ovuppe |aIove,
nole
50)
II764 J. n.
8:
Wiisl
|aIove,
nole
51)
83 J.
135
CJ. Neunann
|aIove,
nole
127)
48 J.,
vIo devives
Evins
Jvon
epi,
slviJe.
|1994)
BeJove lIe
Evines
couId Ie
povlvaed
as
Eunenides,
lIeiv
angev
Iad lo
Ie noIIiJied. In
AiscIIos' pIa
AlIena
inlevvenes,
and
oving
lo Iev
genlIe
pevsuasion
lIeiv
angev
luvns inlo IenevoIence and lIe Jeav
lIe
once
inspived
Iecones
vovsIip-a
veovienlalion oJ lIeiv
povevs
Jvon vIicI IolI
sides IeneJil
gvealI.136
TIeiv cuIl
lilIes,
Eunenides and Sennai
TIeai,
veJIecl lIe
IIessings lIe
nov
pvonounce
and lIe nev cuIlic slalus
lIe
acquive. FevIaps
ve can nov undevsland
vI Euvipides
caIIs lIese
povevs
lIe NaneIess
Ones,
a lilIe Ie
na
Iave Jound in acluaI cuIl. No
singIe
nane couId
adequaleI expvess
lIeiv lvo
opposile el vecipvocaI idenlilies,
neilIev oJ vIicI can Junclion vilIoul lIe
pvesence
oJ lIe olIev. TIe
Evines vequive
lIe exislence oJ lIe Eunenides lo acIieve lIeiv JuII
neaning,
and vice vevsa.137
TIe
Evines/Eunenides pvovide
lIe nosl
expIicil
case oJ
poIavil
in
OveeI
veIigion.
EIsevIeve lIe lvo
opposile aspecls
oJ a
given poIav concepl
ave suIsuned undev lIe
ovevavcIing
unIveIIa oJ a
singIe conpIex deil,
Jov
inslance Avlenis ov
Bionsos.
In lIis
case, Iovevev,
lIe lvo sides Iave
Ieen
poIavized
inlo lvo dislincl
gvoups
oJ
divinilies,
eacI oJ vIicI
vepvesenls
a
pIuvaIil
oJ idenlicaI
nenIevs,
vIose
nlIicaI
and cuIlic voIes
delevnine eacI olIev. As
Iappens
so oJlen in OveeI
veIigion,
lIe
nlIicaI
aspecl vepvesenls
a vovsl-case
scenavio,
sucI as lIe nalvicide oJ Ovesles and
Iis
pevseculion I
lIe
Evines,
indeed a
sequence
oJ evenls Jav venoved
Jvon veaI IiJe. TIe cuIlic nodeI oJ lIe
IindI
Eunenides
pvesenls
lIe
opposile picluve
and
enpIasizes
lIe
JIouvisIing
oJ
Iunans, aninaIs,
and
pIanls.138
TIe
Evines/Eunenides dicIolon
lIus
pvovides
a
pevJecl
iIIuslvalion oJ lIe
poIav el nuluaII conpIenenlav
Junclions oJ
nlI
and
viluaI.
TIvougI nlI,
novlaIs conJvonl lIe nosl exlvene Ioundavies oJ
Iunan
expevience.
In lIis
va, nlI uIlinaleI
veinJovces lIe novnaI ovdev
oJ
lIings,
lIe
pvesevvalion
oJ vIicI
depends upon
lIe
pvopev vecipvocil
Ielveen lIe Iunan and lIe divine
vovId,
vIicI
is,
in
luvn,
nainlained
in cuIl.
IV. TIe CounlIess and NaneIess Bead
CenlvaI Jealuves oJ lIe nonencIaluve oJ lIe
Evines
and lIeiv
anlonns,
lIe
Eunenides and Sennai
TIeai,
ave veniniscenl oJ lIe
vas
in vIicI lIe
OveeIs-ov, valIev,
sone OveeIs-oJ lIe cIassicaI
peviod lIougIl
and
spoIe
aIoul lIe dead and lIe cIlIonian
povevs. Accovding
lo lIis
viev,
lIe
ovdinav
dead-in conlvasl lo IocaI
vecipienls
oJ Ievo cuIl-vanIed as
counlIess
|dvdpiOjioi),
vIiIe lIe
speciaI
dead-lIose vIo Iad died a
134
AiscI. Evn. 778-end.
137
HenvicIs
|aIove,
nole
7) 164-68:
cJ. Wiisl
|aIove,
nole
51)
121 J.
138
LIod-Jones |aIove,
nole
7)
207
J.:
cJ. Sonnevslein
|aIove,
nole
45)
239 J. and 260-62.
AIIevl HenvicIs 55
vioIenl
dealI,
Jov inslance-vanIed as naneIess
|dva`vulioi).139
TIe
OveeI
lendenc
lo cIavaclevize lIe dead and lIeiv vovId
I using negalive
nodiJievs is veJIecled
I
lIese lvo levns.140 Tvo
exlvaovdinav
lexls Jvon
lIe
navgins
oJ OveeI
Iilevaluve,
and indeed oJ lIe OveeI
vovId, pvovide
slviIing
evidence Jov IolI lIe
anonnil
and
innunevaIiIil
oJ lIe dead.
TIe Bevveni
papvus,
lIe eavIiev oJ lIese lvo
lexls,
is a
sncvelislic
connenlav, pevIaps I
SlesinIvolos oJ TIasos
|ca.
425-400
B.C.E.),
on
an
OvpIic cosnogonic poen.141
Biscoveved in a lonI oJ lIe 4lI
cenluv
B.C.E. neav TIessaIoniIi and sliII
availing
deJinilive
puIIicalion,
il oJJevs
invaIuaIIe
insigIls
inlo
OvpIic poelv,
Fvesocvalic
pIiIosopI,
and
aIIegovicaI inlevpvelalion.
In a seclion lIal
pvecedes
lIe
connenlav pvopev,
lIe aulIov discusses vavious cIlIonian
viles-pvaevs, sacviJices,
and
IiIalions-designed
lo
appease
lIe souIs
|uca)
oJ lIe dead and
pevJovned I nagicians |ndoi)-viluaI expevls
oulside lIe nainslvean
oJ OveeI
veIigion
Ovev lIe sacviJices
lIe pouv |eniojlevSovoiv)
valev
and
niII,
vilI vIicI
lIe
aIso
pevJovn |cIlIonian)
IiIalions
|%oai).
TIe
caIes
|nonava) lIe
sacviJice ave counlIess in nunIev
|dvapi0li.a)
and Iave
nan
InoIs
|7ioA.\)6paA,a),
Iecause lIe souIs
|uou)
loo ave counlIess
|dvdpi0lioi).
TIe iniliales
||iijoxai) pevJovn
a
pveIininav
sacviJice Jov lIe
Eunenides in lIe sane nannev as lIe
|idoi.
Fov lIe Eunenides ave souIs
|l`7a0-142
TIese Iines loucI
upon
nallevs oJ considevaIIe
veIigious
inlevesl-lIe
conpavison
oJ
jidoi
and
liuovai:
lIe veJevence lo lvo
diJJevenl
lpes
oJ vineIess
IiIalions,
oilovSai and
xoou:
lIe nunIev and
sIape
oJ sacviJiciaI caIes-discussion oJ vIicI nusl avail lIe
puIIicalion
oJ lIe JinaI edilion and
connenlav.143 B idenliJing
lIe Eunenides as
139
On lIese lvo cIavaclevislics oJ lIe
dead,
see BoIde
|aIove,
nole
47)
II240 J. and 243 n.
3. Because lIe dead veve a counlIess
nuIlilude,
lIe OveeIs veJevved lo lIen
coIIecliveI
as
lIe
najovil |oi Jl7eiou):
cJ. BoIde
|aIove,
nole
43)
II 382 n. 2
|EngI,
lvans. 570 n.
124)
and,
in addilion lo lIe cilalions
pvovided lIeve,
Av. EIII.
1073,
KaIIin. HeIaIe Jv. 145. 3
HoIIis,
and
Kovnoulos,
TIeoI.
35, p.
74.16
Lang.
TIe vavious
calegovies
oJ lIe
speciaI
dead ave
discussed
I
B. OavIand,
TIe OveeI
Wa oJ
BealI
|IlIaca 1985)
77-103.
140
In addilion lo
Ieing avcovujioi |cJ.
Hes.
Op. 154)
and
dvdpiBjiol,
lIe dead veve seen as
slvenglIIess
Ieads
|d|ievliva K|ipvlva,
Jov inslance al Od. 10.
521)
and IiJeIess
|a`lvoxoi,
AiscI. Jv. 273a. 4
Badl:
Euv. Tvo.
623),
lIe
Slx
as
ducapvov \58cop |AiscI.
Jv. 273a. 11
Badl:
cJ.
VevgiI's paIus
inanaIiIis
undone)
al O. 4. 479 and Aen. 6.
438, descviIing
lIe
Slgian
valevs),
and Hades as
unpIeasanl |aTipnTl!
Od. 11.
94)
and sunIess
|dvvl7loc:,
AiscI. TI.
859:
Euv. AIe. 436 J. and HF 607
J.).
CJ. A.
HenvicIs,
Zuv
FevIovveszievung
des Wassevs dev
Slx
Iei
AiscIIos
und
VevgiI,
ZFE 78
|1989) 1-29, esp.
25-27.
141
On lIe
queslion
oJ
aulIovsIip,
see W.
BuvIevl,
Bev Aulov von Bevveni SlesinIvolos
IIEFI TEAETON? ZFE 62
|1986)
1-5
|vilI
JuvlIev
IiIIiogvapI).
142
Bevveni
papvus,
coI.
ii,
Iines 5-10. A
pavliaII
oIsoIele vevsion oJ lIe OveeI lexl oJ lIis
coIunn can Ie Jound in lIe unaulIovized
pveIininav
edilion
puIIisIed anonnousI
in ZFE
47
|1982)
aJlev
p.
300. FvoJessov
KviaIos TsanlsanogIou
oJ lIe
Univevsil
oJ
TIessaIoniIi,
one oJ lIe lvo scIoIavs in
cIavge
oJ lIe
JovlIconing edilion,
viII
pvesenl
a
suIslanliaII
inpvoved
lexl oJ coIs, i-iv in lIe
Fvoceedings
oJ lIe Fvincelon conJevence on lIe Bevveni
papvus |ApviI 1993).
143
On vineIess
IiIalions,
see
aIove,
noles
44, 46, 53,
and
71:
on sacviJiciaI
caIes,
noles 76
77. On lIe
neaning
oJ in lIe conlexl oJ OveeI
|valIev
lIan
Fevsian) veIigion,
see W.
BuiIevl,
'TOHI. Zun
gviecIiscIen
ScIananisnus,BIM
105
|1962) 33-55,
al 38 n.
12:
M.
|1994)
souIs lIe Bevveni
papvus
Iends nodesl
suppovl
lo lIe lIeovies oJ Evvin
BoIde and Jane
Havvison,
vIo
inlevpveled
lIe
Evines
as lIe
angv
souIs oJ
lIe deceased.144 BoIde and Havvison veve
lIinIing
oJ a
speciaI calegov
oJ
souIs-lIe veslIess souIs oJ lIose
speciaI
dead vIo died a vioIenl dealI and
Iaunled lIe
Iiving
unliI
vengeance
Iad Ieen acIieved.
B conlvasl,
lIe
aulIov oJ lIe Bevveni
papvus
enIvaces a nove
Ienign
and
oplinislic
Ivand
oJ
aninisn,
vIicI
equales
lIe Eunenides
|as
dislincl Jvon lIe
Evines)145
vilI lIe counlIess souIs oJ lIe
ovdinav
and
IindI
dead vIo veve
expecled
lo Ieslov
IIessings upon
lIe
Iiving
and lo send
up
lIe
good
lIings |avievai xaTaOd).146
TIe olIev lexl iIIuslvales lIe
concepl
oJ lIe
anonnous
and Jeavsone
dead. An inscviIed Iead laIIel oJ lIe
lpe
Inovn as
Iinding speIIs
|KalaSeap.01
ov
deJixiones),
il vas Jound al OIIia
|Fonlos)
and Ias Ieen
assigned
a lenlalive dale in lIe Iale 3vd
cenluv
B.C.E., ov,
al
an
vale,
one
vilIin lIe HeIIenislic
peviod.
TIe cuvse laIIel vas Jivsl
puIIisIed
in 1908
and Ias Ieen veediled vilI an
inpovlanl connenlav I
Benedello
Bvavo.147 TIis diJJicuIl lexl invoIes unidenliJied undevvovId
povevs
as
vilnesses vIo viII enJovce lIe cuvse
|Iines 1-2)
As
cevlainI
as ve don'l
Inov
ou, jusl
as
cevlainI EupoIis, Bionsios, MaIaveus, AvisloIvales,
BenopoIis, Konaios,
and
Hevagoves |viII)
naIe lIeiv
appeavance |in couvl)
in ovdev lo do a levviIIe
lIing |[co]ailep
ae o\)
ivcooKoiiev, oiIax:-
lIe Iisl oJ seven nanes JoIIovs-E7li
[8]eivov npaJia napaeivovxai).
Bvavo Ias sIovn on lIe Iasis oJ siniIav JovnuIae oJ lIe
lpe coanep/onax:
on olIev laIIels lIal lIe
nagicaI pvoceduve
used in lIese cases is lIal oJ
AnaIogiezauIev
ov
pevsuasive anaIog.148
In lIe case oJ lIe OIIia
lexl,
lIe
puvpose
oJ lIe JovnuIa is lvoJoId lo
aulIenlicale lIe aulIov's cIain lIal Iis
opponenls
viII
naIign
Iin in
couvl,
and lo secuve lIe
IeIp
oJ lIe unInovn undevvovId
povev
vIo is asIed in
lIe
cIosing
Iines oJ lIe lexl lo
pavaIze |Kcaaaxeiv)
lIe enenies oJ lIe
nan vIo connissioned lIis laIIel. SucI cuvse laIIels veve oJlen Iuvied
MavcovicI, HevacIilus,
OveeI Texl vilI a SIovl
Connenlav |Mevida 1967)
466
J.,
on
HevacIilus Jv. 22 B 14
BieIs-Kvanz:
H. S.
VevsneI,
Inconsislencies in OveeI and Bonan
BeIigion
I Tev Unus
Isis, Bionsos,
Hevnes TIvee Sludies in
HenolIeisn,
Sludies in OveeI
and Bonan
BeIigion
6
|Leiden 1990)
IIOn. 58 and 116-18.
144
CJ.
HenvicIs,
Eunenides
|aIove,
nole
44)
265 J. and
Lod-Jones |aIove,
nole
7)
205 J.
145
TIe aulIov oJ lIe Bevveni
papvus
lveals lIe
Evines |aIove,
nole
4)
as dislincl
Jvon,
Iul
veIaled
lo,
lIe Eunenides. On lIis
diJJevence,
see Bvovn
|aIove,
nole
45)
266 n. 45
|vilI
veJevence lo lIe Bevveni
papvus)
Il nusl
anva
Ie
signiJicanl
lIal lIe nane is
Evines
in
lIe conlexl oJ cvine and
punisInenl,
Eunenides in lIe conlexl oJ cuIl.
146
CJ. HenvicIs
|aIove,
nole
7)
168 J. and 199.
147
B.
Bvavo,
Une IaIIelle
nagique
d'OIIia
ponlique
Ies
novls,
Ies Ievos el Ies
denons,
in
FoiIiIia Eludes
oJJevles
a Jean-Fievve
Vevnanl,
BecIevcIes d'Iisloive el de sciences sociaIes
26
|Favis 1987) 185-218:
cJ. B. B.
Jovdan,
OBBS 26
|1985) 195,
no.
173:
SEO 37
|1987
[1990]),
no. 673.
148
Bvavo
|pvevious nole)
194-96 and 199-202. On lIe
pedigvee
oJ lIe levn
pevsuasive
anaIog
as veII as on lIe
nagicaI pvoceduve
descviIed
I il,
see C. A. Favaone in Favaone and
B. OIIinI
|eds.), MagiIa
Hieva Ancienl OveeI
Magic
and
BeIigion |Nev
YovI and OxJovd
1991)8.
AIIevl HenvicIs 57
vilI lIe
covpse
ov
pIaced
in cIlIonic sancluavies.149
Accovding
lo
Bvavo,
lIe addvessee vIon ve don'l Inov is
jusl
sucI a dead
pevson.
Bul in aII
conpavaIIe
cases,
lIe dead
pevson
is Inovn lo lIe aulIov oJ lIe cuvse laIIel
and is idenliJied
I
nane. To accounl Jov lIis
anonaI,
I
pvopose
lo
idenliJ
lIe unInovn addvessee-oe
vijiEli:
ov`
ivcoaKOJiEv-as
a cIlIonian
aIlev
ego
oJ lIe
avcoaxcx: 0eo:
a cIlIonian
povev
IeJl naneIess in
oIsevvance oJ lIe
videspvead
laIoo
againsl
lIe
naning
oJ cIlIonioi.150
TIis unInovn and
anonnous
denizen oJ lIe cIlIonian veaIn
covvesponds
ononaslicaII
and
JunclionaII
lo lIe
calegov
oJ lIe
anonnous
dead
invoIed
aIong
vilI lIe
Evines
IenealI lIe eavlI
|'Epivueq \`7lo%96vioi)
and vavious olIev cIlIonian
povevs
on sevevaI cuvse laIIels oJ lIe lIivd
cenluv
C.E. Jvon Kouvion
|Cpvus)
You vIo ave Iuvied
Ieve, Iaving
died IeJove
ouv
line and
Ieing
naneIess
|avcovojioi).151
Insislence on
lIe
anonnil
oJ lIe cIlIonioi seens lo Iave sevved lvo
puvposes.
Fivsl,
I invoIing
lIe unInovn and
anonnous
dead,
lIe usevs oJ lIe cuvse
laIIels
sougIl
lo assuve lIal no Inovn ov unInovn cIlIonian
povev
vas
onilled ov
ignoved.152
Second,
and nove
oninousI, I avoiding
lIe nanes
oJ cevlain cIlIonioi lIe
Iiving
veve
allenpling
lo
pul
a saJe dislance
Ielveen lIenseIves and lIe
speciaI, dangevous
dead.153
Fevceived as an
anonnous
svavn oJ
depavled
souIs-AII SouIs,
as il
veve-lIe dead Iad lIe duaI
povev
lo do eilIev Iavn ov
good.
To conlain
lIe
danage
lIal
lIe
couId
polenliaII
inJIicl, lIe
veve
given pvopilialov
and IonoviJic lilIes,
sucI as BIessed Ones
||IaKolpioi),
Oood Ones
|7FHoloi),
and Lovds
|IipcoEq),
vIicI ave
conpavaIIe
lo lIe
eupIenislic
anlonns
oJ lIe
Evines
sucI as Beveved Ooddesses
|oejivaI 0ea|)
and
KindI
Ones
|El`liivi8e:).
TIe
opposile
voIes oJ lIe
Evines
and
Eunenides,
ov oJ lIe
Evines
and lIe Sennai TIeai, covvespond cIoseI
lo
149
C. A. Favaone,
TIe 'FevJovnalive Fuluve' in TIvee HeIIenislic Incanlalions and
TIeocvilus' Second
IdII
CF 90
|1995)
4 n.
13,
vIo aIso
pvovides
a cuvvenl
IiIIiogvapI
on
cuvse laIIels.
150
In lvo cases undevvovId
gods
ave
expvessI
veJevved lo as unInovn
gods |1)
In
Ovid's
MelanovpIoses,
Medea vIiIe
pevJovning nagicaI
viles
pvas
lo Iev unInovn
gods
vilI an unInovn cIavn
|14.
366
ignolosque
deos
ignolo
cavnine adoval:
cJ.
Slalius,
AcI. 1.
139
ignoIis
Iovvenda
piacuIa divis):
see Novden
|aIove,
nole
21)
116.
|2)
Less cevlain ave lIe
IiIalions lo unInovn
[gods?] |[8eoiai]v
ln'
dvoalo[i: eJva7oiFai)
nenlioned in vIal
appeavs
lo Ie a
Jvagnenl
oJ a Iale HeIIenislic
Inn
lo
ApoIIo |F. CIicago
inv. no.
101,
coI. vi
26
= F. Lil.
Ooodspeed
2
=
FacI2
1620).
CJ. E. J.
Ooodspeed,
AIexandvian Hexanelev
Fvagnenls,
JHS 23
|1903) 237-47,
al
244,
vilI
pi.
x:
J. U.
FoveII,
CoIIeclanea AIexandvina
|OxJovd 1925) 85:
van dev Hovsl
|aIove,
nole
20)
40.
151
MilJovd
|aIove,
nole
93)
nos. 127.36
J.,
129.20 J.,
131.25
J., 134.24,
135.29
J., 136.23,
137.24,
138.28
J.,.139.27 J., 140.23,
and 142.24 J. aII oJJev lIe sane invocalion
\)nei:
oi o8e
Icxlio
Keijievoi acopoi
Kai
avlovojun.
On lIe slalus oJ
acopoi,
see BoIde
|aIove,
nole
43)
H
411-13,424
J.
|Eng.
lvans. 594 J., 603-05)
and OavIand
|aIove,
nole
139) 77-88, esp.
86.
152
CJ. van dev Hovsl
|aIove,
nole
20)
39 J.
153
Fov a diJJevenl
enpIasis,
see van dev Hovsl
|aIove,
nole
20)
40 TIe nanes oJ lIe
70ovioi
8eoi,
lIe
gods
oJ lIe nelIev-vovId,
Iad
nagicaI povev
in naIan
pavlen.
To
pvonounce
lIese nanes neanl lIe
pvovocalion
oJ
dangevous povevs.
He veJevs lo BoIde
|aIove,
nole
43)
I 206-08
|Eng.
lvans. 159
J.).
|1994)
lIe OveeI
concepl
oJ lIe dead and lIeiv duaI
povev
lo IIess and cuvse. TIe
Bvead Ooddesses in lIeiv anIivaIenl voIe ave Iesl undevslood iJ ve
vegavd
lIen as an
exlvaovdinav exenpIiJicalion
oJ lIe OveeI IeIieJ in lIe
opposile
giJls
oJ
good
ov iII lIal
na
accvue Jvon lIe dead.
MagniJied I nlI
and
inslilulionaIized
I cuIl,
lIe sun lolaI oJ lvadilions and IeIieJs lIal suvvound
lIe
Evines
and Eunenides conslilules lIe nosl
conpIele
and consislenl
vecovd oJ lIis
concepl
lIal Ias cone dovn lo us Jvon
anliquil.154
Havvavd
Univevsil
154
Sone oJ lIe ideas
pvesenled
Ieve I Jivsl
deveIoped
in a Iecluve deIiveved al
WesIean
Univevsil
in
ApviI
1987. I an
gvaleJuI
lo lIe audience on lIal occasion Jov lIeiv inlevesl and
lIeiv
connenls,
and lo Mauva OiIes Jov
inpvoving
lIis JinaI
pvoducl.

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Agnostos Theos

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Anonnil and FoIavil UnInovn Oods and NaneIess AIlavs al lIe Aveopagos

AulIov|s) ALBEBT HENBICHS

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